annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL.cn @ 105079:dda0d3b309c7

(speedbar-track-mouse): Fix typo in condition-case handler.
author Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
date Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:48:56 +0000
parents c90853557b90
children 1d1d5d9bd884
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 Emacs 快速指南.(查看版权声明请至本文末尾)
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2
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3 【注意:位于【】之间的内容是译注,比如本行,下同。】
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4
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5 Emacs 键盘命令通常包含 CONTROL 键(有时候以 CTRL 或 CTL 来标示)和
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6 META 键(有时候用 EDIT 或 ALT 来标示)。为了避免每次都要写出全名,我们
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7 约定使用下述缩写:
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8
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9 C-<chr> 表示当输入字符 <chr> 时按住 CONTROL 键。
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10 因此 C-f 就表示:按住 CONTROL 键再输入 f。
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11
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12 M-<chr> 表示当输入字符 <chr> 时按住 META(或 EDIT 或 ALT)键。
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13 如果你的键盘上没有 META 、EDIT 或 ALT 键,用下述方法也等效:
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14 先按一下 ESC 键然后放开,再输入 <chr>。我们用 <ESC> 来表示
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15 ESC 键。
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16
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17 重要提示:要退出 Emacs,请用 C-x C-c(两个连续的组合键)。下文中左边顶
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18 行的“>>”字样用来提示你尝试键盘命令。比如:
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19 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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20 [本页当中特意留出一些空白是出于教学目的,请继续往后阅读]
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21 >> 现在输入 C-v (查看下一屏文字)移动到下一屏。
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22 (别紧张,在输入字符 v 的同时注意要按住 CONTROL 键)
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23 从现在开始,每读完当前一屏你都需要这样做一次。
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24
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25 值得注意的是,当你从上一屏滚到下一屏时,中间会有两行的重复;这样做是为
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26 了维持滚屏的连续性,方便你顺畅、连续地阅读。
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27
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28 用编辑器,开门第一件事就是学会在文字中移动。你已经知道了 C-v 可以向下移
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29 动一屏,要往上移,请用 M-v (也就是按住 META 键,然后输入v,如果你没有
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30 META、EDIT 或 ALT 键那么就先按 <ESC> 再按 v)。
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31
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32 >> 试试 M-v,然后再试试 C-v,来回遛几次。
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33
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34
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35 * 小结(SUMMARY)
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36 -----------------
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37
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38 以下命令在翻页浏览时相当有用:
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39
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40 C-v 向前移动一屏
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41 M-v 向后移动一屏
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42 C-l 重绘屏幕,并将光标所在行置于屏幕的中央
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43 (注意是 CONTROL-L,不是 CONTROL-1)
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44
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45 >> 找到光标,留意其附近的文字,然后输入 C-l。
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46 找找光标在哪里,你会发现其附近的文字并没有变化。
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47
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48 如果你的键盘上有 PageUp 和 PageDn,也可以用这两个键来滚屏。不过使用
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49 C-v 和 M-v 的效率要更高一些。
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50
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51
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52 * 基本的光标控制(BASIC CURSOR CONTROL)
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53 ----------------------------------------
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54
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55 整屏的移动很有用,但是如何在文字中精确定位呢?
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56
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57 有几种方式可以选择。用方向键当然可以,不过更有效率的方法是保持双手位于
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58 主键盘区,然后使用 C-p 、 C-b 、 C-f 和 C-n 这四个命令。它们的功能和方
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59 向键是一样的,如下图所示:
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60
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61 上一行 C-p
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62 :
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63 :
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64 向左移 C-b .... 目前光标位置 .... 向右移 C-f
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65 :
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66 :
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67 下一行 C-n
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68
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69 >> 用 C-n 或 C-p 将光标移到上图的中央。
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70 按 C-l,整幅图会被显示在屏幕的中央。
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71
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72 “P N B F”四个字母分别代表了四个词,用这四个词记忆这些组合键会更容易:
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73 P 代表 previous(上一行),N 代表 next(下一行),B 代表 backward(回
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74 退),而 F 则代表 forward(前进)。这些组合键今后将与你形影不离。
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75
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76 >> 按几次 C-n 把光标往下挪到这里。
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77
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78 >> 用 C-f 把光标移动到这一行,然后再用 C-p 往上挪。
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79 注意观察当光标在一行的中央时 C-p 命令的行为。
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80
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81 每行文字都以一个“换行符”结束,“换行符”把行与行区分开来。文件的最后
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82 一行也应该也有一个换行符(不过 Emacs 并不强制要求这一点)。
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83
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84 >> 在一行的行头输入 C-b。
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85 光标应该会移动到前一行的行尾,因为光标在回退过程中越过了换行符。
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86
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87 同样 C-f 也可以像 C-b 一样越过换行符。
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88
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89 >> 连按几次 C-b,感受一下光标的移动。
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90 然后按几次 C-f 回到本行的行尾。
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91 再按一次 C-f,光标会移动到下一行。
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92
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93 当你移动光标穿越屏幕的上下边界时,在边界外的文字会移动到屏幕内,这称为
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94 “滚动”(scrolling)。滚动使得光标可以被移动到文字中的任何位置,并且还
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95 不会让光标跑到屏幕外边去。
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96
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97 >> 用 C-n 将光标下移,一直越过屏幕边界,同时观察发生了什么变化。
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98
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99 如果你嫌一个字符一个字符地挪光标太慢,你还可以一个词一个词地跳。M-f
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100 (META-f) 可以将光标往前移动一个词,而 M-b 则是往后移。【这里的“词”指
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101 英文单词,对中文来说,则是指移动到下一个标点符号。】
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102
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103 >> 试试 M-f 和 M-b。
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104
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105 如果光标停在一个词的中间,M-f 会移动到这个词的末尾。如果光标处于词与词
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106 之间的空白处,M-f 会移动到下一个词的末尾。M-b 的功能类似,只是方向相反。
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107
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108 >> 按几次 M-f 和 M-b,中间夹杂一些 C-f 和 C-b。
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109 你可以观察到 M-f 和 M-b 在不同位置上所表现出来的不同行为。
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110
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111 请注意 C-f 、C-b 和 M-f 、M-b 两对之间的类比关系。通常的惯例是:META 系
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112 列组合键用来操作“由语言定义的单位(比如词、句子、段落)”,而 CONTROL
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113 系列组合键用来操作“与语言无关的基本单位(比如字符、行等等)”。
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114
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115 类似的惯例在“行”与“句子”之间也同样适用:C-a 和 C-e 可以将光标移动到
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116 “一行”的头部和尾部;而 M-a 和 M-e 则将光标移动到“一句”的头部和尾部。
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117
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118 >> 按两次 C-a,再按两次 C-e。
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119 按两次 M-a,再按两次 M-e。
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120
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121 想一想为什么重复的 C-a 命令会没有作用,而重复的 M-a 命令则会让光标不断
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122 地回退到上一个句子。虽然这个类比规律并不严格,但是很自然。
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123
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124 光标停留的位置也可以称作“点位”(point)。或者干脆说,光标指示出了屏幕
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125 上“点位”在文本中的位置。
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126
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127 这里对简单的光标移动命令做一个总结,其中也包括了整词和整句的移动:
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128
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129 C-f 向右移动一个字符
