annotate lisp/calc/calc-math.el @ 53879:e3771c262410

New file. Move original fringe related declarations and code from dispextern.h and xdisp.c here. Rework code to support user defined fringe bitmaps, redefining standard bitmaps, ability to overlay user defined bitmap with overlay arrow bitmap, and add faces to bitmaps. (Voverflow_newline_into_fringe): Declare here. (enum fringe_bitmap_align): New enum. (..._bits): All bitmaps are now defined without bitswapping; that is now done in init_fringe_once (if necessary). (standard_bitmaps): New array with specifications for the standard fringe bitmaps. (fringe_faces): New array. (valid_fringe_bitmap_id_p): New function. (draw_fringe_bitmap_1): Rename from draw_fringe_bitmap. (draw_fringe_bitmap): New function which draws fringe bitmap, possibly overlaying bitmap with cursor in right fringe or the overlay arrow in the left fringe. (update_window_fringes): Do not handle overlay arrow here. Compare and copy fringe bitmap faces. (init_fringe_bitmap): New function. (Fdefine_fringe_bitmap, Fdestroy_fringe_bitmap): New DEFUNs to define and destroy user defined fringe bitmaps. (Fset_fringe_bitmap_face): New DEFUN to set face for a fringe bitmap. (Ffringe_bitmaps_at_pos): New DEFUN to read current fringe bitmaps. (syms_of_fringe): New function. Defsubr new DEFUNs. DEFVAR_LISP Voverflow_newline_into_fringe. (init_fringe_once, init_fringe): New functions. (w32_init_fringe, w32_reset_fringes) [WINDOWS_NT]: New functions.

;;; calc-math.el --- mathematical functions for Calc

;; Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; Author: David Gillespie <[e-mail]>
;; Maintainers: D. Goel <[e-mail]>
;;              Colin Walters <[e-mail]>

;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.

;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.  No author or distributor
;; accepts responsibility to anyone for the consequences of using it
;; or for whether it serves any particular purpose or works at all,
;; unless he says so in writing.  Refer to the GNU Emacs General Public
;; License for full details.

;; Everyone is granted permission to copy, modify and redistribute
;; GNU Emacs, but only under the conditions described in the
;; GNU Emacs General Public License.   A copy of this license is
;; supposed to have been given to you along with GNU Emacs so you
;; can know your rights and responsibilities.  It should be in a
;; file named COPYING.  Among other things, the copyright notice
;; and this notice must be preserved on all copies.

;;; Commentary:

;;; Code:

;; This file is autoloaded from calc-ext.el.
(require 'calc-ext)

(require 'calc-macs)

(defun calc-Need-calc-math () nil)


(defun calc-sqrt (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (calc-unary-op "^2" 'calcFunc-sqr arg)
     (calc-unary-op "sqrt" 'calcFunc-sqrt arg))))

(defun calc-isqrt (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (calc-unary-op "^2" 'calcFunc-sqr arg)
     (calc-unary-op "isqt" 'calcFunc-isqrt arg))))


(defun calc-hypot (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (calc-binary-op "hypt" 'calcFunc-hypot arg)))

(defun calc-ln (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-exp arg))

(defun calc-log10 (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-ln arg))

(defun calc-log (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (calc-binary-op "alog" 'calcFunc-alog arg)
     (calc-binary-op "log" 'calcFunc-log arg))))

(defun calc-ilog (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (calc-binary-op "alog" 'calcFunc-alog arg)
     (calc-binary-op "ilog" 'calcFunc-ilog arg))))

(defun calc-lnp1 (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-expm1 arg))

(defun calc-exp (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-hyperbolic)
       (if (calc-is-inverse)
	   (calc-unary-op "lg10" 'calcFunc-log10 arg)
	 (calc-unary-op "10^" 'calcFunc-exp10 arg))
     (if (calc-is-inverse)
	 (calc-unary-op "ln" 'calcFunc-ln arg)
       (calc-unary-op "exp" 'calcFunc-exp arg)))))

(defun calc-expm1 (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (calc-unary-op "ln+1" 'calcFunc-lnp1 arg)
     (calc-unary-op "ex-1" 'calcFunc-expm1 arg))))

(defun calc-pi ()
  (interactive)
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (if (calc-is-hyperbolic)
	   (if calc-symbolic-mode
	       (calc-pop-push-record 0 "phi" '(var phi var-phi))
	     (calc-pop-push-record 0 "phi" (math-phi)))
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode
	     (calc-pop-push-record 0 "gmma" '(var gamma var-gamma))
	   (calc-pop-push-record 0 "gmma" (math-gamma-const))))
     (if (calc-is-hyperbolic)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode
	     (calc-pop-push-record 0 "e" '(var e var-e))
	   (calc-pop-push-record 0 "e" (math-e)))
       (if calc-symbolic-mode
	   (calc-pop-push-record 0 "pi" '(var pi var-pi))
	 (calc-pop-push-record 0 "pi" (math-pi)))))))

(defun calc-sin (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-hyperbolic)
       (if (calc-is-inverse)
	   (calc-unary-op "asnh" 'calcFunc-arcsinh arg)
	 (calc-unary-op "sinh" 'calcFunc-sinh arg))
     (if (calc-is-inverse)
	 (calc-unary-op "asin" 'calcFunc-arcsin arg)
       (calc-unary-op "sin" 'calcFunc-sin arg)))))

(defun calc-arcsin (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-sin arg))

(defun calc-sinh (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-sin arg))

(defun calc-arcsinh (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-sin arg))

(defun calc-cos (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-hyperbolic)
       (if (calc-is-inverse)
	   (calc-unary-op "acsh" 'calcFunc-arccosh arg)
	 (calc-unary-op "cosh" 'calcFunc-cosh arg))
     (if (calc-is-inverse)
	 (calc-unary-op "acos" 'calcFunc-arccos arg)
       (calc-unary-op "cos" 'calcFunc-cos arg)))))

(defun calc-arccos (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-cos arg))

(defun calc-cosh (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-cos arg))

(defun calc-arccosh (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-cos arg))

(defun calc-sincos ()
  (interactive)
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-inverse)
       (calc-enter-result 1 "asnc" (list 'calcFunc-arcsincos (calc-top-n 1)))
     (calc-enter-result 1 "sncs" (list 'calcFunc-sincos (calc-top-n 1))))))

(defun calc-tan (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (if (calc-is-hyperbolic)
       (if (calc-is-inverse)
	   (calc-unary-op "atnh" 'calcFunc-arctanh arg)
	 (calc-unary-op "tanh" 'calcFunc-tanh arg))
     (if (calc-is-inverse)
	 (calc-unary-op "atan" 'calcFunc-arctan arg)
       (calc-unary-op "tan" 'calcFunc-tan arg)))))

(defun calc-arctan (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-tan arg))

(defun calc-tanh (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-tan arg))

(defun calc-arctanh (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-invert-func)
  (calc-hyperbolic-func)
  (calc-tan arg))

(defun calc-arctan2 ()
  (interactive)
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (calc-enter-result 2 "atn2" (cons 'calcFunc-arctan2 (calc-top-list-n 2)))))

(defun calc-conj (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-wrapper
   (calc-unary-op "conj" 'calcFunc-conj arg)))

(defun calc-imaginary ()
  (interactive)
  (calc-slow-wrapper
   (calc-pop-push-record 1 "i*" (math-imaginary (calc-top-n 1)))))



(defun calc-to-degrees (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-wrapper
   (calc-unary-op ">deg" 'calcFunc-deg arg)))

(defun calc-to-radians (arg)
  (interactive "P")
  (calc-wrapper
   (calc-unary-op ">rad" 'calcFunc-rad arg)))


