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annotate lispref/os.texi @ 23096:e4419c63d4d7
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author | Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org> |
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date | Tue, 25 Aug 1998 10:25:03 +0000 |
parents | f0cd03a7dac9 |
children | ad9732e88e90 |
rev | line source |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/os | |
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6 @node System Interface, Tips, Calendar, Top |
6558 | 7 @chapter Operating System Interface |
8 | |
9 This chapter is about starting and getting out of Emacs, access to | |
9009 | 10 values in the operating system environment, and terminal input, output, |
6558 | 11 and flow control. |
12 | |
13 @xref{Building Emacs}, for related information. See also | |
14 @ref{Display}, for additional operating system status information | |
15 pertaining to the terminal and the screen. | |
16 | |
17 @menu | |
18 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
19 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
20 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
21 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. | |
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22 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
6558 | 23 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
12067 | 24 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
25 to calendrical data (or vice versa). | |
6558 | 26 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
27 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. | |
28 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
29 * Special Keysyms:: Defining system-specific key symbols for X windows. | |
30 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off. | |
31 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. | |
32 @end menu | |
33 | |
34 @node Starting Up | |
35 @section Starting Up Emacs | |
36 | |
37 This section describes what Emacs does when it is started, and how you | |
38 can customize these actions. | |
39 | |
40 @menu | |
41 * Start-up Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. | |
42 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). | |
43 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
44 * Command Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, | |
45 and how you can customize them. | |
46 @end menu | |
47 | |
48 @node Start-up Summary | |
49 @subsection Summary: Sequence of Actions at Start Up | |
50 @cindex initialization | |
51 @cindex start up of Emacs | |
52 @cindex @file{startup.el} | |
53 | |
54 The order of operations performed (in @file{startup.el}) by Emacs when | |
55 it is started up is as follows: | |
56 | |
57 @enumerate | |
58 @item | |
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59 It adds subdirectories to @code{load-path}, by running the file |
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60 named @file{subdirs.el} in each directory that is listed. |
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61 |
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62 @item |
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63 It sets the language environment and the terminal coding system, |
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64 if requested by environment variables such as @code{LANG}. |
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65 |
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66 @item |
6558 | 67 It loads the initialization library for the window system, if you are |
68 using a window system. This library's name is | |
69 @file{term/@var{windowsystem}-win.el}. | |
70 | |
71 @item | |
12098 | 72 It processes the initial options. (Some of them are handled |
73 even earlier than this.) | |
74 | |
75 @item | |
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76 It initializes the window frame and faces, if appropriate. |
6558 | 77 |
78 @item | |
79 It runs the normal hook @code{before-init-hook}. | |
80 | |
81 @item | |
82 It loads the library @file{site-start}, unless the option | |
83 @samp{-no-site-file} was specified. The library's file name is usually | |
84 @file{site-start.el}. | |
85 @cindex @file{site-start.el} | |
86 | |
87 @item | |
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88 It loads the file @file{~/.emacs}, unless @samp{-q} or @samp{-batch} was |
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89 specified on the command line. The @samp{-u} option can specify another |
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90 user name whose home directory should be used instead of @file{~}. |
6558 | 91 |
92 @item | |
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93 It loads the library @file{default}, unless @code{inhibit-default-init} |
