Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/display.texi @ 38327:e0de2b7e4d81
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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Mon, 09 Jul 2001 00:49:22 +0000 |
parents | 30a4ce47105b |
children | 2511f86ea47a |
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2000, 2001 |
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
6 @chapter Controlling the Display | |
7 | |
8 Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
9 show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
10 allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
11 display it. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
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14 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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15 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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16 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
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17 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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18 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
25829 | 19 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
20 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
21 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
22 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
23 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
24 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
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25 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
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26 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
25829 | 27 @end menu |
28 | |
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29 @node Faces |
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30 @section Using Multiple Typefaces |
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31 @cindex faces |
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32 |
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33 When using Emacs with a window system, you can set up multiple |
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34 styles of displaying characters. Each style is called a @dfn{face}. |
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35 Each face can specify various attributes, such as the height, weight |
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36 and slant of the characters, the foreground and background color, and |
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37 underlining. But it does not have to specify all of them. |
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38 |
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39 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
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40 will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one |
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41 face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening. This includes |
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42 the console on GNU/Linux, an @code{xterm} which supports colors, the |
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43 MS-DOS display (@pxref{MS-DOS}), and the MS-Windows version invoked with |
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44 the @option{-nw} option. Emacs determines automatically whether the |
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45 terminal has this capability. |
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46 |
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47 You control the appearance of a part of the text in the buffer by |
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48 specifying the face or faces to use for it. The style of display used |
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49 for any given character is determined by combining the attributes of |
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50 all the applicable faces specified for that character. Any attribute |
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51 that isn't specified by these faces is taken from the default face, |
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52 whose attributes reflect the default settings of the frame itself. |
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53 |
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54 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several |
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55 commands and menus for specifying faces for text in the buffer. |
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56 @xref{Format Faces}, for how to specify the font for text in the |
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57 buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for how to specify the foreground and |
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58 background color. |
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59 |
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60 @cindex face colors, setting |
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61 @findex set-face-foreground |
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62 @findex set-face-background |
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63 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. |
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64 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify |
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65 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). Alternatively, |
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66 you can change the foreground and background colors of a specific face |
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67 with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x set-face-background}. |
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68 These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a face name and a color |
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69 name, with completion, and then set that face to use the specified |
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70 color. |
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71 |
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72 Emacs 21 can correctly display variable-width fonts, but Emacs |
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73 commands that calculate width and indentation do not know how to |
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74 calculate variable widths. This can sometimes lead to incorrect |
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75 results when you use variable-width fonts. In particular, indentation |
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76 commands can give inconsistent results, so we recommend you avoid |
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77 variable-width fonts for editing program source code. Filling will |
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78 sometimes make lines too long or too short. We plan to address these |
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79 issues in future Emacs versions. |
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80 |
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81 @findex list-faces-display |
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82 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type |
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83 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look |
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84 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the |
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85 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standard defined |
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86 faces: |
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87 |
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88 @table @code |
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89 @item default |
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90 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. |
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91 @item mode-line |
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92 This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows |
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93 for a ``raised'' effect on window systems, and drawn as the inverse of |
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94 the default face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Custom}. |
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95 @item header-line |
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96 Similar to @code{mode-line} for a window's header line. Most modes |
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97 don't use the header line, but the Info mode does. |
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98 @item highlight |
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99 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. |
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100 For example, mouse-sensitive text is highlighted using this face. |
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101 @item isearch |
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102 This face is used for highlighting Isearch matches. |
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103 @item isearch-lazy-highlight-face |
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104 This face is used for lazy highlighting of Isearch matches other than |
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105 the current one. |
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106 @item region |
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107 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark |
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108 mode is enabled---see below). |
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109 @item secondary-selection |
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110 This face is used for displaying a secondary X selection (@pxref{Secondary |
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111 Selection}). |
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112 @item bold |
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113 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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114 @item italic |
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115 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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116 @item bold-italic |
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117 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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118 @item underline |
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119 This face underlines text. |
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120 @item fixed-pitch |
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121 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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122 @item fringe |
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123 @cindex fringe |
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124 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows on graphic |
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125 displays. (The fringes are the narrow portions of the Emacs frame |
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126 between the text area and the window's right and left borders.) |
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127 @item scroll-bar |
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128 This face determines the visual appearance of the scroll bar. |
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129 @item border |