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130 C-b 向左移动一个字符
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131
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132 M-f 向右移动一个词【对中文是移动到下一个标点符号】
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133 M-b 向左移动一个词【对中文是移动到上一个标点符号】
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134
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135 C-n 移动到下一行
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136 C-p 移动到上一行
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137
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138 C-a 移动到行首
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139 C-e 移动到行尾
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140
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141 M-a 移动到句首
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142 M-e 移动到句尾
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143
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144 >> 把上面所有的命令都练习几次,这些可都是最常用的命令。
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145
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146 这里还要介绍两个重要的光标移动命令:M-< (META 小于号)可以将光标移动到
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147 所有文字的最开头;M-> (META 大于号)可以将光标移动到所有文字的最末尾。
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148
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149 注意,在大部分键盘上,小于号(<)需要用上档键(Shift)来输入,所以在这
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150 些键盘上你应该用 Shift 键来输入 M-<,如果不按 Shift 键,你输入的会是
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151 M-comma(META 逗号)。
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152
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153 >> 试一试 M-< ,移到本快速指南的最开始。
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154 然后再按几次 C-v 回到这里。
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155
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156 >> 试一试 M-> ,移到本快速指南的最末尾。
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157 然后再按几次 M-v 回到这里。
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158
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159 如果你的键盘上有方向键的话,也可以用它们来移动光标。不过我们有三个理由
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160 推荐你学习 C-b 、C-f 、C-n 、和 C-p:(1)它们在任何键盘上都能用。(2)
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161 当你熟练使用 Emacs 之后,你会发现用这些组合键比用方向键要快得多,因为你
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162 的手不需要离开打字区。(3)一旦你习惯了使用这些组合键,你也可以很容易地
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163 适应其它更高级的光标移动命令。
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164
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165 大部分的 Emacs 命令接受数字参数,并且对于多数命令而言,这些数字参数的作
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166 用是指定命令的重复次数。为一个命令指定数字参数(也就是重复次数)的方法
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167 是:先输入 C-u,然后输入数字作为参数,最后再输入命令。如果你有META (或
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168 EDIT 或 ALT)键,那么还有另一种办法:按住 META 键不放,然后输入数字。不
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169 过我们还是建议你用 C-u,因为它在任何终端机上都能用。这种数字参数也称为
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170 “前缀参数”,意思是说这个参数是先于使用它的命令而输入的。
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171
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172 举例来说, C-u 8 C-f 会向前移动 8 个字符。
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173
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174 >> 为 C-n 或者 C-p 指定一个数字参数,这样你可以只用一个命令就把光标移动
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175 到本行的附近。
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176
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177 虽然大部分命令把数字参数解释为其重复次数,但是也有些命令例外,它们将数
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178 字参数另做它用。比如有些命令(我们目前还没学到)仅仅将前缀参数作为一个
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179 标志——只要给出有一个前缀参数,不管其值为何,它都会改变命令的功能。
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180
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181 而 C-v 和 M-v 则属于另一种类型的例外。当给定一个参数时,它们将滚动你指
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182 定的“行数”,而不是“屏数”。举例来说,C-u 8 C-v 将屏幕向下滚动 8 行,
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183 而不是 8 屏。
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184
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185 >> 现在试试看,输入 C-u 8 C-v。
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186
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187 这个命令应该已经将文字向上滚动了 8 行。如果你想将它再次地向下滚动,你可
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188 以给定一个参数然后执行 M-v。
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189
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190 如果你正在使用一个窗口系统,比如 X11 或者微软的 Windows,那么在 Emacs
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191 窗口的边缘应该有一个长方形的区域叫“滚动条”,你可以用鼠标操纵滚动条来
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192 滚动文字。
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193
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194 >> 试着在“滚动条内的反白区域”上按一下鼠标中键。
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195 文字应该会滚动到鼠标所指示的位置。
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196
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197 >> 当按住中键时,试着将鼠标上下移动。
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198 你会看到文字随着鼠标的移动而上下滚动。
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199 【Windows 版本符合 Windows 程序的传统操作习惯,上述操作不适用。】
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200
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201
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202 * 在 EMACS 失去响应的时候(WHEN EMACS IS HUNG)
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203 -----------------------------------------------
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204
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205 如果 Emacs 对你的命令失去响应,你可以用 C-g 来安全地终止这条命令。C-g
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206 也可以终止一条执行过久的命令。
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207
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208 C-g 还可以取消数字参数和只输入到一半的命令。
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209
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210 >> 输入 C-u 100 设定一个值为 100 的数字参数,然后按 C-g。
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211 现在再按 C-f,光标应该只会移动一个字符,因为你已经用 C-g 取消了参数。
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212
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213 如果你不小心按了一下 <ESC>,你也可以用 C-g 来取消它。
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214 【这个说法似乎有问题,因为按照这个按键顺序输入的应该是 C-M-g。
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215 取消 <ESC> 的正确做法是再连按两次 <ESC>。】
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216
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217
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218 * 被禁用的命令(DISABLED COMMANDS)
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219 -----------------------------------
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220
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221 有一些 Emacs 命令被“禁用”了,以避免初学者在不了解其确切功能的情况下误
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222 用而造成麻烦。
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223
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224 如果你用到了一个被禁用的命令,Emacs 会显示一个提示消息,告诉你这个命令
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225 到底是干什么的,询问你是否要继续,并在得到你的肯定之后再执行这命令。
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226
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227 如果你真的想用这条命令,在 Emacs 询问你的时候应该按空格。一般来说,如果
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228 你不想用,就按“n”。
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229
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230 >> 试试 C-x C-l (这是一个被禁用的命令)
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231 然后用 n 来回答询问。
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232
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233
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234 * 窗格(WINDOWS)
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235 -----------------
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236
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237 Emacs 可以有多个窗格,每个窗格显示不同的文字。后面会介绍怎么对付多个窗
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238 格,现在我们先学会如何关掉多余的窗格。其实也很简单:
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239
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240 C-x 1 只保留一个窗格(也就是关掉其它所有窗格)。
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241
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242 也就是先按 CONTROL-x 然后再按 1。C-x 1 会保留光标所在的窗格,并将其扩大
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243 到整个屏幕,同时关掉所有其它的窗格。
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244
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245 >> 把光标移到本行然后输入 C-u 0 C-l。
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246
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247 >> 输入 CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f。观察当一个新窗格出现时当前窗格(用来显示
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248 CONTROL-f 命令的文档)是如何缩小的。
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249
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250 >> 输入 C-x 1 关掉文档窗格。
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251
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252 这个命令跟先前学过的命令不太一样,因为它包含了两个字符,以 CONTROL-x 开
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253 始。有一系列命令都是以 CONTROL-x 开始的,这些命令许多都跟“窗格、文件、
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254 缓冲区【缓冲区(buffer)会在后文详细介绍】”等等诸如此类的东西有关,其
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255 中有些命令可能包含了 2 个、3 个或者 4 个字符。
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256
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257
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258 * 插入与删除(INSERTING AND DELETING)
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259 --------------------------------------
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260