6558 | 94 is non-@code{nil}. (This is not done in @samp{-batch} mode or if |
9009 | 95 @samp{-q} was specified on the command line.) The library's file name |
96 is usually @file{default.el}. | |
6558 | 97 @cindex @file{default.el} |
98 | |
99 @item | |
100 It runs the normal hook @code{after-init-hook}. | |
101 | |
102 @item | |
103 It sets the major mode according to @code{initial-major-mode}, provided | |
104 the buffer @samp{*scratch*} is still current and still in Fundamental | |
105 mode. | |
106 | |
107 @item | |
108 It loads the terminal-specific Lisp file, if any, except when in batch | |
109 mode or using a window system. | |
110 | |
111 @item | |
112 It displays the initial echo area message, unless you have suppressed | |
113 that with @code{inhibit-startup-echo-area-message}. | |
114 | |
115 @item | |
12098 | 116 It processes the action arguments from the command line. |
6558 | 117 |
118 @item | |
119 It runs @code{term-setup-hook}. | |
120 | |
121 @item | |
122 It calls @code{frame-notice-user-settings}, which modifies the | |
123 parameters of the selected frame according to whatever the init files | |
124 specify. | |
125 | |
126 @item | |
127 It runs @code{window-setup-hook}. @xref{Window Systems}. | |
128 | |
129 @item | |
9009 | 130 It displays copyleft, nonwarranty, and basic use information, provided |
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131 there were no remaining command line arguments (a few steps above), |
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132 the value of @code{inhibit-startup-message} is @code{nil}, and the |
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133 buffer is still empty. |
6558 | 134 @end enumerate |
135 | |
136 @defopt inhibit-startup-message | |
137 This variable inhibits the initial startup messages (the nonwarranty, | |
138 etc.). If it is non-@code{nil}, then the messages are not printed. | |
139 | |
140 This variable exists so you can set it in your personal init file, once | |
141 you are familiar with the contents of the startup message. Do not set | |
142 this variable in the init file of a new user, or in a way that affects | |
143 more than one user, because that would prevent new users from receiving | |
144 the information they are supposed to see. | |
145 @end defopt | |
146 | |
147 @defopt inhibit-startup-echo-area-message | |
148 This variable controls the display of the startup echo area message. | |
149 You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text with this | |
150 form to your @file{.emacs} file: | |
151 | |
152 @example | |
153 (setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message | |
154 "@var{your-login-name}") | |
155 @end example | |
156 | |
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157 Emacs explicitly checks for an expression as shown above in your |
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158 @file{.emacs} file; your login name must appear in the expression as a |
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159 Lisp string constant. Other methods of setting |
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160 @code{inhibit-startup-echo-area-message} to the same value do not |
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161 inhibit the startup message. |
6558 | 162 |
163 This way, you can easily inhibit the message for yourself if you wish, | |
164 but thoughtless copying of your @file{.emacs} file will not inhibit the | |
165 message for someone else. | |
166 @end defopt | |
167 | |
168 @node Init File | |
169 @subsection The Init File: @file{.emacs} | |
170 @cindex init file | |
171 @cindex @file{.emacs} | |
172 | |
173 When you start Emacs, it normally attempts to load the file | |
174 @file{.emacs} from your home directory. This file, if it exists, must | |
175 contain Lisp code. It is called your @dfn{init file}. The command line | |
176 switches @samp{-q} and @samp{-u} affect the use of the init file; | |
177 @samp{-q} says not to load an init file, and @samp{-u} says to load a | |
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178 specified user's init file instead of yours. @xref{Entering Emacs,,, |
6558 | 179 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
180 | |
181 @cindex default init file | |
182 A site may have a @dfn{default init file}, which is the library named | |
183 @file{default.el}. Emacs finds the @file{default.el} file through the | |
184 standard search path for libraries (@pxref{How Programs Do Loading}). | |
185 The Emacs distribution does not come with this file; sites may provide | |
186 one for local customizations. If the default init file exists, it is | |
187 loaded whenever you start Emacs, except in batch mode or if @samp{-q} is | |
188 specified. But your own personal init file, if any, is loaded first; if | |
189 it sets @code{inhibit-default-init} to a non-@code{nil} value, then | |
