annotate lispref/markers.texi @ 23096:e4419c63d4d7

(message-send-mail-with-sendmail): Bind coding-system-for-write by the return value of select-message-coding-system. (message-send-mail-with-qmail): Likewise.
author Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
date Tue, 25 Aug 1998 10:25:03 +0000
parents 40089afa2b1d
children 467b88fab665
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/markers
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6 @node Markers, Text, Positions, Top
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7 @chapter Markers
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8 @cindex markers
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9
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10 A @dfn{marker} is a Lisp object used to specify a position in a buffer
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11 relative to the surrounding text. A marker changes its offset from the
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12 beginning of the buffer automatically whenever text is inserted or
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13 deleted, so that it stays with the two characters on either side of it.
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14
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15 @menu
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16 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
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17 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
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18 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
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19 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character position.
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20 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you
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21 insert where it points.
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22 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
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23 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker.
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24 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''.
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25 @end menu
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26
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27 @node Overview of Markers
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28 @section Overview of Markers
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29
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30 A marker specifies a buffer and a position in that buffer. The marker
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31 can be used to represent a position in the functions that require one,
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32 just as an integer could be used. @xref{Positions}, for a complete
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33 description of positions.
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34
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35 A marker has two attributes: the marker position, and the marker
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36 buffer. The marker position is an integer that is equivalent (at a
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37 given time) to the marker as a position in that buffer. But the
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38 marker's position value can change often during the life of the marker.
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39 Insertion and deletion of text in the buffer relocate the marker. The
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40 idea is that a marker positioned between two characters remains between
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41 those two characters despite insertion and deletion elsewhere in the
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42 buffer. Relocation changes the integer equivalent of the marker.
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43
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44 @cindex marker relocation
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45 Deleting text around a marker's position leaves the marker between the
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46 characters immediately before and after the deleted text. Inserting
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47 text at the position of a marker normally leaves the marker either in
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48 front of or after the new text, depending on the marker's @dfn{insertion
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49 type} (@pxref{Marker Insertion Types})---unless the insertion is done
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50 with @code{insert-before-markers} (@pxref{Insertion}).
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51
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52 @cindex marker garbage collection
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53 Insertion and deletion in a buffer must check all the markers and
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54 relocate them if necessary. This slows processing in a buffer with a
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55 large number of markers. For this reason, it is a good idea to make a
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56 marker point nowhere if you are sure you don't need it any more.
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57 Unreferenced markers are garbage collected eventually, but until then
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58 will continue to use time if they do point somewhere.
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59
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60 @cindex markers as numbers
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61 Because it is common to perform arithmetic operations on a marker
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62 position, most of the arithmetic operations (including @code{+} and
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63 @code{-}) accept markers as arguments. In such cases, the marker
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64 stands for its current position.
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65
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66 Here are examples of creating markers, setting markers, and moving point
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67 to markers:
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68
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69 @example
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70 @group
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71 ;; @r{Make a new marker that initially does not point anywhere:}
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72 (setq m1 (make-marker))
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73 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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74 @end group
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75
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76 @group
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77 ;; @r{Set @code{m1} to point between the 99th and 100th characters}
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78 ;; @r{in the current buffer:}
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79 (set-marker m1 100)
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80 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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81 @end group
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82
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83 @group
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84 ;; @r{Now insert one character at the beginning of the buffer:}
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85 (goto-char (point-min))
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86 @result{} 1
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87 (insert "Q")
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88 @result{} nil
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89 @end group
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90
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91 @group
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92 ;; @r{@code{m1} is updated appropriately.}
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93 m1
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94 @result{} #<marker at 101 in markers.texi>
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95 @end group
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96
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97 @group
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98 ;; @r{Two markers that point to the same position}
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99 ;; @r{are not @code{eq}, but they are @code{equal}.}
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100 (setq m2 (copy-marker m1))
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101 @result{} #<marker at 101 in markers.texi>
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102 (eq m1 m2)
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103 @result{} nil
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104 (equal m1 m2)
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105 @result{} t
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106 @end group
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107
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108 @group
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109 ;; @r{When you are finished using a marker, make it point nowhere.}
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110 (set-marker m1 nil)
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111 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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112 @end group
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113 @end example
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114
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115 @node Predicates on Markers
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116 @section Predicates on Markers
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117
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118 You can test an object to see whether it is a marker, or whether it is
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119 either an integer or a marker. The latter test is useful in connection
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120 with the arithmetic functions that work with both markers and integers.
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121
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122 @defun markerp object
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123 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a marker, @code{nil}
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124 otherwise. Note that integers are not markers, even though many
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125 functions will accept either a marker or an integer.