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130 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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131 @item cursor |
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132 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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133 @item mouse |
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134 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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135 @item tool-bar |
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136 This is the basic tool-bar face. No text appears in the tool bar, but the |
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137 colors of this face affect the appearance of tool bar icons. |
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138 @item tooltip |
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139 This face is used for tooltips. |
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140 @item menu |
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141 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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142 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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143 the font are ignored in this case. |
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144 @item trailing-whitespace |
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145 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
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146 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil. |
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147 @item variable-pitch |
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148 The basic variable-pitch face. |
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149 @end table |
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150 |
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151 @cindex @code{region} face |
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152 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is |
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153 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named |
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154 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the |
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155 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, |
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156 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and |
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157 deactivation of the mark. |
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158 |
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159 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor |
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160 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to |
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161 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It |
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162 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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163 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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164 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about |
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165 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. |
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166 |
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167 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears |
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168 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. |
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169 @xref{PostScript}. |
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170 |
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171 @node Font Lock |
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172 @section Font Lock mode |
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173 @cindex Font Lock mode |
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174 @cindex mode, Font Lock |
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175 @cindex syntax highlighting and coloring |
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176 |
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177 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular |
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178 buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces |
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179 according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can |
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180 recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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181 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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182 important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined |
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183 or reserved keywords. |
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184 |
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185 @findex font-lock-mode |
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186 @findex turn-on-font-lock |
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187 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off |
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188 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. |
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189 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock |
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190 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable |
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191 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: |
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192 |
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193 @example |
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194 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) |
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195 @end example |
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196 |
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197 @findex global-font-lock-mode |
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198 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
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199 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support |
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200 it, customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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201 function @code{global-font-lock-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file, like |
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202 this: |
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203 |
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204 @example |
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205 (global-font-lock-mode 1) |
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206 @end example |
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207 |
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208 Font Lock mode uses several specifically named faces to do its job, |
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209 including @code{font-lock-string-face}, @code{font-lock-comment-face}, |
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210 and others. The easiest way to find them all is to use completion |
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211 on the face name in @code{set-face-foreground}. |
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212 |
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213 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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214 different parts of text, just change these faces. There are |
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215 two ways to do it: |
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216 |
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217 @itemize @bullet |
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218 @item |
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219 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} |
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220 to change the colors of a particular face used by Font Lock. |
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221 @xref{Faces}. The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all |
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222 the faces currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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223 |
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224 @item |
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225 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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226 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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227 @end itemize |
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228 |
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229 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a |
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230 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else |
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231 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. |
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232 |
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233 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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234 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the |
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235 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple |
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236 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes |
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237 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as |
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238 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or |
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239 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for |
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240 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level |
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241 otherwise, use this: |
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242 |
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243 @example |
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244 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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245 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) |
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246 @end example |
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247 |
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248 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size |
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249 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress |
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250 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, |
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251 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. |
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252 |
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253 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. |
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254 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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255 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) |