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261 插入文字很简单,直接敲键盘就可以了。你能看到的字符,比如 A、7、* 等等,
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262 都被 Emacs 视为文字并且可以直接插入。敲 <Return>(回车键)会插入一个换
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263 行符。
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264
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265 你可以用 <Delback> 来删除最后输入的一个字符,这个跟你在 Emacs 之外的用
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266 法应该一样。一般来说 <Delback> 就是位于 <Return> 键上方某处的一个大块头
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267 的键,通常被标示为“Delete”、“Del”或者“Backspace”。
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268
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269 如果你找到了“Backspace”键,那么它应该就是 <Delback>;这时哪怕你又在别
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270 的地方找到了一个“Del”键,那么它也应该不是 <Delback>。
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271
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272 一种更通用的说法是,<Delback> 将删除位于光标前的一个字符。
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273
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274 >> 现在就来试试——敲点字,然后按几下 <Delback> 删除它们。
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275 不用担心文件被修改,你做什么都没关系,这里就是专给你练习用的。
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276
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277 如果一行文字很长、超出了窗格的宽度,显示不下的部分会在紧邻的下一行继续
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278 显示。这时会有一个反斜线(在控制台下是反斜线,如果你用图形窗口系统,则
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279 应该是一个小小的转弯箭头)显示在右边沿,表明这是某一行的接续显示。
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280
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281 >> 输入文字,一直到屏幕的右边界,然后继续,你会看到一个接续行出现。
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282
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283 >> 用 <Delback> 删掉一些文字,直到此行长度小于窗格宽度,接续行就消失了。
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284
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285 换行符跟其它字符一样可以被删除。两行中间的换行符被删除后,这两行将会合
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286 并成一行。如果合并后的这一行太长,超出了窗格宽度,它就会以一个接续行来
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287 显示。
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288
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289 >> 移动光标到某行的开头并输入 <Delback>。
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290 这时该行将与其前一行一起被合并为一行。
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291
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292 >> 输入 <Return> 重新插入你刚才删除的换行符。
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293
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294 前面讲过,大部分的 Emacs 命令都可以指定重复次数,这其中也包括输入字符的
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295 命令。重复执行输入字符的命令实际上就是输入多个相同的字符。
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296
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297 >> 试试 C-u 8 *,这将会插入 ********。
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298
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299 好,现在你应该已经掌握了最基本的的文本插入和修改功能,其实删除还可以
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300 “以词为单位”进行,下面是一个关于“删除”操作的小结:
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301
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302 <Delback> 删除光标前的一个字符
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303 C-d 删除光标后的一个字符
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304
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305 M-<Delback> 移除光标前的一个词
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306 M-d 移除光标后的一个词
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307
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308 C-k 移除从光标到“行尾”间的字符
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309 M-k 移除从光标到“句尾”间的字符
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310
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311 【可能你已经注意到了“删除(delete)”和“移除(kill)”的用词区别,后
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312 文会有详细说明。】
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313
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314 注意“<Delback> 和 C-d”还有“M-<Delback> 和 M-d”是根据前述惯例从 C-f
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315 和 M-f 衍生出来的(其实<Delback>不是控制字符,我们先忽略这一点)。C-k
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316 和 M-k 的关系在某种程度上与 C-e 和 M-e 一样——如果把“一行”和“一句”
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317 作一个类比的话。
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318
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319 你也可以用一种通用的办法来移除缓冲区里的任何一部分:首先把光标移动到你
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320 想要移除的区域的一端,然后按 C-@ 或 C-SPC(任一即可,SPC指空格)【注意,
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321 C-SPC 往往被中文用户设定成输入法热键,如果这样,C-SPC 就被系统拦截而无
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322 法传递给 Emacs 了,因此这里还是推荐使用C-@。】,然后将光标移动到另一端,
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323 再按 C-w 就可以把位于这两点之间的所有文字移除了。
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324
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325 >> 移动光标到上一段开头的“你”字。
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326 >> 输入 C-@ 。Emacs 应该会在屏幕的下方显示一个“Mark set”的消息。
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327 >> 移动光标到第二行中的“端”字。
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328 >> 输入 C-w,从“你”开始到“端”之前的文字被全部移除。
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329
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330 注意,“移除(kill)”和“删除(delete)”的不同在于被移除的东西可以找回
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331 来,而被删除的就不行了。【实际上,移除掉的东西虽然看起来“消失”了,但
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332 实际上被 Emacs 记录了下来,因此还可以找回来;而删除掉的东西虽然也可能还
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333 在内存里,但是已经被 Emacs“抛弃”了,所以就找不回来了。】重新插入被移
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334 除的文字称为“召回(yank)”。一般而言,那些可能消除很多文字的命令会把
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335 消除掉的文字记录下来(它们被设定成了“可召回”),而那些只消除一个字符
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336 或者只消除空白的命令就不会记录被消除的内容(自然你也就无法召回了)。
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337
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338 >> 移动光标到一非空白行的行头,然后输入 C-k 移除那一行上的文字。
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339
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340 >> 再次 C-k,你可以看到它移除了跟在那一行后面的换行符。
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341
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342 注意,单独的 C-k 会把一行的内容移除,而第二个 C-k 则会移除换行符,并使
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343 其后所有的行都向上移动。C-k 处理数字参数的方式很特别,它会把参数指定的
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344 那么多行连同其后的换行符一起移除,而不仅仅是重复 C-k 而已。比如 C-u 2
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345 C-k 会把两行以及它们的换行符移除;而如果只是输入 C-k 两次显然不是这个结
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346 果。
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347
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348 将被移除的文字恢复的动作称为“召回(yanking)”。(就好像把别人从你身边
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349 移走的东西又猛力地拉回来。)你可以在你删除文字的地方召回,也可以在别的
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350 地方召回,还可以多次召回同样的文字以得到它的多个拷贝。
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351
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352 召回的命令是 C-y。它会在光标所在处插入你最后移除的文字。
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353
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354 >> 试试看,输入 C-y 将文字召回。
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355
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356 如果你一次连按了好几下 C-k,那么所有被移除的行会被存储在一起,只要一个
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357 C-y 就可以把它们都召回。
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358
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359 >> 在这里试试,连续按几次 C-k。
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360
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361 现在再来恢复刚刚被我们移除的文字:
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362
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363 >> 按 C-y。然后把光标往下移动几行,再按一次 C-y。
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364 现在你应该知道怎么复制文字了。
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365
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366 C-y 可以召回最近一次移除的内容,那如何召回前几次移除的内容呢?它们当然
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367 没有丢,你可以用 M-y 来召回它们。在用 C-y 召回最近移除的文字之后,紧接
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368 着再按 M-y 就可以召回再前一次被移除的内容,再按一次 M-y 又可以召回再上
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369 一次的……连续使用 M-y 直到找到你想要召回的东西,然后什么也不用做,继续
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370 编辑就行了。
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371
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372 如果连续按 M-y 很多次,你可能会回到起始点,也就是最近移除的文字。
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373 【看得出这实际上是一个环。】
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374
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375 >> 移除一行,移动一下光标,然后再移除另外一行。
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376 按 C-y 将第二次移除的那行召回来。
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377 紧接着再按 M-y,它将会被第一次移除的那行取代。
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378 试着再按几下 M-y 看看会发生什么。
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379 再继续,直到第二行被召回来,然后再做个几次。
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380 如果感兴趣,你可以试着给 M-y 指定一个正的或负的参数。
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381
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382
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383 * 撤销(UNDO)
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384 --------------
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385
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386 如果你修改了一段文字,又觉得改得不好,可以用 undo 命令进行撤销:
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387 C-x u。
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388
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389 通常 C-x u 会消除一个命令所造成的所有改变;如果你在一行中连续多次地使用