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126 @end defun
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127
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128 @defun integer-or-marker-p object
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129 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an integer or a marker,
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130 @code{nil} otherwise.
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131 @end defun
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132
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133 @defun number-or-marker-p object
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134 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a number (either
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135 integer or floating point) or a marker, @code{nil} otherwise.
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136 @end defun
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137
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138 @node Creating Markers
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139 @section Functions That Create Markers
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140
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141 When you create a new marker, you can make it point nowhere, or point
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142 to the present position of point, or to the beginning or end of the
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143 accessible portion of the buffer, or to the same place as another given
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144 marker.
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145
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146 @defun make-marker
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147 This function returns a newly created marker that does not point
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148 anywhere.
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149
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150 @example
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151 @group
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152 (make-marker)
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153 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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154 @end group
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155 @end example
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156 @end defun
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157
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158 @defun point-marker
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159 This function returns a new marker that points to the present position
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160 of point in the current buffer. @xref{Point}. For an example, see
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161 @code{copy-marker}, below.
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162 @end defun
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163
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164 @defun point-min-marker
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165 This function returns a new marker that points to the beginning of the
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166 accessible portion of the buffer. This will be the beginning of the
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167 buffer unless narrowing is in effect. @xref{Narrowing}.
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168 @end defun
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169
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170 @defun point-max-marker
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171 @cindex end of buffer marker
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172 This function returns a new marker that points to the end of the
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173 accessible portion of the buffer. This will be the end of the buffer
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174 unless narrowing is in effect. @xref{Narrowing}.
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175
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176 Here are examples of this function and @code{point-min-marker}, shown in
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177 a buffer containing a version of the source file for the text of this
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178 chapter.
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179
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180 @example
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181 @group
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182 (point-min-marker)
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183 @result{} #<marker at 1 in markers.texi>
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184 (point-max-marker)
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185 @result{} #<marker at 15573 in markers.texi>
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186 @end group
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187
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188 @group
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189 (narrow-to-region 100 200)
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190 @result{} nil
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191 @end group
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192 @group
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193 (point-min-marker)
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194 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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195 @end group
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196 @group
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197 (point-max-marker)
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198 @result{} #<marker at 200 in markers.texi>
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199 @end group
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200 @end example
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201 @end defun
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202
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203 @defun copy-marker marker-or-integer insertion-type
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204 If passed a marker as its argument, @code{copy-marker} returns a
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205 new marker that points to the same place and the same buffer as does
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206 @var{marker-or-integer}. If passed an integer as its argument,
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207 @code{copy-marker} returns a new marker that points to position
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208 @var{marker-or-integer} in the current buffer.
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209
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210 The new marker's insertion type is specified by the argument
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211 @var{insertion-type}. @xref{Marker Insertion Types}.
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212
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213 If passed an integer argument less than 1, @code{copy-marker} returns a
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214 new marker that points to the beginning of the current buffer. If
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215 passed an integer argument greater than the length of the buffer,
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216 @code{copy-marker} returns a new marker that points to the end of the
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217 buffer.
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218
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219 @example
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220 @group
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221 (copy-marker 0)
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222 @result{} #<marker at 1 in markers.texi>
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223 @end group
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224
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225 @group
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226 (copy-marker 20000)
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227 @result{} #<marker at 7572 in markers.texi>
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228 @end group
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229 @end example
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230
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231 An error is signaled if @var{marker} is neither a marker nor an
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232 integer.
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233 @end defun
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234
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235 Two distinct markers are considered @code{equal} (even though not
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236 @code{eq}) to each other if they have the same position and buffer, or
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237 if they both point nowhere.
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238
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239 @example
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240 @group
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241 (setq p (point-marker))
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242 @result{} #<marker at 2139 in markers.texi>
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243 @end group
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244
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245 @group
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246 (setq q (copy-marker p))
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247 @result{} #<marker at 2139 in markers.texi>
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248 @end group
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249
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250 @group
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251 (eq p q)
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252 @result{} nil
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253 @end group
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254
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255 @group
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256 (equal p q)
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257 @result{} t
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258 @end group
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259 @end example
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260
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261 @node Information from Markers
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262 @section Information from Markers
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263
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264 This section describes the functions for accessing the components of a
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265 marker object.
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266
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267 @defun marker-position marker
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268 This function returns the position that @var{marker} points to, or
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269 @code{nil} if it points nowhere.
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270 @end defun
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271
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272 @defun marker-buffer marker
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273 This function returns the buffer that @var{marker} points into, or
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274 @code{nil} if it points nowhere.