190 Emacs does not subsequently load the @file{default.el} file. | |
191 | |
192 Another file for site-customization is @file{site-start.el}. Emacs | |
193 loads this @emph{before} the user's init file. You can inhibit the | |
194 loading of this file with the option @samp{-no-site-file}. | |
195 | |
12098 | 196 @defvar site-run-file |
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197 This variable specifies the site-customization file to load before the |
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198 user's init file. Its normal value is @code{"site-start"}. The only |
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199 way you can change it with real effect is to do so before dumping |
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200 Emacs. |
12098 | 201 @end defvar |
202 | |
6558 | 203 If there is a great deal of code in your @file{.emacs} file, you |
204 should move it into another file named @file{@var{something}.el}, | |
205 byte-compile it (@pxref{Byte Compilation}), and make your @file{.emacs} | |
206 file load the other file using @code{load} (@pxref{Loading}). | |
207 | |
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208 @xref{Init File Examples,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for |
6558 | 209 examples of how to make various commonly desired customizations in your |
210 @file{.emacs} file. | |
211 | |
212 @defopt inhibit-default-init | |
213 This variable prevents Emacs from loading the default initialization | |
214 library file for your session of Emacs. If its value is non-@code{nil}, | |
215 then the default library is not loaded. The default value is | |
216 @code{nil}. | |
217 @end defopt | |
218 | |
219 @defvar before-init-hook | |
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220 This normal hook is run, once, just before loading all the init files |
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221 (the user's init file, @file{default.el}, and/or @file{site-start.el}). |
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222 (The only way to change it with real effect is before dumping Emacs.) |
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223 @end defvar |
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224 |
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225 @defvar after-init-hook |
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226 This normal hook is run, once, just after loading all the init files |
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227 (the user's init file, @file{default.el}, and/or @file{site-start.el}), |
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228 before the terminal-specific initialization. |
6558 | 229 @end defvar |
230 | |
231 @node Terminal-Specific | |
232 @subsection Terminal-Specific Initialization | |
233 @cindex terminal-specific initialization | |
234 | |
235 Each terminal type can have its own Lisp library that Emacs loads when | |
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236 run on that type of terminal. The library's name is constructed by |
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237 concatenating the value of the variable @code{term-file-prefix} and the |
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238 terminal type. Normally, @code{term-file-prefix} has the value |
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239 @code{"term/"}; changing this is not recommended. Emacs finds the file |
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240 in the normal manner, by searching the @code{load-path} directories, and |
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241 trying the @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el} suffixes. |
6558 | 242 |
243 The usual function of a terminal-specific library is to enable special | |
244 keys to send sequences that Emacs can recognize. It may also need to | |
245 set or add to @code{function-key-map} if the Termcap entry does not | |
246 specify all the terminal's function keys. @xref{Terminal Input}. | |
247 | |
248 @cindex Termcap | |
249 When the name of the terminal type contains a hyphen, only the part of | |
250 the name before the first hyphen is significant in choosing the library | |
251 name. Thus, terminal types @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30-rv} both use | |
252 the @file{term/aaa} library. If necessary, the library can evaluate | |
253 @code{(getenv "TERM")} to find the full name of the terminal | |
254 type.@refill | |
255 | |
256 Your @file{.emacs} file can prevent the loading of the | |
257 terminal-specific library by setting the variable | |
258 @code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. This feature is useful when | |
259 experimenting with your own peculiar customizations. | |
260 | |
261 You can also arrange to override some of the actions of the | |