(defun calc-degrees-mode (arg)
  (interactive "p")
  (cond ((= arg 1)
	 (calc-wrapper
	  (calc-change-mode 'calc-angle-mode 'deg)
	  (message "Angles measured in degrees")))
	((= arg 2) (calc-radians-mode))
	((= arg 3) (calc-hms-mode))
	(t (error "Prefix argument out of range"))))

(defun calc-radians-mode ()
  (interactive)
  (calc-wrapper
   (calc-change-mode 'calc-angle-mode 'rad)
   (message "Angles measured in radians")))


;;; Compute the integer square-root floor(sqrt(A)).  A > 0.  [I I] [Public]
;;; This method takes advantage of the fact that Newton's method starting
;;; with an overestimate always works, even using truncating integer division!
(defun math-isqrt (a)
  (cond ((Math-zerop a) a)
	((not (math-natnump a))
	 (math-reject-arg a 'natnump))
	((integerp a)
	 (math-isqrt-small a))
	(t
	 (math-normalize (cons 'bigpos (cdr (math-isqrt-bignum (cdr a))))))))

(defun calcFunc-isqrt (a)
  (if (math-realp a)
      (math-isqrt (math-floor a))
    (math-floor (math-sqrt a))))


;;; This returns (flag . result) where the flag is t if A is a perfect square.
(defun math-isqrt-bignum (a)   ; [P.l L]
  (let ((len (length a)))
    (if (= (% len 2) 0)
	(let* ((top (nthcdr (- len 2) a)))
	  (math-isqrt-bignum-iter
	   a
	   (math-scale-bignum-3
	    (math-bignum-big
	     (1+ (math-isqrt-small
		  (+ (* (nth 1 top) 1000) (car top)))))
	    (1- (/ len 2)))))
      (let* ((top (nth (1- len) a)))
	(math-isqrt-bignum-iter
	 a
	 (math-scale-bignum-3
	  (list (1+ (math-isqrt-small top)))
	  (/ len 2)))))))

(defun math-isqrt-bignum-iter (a guess)   ; [l L l]
  (math-working "isqrt" (cons 'bigpos guess))
  (let* ((q (math-div-bignum a guess))
	 (s (math-add-bignum (car q) guess))
	 (g2 (math-div2-bignum s))
	 (comp (math-compare-bignum g2 guess)))
    (if (< comp 0)
	(math-isqrt-bignum-iter a g2)
      (cons (and (= comp 0)
		 (math-zerop-bignum (cdr q))
		 (= (% (car s) 2) 0))
	    guess))))

(defun math-zerop-bignum (a)
  (and (eq (car a) 0)
       (progn
	 (while (eq (car (setq a (cdr a))) 0))
	 (null a))))

(defun math-scale-bignum-3 (a n)   ; [L L S]
  (while (> n 0)
    (setq a (cons 0 a)
	  n (1- n)))
  a)

(defun math-isqrt-small (a)   ; A > 0.  [S S]
  (let ((g (cond ((>= a 10000) 1000)
		 ((>= a 100) 100)
		 (t 10)))
	g2)
    (while (< (setq g2 (/ (+ g (/ a g)) 2)) g)
      (setq g g2))
    g))




;;; Compute the square root of a number.
;;; [T N] if possible, else [F N] if possible, else [C N].  [Public]
(defun math-sqrt (a)
  (or
   (and (Math-zerop a) a)
   (and (math-known-nonposp a)
	(math-imaginary (math-sqrt (math-neg a))))
   (and (integerp a)
	(let ((sqrt (math-isqrt-small a)))
	  (if (= (* sqrt sqrt) a)
	      sqrt
	    (if calc-symbolic-mode
		(list 'calcFunc-sqrt a)
	      (math-sqrt-float (math-float a) (math-float sqrt))))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'bigpos)
	(let* ((res (math-isqrt-bignum (cdr a)))
	       (sqrt (math-normalize (cons 'bigpos (cdr res)))))
	  (if (car res)
	      sqrt
	    (if calc-symbolic-mode
		(list 'calcFunc-sqrt a)
	      (math-sqrt-float (math-float a) (math-float sqrt))))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'frac)
	(let* ((num-res (math-isqrt-bignum (cdr (Math-bignum-test (nth 1 a)))))
	       (num-sqrt (math-normalize (cons 'bigpos (cdr num-res))))
	       (den-res (math-isqrt-bignum (cdr (Math-bignum-test (nth 2 a)))))
	       (den-sqrt (math-normalize (cons 'bigpos (cdr den-res)))))
	  (if (and (car num-res) (car den-res))
	      (list 'frac num-sqrt den-sqrt)
	    (if calc-symbolic-mode
		(if (or (car num-res) (car den-res))
		    (math-div (if (car num-res)
				  num-sqrt (list 'calcFunc-sqrt (nth 1 a)))
			      (if (car den-res)
				  den-sqrt (list 'calcFunc-sqrt (nth 2 a))))
		  (list 'calcFunc-sqrt a))
	      (math-sqrt-float (math-float a)
			       (math-div (math-float num-sqrt) den-sqrt))))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'float)
	(if calc-symbolic-mode
	    (if (= (% (nth 2 a) 2) 0)
		(let ((res (math-isqrt-bignum
			    (cdr (Math-bignum-test (nth 1 a))))))
		  (if (car res)
		      (math-make-float (math-normalize
					(cons 'bigpos (cdr res)))
				       (/ (nth 2 a) 2))
		    (signal 'inexact-result nil)))
	      (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	  (math-sqrt-float a)))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'cplx)
	(math-with-extra-prec 2
	  (let* ((d (math-abs a))
		 (imag (math-sqrt (math-mul (math-sub d (nth 1 a))
					    '(float 5 -1)))))
	    (list 'cplx
		  (math-sqrt (math-mul (math-add d (nth 1 a)) '(float 5 -1)))
		  (if (math-negp (nth 2 a)) (math-neg imag) imag)))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'polar)
	(list 'polar
	      (math-sqrt (nth 1 a))
	      (math-mul (nth 2 a) '(float 5 -1))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'sdev)
	(let ((sqrt (math-sqrt (nth 1 a))))
	  (math-make-sdev sqrt
			  (math-div (nth 2 a) (math-mul sqrt 2)))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) 'intv)
	(not (math-negp (nth 2 a)))
	(math-make-intv (nth 1 a) (math-sqrt (nth 2 a)) (math-sqrt (nth 3 a))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) '*)
	(or (math-known-nonnegp (nth 1 a))
	    (math-known-nonnegp (nth 2 a)))
	(math-mul (math-sqrt (nth 1 a)) (math-sqrt (nth 2 a))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) '/)
	(or (and (math-known-nonnegp (nth 2 a))
		 (math-div (math-sqrt (nth 1 a)) (math-sqrt (nth 2 a))))
	    (and (math-known-nonnegp (nth 1 a))
		 (not (math-equal-int (nth 1 a) 1))
		 (math-mul (math-sqrt (nth 1 a))
			   (math-sqrt (math-div 1 (nth 2 a)))))))
   (and (eq (car-safe a) '^)
	(math-known-evenp (nth 2 a))
	(math-known-realp (nth 1 a))
	(math-abs (math-pow (nth 1 a) (math-div (nth 2 a) 2))))
   (let ((inf (math-infinitep a)))
     (and inf
	  (math-mul (math-sqrt (math-infinite-dir a inf)) inf)))
   (progn
     (calc-record-why 'numberp a)
     (list 'calcFunc-sqrt a))))
(defalias 'calcFunc-sqrt 'math-sqrt)

(defun math-infinite-dir (a &optional inf)
  (or inf (setq inf (math-infinitep a)))
  (math-normalize (math-expr-subst a inf 1)))