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275
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276 @example
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277 @group
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278 (setq m (make-marker))
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279 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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280 @end group
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281 @group
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282 (marker-position m)
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283 @result{} nil
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284 @end group
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285 @group
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286 (marker-buffer m)
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287 @result{} nil
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288 @end group
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289
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290 @group
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291 (set-marker m 3770 (current-buffer))
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292 @result{} #<marker at 3770 in markers.texi>
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293 @end group
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294 @group
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295 (marker-buffer m)
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296 @result{} #<buffer markers.texi>
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297 @end group
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298 @group
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299 (marker-position m)
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300 @result{} 3770
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301 @end group
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302 @end example
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303 @end defun
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304
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305 @node Marker Insertion Types
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306 @section Marker Insertion Types
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307
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308 @cindex insertion type of a marker
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309 When you insert text directly at the place where a marker points,
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310 there are two possible ways to relocate that marker: it can point before
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311 the inserted text, or point after it. You can specify which one a given
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312 marker should do by setting its @dfn{insertion type}. Note that use of
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313 @code{insert-before-markers} ignores markers' insertion types, always
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314 relocating a marker to point after the inserted text.
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315
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316 @defun set-marker-insertion-type marker type
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317 @tindex set-marker-insertion-type
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318 This function sets the insertion type of marker @var{marker} to
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319 @var{type}. If @var{type} is @code{t}, @var{marker} will advance when
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320 text is inserted at its position. If @var{type} is @code{nil},
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321 @var{marker} does not advance when text is inserted there.
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322 @end defun
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323
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324 @defun marker-insertion-type marker
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325 @tindex marker-insertion-type
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326 This function reports the current insertion type of @var{marker}.
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327 @end defun
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328
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329 @node Moving Markers
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330 @section Moving Marker Positions
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331
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332 This section describes how to change the position of an existing
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333 marker. When you do this, be sure you know whether the marker is used
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334 outside of your program, and, if so, what effects will result from
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335 moving it---otherwise, confusing things may happen in other parts of
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336 Emacs.
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337
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338 @defun set-marker marker position &optional buffer
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339 This function moves @var{marker} to @var{position}
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340 in @var{buffer}. If @var{buffer} is not provided, it defaults to
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341 the current buffer.
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342
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343 If @var{position} is less than 1, @code{set-marker} moves @var{marker}
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344 to the beginning of the buffer. If @var{position} is greater than the
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345 size of the buffer, @code{set-marker} moves marker to the end of the
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346 buffer. If @var{position} is @code{nil} or a marker that points
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347 nowhere, then @var{marker} is set to point nowhere.
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348
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349 The value returned is @var{marker}.
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350
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351 @example
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352 @group
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353 (setq m (point-marker))
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354 @result{} #<marker at 4714 in markers.texi>
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355 @end group
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356 @group
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357 (set-marker m 55)
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358 @result{} #<marker at 55 in markers.texi>
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359 @end group
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360 @group
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361 (setq b (get-buffer "foo"))
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362 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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363 @end group
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364 @group
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365 (set-marker m 0 b)
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366 @result{} #<marker at 1 in foo>
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367 @end group
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368 @end example
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369 @end defun
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370
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371 @defun move-marker marker position &optional buffer
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372 This is another name for @code{set-marker}.
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373 @end defun
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374
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375 @node The Mark
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376 @section The Mark
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377 @cindex mark, the
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378 @cindex mark ring
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379
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380 One special marker in each buffer is designated @dfn{the mark}. It
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381 records a position for the user for the sake of commands such as
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382 @code{kill-region} and @code{indent-rigidly}. Lisp programs should set
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383 the mark only to values that have a potential use to the user, and never
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384 for their own internal purposes. For example, the @code{replace-regexp}
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385 command sets the mark to the value of point before doing any
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386 replacements, because this enables the user to move back there
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387 conveniently after the replace is finished.
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388
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389 Many commands are designed so that when called interactively they
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390 operate on the text between point and the mark. If you are writing such
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391 a command, don't examine the mark directly; instead, use
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392 @code{interactive} with the @samp{r} specification. This provides the
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393 values of point and the mark as arguments to the command in an
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394 interactive call, but permits other Lisp programs to specify arguments
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395 explicitly. @xref{Interactive Codes}.
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396
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397 Each buffer has its own value of the mark that is independent of the
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398 value of the mark in other buffers. When a buffer is created, the mark
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399 exists but does not point anywhere. We consider this state as ``the
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400 absence of a mark in that buffer.''