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390 C-x u,你会把以前的命令也依次撤销。
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391
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392 但是有两个例外:
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393 1) 没有改变文字的命令不算(包括光标移动命令和滚动命令)
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394 2) 从键盘输入的字符以组为单位——每组 20 个字符——来进行处理。
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395 (这是为了减少你在撤销“插入文字”动作时需要输入 C-x u 的次数)
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396
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397 >> 用 C-k 将这一行移除,然后输入 C-x u ,它会再次出现。
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398
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399 C-_ 也是撤销命令;它的作用跟 C-x u 一样,但是它比较容易多次输入。C-_ 的
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400 缺点是在某些键盘上可能不太容易按,这也正是我们同时提供 C-x u 的原因。在
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401 某些终端上,你可以按住 CONTROL 再按“/”来输入 C-_。
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402
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403 数字参数对于 C-_ 和 C-x u 的意义是执行撤销的重复次数。
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404
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405
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406 * 文件(FILE)
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407 --------------
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408
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409 想保存工作成果就要记得存盘,否则一旦退出 Emacs 你编辑的文字就会丢失。要
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410 存盘,就要在编辑前“寻找”到一个存盘文件。(这个过程通常也被称为“访问”
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411 文件。)
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412
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413 寻找到一个文件意味着你可以在 Emacs 里查看这个文件的内容。从许多角度看,
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414 这就等于你在直接编辑这个文件,只是你所做的修改只有在“存盘”的时候才会
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415 被写入文件。也正因为如此,你可以丢弃一个写到一半的文件而不必把这个残缺
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416 文件也保存到计算机上。在存盘的时候,Emacs 会把存盘前的文件重命名保存,
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417 以防你改完之后又想反悔。
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418
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419 在屏幕的下方,你应该能够看到头尾都是短线“-”的一行,行首通常是一些诸如
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420 “--:-- TUTORIAL.cn”的文字,这些文字代表了你当前正在访问的文件。比如你
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421 现在正在访问的文件叫“TUTORIAL.cn”,它只是一个给你临时使用的拷贝。每当
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422 Emacs 寻找到一个文件,文件名就会出现在这个位置。
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423
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424 寻找文件的命令有一个特点,那就是你必须给出文件名。我们称这个命令“从终
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425 端读入了一个参数”(在这里,这个参数显然就是文件名)。在你输入这条命令
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426 之后:
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427
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428 C-x C-f 寻找一个文件
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429
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430 Emacs 会提示你输入文件名。你输入的文件名会出现在屏幕最底端的一行,这一
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431 行被称为小缓冲(minibuffer),在小缓冲里你可以使用通常的 Emacs 编辑命令
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432 来编辑文件名。
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433
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434 在小缓冲里输入文件名(其实输入其它东西也一样)时可以用 C-g 取消。
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435
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436 >> 输入 C-x C-f,然后输入 C-g
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437 这会关掉小缓冲,同时也会取消使用小缓冲的 C-x C-f 命令。
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438 当然了,你也没有找任何文件。
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439
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440 用 <Return> 结束文件名的输入。这之后 C-x C-f 命令开始工作并找到你指定的
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441 文件。小缓冲在 C-x C-f 命令结束之后也会消失。
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442
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443 眨眼间文件就被显示在屏幕上,你可以开始编辑了。存盘用这条命令:
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444
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445 C-x C-s 储存这个文件
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446
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447 这条命令把 Emacs 中的文字存储到文件中。第一次存盘的时候 Emacs 会将原文
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448 件重命名以备份。重命名的规则通常是在原文件名之后添加一个“~”字符。
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449 【对许多人来说,这是一个烦人的特性,关掉文件备份可以用如下命令:
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450 M-x customize-variable <Return> make-backup-files <Return>】
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451
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452 存盘结束后,Emacs 会显示写入文件的文件名。你最好养成经常存盘的习惯,这
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453 可以减少系统崩溃和死机给你带来的损失。
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454
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455 >> 输入 C-x C-s 把本快速指南存下来。
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456 你会在屏幕的下方看到一条消息:“Wrote ...TUTORIAL.cn”。
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parents:
diff changeset
457
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458 你不但可以寻找一个已有的文件来查看或编辑,还可以寻找一个不存在的文件。
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459 实际上这正是 Emacs 创建新文件的方法:找到不存在的新文件。只有在存盘的时
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460 候,Emacs 才会真正创建这个文件。而在这之后的一切就跟编辑一个已有文件没
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461 有区别了。
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462
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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463
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diff changeset
464 * 缓冲区(BUFFER)
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diff changeset
465 ------------------
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466
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diff changeset
467 你可以用 C-x C-f 找到并打开第二个文件,但第一个文件仍然在 Emacs 中。要
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parents:
diff changeset
468 切回第一个文件,一种办法是再用一次 C-x C-f。这样,你就可以在 Emacs 中同
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parents:
diff changeset
469 时打开多个文件。
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470
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471 >> 用 C-x C-f foo <Return> 的方式建立一个名为“foo”的文件。
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parents:
diff changeset
472 输入一些文字,再用 C-x C-s 保存文件“foo”。
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diff changeset
473 最后,输入 C-x C-f TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到这里。
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474
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475 Emacs 把每个编辑中的文件都放在一个称为“缓冲区(buffer)”的地方。每寻
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476 找到一个文件,Emacs 就在其内部开辟一个缓冲区。用下面的命令可以列出当前
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477 所有的缓冲区:
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diff changeset
478
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diff changeset
479 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区
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diff changeset
480
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
481 >> 现在就试一下 C-x C-b
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
482
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 观察一下缓冲区是如何被命名的,它很可能跟与其对应的文件同名。实际上,一
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 个 Emacs 窗格里的任何文字都是某个缓冲区的一部分。
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 >> 输入 C-x 1 离开缓冲区列表
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 不管存在多少缓冲区,任何时候都只能有一个“当前”缓冲区,也就是你正在编
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 辑的这个。如果你想编辑其它的缓冲区,就必须“切换”过去。上面讲过,用
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 C-x C-f 是一种办法。不过还有一个更简单的办法,那就是用 C-x b。用这条命
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
491 令,你必须输入缓冲区的名称。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
492
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 >> 输入 C-x b foo <Return> 以回到文件“foo”的缓冲区。
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parents:
diff changeset
494 然后输入 C-x b TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到这里。
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parents:
diff changeset
495
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 大多数情况下,缓冲区与跟其对应的文件是同名的(不包括目录名),不过这也
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 不是绝对的。用 C-x C-b 得到的缓冲区列表总是显示缓冲区名。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
498
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 你在 Emacs 窗格里看到的“任何”文字都一定属于某个缓冲区。然而,缓冲区未
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 必有对应文件:比如显示缓冲区列表的缓冲区就是这样。再比如“*Messages*”
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 缓冲区也没有对应文件,这个缓冲区里存放的都是在 Emacs 底部出现的消息。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 >> 输入 C-x b *Messages* <Return> 瞅瞅消息缓冲区里都有什么东西。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 然后再输入 C-x b TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到这里。
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parents:
diff changeset
505
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 如果你对某个文件做了些修改,然后切换到另一个文件,这个动作并不会帮你把
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 前一个文件存盘。对第一个文件的修改仍然仅存在于 Emacs 中,也就是在它对应
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
508 的缓冲区里。并且,对第二个文件的修改也不会影响到第一个文件。这很有用,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 但是也挺麻烦:因为如果你想要存储第一个文件,还需要先 C-x C-f 切换回去再
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 用 C-x C-s 存盘。你需要一个更简便的方法,而 Emacs 已经为你准备好了:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 C-x s 保存多个缓冲区
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
513
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 C-x s 会找出所有已被修改但尚未存盘的缓冲区,然后向你逐个询问:是否需要
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 存盘?