262 terminal-specific library by setting the variable | |
263 @code{term-setup-hook}. This is a normal hook which Emacs runs using | |
264 @code{run-hooks} at the end of Emacs initialization, after loading both | |
265 your @file{.emacs} file and any terminal-specific libraries. You can | |
266 use this variable to define initializations for terminals that do not | |
267 have their own libraries. @xref{Hooks}. | |
268 | |
269 @defvar term-file-prefix | |
270 @cindex @code{TERM} environment variable | |
271 If the @code{term-file-prefix} variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs loads | |
272 a terminal-specific initialization file as follows: | |
273 | |
274 @example | |
275 (load (concat term-file-prefix (getenv "TERM"))) | |
276 @end example | |
277 | |
278 @noindent | |
279 You may set the @code{term-file-prefix} variable to @code{nil} in your | |
280 @file{.emacs} file if you do not wish to load the | |
281 terminal-initialization file. To do this, put the following in | |
282 your @file{.emacs} file: @code{(setq term-file-prefix nil)}. | |
283 @end defvar | |
284 | |
285 @defvar term-setup-hook | |
9009 | 286 This variable is a normal hook that Emacs runs after loading your |
6558 | 287 @file{.emacs} file, the default initialization file (if any) and the |
288 terminal-specific Lisp file. | |
289 | |
290 You can use @code{term-setup-hook} to override the definitions made by a | |
291 terminal-specific file. | |
292 @end defvar | |
293 | |
294 See @code{window-setup-hook} in @ref{Window Systems}, for a related | |
295 feature. | |
296 | |
297 @node Command Line Arguments | |
298 @subsection Command Line Arguments | |
299 @cindex command line arguments | |
300 | |
301 You can use command line arguments to request various actions when you | |
302 start Emacs. Since you do not need to start Emacs more than once per | |
303 day, and will often leave your Emacs session running longer than that, | |
304 command line arguments are hardly ever used. As a practical matter, it | |
305 is best to avoid making the habit of using them, since this habit would | |
306 encourage you to kill and restart Emacs unnecessarily often. These | |
307 options exist for two reasons: to be compatible with other editors (for | |
308 invocation by other programs) and to enable shell scripts to run | |
309 specific Lisp programs. | |
310 | |
311 This section describes how Emacs processes command line arguments, | |
312 and how you can customize them. | |
313 | |
314 @ignore | |
315 (Note that some other editors require you to start afresh each time | |
316 you want to edit a file. With this kind of editor, you will probably | |
317 specify the file as a command line argument. The recommended way to | |
318 use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just after you log in, and do | |
319 all your editing in the same Emacs process. Each time you want to edit | |
320 a different file, you visit it with the existing Emacs, which eventually | |
321 comes to have many files in it ready for editing. Usually you do not | |
322 kill the Emacs until you are about to log out.) | |
323 @end ignore | |
324 | |
325 @defun command-line | |
9009 | 326 This function parses the command line that Emacs was called with, |
6558 | 327 processes it, loads the user's @file{.emacs} file and displays the |
9009 | 328 startup messages. |
6558 | 329 @end defun |
330 | |
331 @defvar command-line-processed | |
332 The value of this variable is @code{t} once the command line has been | |
333 processed. | |
334 | |
335 If you redump Emacs by calling @code{dump-emacs}, you may wish to set | |
336 this variable to @code{nil} first in order to cause the new dumped Emacs | |
337 to process its new command line arguments. | |
338 @end defvar | |
339 | |
340 @defvar command-switch-alist | |
341 @cindex switches on command line | |
342 @cindex options on command line | |
343 @cindex command line options | |
344 The value of this variable is an alist of user-defined command-line | |
345 options and associated handler functions. This variable exists so you | |
346 can add elements to it. | |
347 | |
348 A @dfn{command line option} is an argument on the command line of the | |
349 form: | |
350 | |
351 @example | |
352 -@var{option} | |
353 @end example | |
354 | |
355 The elements of the @code{command-switch-alist} look like this: | |
356 | |
357 @example | |
358 (@var{option} . @var{handler-function}) | |
359 @end example | |
360 | |
361 The @var{handler-function} is called to handle @var{option} and receives | |
362 the option name as its sole argument. | |
363 | |
364 In some cases, the option is followed in the command line by an | |
365 argument. In these cases, the @var{handler-function} can find all the | |
366 remaining command-line arguments in the variable | |