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256 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For |
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257 the purposes of speed, some modes, including C mode and Lisp mode, |
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258 rely on a special convention: an open-parenthesis or open-brace in the |
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259 leftmost column always defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is |
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260 thus always outside any string or comment. (@xref{Left Margin |
38210 | 261 Paren}.) If you don't follow this convention, Font Lock mode can |
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262 misfontify the text that follows an open-parenthesis or open-brace in |
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263 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. |
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264 |
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265 @cindex slow display during scrolling |
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266 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always |
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267 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position |
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268 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the |
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269 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable |
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270 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the |
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271 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer |
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272 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price |
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273 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan |
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274 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. This can considerably |
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275 slow down redisplay while scrolling, particularly if you are close to |
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276 the end of a large buffer. |
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277 |
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278 @findex font-lock-add-keywords |
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279 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you |
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280 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function |
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281 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for |
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282 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C |
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283 comments, use this: |
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284 |
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285 @example |
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286 (font-lock-add-keywords |
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287 'c-mode |
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288 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) |
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289 @end example |
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290 |
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291 @node Highlight Changes |
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292 @section Highlight Changes Mode |
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293 |
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294 @findex highlight-changes-mode |
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295 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode |
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296 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of |
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297 the buffer were changed most recently. |
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298 |
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299 @node Highlight Interactively |
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300 @section Interactive Highlighting by Matching |
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301 @cindex highlighting by matching |
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302 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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303 |
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304 It is sometimes useful to highlight the strings that match a certain |
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305 regular expression. For example, you might wish to see all the |
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306 references to a certain variable in a program source file, or highlight |
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307 certain parts in a voluminous output of some program, or make certain |
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308 cliches stand out in an article. |
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309 |
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310 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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311 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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312 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be |
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313 highlighted. Hi-lock mode works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), |
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314 except that it lets you specify explicitly what parts of text to |
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315 highlight. You control Hi-lock mode with these commands: |
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316 |
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317 @table @kbd |
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318 @item C-x w h @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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319 @kindex C-x w h |
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320 @findex highlight-regexp |
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321 Highlight text that matches |
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322 @var{regexp} using face @var{face} (@code{highlight-regexp}). |
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323 By using this command more than once, you can highlight various |
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324 parts of the text in different ways. |
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325 |
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326 @item C-x w r @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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327 @kindex C-x w r |
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328 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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329 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). You must enter |
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330 one of the regular expressions currently specified for highlighting. |
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331 (You can use completion, or choose from a menu, to enter one of them |
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332 conveniently.) |
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333 |
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334 @item C-x w l @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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335 @kindex C-x w l |
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336 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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337 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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338 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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339 Highlight entire lines containing a match for @var{regexp}, using face |
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340 @var{face} (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). |
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341 |
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342 @item C-x w b |
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343 @kindex C-x w b |
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344 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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345 Insert all the current highlighting regexp/face pairs into the buffer |
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346 at point, with comment delimiters to prevent them from changing your |
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347 program. This key binding runs the |
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348 @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command. |
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349 |
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350 These patterns will be read the next time you visit the file while |
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351 Hi-lock mode is enabled, or whenever you use the @kbd{M-x |
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352 hi-lock-find-patterns} command. |
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353 |
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354 @item C-x w i |
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355 @kindex C-x w i |
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356 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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357 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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358 Re-read regexp/face pairs in the current buffer |
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359 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}). The list of pairs is |
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360 found no matter where in the buffer it may be. |
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361 |
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362 This command does nothing if the major mode is a member of the list |
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363 @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}. |
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364 @end table |
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365 |
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366 @node Trailing Whitespace |
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367 @section Trailing Whitespace |
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368 |
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369 @cindex trailing whitespace |
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370 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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371 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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372 It is easy to leave unnecessary spaces at the end of a line without |
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373 realizing it. In most cases, this @dfn{trailing whitespace} has no |
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374 effect, but there are special circumstances where it matters. |
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375 |
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376 You can make trailing whitespace visible on the screen by setting |