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517 >> 插入一行文字,然后输入 C-x s。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 它应该会问你,是否要储存名为 TUTORIAL.cn 的缓冲区?
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 按“y”告诉它你想存盘。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 * 命令集扩展(EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 -----------------------------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 Emacs 的命令就像天上的星星,数也数不清。把它们都对应到 CONTROL 和 META
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526 组合键上显然是不可能的。Emacs 用扩展(eXtend)命令来解决这个问题,扩展
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 命令有两种风格:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 C-x 字符扩展。 C-x 之后输入另一个字符或者组合键。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 M-x 命令名扩展。M-x 之后输入一个命令名。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 很多扩展命令都相当有用,虽然与你已经学过的命令比起来,他们可能不那么常
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 用。我们早已经见过一些扩展命令了,比如用 C-x C-f 寻找文件和用 C-x C-s
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 保存文件;退出 Emacs 用的 C-x C-c 也是扩展命令。(不用担心退出 Emacs 会
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 给你带来什么损失,Emacs 会在退出之前提醒你存盘的)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 在控制台下,C-z 可以暂时离开 Emacs——当然,你还可以再回来。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 在允许 C-z 的系统中,C-z 会把 Emacs“挂起”,也就是说,它会回到 shell
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 但不退出 Emacs。在常用的 shell 中,通常可以用“fg”或者“%emacs”命令再
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 次回到 Emacs 中。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 在没有提供挂起功能的系统中,C-z 会在 Emacs 之下创建一个子 shell 来让你
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 运行其它程序,并且再次“回到”Emacs 中——虽然我们并没有真正离开过。这
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 种情况下,通常用 shell 命令“exit”从子 shell 回到 Emacs。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 你最好在打算退出登陆的时候再用 C-x C-c。在 Emacs 被诸如邮件处理程序之类
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 的外部程序调用之后,也可以用 C-x C-c 退出。不过一般来讲,如果你不想退出
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 登录,最好还是把 Emacs 挂起而不是退出。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 C-x 的扩展命令有很多,下面列出的是你已经学过的:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 C-x C-f 寻找文件。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 C-x C-s 保存文件。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 C-x C-c 离开 Emacs。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 C-x 1 关掉其它所有窗格,只保留一个。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 C-x u 撤销。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 用命令名扩展的命令通常并不常用,或只用在部分模式下。比如 replace-string
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 (字符串替换)这个命令,它会在全文范围内把一个字符串替换成另一个。在输
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 入 M-x 之后,Emacs 会在屏幕底端向你询问并等待你输入命令名。如果你想输入
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 “replace-string”,其实只需要敲“repl s<TAB>”就行了,Emacs 会帮你自动
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 补齐。输入完之后按 <Return> 。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 字符串替换命令需要两个参数——被替换的字符串和用来替换它的字符串。每个
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 参数的输入都以换行符来结束。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 >> 将光标移到本行下面第二行的空白处,然后输入
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 【以下保留一行原文,以应练习之需:】
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced...
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 请注意这一行的变化:在光标之后的范围内,你已经将“changed”这个词——不
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 论它在哪里出现——全部用“altered”替换掉了。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 * 自动保存(AUTO SAVE)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 -----------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 如果你已经修改了一个文件,但是还没来得及存盘你的计算机就罢工了,那么你
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 所做的修改就很可能会丢失。为了避免这样的不幸发生,Emacs 会定期将正在编
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 辑的文件写入一个“自动保存”文件中。自动保存文件的文件名的头尾各有一个
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 “#”字符,比如你正在编辑的文件叫“hello.c”,那么它的自动保存文件就叫
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 “#hello.c#”。这个文件会在正常存盘之后被 Emacs 删除。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 所以,假如不幸真的发生了,你大可以从容地打开原来的文件(注意不是自动保
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 存文件)然后输入 M-x recover file<Return> 来恢复你的自动保存文件。在提
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 示确认的时候,输入 yes<Return>。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 * 回显区(ECHO AREA)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 ---------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 如果 Emacs 发现你输入多字符命令的节奏很慢,它会在窗格的下方称为“回显区”
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 的地方给你提示。回显区位于屏幕的最下面一行。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 * 状态栏(MODE LINE)
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601 ---------------------
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602
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603 位于回显区正上方的一行被称为“状态栏”。状态栏上会显示一些信息,比如:
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604
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605 --:** TUTORIAL.cn (Fundamental)--L670--54%----------------
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606
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607 状态栏显示了 Emacs 的状态和你正在编辑的文字的一些信息。
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608
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609 你应该知道文件名的意思吧?就是你找到的那个文件嘛。-NN%-- 显示的是光标在
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610 全文中的位置。如果位于文件的开头,那么就显示 --Top-- 而不是 --00%--;如
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611 果位于文件的末尾,就显示 --Bot--。如果文件很小,一屏就足以显示全部内容,
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612 那么状态栏会显示 --All--。
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613
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614 “L” 和其后的数字给出了光标所在行的行号。
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615
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616 最开头的星号(*)表示你已经对文字做过改动。刚刚打开的文件肯定没有被改动
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617 过,所以状态栏上显示的不是星号而是短线(-)。
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618
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619 状态栏上小括号里的内容告诉你当前正在使用的编辑模式。缺省的模式是
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620 Fundamental,就是你现在正在使用的这个。它是一种“主模式”。
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621
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622 Emacs 的主模式林林总总。有用来编辑程序代码的——比如 Lisp 模式;也有用
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parents:
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623 来编辑各种自然语言文本的——比如 Text 模式。任何情况下只能应用一个主模
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624 式,其名称会显示在状态栏上,也就是现在显示“Fundamental”的地方。
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625
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626 主模式通常会改变一些命令的行为。比方说,不管编辑什么语言的程序代码,你
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627 都可以用一个相同的命令来添加注释。但是在不同的语言中注释的语法往往是不
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628 同的,这时不同的主模式就会用各自不同的语法规则来添加注释。主模式都是可
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629 以用 M-x 启动的扩展命令,M-x fundamental-mode 就可以切换到 Fundamental
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630 模式。
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631
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632 编辑自然语言文本——比如现在——应该用 Text 模式。
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633
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634 >> 输入 M-x text mode<Return>。
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635
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636 别担心,什么都没变。不过细心一些可以发现,M-f 和 M-b 现在把单引号(')
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637 视为词的一部分了。而在先前的 Fundamental 模式中,M-f 和 M-b 都将单引号
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diff changeset
638 视为分隔单词的符号。
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639
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640 主模式通常都会搞一些类似的小动作,因为很多命令其实完成的是“相同的工
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parents:
diff changeset
641 作”,只是在不同环境下会有不同的工作方式而已。【所谓“求同存异”,在
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642 Emacs 里得到了很好的体现】
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643
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644 用 C-h m 可以查看当前主模式的文档。
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645
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646 >> 用 C-u C-v 将本行带到屏幕的最上方。
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parents:
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647 >> 输入 C-h m,看看 Text 模式与 Fundamental 模式有哪些不同。
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parents:
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648 >> 输入 C-x 1 关掉文档窗格。
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649
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650 主模式之所以称之为“主(major)”模式,是因为同时还有“辅模式”(minor
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651 mode)存在。辅模式并不能替代主模式,而是提供一些辅助的功能。每个辅模式
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652 都可以独立地开启和关闭,跟其它辅模式无关,跟主模式也无关。所以你可以不
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653 使用辅模式,也可以只使用一个或同时使用多个辅模式。
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parents:
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654
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655 有一个叫做自动折行(Auto Fill)的辅模式很有用,特别是在编辑自然语言文本