367 @code{command-line-args-left}. (The entire list of command-line | |
368 arguments is in @code{command-line-args}.) | |
369 | |
370 The command line arguments are parsed by the @code{command-line-1} | |
371 function in the @file{startup.el} file. See also @ref{Command | |
372 Switches, , Command Line Switches and Arguments, emacs, The GNU Emacs | |
373 Manual}. | |
374 @end defvar | |
375 | |
376 @defvar command-line-args | |
377 The value of this variable is the list of command line arguments passed | |
378 to Emacs. | |
379 @end defvar | |
380 | |
381 @defvar command-line-functions | |
382 This variable's value is a list of functions for handling an | |
383 unrecognized command-line argument. Each time the next argument to be | |
384 processed has no special meaning, the functions in this list are called, | |
9009 | 385 in order of appearance, until one of them returns a non-@code{nil} |
6558 | 386 value. |
387 | |
388 These functions are called with no arguments. They can access the | |
389 command-line argument under consideration through the variable | |
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390 @code{argi}, which is bound temporarily at this point. The remaining |
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391 arguments (not including the current one) are in the variable |
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392 @code{command-line-args-left}. |
6558 | 393 |
394 When a function recognizes and processes the argument in @code{argi}, it | |
395 should return a non-@code{nil} value to say it has dealt with that | |
396 argument. If it has also dealt with some of the following arguments, it | |
397 can indicate that by deleting them from @code{command-line-args-left}. | |
398 | |
399 If all of these functions return @code{nil}, then the argument is used | |
400 as a file name to visit. | |
401 @end defvar | |
402 | |
403 @node Getting Out | |
404 @section Getting Out of Emacs | |
405 @cindex exiting Emacs | |
406 | |
407 There are two ways to get out of Emacs: you can kill the Emacs job, | |
408 which exits permanently, or you can suspend it, which permits you to | |
409 reenter the Emacs process later. As a practical matter, you seldom kill | |
410 Emacs---only when you are about to log out. Suspending is much more | |
411 common. | |
412 | |
413 @menu | |
414 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
415 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
416 @end menu | |
417 | |
418 @node Killing Emacs | |
419 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
420 @subsection Killing Emacs | |
421 @cindex killing Emacs | |
422 | |
423 Killing Emacs means ending the execution of the Emacs process. The | |
424 parent process normally resumes control. The low-level primitive for | |
425 killing Emacs is @code{kill-emacs}. | |
426 | |
427 @defun kill-emacs &optional exit-data | |
428 This function exits the Emacs process and kills it. | |
429 | |
430 If @var{exit-data} is an integer, then it is used as the exit status | |
431 of the Emacs process. (This is useful primarily in batch operation; see | |
432 @ref{Batch Mode}.) | |
433 | |
434 If @var{exit-data} is a string, its contents are stuffed into the | |
435 terminal input buffer so that the shell (or whatever program next reads | |
436 input) can read them. | |
437 @end defun | |
438 | |
439 All the information in the Emacs process, aside from files that have | |
440 been saved, is lost when the Emacs is killed. Because killing Emacs | |
441 inadvertently can lose a lot of work, Emacs queries for confirmation | |
442 before actually terminating if you have buffers that need saving or | |
443 subprocesses that are running. This is done in the function | |
444 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}. | |
445 | |
446 @defvar kill-emacs-query-functions | |
447 After asking the standard questions, @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} | |
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448 calls the functions in the list @code{kill-emacs-query-functions}, in |
6558 | 449 order of appearance, with no arguments. These functions can ask for |
450 additional confirmation from the user. If any of them returns | |
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451 @code{nil}, Emacs is not killed. |
6558 | 452 @end defvar |
453 | |
454 @defvar kill-emacs-hook | |
455 This variable is a normal hook; once @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} is | |
456 finished with all file saving and confirmation, it runs the functions in | |
457 this hook. | |
458 @end defvar | |
459 | |
460 @node Suspending Emacs | |
461 @subsection Suspending Emacs | |
462 @cindex suspending Emacs | |
463 | |
464 @dfn{Suspending Emacs} means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning | |
465 control to its superior process, which is usually the shell. This | |