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377 the variable @code{show-trailing-whitespace} to @code{t}. Then Emacs |
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378 displays trailing whitespace in the face @code{trailing-whitespace}. |
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379 |
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380 Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a |
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381 line. But trailing whitespace is not displayed specially if point is |
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382 at the end of the line containing the whitespace. (Doing that looks |
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383 ugly while you are typing in new text, and the location of point is |
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384 enough in that case to show you that the spaces are present.) |
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385 |
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386 @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
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387 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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388 @cindex empty lines |
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389 Emacs can indicate empty lines at the end of the buffer with a |
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390 special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. To enable this |
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391 feature, set the buffer-local variable @code{indicate-empty-lines} to |
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392 a non-@code{nil} value. The default value of this variable is |
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393 controlled by the variable @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}; |
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394 by setting that variable, you can enable or disable this feature |
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395 for all new buffers. |
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396 |
25829 | 397 @node Scrolling |
398 @section Scrolling | |
399 | |
400 If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
401 window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
402 the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
403 | |
404 @cindex scrolling | |
405 @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
406 different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
407 moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
408 text down and new text appears at the top. | |
409 | |
410 Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
411 of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
412 in this section. | |
413 | |
414 @table @kbd | |
415 @item C-l | |
416 Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
417 point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
418 @item C-v | |
419 Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
420 @item @key{NEXT} | |
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421 @itemx @key{PAGEDOWN} |
25829 | 422 Likewise, scroll forward. |
423 @item M-v | |
424 Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
425 @item @key{PRIOR} | |
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426 @itemx @key{PAGEUP} |
25829 | 427 Likewise, scroll backward. |
428 @item @var{arg} C-l | |
429 Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
430 @item C-M-l | |
431 Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
432 (@code{reposition-window}). | |
433 @end table | |
434 | |
435 @kindex C-l | |
436 @findex recenter | |
437 The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
438 no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
439 In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
440 down from the top of the window. | |
441 | |
442 @kindex C-v | |
443 @kindex M-v | |
444 @kindex NEXT | |
445 @kindex PRIOR | |
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446 @kindex PAGEDOWN |
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447 @kindex PAGEUP |
25829 | 448 @findex scroll-up |
449 @findex scroll-down | |
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450 @vindex next-screen-context-lines |
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451 To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} |
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452 (@code{scroll-up}) with no argument. This scrolls forward by nearly |
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453 the whole window height. The effect is to take the two lines at the |
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454 bottom of the window and put them at the top, followed by nearly a |
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455 whole windowful of lines that were not previously visible. If point |
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456 was in the text that scrolled off the top, it ends up at the new top |
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457 of the window. |
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458 |
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459 @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) with no argument scrolls backward |
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460 similarly with overlap. The number of lines of overlap across a |
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461 @kbd{C-v} or @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable |
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462 @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by default, it is 2. The function |
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463 keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR}, or @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP}, |
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464 are equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. |
25829 | 465 |
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466 The commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} with a numeric argument scroll |
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467 the text in the selected window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} |
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468 with an argument moves the text and point up, together, that many |
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469 lines; it brings the same number of new lines into view at the bottom |
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470 of the window. @kbd{M-v} with numeric argument scrolls the text |
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471 downward, bringing that many new lines into view at the top of the |
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472 window. @kbd{C-v} with a negative argument is like @kbd{M-v} and vice |
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473 versa. |
25829 | 474 |
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475 The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the |
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476 text moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is |
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477 called @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the |
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478 screen. The keys @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP} derive their names |
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479 and customary meanings from a different convention that developed |
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480 elsewhere; hence the strange result that @key{PAGEDOWN} runs |
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481 @code{scroll-up}. |
25829 | 482 |
483 @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
484 Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
485 same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
486 @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
487 mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
488 screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
489 back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
490 when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
491 there. | |
492 | |
493 Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
494 @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
495 the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
496 to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
497 point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
498 rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
499 negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
500 For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
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501 - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. @kbd{C-u C-l} scrolls to put |
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502 point at the center (vertically) of the selected window. |
25829 | 503 |
504 @kindex C-M-l | |
505 @findex reposition-window | |
506 The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
507 window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
508 the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
509 entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
510 | |
511 @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
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512 Scrolling happens automatically when point moves out of the visible |
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513 portion of the text. Normally, automatic scrolling centers point |
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514 vertically within the window. However, if you set |
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515 @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you |
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516 move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} |
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517 lines---then Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point |
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518 back on screen. By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. |
25829 | 519 |
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520 @cindex aggressive scrolling |
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521 @vindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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522 @vindex scroll-down-aggressively |
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523 When the window does scroll by a longer distance, you can control |
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524 how aggressively it scrolls, by setting the variables |
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525 @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. |
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526 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either |
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527 @code{nil}, or a fraction @var{f} between 0 and 1. A fraction |
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528 specifies where on the screen to put point when scrolling upward. |
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529 More precisely, when a window scrolls up because point is above the |
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530 window start, the new start position is chosen to put point @var{f} |
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531 part of the window height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more |
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532 aggressive the scrolling. |
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533 |
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534 @code{nil}, which is the default, scrolls to put point at the center. |
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535 So it is equivalent to .5. |