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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656 的时候。启用自动折行后,Emacs 会在你打字超出一行边界时自动替你换行。
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parents:
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657
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658 用 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 启动自动折行模式。再用一次这条命令,自动
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diff changeset
659 折行模式会被关闭。也就是说,如果自动折行模式没有被开启,这个命令会开启
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660 它;如果已经开启了,这个命令会关闭它。所以我们说,这个命令可以用来“开
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diff changeset
661 关(toggle)”模式。
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662
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663 >> 现在输入 M-x auto fill mode<Return>。然后随便敲点什么,直到你看到它
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parents:
diff changeset
664 分成两行。你必须敲一些空格,因为 Auto Fill 只在空白处进行断行。
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665 【输入空格对英文来说是必须的,而对中文则不必。】
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666
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667 行边界通常被设定为 70 个字符【这里指英文字符】,你可以用 C-x f 命令配合
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parents:
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668 数字参数来重新设定它。
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669
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parents:
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670 >> 输入 C-x f 并传递参数 20: C-u 2 0 C-x f。
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parents:
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671 然后输入一些文字,观察 Emacs 的自动折行动作
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672 最后再用 C-x f 将边界设回 70。
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673
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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674 如果你在段落的中间做了一些修改,那么自动折行模式不会替你把整个段落重新
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parents:
diff changeset
675 折行,你需要用 M-q 手动折行。注意,光标必须位于你需要折行的那一段里。
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676
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677 >> 移动光标到前一段中,然后输入 M-q。
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678
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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679
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parents:
diff changeset
680 * 搜索(SEARCHING)
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diff changeset
681 -------------------
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682
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683 Emacs 可以向前或向后搜索字符串。搜索命令是一个移动光标的命令:搜索成功
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684 后,光标会停留在搜索目标出现的地方。
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685
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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686 Emacs 的搜索命令的独特之处在于,它是“渐进的(incremental)”。意思是搜
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parents:
diff changeset
687 索与输入同时进行:你在键盘上一字一句地输入搜索词的过程中,Emacs 就已经
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diff changeset
688 开始替你搜索了。
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689
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diff changeset
690 C-s 是向前搜索,C-r 是向后搜索。不过手别这么快!别着急试。
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691
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692 在按下 C-s 之后,回显区里会有“I-search”字样出现,表明目前 Emacs 正处
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parents:
diff changeset
693 于“渐进搜索”状态,并等待你输入搜索字串。按 <Return> 可以结束搜索。
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694
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695 >> 输入 C-s 开始一个搜索。注意敲慢一点,一次输入一个字符。
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696 慢慢输入“cursor”这个词,每敲一个字都停顿一下并观察光标。
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parents:
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697 现在你应该已曾经找到“cursor”这个词了。
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698 >> 再按一次 C-s,搜索下一个“cursor”出现的位置。
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699 >> 现在按四次退格键,看看光标是如何移动的。
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700 >> 敲 <Return> 结束搜索。
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parents:
diff changeset
701
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702 看仔细了么?在一次渐进式搜索中,Emacs 会尝试跳到搜索目标出现的位置。要
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703 跳到下一个命中位置,就再按一次 C-s。如果找不到目标,Emacs 会发出“哔”
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parents:
diff changeset
704 的一声,告诉你搜索失败。在整个过程中,都可以用 C-g 来终止搜索。【你会发
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705 现 C-g 会让光标回到搜索开始的位置,而 <Return> 则让光标留在搜索结果上,
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parents:
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706 这是很有用的功能。】
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parents:
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707
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parents:
diff changeset
708 注意:在某些终端下,输入 C-x C-s 会冻结屏幕【屏幕没有任何输出】,使你看
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parents:
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709 不到 Emacs 的任何变化。其原因是操作系统的“流量控制”功能拦截了 C-s 并
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parents:
diff changeset
710 冻结了屏幕。用 C-q 可以解除屏幕冻结。要解决这个问题,请参考 Emacs 手册
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parents:
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711 里的“Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search”一节【Emacs 手册可能还没
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parents:
diff changeset
712 有中文翻译】,那里提供了一些有用的建议。
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parents:
diff changeset
713
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parents:
diff changeset
714 在渐进式搜索中,按退格键会删除目标字符串的最后一个字符,并且光标会回到
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715 最近一次搜索的命中位置。比如你已经输入了“c”,光标就停在“c”第一次出
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parents:
diff changeset
716 现的位置,再输入“u”,光标停在“cu”第一次出现的位置,这时再按退格键,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 “u”就从搜索字串中消失了,然后光标会回到“c”第一次出现的位置。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 另外,如果你在搜索的时候输入了 CONTROL 或者 META 组合键的话,搜索可能会
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 结束。(也有例外,比如 C-s 和 M-r 这些用于搜索的命令。)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 前面说的都是“向下”搜索,如果想“向上”搜索,可以用 C-r。C-r 与 C-s
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 相比除了搜索方向相反之外,其余的操作都一样。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 * 多窗格(MULTIPLE WINDOWS)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 ----------------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 Emacs 的迷人之处很多,能够在屏幕上同时显示多个窗格就是其中之一。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 >> 移动光标到这一行,然后输入 C-u 0 C-l。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 >> 现在输入 C-x 2,它会将屏幕划分成两个窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 这两个窗格里显示的都是本篇快速指南,而光标则停留在上方的窗格里。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 >> 试试用 C-M-v 滚动下方的窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 (如果你并没有 META 键,用 ESC C-v 也可以。)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 【向上滚动是 C-M-S-v,也就是同时按住 CONTROL、META 和 SHIFT 再按 v】
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 >> 输入 C-x o(“o”指的是“其它(other)”),
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 将光标转移到下方的窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 >> 在下方的窗格中,用 C-v 和 M-v 来滚动。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 同时继续在上方的窗格里阅读这些指导。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 >> 再输入 C-x o 将光标移回到上方的窗格里。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 光标会回到它在上方窗格中原本所在的位置。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 连续使用 C-x o 可以遍历所有窗格。每一个窗格都有它自己的光标位置,但是只
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 有一个窗格会真正显示这个光标。【其它窗格在控制台下不会显示光标,在图形
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 窗口下缺省显示为镂空光标。】一般所有的编辑命令都作用于这个光标所在的窗
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 格,我们称这个窗格为“被选中的窗格”。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 当你在一个窗格中编辑,但用另一个窗格作为参考的时候,C-M-v 是很有用的命
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 令。你可以始终处于编辑窗格中,然后用 C-M-v 命令滚动另外一个窗格。【比如
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 翻译和校对就很适合用这种方式进行。】
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 C-M-v 是一个 CONTROL-META 组合键。如果你有 META 键的话,可以同时按住
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 CONTROL 和 META 键并输入 v。CONTROL 和 META 键先按哪个都可以,因为它们
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 只是用来“修饰(modify)”你输入的字符的。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 如果你并没有 META 键,你也可以用 ESC 来代替,不过这样的话就要注意按键顺
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 序了:你必须先输入 ESC ,然后再输入 CONTROL-v。CONTROL-ESC v 是没用的,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 因为 ESC 本身是一个字符键,而不是一个修饰键(modifier key)。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 >> (在上方窗格里)输入 C-x 1 关掉下方窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 (如果你在下方的窗格里输入 C-x 1,那么就会关掉上方的窗格。你可以把这个
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 命令看成是“只保留一个窗格”——就是我们正在编辑的这个。)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 不同的窗格可以显示不同的缓冲区。如果你在一个窗格里用 C-x C-f 打开了一个