(defun math-sqrt-float (a &optional guess)   ; [F F F]
  (if calc-symbolic-mode
      (signal 'inexact-result nil)
    (math-with-extra-prec 1 (math-sqrt-raw a guess))))

(defun math-sqrt-raw (a &optional guess)   ; [F F F]
  (if (not (Math-posp a))
      (math-sqrt a)
    (if (null guess)
	(let ((ldiff (- (math-numdigs (nth 1 a)) 6)))
	  (or (= (% (+ (nth 2 a) ldiff) 2) 0) (setq ldiff (1+ ldiff)))
	  (setq guess (math-make-float (math-isqrt-small
					(math-scale-int (nth 1 a) (- ldiff)))
				       (/ (+ (nth 2 a) ldiff) 2)))))
    (math-sqrt-float-iter a guess)))

(defun math-sqrt-float-iter (a guess)   ; [F F F]
  (math-working "sqrt" guess)
  (let ((g2 (math-mul-float (math-add-float guess (math-div-float a guess))
			    '(float 5 -1))))
     (if (math-nearly-equal-float g2 guess)
	 g2
       (math-sqrt-float-iter a g2))))

;;; True if A and B differ only in the last digit of precision.  [P F F]
(defun math-nearly-equal-float (a b)
  (let ((ediff (- (nth 2 a) (nth 2 b))))
    (cond ((= ediff 0)   ;; Expanded out for speed
	   (setq ediff (math-add (Math-integer-neg (nth 1 a)) (nth 1 b)))
	   (or (eq ediff 0)
	       (and (not (consp ediff))
		    (< ediff 10)
		    (> ediff -10)
		    (= (math-numdigs (nth 1 a)) calc-internal-prec))))
	  ((= ediff 1)
	   (setq ediff (math-add (Math-integer-neg (nth 1 b))
				 (math-scale-int (nth 1 a) 1)))
	   (and (not (consp ediff))
		(< ediff 10)
		(> ediff -10)
		(= (math-numdigs (nth 1 b)) calc-internal-prec)))
	  ((= ediff -1)
	   (setq ediff (math-add (Math-integer-neg (nth 1 a))
				 (math-scale-int (nth 1 b) 1)))
	   (and (not (consp ediff))
		(< ediff 10)
		(> ediff -10)
		(= (math-numdigs (nth 1 a)) calc-internal-prec))))))

(defun math-nearly-equal (a b)   ;  [P N N] [Public]
  (setq a (math-float a))
  (setq b (math-float b))
  (if (eq (car a) 'polar) (setq a (math-complex a)))
  (if (eq (car b) 'polar) (setq b (math-complex b)))
  (if (eq (car a) 'cplx)
      (if (eq (car b) 'cplx)
	  (and (or (math-nearly-equal-float (nth 1 a) (nth 1 b))
		   (and (math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 1 a) (nth 2 a))
			(math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 1 b) (nth 2 b))))
	       (or (math-nearly-equal-float (nth 2 a) (nth 2 b))
		   (and (math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 2 a) (nth 1 a))
			(math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 2 b) (nth 1 b)))))
	(and (math-nearly-equal-float (nth 1 a) b)
	     (math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 2 a) b)))
      (if (eq (car b) 'cplx)
	  (and (math-nearly-equal-float a (nth 1 b))
	       (math-nearly-zerop-float a (nth 2 b)))
	(math-nearly-equal-float a b))))

;;; True if A is nearly zero compared to B.  [P F F]
(defun math-nearly-zerop-float (a b)
  (or (eq (nth 1 a) 0)
      (<= (+ (math-numdigs (nth 1 a)) (nth 2 a))
	  (1+ (- (+ (math-numdigs (nth 1 b)) (nth 2 b)) calc-internal-prec)))))

(defun math-nearly-zerop (a b)   ; [P N R] [Public]
  (setq a (math-float a))
  (setq b (math-float b))
  (if (eq (car a) 'cplx)
      (and (math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 1 a) b)
	   (math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 2 a) b))
    (if (eq (car a) 'polar)
	(math-nearly-zerop-float (nth 1 a) b)
      (math-nearly-zerop-float a b))))

;;; This implementation could be improved, accuracy-wise.
(defun math-hypot (a b)
  (cond ((Math-zerop a) (math-abs b))
	((Math-zerop b) (math-abs a))
	((not (Math-scalarp a))
	 (if (math-infinitep a)
	     (if (math-infinitep b)
		 (if (equal a b)
		     a
		   '(var nan var-nan))
	       a)
	   (calc-record-why 'scalarp a)
	   (list 'calcFunc-hypot a b)))
	((not (Math-scalarp b))
	 (if (math-infinitep b)
	     b
	   (calc-record-why 'scalarp b)
	   (list 'calcFunc-hypot a b)))
	((and (Math-numberp a) (Math-numberp b))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 1
	   (math-sqrt (math-add (calcFunc-abssqr a) (calcFunc-abssqr b)))))
	((eq (car-safe a) 'hms)
	 (if (eq (car-safe b) 'hms)   ; this helps sdev's of hms forms
	     (math-to-hms (math-hypot (math-from-hms a 'deg)
				      (math-from-hms b 'deg)))
	   (math-to-hms (math-hypot (math-from-hms a 'deg) b))))
	((eq (car-safe b) 'hms)
	 (math-to-hms (math-hypot a (math-from-hms b 'deg))))
	(t nil)))
(defalias 'calcFunc-hypot 'math-hypot)

(defun calcFunc-sqr (x)
  (math-pow x 2))



(defun math-nth-root (a n)
  (cond ((= n 2) (math-sqrt a))
	((Math-zerop a) a)
	((Math-negp a) nil)
	((Math-integerp a)
	 (let ((root (math-nth-root-integer a n)))
	   (if (car root)
	       (cdr root)
	     (and (not calc-symbolic-mode)
		  (math-nth-root-float (math-float a) n
				       (math-float (cdr root)))))))
	((eq (car-safe a) 'frac)
	 (let* ((num-root (math-nth-root-integer (nth 1 a) n))
		(den-root (math-nth-root-integer (nth 2 a) n)))
	   (if (and (car num-root) (car den-root))
	       (list 'frac (cdr num-root) (cdr den-root))
	     (and (not calc-symbolic-mode)
		  (math-nth-root-float
		   (math-float a) n
		   (math-div-float (math-float (cdr num-root))
				   (math-float (cdr den-root))))))))
	((eq (car-safe a) 'float)
	 (and (not calc-symbolic-mode)
	      (math-nth-root-float a n)))
	((eq (car-safe a) 'polar)
	 (let ((root (math-nth-root (nth 1 a) n)))
	   (and root (list 'polar root (math-div (nth 2 a) n)))))
	(t nil)))

(defun math-nth-root-float (a n &optional guess)
  (math-inexact-result)
  (math-with-extra-prec 1
    (let ((nf (math-float n))
	  (nfm1 (math-float (1- n))))
      (math-nth-root-float-iter a (or guess
				      (math-make-float
				       1 (/ (+ (math-numdigs (nth 1 a))
					       (nth 2 a)
					       (/ n 2))
					    n)))))))

(defun math-nth-root-float-iter (a guess)   ; uses "n", "nf", "nfm1"
  (math-working "root" guess)
  (let ((g2 (math-div-float (math-add-float (math-mul nfm1 guess)
					    (math-div-float
					     a (math-ipow guess (1- n))))
			    nf)))
    (if (math-nearly-equal-float g2 guess)
	g2
      (math-nth-root-float-iter a g2))))

(defun math-nth-root-integer (a n &optional guess)   ; [I I S]
  (math-nth-root-int-iter a (or guess
				(math-scale-int 1 (/ (+ (math-numdigs a)
							(1- n))
						     n)))))

(defun math-nth-root-int-iter (a guess)   ; uses "n"
  (math-working "root" guess)
  (let* ((q (math-idivmod a (math-ipow guess (1- n))))
	 (s (math-add (car q) (math-mul (1- n) guess)))
	 (g2 (math-idivmod s n)))
    (if (Math-natnum-lessp (car g2) guess)
	(math-nth-root-int-iter a (car g2))
      (cons (and (equal (car g2) guess)
		 (eq (cdr q) 0)
		 (eq (cdr g2) 0))
	    guess))))

(defun calcFunc-nroot (x n)
  (calcFunc-pow x (if (integerp n)
		      (math-make-frac 1 n)
		    (math-div 1 n))))




;;;; Transcendental functions.