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536 |
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537 Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling |
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538 down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed |
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539 from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
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540 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value is more aggressive. |
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541 |
25829 | 542 @vindex scroll-margin |
543 The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
544 to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
545 lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
546 window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
547 0. | |
548 | |
549 @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
550 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
551 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
552 | |
553 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
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554 within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin is not |
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555 displayed at all. Emacs does this automatically in any window that |
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556 uses line truncation rather than continuation: whenever point moves |
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557 off the left or right edge of the screen, Emacs scrolls the buffer |
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558 horizontally to make point visible. |
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559 |
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560 When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated |
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561 rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} |
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562 appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, |
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563 and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. |
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564 |
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565 You can use these commands to do explicit horizontal scrolling. |
25829 | 566 |
567 @table @kbd | |
568 @item C-x < | |
569 Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
570 @item C-x > | |
571 Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
572 @end table | |
573 | |
574 @kindex C-x < | |
575 @kindex C-x > | |
576 @findex scroll-left | |
577 @findex scroll-right | |
578 The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
579 window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
580 part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
581 With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
582 columns less, to be precise). | |
583 | |
584 @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
585 window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
586 normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
587 attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
588 calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
589 argument will restore the normal display. | |
590 | |
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591 If you scroll a window horizontally by hand, that sets a lower bound |
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592 for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will continue |
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593 to scroll the window, but never farther to the right than the amount |
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594 you previously set by @code{scroll-left}. |
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595 |
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596 @vindex automatic-hscrolling |
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597 To disable automatic horizontal scrolling, set the variable |
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598 @code{automatic-hscrolling} to @code{nil}. |
34749 | 599 |
25829 | 600 @node Follow Mode |
601 @section Follow Mode | |
602 @cindex Follow mode | |
603 @cindex mode, Follow | |
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604 @findex follow-mode |
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605 @cindex windows, synchronizing |
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606 @cindex synchronizing windows |
25829 | 607 |
608 @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
609 same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
610 go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
611 windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
612 then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
613 either one; the other window follows it. | |
614 | |
36245 | 615 In Follow mode, if you move point outside the portion visible in one |
616 window and into the portion visible in the other window, that selects | |
617 the other window---again, treating the two as if they were parts of | |
618 one large window. | |
619 | |
25829 | 620 To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. |
621 | |
622 @node Selective Display | |
623 @section Selective Display | |
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624 @cindex selective display |
25829 | 625 @findex set-selective-display |
626 @kindex C-x $ | |
627 | |
628 Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
629 of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
630 overview of a part of a program. | |
631 | |
632 To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
633 numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
634 indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
635 presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
636 visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
637 | |
638 The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
639 if they were not there. | |
640 | |
641 The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
642 commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
643 hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
644 previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
645 visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
646 the three dots. | |
647 | |
648 To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
649 | |
650 @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
651 If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
652 @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
653 precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
654 hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
655 | |
656 @node Optional Mode Line | |
657 @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
658 | |
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659 @cindex line number display |
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660 @cindex display of line number |
25829 | 661 @findex line-number-mode |
662 The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
663 Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
664 turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
665 before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
666 indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
667 minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
668 | |
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669 @cindex narrowing, and line number display |
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670 If you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed |
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671 line number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. |
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672 |
25829 | 673 @vindex line-number-display-limit |
674 If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of | |
675 @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
676 Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
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677 that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. |
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678 |
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679 @vindex line-number-display-limit-width |
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680 Line-number computation can also be slow if the lines in the buffer |
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681 are too long. For this reason, Emacs normally doesn't display line |
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682 numbers if the average width, in characters, of lines near point is |
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683 larger than the value of the variable |
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684 @code{line-number-display-limit-width}. The default value is 200 |
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685 characters. |
25829 | 686 |
687 @cindex Column Number mode | |
688 @cindex mode, Column Number | |
689 @findex column-number-mode | |
690 You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
691 Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
692 letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
693 | |
694 @findex display-time | |
695 @cindex time (on mode line) | |
696 Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
30870 | 697 lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
698 the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
699 line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
700 their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
25829 | 701 |
702 @example | |
703 @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
704 @end example | |
705 | |
706 @noindent | |
707 @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
708 Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
709 @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
710 processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
711 your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
712 in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
713 to @code{t}. | |
714 | |
715 @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
28800 | 716 @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
717 @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
25829 | 718 The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
28800 | 719 for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
720 an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
721 @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
722 line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
723 indicator prominent. | |
25829 | 724 |
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725 @cindex mode line, 3D appearence |
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726 @cindex attributes of mode line, changing |
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727 @cindex non-integral number of lines in a window |
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728 By default, the mode line is drawn on graphics displays with |
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729 3D-style highlighting, like that of a button when it is not being |
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730 pressed. If you don't like this effect, you can disable the 3D |
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731 highlighting of the mode line, by customizing the attributes of the |
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732 @code{mode-line} face in your @file{.emacs} init file, like this: |
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733 |
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734 @example |
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735 (set-face-attribute 'mode-line nil :box nil) |
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736 @end example |