466 allows you to resume editing later in the same Emacs process, with the | |
467 same buffers, the same kill ring, the same undo history, and so on. To | |
468 resume Emacs, use the appropriate command in the parent shell---most | |
469 likely @code{fg}. | |
470 | |
471 Some operating systems do not support suspension of jobs; on these | |
472 systems, ``suspension'' actually creates a new shell temporarily as a | |
473 subprocess of Emacs. Then you would exit the shell to return to Emacs. | |
474 | |
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475 Suspension is not useful with window systems, because the Emacs job |
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476 may not have a parent that can resume it again, and in any case you can |
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477 give input to some other job such as a shell merely by moving to a |
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478 different window. Therefore, suspending is not allowed when Emacs is using |
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479 a window system. |
6558 | 480 |
481 @defun suspend-emacs string | |
482 This function stops Emacs and returns control to the superior process. | |
483 If and when the superior process resumes Emacs, @code{suspend-emacs} | |
484 returns @code{nil} to its caller in Lisp. | |
485 | |
486 If @var{string} is non-@code{nil}, its characters are sent to be read | |
487 as terminal input by Emacs's superior shell. The characters in | |
488 @var{string} are not echoed by the superior shell; only the results | |
489 appear. | |
490 | |
491 Before suspending, @code{suspend-emacs} runs the normal hook | |
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492 @code{suspend-hook}. |
6558 | 493 |
9009 | 494 After the user resumes Emacs, @code{suspend-emacs} runs the normal hook |
6558 | 495 @code{suspend-resume-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
496 | |
497 The next redisplay after resumption will redraw the entire screen, | |
498 unless the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} is non-@code{nil} | |
499 (@pxref{Refresh Screen}). | |
500 | |
501 In the following example, note that @samp{pwd} is not echoed after | |
502 Emacs is suspended. But it is read and executed by the shell. | |
503 | |
504 @smallexample | |
505 @group | |
506 (suspend-emacs) | |
507 @result{} nil | |
508 @end group | |
509 | |
510 @group | |
511 (add-hook 'suspend-hook | |
512 (function (lambda () | |
513 (or (y-or-n-p | |
514 "Really suspend? ") | |
515 (error "Suspend cancelled"))))) | |
516 @result{} (lambda nil | |
517 (or (y-or-n-p "Really suspend? ") | |
518 (error "Suspend cancelled"))) | |
519 @end group | |
520 @group | |
521 (add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook | |
522 (function (lambda () (message "Resumed!")))) | |
523 @result{} (lambda nil (message "Resumed!")) | |
524 @end group | |
525 @group | |
526 (suspend-emacs "pwd") | |
527 @result{} nil | |
528 @end group | |
529 @group | |
530 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
531 Really suspend? @kbd{y} | |
532 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
533 @end group | |
534 | |
535 @group | |
536 ---------- Parent Shell ---------- | |
537 lewis@@slug[23] % /user/lewis/manual | |
538 lewis@@slug[24] % fg | |
539 @end group | |
540 | |
541 @group | |
542 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
543 Resumed! | |
544 @end group | |
545 @end smallexample | |
546 @end defun | |
547 | |
548 @defvar suspend-hook | |
549 This variable is a normal hook run before suspending. | |
550 @end defvar | |
551 | |
552 @defvar suspend-resume-hook | |
553 This variable is a normal hook run after suspending. | |
554 @end defvar | |
555 | |
556 @node System Environment | |
557 @section Operating System Environment | |
558 @cindex operating system environment | |
559 | |
560 Emacs provides access to variables in the operating system environment | |
561 through various functions. These variables include the name of the | |
562 system, the user's @sc{uid}, and so on. | |
563 | |
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564 @defvar system-configuration |
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565 This variable holds the GNU configuration name for the hardware/software |
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566 configuration of your system, as a string. The convenient way to test |
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567 parts of this string is with @code{string-match}. |
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568 @end defvar |
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569 |
6558 | 570 @defvar system-type |
12098 | 571 The value of this variable is a symbol indicating the type of operating |
572 system Emacs is operating on. Here is a table of the possible values: | |