;;; All of these functions are defined on the complex plane.
;;; (Branch cuts, etc. follow Steele's Common Lisp book.)

;;; Most functions increase calc-internal-prec by 2 digits, then round
;;; down afterward.  "-raw" functions use the current precision, require
;;; their arguments to be in float (or complex float) format, and always
;;; work in radians (where applicable).

(defun math-to-radians (a)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((eq (car-safe a) 'hms)
	 (math-from-hms a 'rad))
	((memq calc-angle-mode '(deg hms))
	 (math-mul a (math-pi-over-180)))
	(t a)))

(defun math-from-radians (a)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)
	 (if (math-constp a)
	     (math-div a (math-pi-over-180))
	   (list 'calcFunc-deg a)))
	((eq calc-angle-mode 'hms)
	 (math-to-hms a 'rad))
	(t a)))

(defun math-to-radians-2 (a)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((eq (car-safe a) 'hms)
	 (math-from-hms a 'rad))
	((memq calc-angle-mode '(deg hms))
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode
	     (math-div (math-mul a '(var pi var-pi)) 180)
	   (math-mul a (math-pi-over-180))))
	(t a)))

(defun math-from-radians-2 (a)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((memq calc-angle-mode '(deg hms))
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode
	     (math-div (math-mul 180 a) '(var pi var-pi))
	   (math-div a (math-pi-over-180))))
	(t a)))



;;; Sine, cosine, and tangent.

(defun calcFunc-sin (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((and (integerp x)
	      (if (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)
		  (= (% x 90) 0)
		(= x 0)))
	 (aref [0 1 0 -1] (math-mod (/ x 90) 4)))
	((Math-scalarp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-sin-raw (math-to-radians (math-float x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'sdev)
	 (if (math-constp x)
	     (math-with-extra-prec 2
	       (let* ((xx (math-to-radians (math-float (nth 1 x))))
		      (xs (math-to-radians (math-float (nth 2 x))))
		      (sc (math-sin-cos-raw xx)))
		 (math-make-sdev (car sc) (math-mul xs (cdr sc)))))
	   (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-sin (nth 1 x))
			   (math-mul (nth 2 x) (calcFunc-cos (nth 1 x))))))
	((and (eq (car x) 'intv) (math-intv-constp x))
	 (calcFunc-cos (math-sub x (math-quarter-circle nil))))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'scalarp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-sin x))))

(defun calcFunc-cos (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((and (integerp x)
	      (if (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)
		  (= (% x 90) 0)
		(= x 0)))
	 (aref [1 0 -1 0] (math-mod (/ x 90) 4)))
	((Math-scalarp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-cos-raw (math-to-radians (math-float x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'sdev)
	 (if (math-constp x)
	     (math-with-extra-prec 2
	       (let* ((xx (math-to-radians (math-float (nth 1 x))))
		      (xs (math-to-radians (math-float (nth 2 x))))
		      (sc (math-sin-cos-raw xx)))
		 (math-make-sdev (cdr sc) (math-mul xs (car sc)))))
	   (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-cos (nth 1 x))
			   (math-mul (nth 2 x) (calcFunc-sin (nth 1 x))))))
	((and (eq (car x) 'intv) (math-intv-constp x))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let* ((xx (math-to-radians (math-float x)))
		  (na (math-floor (math-div (nth 2 xx) (math-pi))))
		  (nb (math-floor (math-div (nth 3 xx) (math-pi))))
		  (span (math-sub nb na)))
	     (if (memq span '(0 1))
		 (let ((int (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
					    (math-cos-raw (nth 2 xx))
					    (math-cos-raw (nth 3 xx)))))
		   (if (eq span 1)
		       (if (math-evenp na)
			   (math-make-intv (logior (nth 1 x) 2)
					   -1
					   (nth 3 int))
			 (math-make-intv (logior (nth 1 x) 1)
					 (nth 2 int)
					 1))
		     int))
	       (list 'intv 3 -1 1)))))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'scalarp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-cos x))))

(defun calcFunc-sincos (x)   ; [V N] [Public]
  (if (Math-scalarp x)
      (math-with-extra-prec 2
	(let ((sc (math-sin-cos-raw (math-to-radians (math-float x)))))
	  (list 'vec (cdr sc) (car sc))))    ; the vector [cos, sin]
    (list 'vec (calcFunc-sin x) (calcFunc-cos x))))

(defun calcFunc-tan (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((and (integerp x)
	      (if (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)
		  (= (% x 180) 0)
		(= x 0)))
	 0)
	((Math-scalarp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-tan-raw (math-to-radians (math-float x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'sdev)
	 (if (math-constp x)
	     (math-with-extra-prec 2
	       (let* ((xx (math-to-radians (math-float (nth 1 x))))
		      (xs (math-to-radians (math-float (nth 2 x))))
		      (sc (math-sin-cos-raw xx)))
		 (if (and (math-zerop (cdr sc)) (not calc-infinite-mode))
		     (progn
		       (calc-record-why "*Division by zero")
		       (list 'calcFunc-tan x))
		   (math-make-sdev (math-div-float (car sc) (cdr sc))
				   (math-div-float xs (math-sqr (cdr sc)))))))
	   (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-tan (nth 1 x))
			   (math-div (nth 2 x)
				     (math-sqr (calcFunc-cos (nth 1 x)))))))
	((and (eq (car x) 'intv) (math-intv-constp x))
	 (or (math-with-extra-prec 2
	       (let* ((xx (math-to-radians (math-float x)))
		      (na (math-floor (math-div (math-sub (nth 2 xx)
							  (math-pi-over-2))
						(math-pi))))
		      (nb (math-floor (math-div (math-sub (nth 3 xx)
							  (math-pi-over-2))
						(math-pi)))))
		 (and (equal na nb)
		      (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
				      (math-tan-raw (nth 2 xx))
				      (math-tan-raw (nth 3 xx))))))
	     '(intv 3 (neg (var inf var-inf)) (var inf var-inf))))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'scalarp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-tan x))))

(defun math-sin-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((eq (car x) 'cplx)
	 (let* ((expx (math-exp-raw (nth 2 x)))
		(expmx (math-div-float '(float 1 0) expx))
		(sc (math-sin-cos-raw (nth 1 x))))
	   (list 'cplx
		 (math-mul-float (car sc)
				 (math-mul-float (math-add-float expx expmx)
						 '(float 5 -1)))
		 (math-mul-float (cdr sc)
				 (math-mul-float (math-sub-float expx expmx)
						 '(float 5 -1))))))
	((eq (car x) 'polar)
	 (math-polar (math-sin-raw (math-complex x))))
	((Math-integer-negp (nth 1 x))
	 (math-neg-float (math-sin-raw (math-neg-float x))))
	((math-lessp-float '(float 7 0) x)  ; avoid inf loops due to roundoff
	 (math-sin-raw (math-mod x (math-two-pi))))
	(t (math-sin-raw-2 x x))))