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737 |
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738 @noindent |
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739 Alternatively, you can turn off the box attribute in your |
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740 @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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741 |
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742 @example |
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743 Emacs.mode-line.AttributeBox: off |
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744 @end example |
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745 |
25829 | 746 @node Text Display |
747 @section How Text Is Displayed | |
748 @cindex characters (in text) | |
749 | |
750 ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
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751 buffers are displayed with their graphics, as are non-ASCII multibyte |
25829 | 752 printing characters (octal codes above 0400). |
753 | |
754 Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
755 newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
756 The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
757 tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
758 | |
759 Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
760 (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
761 control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
762 | |
33744 | 763 Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0237 (octal) are displayed with |
764 octal escape sequences; thus, character code 0230 (octal) is displayed | |
765 as @samp{\230}. The display of character codes 0240 through 0377 | |
766 (octal) may be either as escape sequences or as graphics. They do not | |
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767 normally occur in multibyte buffers, but if they do, they are displayed |
33744 | 768 as Latin-1 graphics. In unibyte mode, if you enable European display |
769 they are displayed using their graphics (assuming your terminal supports | |
770 them), otherwise as escape sequences. @xref{Single-Byte Character | |
771 Support}. | |
25829 | 772 |
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773 @node Display Custom |
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774 @section Customization of Display |
25829 | 775 |
776 This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
777 users should skip it. | |
778 | |
779 @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
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780 The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is an obsolete way of |
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781 controlling whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video; the |
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782 preferred way of doing this is to change the @code{mode-line} face. |
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783 @xref{Mode Line}. If you specify the foreground color for the |
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784 @code{mode-line} face, and @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is |
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785 non-@code{nil}, then the default background color for that face is the |
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786 usual foreground color. @xref{Faces}. |
25829 | 787 |
788 @vindex inverse-video | |
789 If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
790 to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
791 | |
792 @vindex visible-bell | |
793 If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
794 to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
795 sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
796 to make the screen blink.@refill | |
797 | |
798 @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
799 When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
800 screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
801 one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
802 the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
803 is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
804 as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
805 you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
806 non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
807 screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
808 | |
809 @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
810 The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
811 keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
812 to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
813 | |
814 @vindex ctl-arrow | |
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815 If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, all control characters in |
25829 | 816 the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline |
817 and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
818 current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
819 default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
820 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
821 | |
822 @vindex tab-width | |
823 Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
824 extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
825 at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
826 controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
827 changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
828 in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
829 @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
830 integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
831 | |
832 @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
833 @c in the continuation section. | |
834 If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
835 line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
836 too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
837 @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
838 more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
839 @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
840 makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
841 is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
842 | |
843 @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
844 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
845 non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
846 window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
847 the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
848 windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
849 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
850 | |
851 @vindex baud-rate | |
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852 The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the |
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853 terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not |
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854 change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used |
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855 for calculations. On terminals, it affects padding, and decisions |
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856 about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead. |
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857 It also affects the behavior of incremental search. |
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858 |
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859 On window-systems, @code{baud-rate} is only used to determine how |
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860 frequently to look for pending input during display updating. A |
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861 higher value of @code{baud-rate} means that check for pending input |
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862 will be done less frequently. |
25829 | 863 |
864 You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
865 by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
866 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
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867 |
36260 | 868 @cindex hourglass pointer display |
869 @vindex hourglass-delay | |
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870 On a window system, Emacs can optionally display the mouse pointer |
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871 in a special shape to say that Emacs is busy. To turn this feature on |
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872 or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. You can also control the |
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873 amount of time Emacs must remain busy before the busy indicator is |
36260 | 874 displayed, by setting the variable @code{hourglass-delay}. |
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875 |
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876 @node Cursor Display |
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877 @section Displaying the Cursor |
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878 |
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879 @findex hl-line-mode |
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880 @findex blink-cursor-mode |
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881 @cindex cursor, locating visually |
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882 @cindex cursor, blinking |
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883 There are a number of ways to customize the display of the cursor. |
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884 @kbd{M-x hl-line-mode} enables or disables a global minor mode which |
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885 highlights the line containing point. On window systems, the command |
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886 @kbd{M-x blink-cursor-mode} turns on or off the blinking of the |
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887 cursor. (On terminals, the terminal itself blinks the cursor, and |
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888 Emacs has no control over it.) |
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889 |
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890 You can customize the cursor's color, and whether it blinks, using |
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891 the @code{cursor} Custom group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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892 |
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893 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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894 @cindex wide block cursor |
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895 When displaying on a window system, Emacs can optionally draw the |
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896 block cursor as wide as the character under the cursor---for example, |
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897 if the cursor is on a tab character, it would cover the full width |
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898 occupied by that tab character. To enable this feature, set the |
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899 variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
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900 |
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901 @cindex cursor in non-selected windows |
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902 @vindex cursor-in-non-selected-windows |
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903 Normally, the cursor in non-selected windows is shown as a hollow box. |
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904 To turn off cursor display in non-selected windows, customize the option |
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905 @code{cursor-in-non-selected-windows} to assign it a @code{nil} value. |