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 文件,另一个窗格并不会发生什么变化。任何一个窗格里都可以用来打开文件。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 用下面的方法可以在一个新开窗格里打开文件:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 >> 输入 C-x 4 C-f,紧跟着输入一个文件名,再用 <Return> 结束。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 可以看到你指定的文件出现在下方的窗格中,同时光标也跳到了那里。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 >> 输入 C-x o 回到上方的窗格,然后再用 C-x 1 关掉下方窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 * 递归编辑(RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 --------------------------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 有时候你会进入所谓的“递归编辑”。递归编辑状态由位于状态栏的方括号所指
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 示,其中包含了用小括号来指明的模式名称。比如说,你有时可能会看到
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 [(Fundamental)],而不是 (Fundamental)。【比如在用 M-% 进行交互式替换的
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 时候你又用了 C-s 进行搜索,这时替换模式并没有结束,但你又进入了搜索模式,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 这就是所谓的递归编辑。】
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 离开递归编辑可以用 ESC ESC ESC。这是一个最通用的“离开”命令,你甚至可
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 以使用它来关掉多余的窗格,或者离开小缓冲。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 >> 输入 M-x 进入小缓冲;然后输入 ESC ESC ESC 离开。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 你不能用 C-g 退出递归编辑,因为 C-g 的作用是取消“本层递归编辑之内”的
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 命令和其参数(arguments)。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 * 获得更多帮助(GETTING MORE HELP)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 -----------------------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 本快速指南的目的仅仅是帮助你在 Emacs 的海洋里下水,不至于束手无策望洋兴
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 叹。有关 Emacs 的话题可谓汗牛充栋,这里自然是难尽万一。不过 Emacs 很理
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 解你求知若渴的心情,因为它提供的强大功能实在是太多了。为此,Emacs 提供
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 了一些命令来查看 Emacs 的命令文档,这些命令都以 CONTROL-h 开头,这个字
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 符也因此被称为“帮助(Help)字符”。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 要使用帮助(Help)功能,请先输入 C-h,然后再输入一个字符以说明你需要什
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 么帮助。如果你连自己到底需要什么帮助都不知道,那么就输入 C-h ?,Emacs
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 会告诉你它能提供了哪些帮助。如果你按了 C-h 又想反悔,可以用 C-g 取消。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 (有些主机改变了 C-h 的意义,这种以己度人外加一刀切的做法确实不太好,不
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 过倒是让你可以义正辞严地抱怨他们的系统管理员。话说回来,如果你按 C-h 之
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 后没有任何帮助信息显示出来,那么试试 F1 键或者 M-x help <Return> 。)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 最基本的帮助功能是 C-h c。输入 C-h c 之后再输入一个组合键,Emacs 会给出
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 这个命令的简要说明。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 >> 输入 C-h c C-p。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 显示的消息应该会是这样:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 C-p runs the command previous-line
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 这条消息显示了 C-p 命令对应的函数名,函数名主要用来定制和扩展 Emacs。命
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 令的功能由函数完成,所以函数名本身也可以被看成是最简单的文档——至少对
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 于你已经学过的命令来说,它们的函数名足以解释它们的功能了。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 多字符命令一样可以用 C-h c 来查看。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 想得到更多的信息,请把 C-h c 换成 C-h k 试试看。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 >> 输入 C-h k C-p。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 上面的命令会新打开一个 Emacs 窗格以显示函数的名称及其文档。你读完之后可
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 以用 C-x 1 关掉这个帮助窗格。当然你并不需要立即这样做,你完全可以先在编
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 辑窗格里做点别的事情,然后再关掉帮助窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 还有一些其它有用的 C-h 命令:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 C-h f 解释一个函数。需要输入函数名。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 >> 试试看,输入 C-h f previous-line<Return>。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 Emacs 会给出它所知道的所有有关“实现 C-p 命令功能的函数”的信息。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 C-h v 用来显示 Emacs 变量的文档。Emacs 变量可以被用来“定制 Emacs 的行
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 为”。同样,你需要输入变量的名称。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 C-h a 相关命令搜索(Command Apropos)。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 输入一个关键词然后 Emacs 会列出所有命令名中包含此关键词
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 的命令。这些命令全都可以用 M-x 来启动。对于某些命令来说,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 相关命令搜索还会列出一两个组合键。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 >> 输入 C-h a file<Return>。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 Emacs 会在另一个窗格里显示一个 M-x 命令列表,这个列表包含了所有名称中含
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 有“file”的命令。你可以看到像“C-x C-f”这样的组合键显示在“find-file”
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 这样的命令名的旁边。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 >> 用 C-M-v 来回滚动 help 窗格,多试几次。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 >> 输入 C-x 1 来删除 help 窗格。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 C-h i 阅读联机手册(也就是通常讲的 Info)。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 这个命令会打开一个称为“*info*”的特殊缓冲区,在那里,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 你可以阅读安装在系统里的软件包使用手册。要读 Emacs 的使
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 用手册,按 m emacs <Return> 就可以了。如果你之前从没用
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 过 Info 系统,那么请按“?”,Emacs 会带你进入 Info 的使
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 用指南。在看完本快速指南之后,Emacs Info 会成为你的主要
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 参考文档。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 * 更多精彩(MORE FEATURES)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 ---------------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 想学习更多的使用技巧,Emacs 使用手册(manual)值得一读。你可以读纸版的
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 书,也可以看电子版的联机手册(可以从 Help 菜单进入或者按 F10 h r)。提
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 两个你可能会很感兴趣的功能吧,一个是可以帮你少敲键盘的 completion(自动
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 补全),另一个是方便文件处理的 dired(目录编辑)。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 Completion 可以替你节省不必要的键盘输入。比如说你想切换到 *Message* 缓
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 冲区,你就可以用 C-x b *M<Tab> 来完成。只要 Emacs 能够根据你已经输入的
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 文字确定你想要输入的内容,它就会自动帮你补齐。有关 Completion 的详细说
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 明可以在 Emacs Info 中的“Completion”一节里找到。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 Dired 能够在一个缓冲区里列出一个目录下的所有文件(可以选择是否也列出子
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 目录),然后你可以在这个文件列表上完成对文件的移动、访问、重命名或删除
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 等等操作。Dired 也在 Emacs Info 中有详细介绍,参见“Dired”一节。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 Emacs 使用手册里还有许许多多的精彩功能等着你来了解。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 * 总结(CONCLUSION)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 --------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 记住,要退出 Emacs 请用 C-x C-c。要暂时切换到 shell 并且稍后再回到
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 Emacs 里来,请用 C-z。【切换到 shell 仅对控制台下的 Emacs 有效】
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 本文完全是为零起点新手所写的起步教程。如果你觉得哪里还看不明白,千万不
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 要怀疑自己,那一定是我们没有写好。我们永远欢迎你的不满和抱怨。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 * 翻译(TRANSLATION)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 ---------------------
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 翻译:孙一江 <sunyijiang@gmail.com>
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 校对:水木社区(www.newsmth.net)Emacs 板众多网友及众多 Emacs 中文用户
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 Emacs 快速指南(Tutorial)早有两个刘昭宏的中文译本,繁简各一。其简体版本
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 (TUTORIAL.cn)基本由繁体版本(TUTORIAL.zh)经词语替换而得。然而繁简中文
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 不仅在用词习惯上有所不同,更有诸多表达方式与句法方面的差异,因此一直以来
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 用户使用 TUTORIAL.cn 都会略觉生硬和晦涩。这次重新翻译 TUTORIAL.cn 的动机
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 正是源于这种体验,希望我们的工作能够让本文更好地发挥其作用。TUTORIAL.zh
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 的译文质量很高,在翻译过程中给予过我们许多借鉴和参考,在此对刘昭宏的工作
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 表示感谢。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 翻译过程中最大的挑战莫过于术语译词的选择了。经过水木社区 Emacs 板热心网
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 友小范围内的讨论,我们选择了现在的译法。用户的广泛参与是自由软件生命力
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 的源泉,所以如果你有任何建议、勘误或想法,请用你喜欢的方式向我们提出。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 你可以通过电子邮件直接联系译者,也可以放到 GNU Emacs 的开发邮件列表或者
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 水木社区的 Emacs 板上进行讨论。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 下面列出主要术语的译词对照,并给出注释说明:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 command 命令
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 cursor 光标
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 scrolling 滚动
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 numeric argument 数字参数
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 window 窗格 [1]
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 insert 插入
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 delete 删除 [2]
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 kill 移除 [2]
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 yank 召回 [2]