(defun math-cos-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (if (eq (car-safe x) 'polar)
      (math-polar (math-cos-raw (math-complex x)))
    (math-sin-raw (math-sub (math-pi-over-2) x))))

;;; This could use a smarter method:  Reduce x as in math-sin-raw, then
;;;   compute either sin(x) or cos(x), whichever is smaller, and compute
;;;   the other using the identity sin(x)^2 + cos(x)^2 = 1.
(defun math-sin-cos-raw (x)   ; [F.F F]  (result is (sin x . cos x))
  (cons (math-sin-raw x) (math-cos-raw x)))

(defun math-tan-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((eq (car x) 'cplx)
	 (let* ((x (math-mul x '(float 2 0)))
		(expx (math-exp-raw (nth 2 x)))
		(expmx (math-div-float '(float 1 0) expx))
		(sc (math-sin-cos-raw (nth 1 x)))
		(d (math-add-float (cdr sc)
				   (math-mul-float (math-add-float expx expmx)
						   '(float 5 -1)))))
	   (and (not (eq (nth 1 d) 0))
		(list 'cplx
		      (math-div-float (car sc) d)
		      (math-div-float (math-mul-float (math-sub-float expx
								      expmx)
						      '(float 5 -1)) d)))))
	((eq (car x) 'polar)
	 (math-polar (math-tan-raw (math-complex x))))
	(t
	 (let ((sc (math-sin-cos-raw x)))
	   (if (eq (nth 1 (cdr sc)) 0)
	       (math-div (car sc) 0)
	     (math-div-float (car sc) (cdr sc)))))))

(defun math-sin-raw-2 (x orgx)   ; This avoids poss of inf recursion.  [F F]
  (let ((xmpo2 (math-sub-float (math-pi-over-2) x)))
    (cond ((Math-integer-negp (nth 1 xmpo2))
	   (math-neg-float (math-sin-raw-2 (math-sub-float x (math-pi))
					   orgx)))
	  ((math-lessp-float (math-pi-over-4) x)
	   (math-cos-raw-2 xmpo2 orgx))
	  ((math-lessp-float x (math-neg (math-pi-over-4)))
	   (math-neg (math-cos-raw-2 (math-add (math-pi-over-2) x) orgx)))
	  ((math-nearly-zerop-float x orgx) '(float 0 0))
	  (calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	  (t (math-sin-series x 6 4 x (math-neg-float (math-sqr-float x)))))))

(defun math-cos-raw-2 (x orgx)   ; [F F]
  (cond ((math-nearly-zerop-float x orgx) '(float 1 0))
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	(t (let ((xnegsqr (math-neg-float (math-sqr-float x))))
	     (math-sin-series
	      (math-add-float '(float 1 0)
			      (math-mul-float xnegsqr '(float 5 -1)))
	      24 5 xnegsqr xnegsqr)))))

(defun math-sin-series (sum nfac n x xnegsqr)
  (math-working "sin" sum)
  (let* ((nextx (math-mul-float x xnegsqr))
	 (nextsum (math-add-float sum (math-div-float nextx
						      (math-float nfac)))))
    (if (math-nearly-equal-float sum nextsum)
	sum
      (math-sin-series nextsum (math-mul nfac (* n (1+ n)))
		       (+ n 2) nextx xnegsqr))))


;;; Inverse sine, cosine, tangent.

(defun calcFunc-arcsin (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	((and (eq x 1) (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)) 90)
	((and (eq x -1) (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)) -90)
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-from-radians (math-arcsin-raw (math-float x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-arcsin (nth 1 x))
			 (math-from-radians
			  (math-div (nth 2 x)
				    (math-sqrt
				     (math-sub 1 (math-sqr (nth 1 x))))))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-arcsin (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-arcsin (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-arcsin x))))

(defun calcFunc-arccos (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 1) 0)
	((and (eq x 0) (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)) 90)
	((and (eq x -1) (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)) 180)
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-from-radians (math-arccos-raw (math-float x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-arccos (nth 1 x))
			 (math-from-radians
			  (math-div (nth 2 x)
				    (math-sqrt
				     (math-sub 1 (math-sqr (nth 1 x))))))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-arccos (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-arccos (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-arccos x))))

(defun calcFunc-arctan (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	((and (eq x 1) (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)) 45)
	((and (eq x -1) (eq calc-angle-mode 'deg)) -45)
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-from-radians (math-arctan-raw (math-float x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-arctan (nth 1 x))
			 (math-from-radians
			  (math-div (nth 2 x)
				    (math-add 1 (math-sqr (nth 1 x)))))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-arctan (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-arctan (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	 (math-quarter-circle t))
	((equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	 (math-neg (math-quarter-circle t)))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-arctan x))))

(defun math-arcsin-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (let ((a (math-sqrt-raw (math-sub '(float 1 0) (math-sqr x)))))
    (if (or (memq (car x) '(cplx polar))
	    (memq (car a) '(cplx polar)))
	(math-with-extra-prec 2   ; use extra precision for difficult case
	  (math-mul '(cplx 0 -1)
		    (math-ln-raw (math-add (math-mul '(cplx 0 1) x) a))))
      (math-arctan2-raw x a))))

(defun math-arccos-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (math-sub (math-pi-over-2) (math-arcsin-raw x)))

(defun math-arctan-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((memq (car x) '(cplx polar))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2   ; extra-extra
	   (math-div (math-sub
		      (math-ln-raw (math-add 1 (math-mul '(cplx 0 1) x)))
		      (math-ln-raw (math-add 1 (math-mul '(cplx 0 -1) x))))
		     '(cplx 0 2))))
	((Math-integer-negp (nth 1 x))
	 (math-neg-float (math-arctan-raw (math-neg-float x))))
	((math-zerop x) x)
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((math-equal-int x 1) (math-pi-over-4))
	((math-equal-int x -1) (math-neg (math-pi-over-4)))
	((math-lessp-float '(float 414214 -6) x)  ; if x > sqrt(2) - 1, reduce
	 (if (math-lessp-float '(float 1 0) x)
	     (math-sub-float (math-mul-float (math-pi) '(float 5 -1))
			     (math-arctan-raw (math-div-float '(float 1 0) x)))
	   (math-sub-float (math-mul-float (math-pi) '(float 25 -2))
			   (math-arctan-raw (math-div-float
					     (math-sub-float '(float 1 0) x)
					     (math-add-float '(float 1 0)
							     x))))))
	(t (math-arctan-series x 3 x (math-neg-float (math-sqr-float x))))))

(defun math-arctan-series (sum n x xnegsqr)
  (math-working "arctan" sum)
  (let* ((nextx (math-mul-float x xnegsqr))
	 (nextsum (math-add-float sum (math-div-float nextx (math-float n)))))
    (if (math-nearly-equal-float sum nextsum)
	sum
      (math-arctan-series nextsum (+ n 2) nextx xnegsqr))))

(defun calcFunc-arctan2 (y x)   ; [F R R] [Public]
  (if (Math-anglep y)
      (if (Math-anglep x)
	  (math-with-extra-prec 2
	    (math-from-radians (math-arctan2-raw (math-float y)
						 (math-float x))))
	(calc-record-why 'anglep x)
	(list 'calcFunc-arctan2 y x))
    (if (and (or (math-infinitep x) (math-anglep x))
	     (or (math-infinitep y) (math-anglep y)))
	(progn
	  (if (math-posp x)
	      (setq x 1)
	    (if (math-negp x)
		(setq x -1)
	      (or (math-zerop x)
		  (setq x nil))))
	  (if (math-posp y)
	      (setq y 1)
	    (if (math-negp y)
		(setq y -1)
	      (or (math-zerop y)
		  (setq y nil))))
	  (if (and y x)
	      (calcFunc-arctan2 y x)
	    '(var nan var-nan)))
      (calc-record-why 'anglep y)
      (list 'calcFunc-arctan2 y x))))