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401
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402 Once the mark ``exists'' in a buffer, it normally never ceases to
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403 exist. However, it may become @dfn{inactive}, if Transient Mark mode is
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404 enabled. The variable @code{mark-active}, which is always buffer-local
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405 in all buffers, indicates whether the mark is active: non-@code{nil}
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406 means yes. A command can request deactivation of the mark upon return
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407 to the editor command loop by setting @code{deactivate-mark} to a
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408 non-@code{nil} value (but this causes deactivation only if Transient
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409 Mark mode is enabled).
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410
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411 The main motivation for using Transient Mark mode is that this mode
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412 also enables highlighting of the region when the mark is active.
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413 @xref{Display}.
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414
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415 In addition to the mark, each buffer has a @dfn{mark ring} which is a
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416 list of markers containing previous values of the mark. When editing
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417 commands change the mark, they should normally save the old value of the
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418 mark on the mark ring. The variable @code{mark-ring-max} specifies the
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419 maximum number of entries in the mark ring; once the list becomes this
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420 long, adding a new element deletes the last element.
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421
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422 @defun mark &optional force
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423 @cindex current buffer mark
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424 This function returns the current buffer's mark position as an integer.
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425
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426 If the mark is inactive, @code{mark} normally signals an error.
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427 However, if @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{mark} returns the
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428 mark position anyway---or @code{nil}, if the mark is not yet set for
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429 this buffer.
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430 @end defun
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431
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432 @defun mark-marker
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433 This function returns the current buffer's mark. This is the very marker
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434 that records the mark location inside Emacs, not a copy. Therefore,
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435 changing this marker's position will directly affect the position of the mark.
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436 Don't do it unless that is the effect you want.
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437
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438 @example
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439 @group
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440 (setq m (mark-marker))
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441 @result{} #<marker at 3420 in markers.texi>
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442 @end group
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443 @group
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444 (set-marker m 100)
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445 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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446 @end group
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447 @group
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448 (mark-marker)
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449 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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450 @end group
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451 @end example
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452
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453 Like any marker, this marker can be set to point at any buffer you like.
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454 We don't recommend that you make it point at any buffer other than the
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455 one of which it is the mark. If you do, it will yield perfectly
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456 consistent, but rather odd, results.
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457 @end defun
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458
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459 @ignore
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460 @deffn Command set-mark-command jump
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461 If @var{jump} is @code{nil}, this command sets the mark to the value
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462 of point and pushes the previous value of the mark on the mark ring. The
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463 message @samp{Mark set} is also displayed in the echo area.
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464
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465 If @var{jump} is not @code{nil}, this command sets point to the value
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466 of the mark, and sets the mark to the previous saved mark value, which
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467 is popped off the mark ring.
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468
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469 This function is @emph{only} intended for interactive use.
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470 @end deffn
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471 @end ignore
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472
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473 @defun set-mark position
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474 This function sets the mark to @var{position}, and activates the mark.
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475 The old value of the mark is @emph{not} pushed onto the mark ring.
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476
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477 @strong{Please note:} Use this function only if you want the user to
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478 see that the mark has moved, and you want the previous mark position to
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479 be lost. Normally, when a new mark is set, the old one should go on the
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480 @code{mark-ring}. For this reason, most applications should use
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481 @code{push-mark} and @code{pop-mark}, not @code{set-mark}.
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482
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483 Novice Emacs Lisp programmers often try to use the mark for the wrong
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484 purposes. The mark saves a location for the user's convenience. An
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485 editing command should not alter the mark unless altering the mark is
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486 part of the user-level functionality of the command. (And, in that
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487 case, this effect should be documented.) To remember a location for
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488 internal use in the Lisp program, store it in a Lisp variable. For
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489 example:
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490
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491 @example
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492 @group
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493 (let ((beg (point)))
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494 (forward-line 1)
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495 (delete-region beg (point))).
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496 @end group
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497 @end example
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498 @end defun
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499
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500 @c for interactive use only
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501 @ignore
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502 @deffn Command exchange-point-and-mark
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503 This function exchanges the positions of point and the mark.
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504 It is intended for interactive use.
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505 @end deffn
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506 @end ignore
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507
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508 @defun push-mark &optional position nomsg activate
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509 This function sets the current buffer's mark to @var{position}, and
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510 pushes a copy of the previous mark onto @code{mark-ring}. If
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511 @var{position} is @code{nil}, then the value of point is used.
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512 @code{push-mark} returns @code{nil}.
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513
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514 The function @code{push-mark} normally @emph{does not} activate the
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515 mark. To do that, specify @code{t} for the argument @var{activate}.
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516
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517 A @samp{Mark set} message is displayed unless @var{nomsg} is
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518 non-@code{nil}.