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 undo 撤销
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 file 文件
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 buffer 缓冲区
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 minibuffer 小缓冲
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 echo area 回显区
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 mode line 状态栏
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 search 搜索
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 incremental search 渐进式搜索 [3]
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 [1] “window”一词在计算机相关的领域一般都被译为“窗口”。但是在 Emacs
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 中,还有一个“frame”的概念。在被广泛使用的 X 窗口系统和微软的视窗
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 (Windows)系列操作系统中,Emacs 的一个“frame”就是一个“窗口”,因
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 此把 Emacs 中的“frame”译成“窗口”更加符合通常的习惯。这样,Emacs
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 中的“window”就只能译成“窗格”了。我们认为 Emacs 中 window 和
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 frame 的关系用窗格和窗口来类比是十分形象的。
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 《学习GNU Emacs》(第二版)一书对“window”和“frame”的翻译与本教程
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 刚好相反(分别译作“窗口”和“窗格”)。在此特别注明,以消除可能产生
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 的疑惑。(感谢李旭章 <lixuzhang@gmail.com> 指出)
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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955 [2] 对于“delete”和“kill”的区别,正文已经给出了详细的说明。“删除”和
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956 “移除”相比较起来,前者更多地隐含着“破坏”和“不可恢复”的意思,而
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957 后者更多地隐含着“被转移”和“可恢复”的意思。因此分别选择它们作为上
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958 述两词的译词,希望能够体现出区别。“yank”在中文文档中鲜有对应译词出
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959 现,翻译的困难较大。究其本意是:“a strong sudden pull”(参见韦氏词
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960 典),即“猛然拉回”。在原文档中 yank 被引申为“将先前移除的东西再移
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961 回来”这个意思,所以我们选择了“召回”一词与其对应。
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962
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963 [3] “incremental”一词在计算机著作中广泛出现,被广泛接受的中文译词有两
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964 个:“增量的”和“渐进的”。“incremental search”翻译成“增量式搜索
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965 ”或者“渐进式搜索”都讲得通,且都有各自的形象之处。还是参考原文对其
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966 的解释:“... means that the search happens while you type in the
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967 string to search for”。意思是之所以称其为“incremental search”,是
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968 因为“在你输入搜索字符串的过程中,搜索就已经在进行了”。我们认为“增
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969 量的”更加强调在现有基础上的变化(比如“增量备份”,“增量编译”);
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970 而“渐进的”更加强调过程的逐渐发展,也更加符合原文的意思。因此我们选
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971 择将“incremental search”译作“渐进式搜索”。
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972
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973
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974 * 版权声明(COPYING)
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parents:
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975 ---------------------
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976
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977 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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parents:
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978 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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parents:
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979
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980 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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981 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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982
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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983 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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c90853557b90 Add 2009 to copyright years.
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parents: 92756
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984 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
82709
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parents:
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985
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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986 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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987 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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988 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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989 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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990 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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parents:
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991
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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992 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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993 of this document, or of portions of it,
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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994 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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995 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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996
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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997 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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998 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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999 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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1000 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
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parents:
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1001
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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1002 【下面为版权声明的译文,仅供参考。实际法律效力以英文原文为准。】
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1003
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1004 本快速指南沿袭自历史悠久的 Emacs 快速指南,可上溯至 Stuart Cracraft 为最
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1005 初的 Emacs 所作的版本。
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1006
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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1007 本篇文档与 GNU Emacs 一样拥有版权,并允许在下列条件的约束下发行其拷贝:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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1008
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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1009 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
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c90853557b90 Add 2009 to copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1010 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
82709
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1011
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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1012 本文档允许在不变更文档内容的情况下由任何人发布在任何媒体上,同时必须
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parents:
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1013 完整保留版权和许可声明,且需给予受众与发行者完全相同的、如本声明所允
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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1014 许的再次发行本文档的权利。
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1015
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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1016 本声明允许在与上述条件相同的情况下发布经过修改的全部或部分文档,同时
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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1017 必须附带显要的文字以申明文档的最后修改者。
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1018
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1019 Emacs 自身的版权问题虽比本文档要复杂一些,但也基于相同的精神。敬请阅读文
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1020 件“COPYING”,然后向你的朋友们分发 GNU Emacs 拷贝。让我们以使用、编写和
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1021 分享自由软件的实际行动来共同祛除软件障碍主义(所谓的“所有权”)!
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1022
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1023 ;;; Local Variables:
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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1024 ;;; coding: chinese-iso-8bit
a91583da0f8c Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
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1025 ;;; End:
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1026
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1027 ;;; arch-tag: 46a53d82-a85a-46b6-bdc7-583aca063578