(defun math-arctan2-raw (y x)   ; [F R R]
  (cond ((math-zerop y)
	 (if (math-negp x) (math-pi)
	   (if (or (math-floatp x) (math-floatp y)) '(float 0 0) 0)))
	((math-zerop x)
	 (if (math-posp y)
	     (math-pi-over-2)
	   (math-neg (math-pi-over-2))))
	((math-posp x)
	 (math-arctan-raw (math-div-float y x)))
	((math-posp y)
	 (math-add-float (math-arctan-raw (math-div-float y x))
			 (math-pi)))
	(t
	 (math-sub-float (math-arctan-raw (math-div-float y x))
			 (math-pi)))))

(defun calcFunc-arcsincos (x)   ; [V N] [Public]
  (if (and (Math-vectorp x)
	   (= (length x) 3))
      (calcFunc-arctan2 (nth 2 x) (nth 1 x))
    (math-reject-arg x "*Two-element vector expected")))



;;; Exponential function.

(defun calcFunc-exp (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 1)
	((and (memq x '(1 -1)) calc-symbolic-mode)
	 (if (eq x 1) '(var e var-e) (math-div 1 '(var e var-e))))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2 (math-exp-raw (math-float x))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (let ((ex (calcFunc-exp (nth 1 x))))
	   (math-make-sdev ex (math-mul (nth 2 x) ex))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'intv)
	 (math-make-intv (nth 1 x) (calcFunc-exp (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-exp (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	 x)
	((equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	 0)
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-exp x))))

(defun calcFunc-expm1 (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	((math-zerop x) '(float 0 0))
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let ((x (math-float x)))
	     (if (and (eq (car x) 'float)
		      (math-lessp-float x '(float 1 0))
		      (math-lessp-float '(float -1 0) x))
		 (math-exp-minus-1-raw x)
	       (math-add (math-exp-raw x) -1)))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (if (math-constp x)
	     (let ((ex (calcFunc-expm1 (nth 1 x))))
	       (math-make-sdev ex (math-mul (nth 2 x) (math-add ex 1))))
	   (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-expm1 (nth 1 x))
			   (math-mul (nth 2 x) (calcFunc-exp (nth 1 x))))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'intv)
	 (math-make-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-expm1 (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-expm1 (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	 x)
	((equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	 -1)
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-expm1 x))))

(defun calcFunc-exp10 (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (if (eq x 0)
      1
    (math-pow '(float 1 1) x)))

(defun math-exp-raw (x)   ; [N N]
  (cond ((math-zerop x) '(float 1 0))
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((eq (car x) 'cplx)
	 (let ((expx (math-exp-raw (nth 1 x)))
	       (sc (math-sin-cos-raw (nth 2 x))))
	   (list 'cplx
		 (math-mul-float expx (cdr sc))
		 (math-mul-float expx (car sc)))))
	((eq (car x) 'polar)
	 (let ((xc (math-complex x)))
	   (list 'polar
		 (math-exp-raw (nth 1 xc))
		 (math-from-radians (nth 2 xc)))))
	((or (math-lessp-float '(float 5 -1) x)
	     (math-lessp-float x '(float -5 -1)))
	 (if (math-lessp-float '(float 921035 1) x)
	     (math-overflow)
	   (if (math-lessp-float x '(float -921035 1))
	       (math-underflow)))
	 (let* ((two-x (math-mul-float x '(float 2 0)))
		(hint (math-scale-int (nth 1 two-x) (nth 2 two-x)))
		(hfrac (math-sub-float x (math-mul-float (math-float hint)
							 '(float 5 -1)))))
	   (math-mul-float (math-ipow (math-sqrt-e) hint)
			   (math-add-float '(float 1 0)
					   (math-exp-minus-1-raw hfrac)))))
	(t (math-add-float '(float 1 0) (math-exp-minus-1-raw x)))))

(defun math-exp-minus-1-raw (x)   ; [F F]
  (math-exp-series x 2 3 x x))

(defun math-exp-series (sum nfac n xpow x)
  (math-working "exp" sum)
  (let* ((nextx (math-mul-float xpow x))
	 (nextsum (math-add-float sum (math-div-float nextx
						      (math-float nfac)))))
    (if (math-nearly-equal-float sum nextsum)
	sum
      (math-exp-series nextsum (math-mul nfac n) (1+ n) nextx x))))



;;; Logarithms.

(defun calcFunc-ln (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((math-zerop x)
	 (if calc-infinite-mode
	     '(neg (var inf var-inf))
	   (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm of zero")))
	((eq x 1) 0)
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2 (math-ln-raw (math-float x))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-ln (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x) (nth 1 x))))
	((and (eq (car-safe x) 'intv) (or (Math-posp (nth 2 x))
					  (Math-zerop (nth 2 x))
					  (not (math-intv-constp x))))
	 (let ((calc-infinite-mode t))
	   (math-make-intv (nth 1 x) (calcFunc-ln (nth 2 x))
			   (calcFunc-ln (nth 3 x)))))
	((equal x '(var e var-e))
	 1)
	((and (eq (car-safe x) '^)
	      (equal (nth 1 x) '(var e var-e))
	      (math-known-realp (nth 2 x)))
	 (nth 2 x))
	((math-infinitep x)
	 (if (equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	     x
	   '(var inf var-inf)))
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-ln x))))

(defun calcFunc-log10 (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((math-equal-int x 1)
	 (if (math-floatp x) '(float 0 0) 0))
	((and (Math-integerp x)
	      (math-posp x)
	      (let ((res (math-integer-log x 10)))
		(and (car res)
		     (setq x (cdr res)))))
	 x)
	((and (eq (car-safe x) 'frac)
	      (eq (nth 1 x) 1)
	      (let ((res (math-integer-log (nth 2 x) 10)))
		(and (car res)
		     (setq x (- (cdr res))))))
	 x)
	((math-zerop x)
	 (if calc-infinite-mode
	     '(neg (var inf var-inf))
	   (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm of zero")))
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let ((xf (math-float x)))
	     (if (eq (nth 1 xf) 0)
		 (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm of zero"))
	     (if (Math-integer-posp (nth 1 xf))
		 (if (eq (nth 1 xf) 1)    ; log10(1*10^n) = n
		     (math-float (nth 2 xf))
		   (let ((xdigs (1- (math-numdigs (nth 1 xf)))))
		     (math-add-float
		      (math-div-float (math-ln-raw-2
				       (list 'float (nth 1 xf) (- xdigs)))
				      (math-ln-10))
		      (math-float (+ (nth 2 xf) xdigs)))))
	       (math-div (calcFunc-ln xf) (math-ln-10))))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-log10 (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x)
				   (math-mul (nth 1 x) (math-ln-10)))))
	((and (eq (car-safe x) 'intv) (or (Math-posp (nth 2 x))
					  (not (math-intv-constp x))))
	 (math-make-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-log10 (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-log10 (nth 3 x))))
	((math-infinitep x)
	 (if (equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	     x
	   '(var inf var-inf)))
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-log10 x))))