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519 @end defun
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520
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521 @defun pop-mark
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522 This function pops off the top element of @code{mark-ring} and makes
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523 that mark become the buffer's actual mark. This does not move point in
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524 the buffer, and it does nothing if @code{mark-ring} is empty. It
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525 deactivates the mark.
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526
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527 The return value is not meaningful.
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528 @end defun
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529
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530 @defopt transient-mark-mode
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531 @cindex Transient Mark mode
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532 This variable if non-@code{nil} enables Transient Mark mode, in which
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533 every buffer-modifying primitive sets @code{deactivate-mark}. The
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534 consequence of this is that commands that modify the buffer normally
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535 make the mark inactive.
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536 @end defopt
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537
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538 @defopt mark-even-if-inactive
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539 If this is non-@code{nil}, Lisp programs and the Emacs user can use the
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540 mark even when it is inactive. This option affects the behavior of
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541 Transient Mark mode. When the option is non-@code{nil}, deactivation of
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542 the mark turns off region highlighting, but commands that use the mark
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543 behave as if the mark were still active.
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544 @end defopt
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545
6444
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546 @defvar deactivate-mark
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547 If an editor command sets this variable non-@code{nil}, then the editor
21682
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548 command loop deactivates the mark after the command returns (if
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549 Transient Mark mode is enabled). All the primitives that change the
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550 buffer set @code{deactivate-mark}, to deactivate the mark when the
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551 command is finished.
6444
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552 @end defvar
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553
7729
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554 @defun deactivate-mark
21682
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555 This function deactivates the mark, if Transient Mark mode is enabled.
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556 Otherwise it does nothing.
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557 @end defun
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558
6444
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559 @defvar mark-active
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560 The mark is active when this variable is non-@code{nil}. This variable
21682
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561 is always buffer-local in each buffer.
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562 @end defvar
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563
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564 @defvar activate-mark-hook
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565 @defvarx deactivate-mark-hook
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566 These normal hooks are run, respectively, when the mark becomes active
21007
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diff changeset
567 and when it becomes inactive. The hook @code{activate-mark-hook} is
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parents: 12098
diff changeset
568 also run at the end of a command if the mark is active and it is
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569 possible that the region may have changed.
6444
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570 @end defvar
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571
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572 @defvar mark-ring
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573 The value of this buffer-local variable is the list of saved former
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574 marks of the current buffer, most recent first.
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575
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576 @example
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577 @group
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578 mark-ring
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diff changeset
579 @result{} (#<marker at 11050 in markers.texi>
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diff changeset
580 #<marker at 10832 in markers.texi>
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diff changeset
581 @dots{})
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582 @end group
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583 @end example
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584 @end defvar
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diff changeset
585
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586 @defopt mark-ring-max
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diff changeset
587 The value of this variable is the maximum size of @code{mark-ring}. If
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588 more marks than this are pushed onto the @code{mark-ring},
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589 @code{push-mark} discards an old mark when it adds a new one.
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590 @end defopt
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parents:
diff changeset
591
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diff changeset
592 @node The Region
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parents:
diff changeset
593 @section The Region
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diff changeset
594 @cindex region, the
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parents:
diff changeset
595
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diff changeset
596 The text between point and the mark is known as @dfn{the region}.
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diff changeset
597 Various functions operate on text delimited by point and the mark, but
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diff changeset
598 only those functions specifically related to the region itself are
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parents:
diff changeset
599 described here.
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parents:
diff changeset
600
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parents:
diff changeset
601 @defun region-beginning
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parents:
diff changeset
602 This function returns the position of the beginning of the region (as
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parents:
diff changeset
603 an integer). This is the position of either point or the mark,
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diff changeset
604 whichever is smaller.
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parents:
diff changeset
605
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diff changeset
606 If the mark does not point anywhere, an error is signaled.
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607 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
608
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parents:
diff changeset
609 @defun region-end
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parents:
diff changeset
610 This function returns the position of the end of the region (as an
9cbdecc5a37d Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
611 integer). This is the position of either point or the mark, whichever is
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parents:
diff changeset
612 larger.
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parents:
diff changeset
613
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diff changeset
614 If the mark does not point anywhere, an error is signaled.
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parents:
diff changeset
615 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
616
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diff changeset
617 Few programs need to use the @code{region-beginning} and
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parents:
diff changeset
618 @code{region-end} functions. A command designed to operate on a region
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parents:
diff changeset
619 should normally use @code{interactive} with the @samp{r} specification
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diff changeset
620 to find the beginning and end of the region. This lets other Lisp
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parents:
diff changeset
621 programs specify the bounds explicitly as arguments. (@xref{Interactive
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diff changeset
622 Codes}.)