(defun calcFunc-log (x &optional b)   ; [N N N] [Public]
  (cond ((or (null b) (equal b '(var e var-e)))
	 (math-normalize (list 'calcFunc-ln x)))
	((or (eq b 10) (equal b '(float 1 1)))
	 (math-normalize (list 'calcFunc-log10 x)))
	((math-zerop x)
	 (if calc-infinite-mode
	     (math-div (calcFunc-ln x) (calcFunc-ln b))
	   (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm of zero")))
	((math-zerop b)
	 (if calc-infinite-mode
	     (math-div (calcFunc-ln x) (calcFunc-ln b))
	   (math-reject-arg b "*Logarithm of zero")))
	((math-equal-int b 1)
	 (if calc-infinite-mode
	     (math-div (calcFunc-ln x) 0)
	   (math-reject-arg b "*Logarithm base one")))
	((math-equal-int x 1)
	 (if (or (math-floatp a) (math-floatp b)) '(float 0 0) 0))
	((and (Math-ratp x) (Math-ratp b)
	      (math-posp x) (math-posp b)
	      (let* ((sign 1) (inv nil)
		     (xx (if (Math-lessp 1 x)
			     x
			   (setq sign -1)
			   (math-div 1 x)))
		     (bb (if (Math-lessp 1 b)
			     b
			   (setq sign (- sign))
			   (math-div 1 b)))
		     (res (if (Math-lessp xx bb)
			      (setq inv (math-integer-log bb xx))
			    (math-integer-log xx bb))))
		(and (car res)
		     (setq x (if inv
				 (math-div 1 (* sign (cdr res)))
			       (* sign (cdr res)))))))
	 x)
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((and (Math-numberp x) (Math-numberp b))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-div (math-ln-raw (math-float x))
		     (math-log-base-raw b))))
	((and (eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	      (Math-numberp b))
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-log (nth 1 x) b)
			 (math-div (nth 2 x)
				   (math-mul (nth 1 x)
					     (math-log-base-raw b)))))
	((and (eq (car-safe x) 'intv) (or (Math-posp (nth 2 x))
					  (not (math-intv-constp x)))
	      (math-realp b))
	 (math-make-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-log (nth 2 x) b)
			 (calcFunc-log (nth 3 x) b)))
	((or (eq (car-safe x) 'intv) (eq (car-safe b) 'intv))
	 (math-div (calcFunc-ln x) (calcFunc-ln b)))
	((or (math-infinitep x)
	     (math-infinitep b))
	 (math-div (calcFunc-ln x) (calcFunc-ln b)))
	(t (if (Math-numberp b)
	       (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	     (calc-record-why 'numberp b))
	   (list 'calcFunc-log x b))))

(defun calcFunc-alog (x &optional b)
  (cond ((or (null b) (equal b '(var e var-e)))
	 (math-normalize (list 'calcFunc-exp x)))
	(t (math-pow b x))))

(defun calcFunc-ilog (x b)
  (if (and (math-natnump x) (not (eq x 0))
	   (math-natnump b) (not (eq b 0)))
      (if (eq b 1)
	  (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm base one")
	(if (Math-natnum-lessp x b)
	    0
	  (cdr (math-integer-log x b))))
    (math-floor (calcFunc-log x b))))

(defun math-integer-log (x b)
  (let ((pows (list b))
	(pow (math-sqr b))
	next
	sum n)
    (while (not (Math-lessp x pow))
      (setq pows (cons pow pows)
	    pow (math-sqr pow)))
    (setq n (lsh 1 (1- (length pows)))
	  sum n
	  pow (car pows))
    (while (and (setq pows (cdr pows))
		(Math-lessp pow x))
      (setq n (/ n 2)
	    next (math-mul pow (car pows)))
      (or (Math-lessp x next)
	  (setq pow next
		sum (+ sum n))))
    (cons (equal pow x) sum)))


(defvar math-log-base-cache nil)
(defun math-log-base-raw (b)   ; [N N]
  (if (not (and (equal (car math-log-base-cache) b)
		(eq (nth 1 math-log-base-cache) calc-internal-prec)))
      (setq math-log-base-cache (list b calc-internal-prec
				      (math-ln-raw (math-float b)))))
  (nth 2 math-log-base-cache))

(defun calcFunc-lnp1 (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((Math-equal-int x -1)
	 (if calc-infinite-mode
	     '(neg (var inf var-inf))
	   (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm of zero")))
	((eq x 0) 0)
	((math-zerop x) '(float 0 0))
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let ((x (math-float x)))
	     (if (and (eq (car x) 'float)
		      (math-lessp-float x '(float 5 -1))
		      (math-lessp-float '(float -5 -1) x))
		 (math-ln-plus-1-raw x)
	       (math-ln-raw (math-add-float x '(float 1 0)))))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-lnp1 (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x) (math-add (nth 1 x) 1))))
	((and (eq (car-safe x) 'intv) (or (Math-posp (nth 2 x))
					  (not (math-intv-constp x))))
	 (math-make-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-lnp1 (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-lnp1 (nth 3 x))))
	((math-infinitep x)
	 (if (equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	     x
	   '(var inf var-inf)))
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-lnp1 x))))

(defun math-ln-raw (x)    ; [N N] --- must be float format!
  (cond ((eq (car-safe x) 'cplx)
	 (list 'cplx
	       (math-mul-float (math-ln-raw
				(math-add-float (math-sqr-float (nth 1 x))
						(math-sqr-float (nth 2 x))))
			       '(float 5 -1))
	       (math-arctan2-raw (nth 2 x) (nth 1 x))))
	((eq (car x) 'polar)
	 (math-polar (list 'cplx
			   (math-ln-raw (nth 1 x))
			   (math-to-radians (nth 2 x)))))
	((Math-equal-int x 1)
	 '(float 0 0))
	(calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	((math-posp (nth 1 x))    ; positive and real
	 (let ((xdigs (1- (math-numdigs (nth 1 x)))))
	   (math-add-float (math-ln-raw-2 (list 'float (nth 1 x) (- xdigs)))
			   (math-mul-float (math-float (+ (nth 2 x) xdigs))
					   (math-ln-10)))))
	((math-zerop x)
	 (math-reject-arg x "*Logarithm of zero"))
	((eq calc-complex-mode 'polar)    ; negative and real
	 (math-polar
	  (list 'cplx   ; negative and real
		(math-ln-raw (math-neg-float x))
		(math-pi))))
	(t (list 'cplx   ; negative and real
		 (math-ln-raw (math-neg-float x))
		 (math-pi)))))

(defun math-ln-raw-2 (x)    ; [F F]
  (cond ((math-lessp-float '(float 14 -1) x)
	 (math-add-float (math-ln-raw-2 (math-mul-float x '(float 5 -1)))
			 (math-ln-2)))
	(t    ; now .7 < x <= 1.4
	 (math-ln-raw-3 (math-div-float (math-sub-float x '(float 1 0))
					(math-add-float x '(float 1 0)))))))

(defun math-ln-raw-3 (x)   ; [F F]
  (math-mul-float (math-ln-raw-series x 3 x (math-sqr-float x))
		  '(float 2 0)))

;;; Compute ln((1+x)/(1-x))
(defun math-ln-raw-series (sum n x xsqr)
  (math-working "log" sum)
  (let* ((nextx (math-mul-float x xsqr))
	 (nextsum (math-add-float sum (math-div-float nextx (math-float n)))))
    (if (math-nearly-equal-float sum nextsum)
	sum
      (math-ln-raw-series nextsum (+ n 2) nextx xsqr))))

(defun math-ln-plus-1-raw (x)
  (math-lnp1-series x 2 x (math-neg x)))

(defun math-lnp1-series (sum n xpow x)
  (math-working "lnp1" sum)
  (let* ((nextx (math-mul-float xpow x))
	 (nextsum (math-add-float sum (math-div-float nextx (math-float n)))))
    (if (math-nearly-equal-float sum nextsum)
	sum
      (math-lnp1-series nextsum (1+ n) nextx x))))

(math-defcache math-ln-10 (float (bigpos 018 684 045 994 092 585 302 2) -21)
  (math-ln-raw-2 '(float 1 1)))

(math-defcache math-ln-2 (float (bigpos 417 309 945 559 180 147 693) -21)
  (math-ln-raw-3 (math-float '(frac 1 3))))



;;; Hyperbolic functions.

(defun calcFunc-sinh (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-normalize
	  (list '/ (list '- (list 'calcFunc-exp x)
			 (list 'calcFunc-exp (list 'neg x))) 2)))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let ((expx (math-exp-raw (math-float x))))
	     (math-mul (math-add expx (math-div -1 expx)) '(float 5 -1)))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-sinh (nth 1 x))
			 (math-mul (nth 2 x) (calcFunc-cosh (nth 1 x)))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-sinh (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-sinh (nth 3 x))))
	((or (equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	     (equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	     (equal x '(var nan var-nan)))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-sinh x))))
(put 'calcFunc-sinh 'math-expandable t)

(defun calcFunc-cosh (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 1)
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-normalize
	  (list '/ (list '+ (list 'calcFunc-exp x)
			 (list 'calcFunc-exp (list 'neg x))) 2)))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let ((expx (math-exp-raw (math-float x))))
	     (math-mul (math-add expx (math-div 1 expx)) '(float 5 -1)))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-cosh (nth 1 x))
			 (math-mul (nth 2 x)
				   (calcFunc-sinh (nth 1 x)))))
	((and (eq (car x) 'intv) (math-intv-constp x))
	 (setq x (math-abs x))
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-cosh (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-cosh (nth 3 x))))
	((or (equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	     (equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	     (equal x '(var nan var-nan)))
	 (math-abs x))
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-cosh x))))
(put 'calcFunc-cosh 'math-expandable t)

(defun calcFunc-tanh (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-normalize
	  (let ((expx (list 'calcFunc-exp x))
		(expmx (list 'calcFunc-exp (list 'neg x))))
	    (math-normalize
	     (list '/ (list '- expx expmx) (list '+ expx expmx))))))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (let* ((expx (calcFunc-exp (math-float x)))
		  (expmx (math-div 1 expx)))
	     (math-div (math-sub expx expmx)
		       (math-add expx expmx)))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-tanh (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x)
				   (math-sqr (calcFunc-cosh (nth 1 x))))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-tanh (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-tanh (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	 1)
	((equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	 -1)
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-tanh x))))
(put 'calcFunc-tanh 'math-expandable t)

(defun calcFunc-arcsinh (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-normalize
	  (list 'calcFunc-ln (list '+ x (list 'calcFunc-sqrt
					      (list '+ (list '^ x 2) 1))))))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-ln-raw (math-add x (math-sqrt-raw (math-add (math-sqr x)
							     '(float 1 0)))))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-arcsinh (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x)
				   (math-sqrt
				    (math-add (math-sqr (nth 1 x)) 1)))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-arcsinh (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-arcsinh (nth 3 x))))
	((or (equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	     (equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	     (equal x '(var nan var-nan)))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-arcsinh x))))
(put 'calcFunc-arcsinh 'math-expandable t)

(defun calcFunc-arccosh (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 1) 0)
	((and (eq x -1) calc-symbolic-mode)
	 '(var pi var-pi))
	((and (eq x 0) calc-symbolic-mode)
	 (math-div (math-mul '(var pi var-pi) '(var i var-i)) 2))
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-normalize
	  (list 'calcFunc-ln (list '+ x (list 'calcFunc-sqrt
					      (list '- (list '^ x 2) 1))))))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	 (if (Math-equal-int x -1)
	     (math-imaginary (math-pi))
	   (math-with-extra-prec 2
	     (if (or t    ; need to do this even in the real case!
		     (memq (car-safe x) '(cplx polar)))
		 (let ((xp1 (math-add 1 x)))  ; this gets the branch cuts right
		   (math-ln-raw
		    (math-add x (math-mul xp1
					  (math-sqrt-raw
					   (math-div (math-sub
						      x
						      '(float 1 0))
						     xp1))))))
	       (math-ln-raw
		(math-add x (math-sqrt-raw (math-add (math-sqr x)
						     '(float -1 0)))))))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-arccosh (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x)
				   (math-sqrt
				    (math-add (math-sqr (nth 1 x)) -1)))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-arccosh (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-arccosh (nth 3 x))))
	((or (equal x '(var inf var-inf))
	     (equal x '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	     (equal x '(var nan var-nan)))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-arccosh x))))
(put 'calcFunc-arccosh 'math-expandable t)

(defun calcFunc-arctanh (x)   ; [N N] [Public]
  (cond ((eq x 0) 0)
	((and (Math-equal-int x 1) calc-infinite-mode)
	 '(var inf var-inf))
	((and (Math-equal-int x -1) calc-infinite-mode)
	 '(neg (var inf var-inf)))
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (list '/ (list '-
			(list 'calcFunc-ln (list '+ 1 x))
			(list 'calcFunc-ln (list '- 1 x))) 2))
	((Math-numberp x)
	 (if calc-symbolic-mode (signal 'inexact-result nil))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (if (or (memq (car-safe x) '(cplx polar))
		   (Math-lessp 1 x))
	       (math-mul (math-sub (math-ln-raw (math-add '(float 1 0) x))
				   (math-ln-raw (math-sub '(float 1 0) x)))
			 '(float 5 -1))
	     (if (and (math-equal-int x 1) calc-infinite-mode)
		 '(var inf var-inf)
	       (if (and (math-equal-int x -1) calc-infinite-mode)
		   '(neg (var inf var-inf))
		 (math-mul (math-ln-raw (math-div (math-add '(float 1 0) x)
						  (math-sub 1 x)))
			   '(float 5 -1)))))))
	((eq (car-safe x) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-arctanh (nth 1 x))
			 (math-div (nth 2 x)
				   (math-sub 1 (math-sqr (nth 1 x))))))
	((eq (car x) 'intv)
	 (math-sort-intv (nth 1 x)
			 (calcFunc-arctanh (nth 2 x))
			 (calcFunc-arctanh (nth 3 x))))
	((equal x '(var nan var-nan))
	 x)
	(t (calc-record-why 'numberp x)
	   (list 'calcFunc-arctanh x))))
(put 'calcFunc-arctanh 'math-expandable t)


;;; Convert A from HMS or degrees to radians.
(defun calcFunc-rad (a)   ; [R R] [Public]
  (cond ((or (Math-numberp a)
	     (eq (car a) 'intv))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-mul a (math-pi-over-180))))
	((eq (car a) 'hms)
	 (math-from-hms a 'rad))
	((eq (car a) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-rad (nth 1 a))
			 (calcFunc-rad (nth 2 a))))
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-div (math-mul a '(var pi var-pi)) 180))
	((math-infinitep a) a)
	(t (list 'calcFunc-rad a))))
(put 'calcFunc-rad 'math-expandable t)

;;; Convert A from HMS or radians to degrees.
(defun calcFunc-deg (a)   ; [R R] [Public]
  (cond ((or (Math-numberp a)
	     (eq (car a) 'intv))
	 (math-with-extra-prec 2
	   (math-div a (math-pi-over-180))))
	((eq (car a) 'hms)
	 (math-from-hms a 'deg))
	((eq (car a) 'sdev)
	 (math-make-sdev (calcFunc-deg (nth 1 a))
			 (calcFunc-deg (nth 2 a))))
	(math-expand-formulas
	 (math-div (math-mul 180 a) '(var pi var-pi)))
	((math-infinitep a) a)
	(t (list 'calcFunc-deg a))))
(put 'calcFunc-deg 'math-expandable t)

;;; arch-tag: c7367e8e-d0b8-4f70-8577-2fb3f31dbb4c
;;; calc-math.el ends here