6558 | 573 |
574 @table @code | |
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575 @item alpha-vms |
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576 VMS on the Alpha. |
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577 |
6558 | 578 @item aix-v3 |
579 AIX. | |
580 | |
581 @item berkeley-unix | |
582 Berkeley BSD. | |
583 | |
12098 | 584 @item dgux |
585 Data General DGUX operating system. | |
586 | |
587 @item gnu | |
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588 the GNU system (using the GNU kernel, which consists of the HURD and Mach). |
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589 |
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590 @item gnu/linux |
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591 A GNU/Linux system---that is, a variant GNU system, using the Linux |
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592 kernel. (These systems are the ones people often call ``Linux,'' but |
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593 actually Linux is just the kernel, not the whole system.) |
12098 | 594 |
6558 | 595 @item hpux |
12098 | 596 Hewlett-Packard HPUX operating system. |
6558 | 597 |
598 @item irix | |
599 Silicon Graphics Irix system. | |
600 | |
12098 | 601 @item ms-dos |
602 Microsoft MS-DOS ``operating system.'' | |
603 | |
604 @item next-mach | |
605 NeXT Mach-based system. | |
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606 |
6558 | 607 @item rtu |
608 Masscomp RTU, UCB universe. | |
609 | |
610 @item unisoft-unix | |
611 UniSoft UniPlus. | |
612 | |
613 @item usg-unix-v | |
614 AT&T System V. | |
615 | |
616 @item vax-vms | |
617 VAX VMS. | |
618 | |
12098 | 619 @item windows-nt |
620 Microsoft windows NT. | |
621 | |
6558 | 622 @item xenix |
623 SCO Xenix 386. | |
624 @end table | |
625 | |
626 We do not wish to add new symbols to make finer distinctions unless it | |
627 is absolutely necessary! In fact, we hope to eliminate some of these | |
628 alternatives in the future. We recommend using | |
629 @code{system-configuration} to distinguish between different operating | |
630 systems. | |
631 @end defvar | |
632 | |
633 @defun system-name | |
634 This function returns the name of the machine you are running on. | |
635 @example | |
636 (system-name) | |
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637 @result{} "www.gnu.org" |
6558 | 638 @end example |
639 @end defun | |
640 | |
12067 | 641 The symbol @code{system-name} is a variable as well as a function. In |
642 fact, the function returns whatever value the variable | |
643 @code{system-name} currently holds. Thus, you can set the variable | |
644 @code{system-name} in case Emacs is confused about the name of your | |
645 system. The variable is also useful for constructing frame titles | |
646 (@pxref{Frame Titles}). | |
647 | |
648 @defvar mail-host-address | |
649 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it is used instead of | |
650 @code{system-name} for purposes of generating email addresses. For | |
651 example, it is used when constructing the default value of | |
652 @code{user-mail-address}. @xref{User Identification}. (Since this is | |
653 done when Emacs starts up, the value actually used is the one saved when | |
654 Emacs was dumped. @xref{Building Emacs}.) | |
655 @end defvar | |
656 | |
6558 | 657 @defun getenv var |
658 @cindex environment variable access | |
659 This function returns the value of the environment variable @var{var}, | |
660 as a string. Within Emacs, the environment variable values are kept in | |
661 the Lisp variable @code{process-environment}. | |
662 | |
663 @example | |
664 @group | |
665 (getenv "USER") | |
666 @result{} "lewis" | |
667 @end group | |
668 | |
669 @group | |
670 lewis@@slug[10] % printenv | |
671 PATH=.:/user/lewis/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin | |
672 USER=lewis | |
673 @end group | |
674 @group | |
675 TERM=ibmapa16 | |
676 SHELL=/bin/csh | |
677 HOME=/user/lewis | |
678 @end group | |
679 @end example | |
680 @end defun | |
681 | |
682 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
683 @deffn Command setenv variable value | |
684 This command sets the value of the environment variable named | |
685 @var{variable} to @var{value}. Both arguments should be strings. This | |
686 function works by modifying @code{process-environment}; binding that | |
687 variable with @code{let} is also reasonable practice. | |
688 @end deffn | |
689 | |
690 @defvar process-environment | |
691 This variable is a list of strings, each describing one environment | |
692 variable. The functions @code{getenv} and @code{setenv} work by means | |
693 of this variable. | |
694 | |
695 @smallexample | |
696 @group | |
697 process-environment | |
698 @result{} ("l=/usr/stanford/lib/gnuemacs/lisp" | |
699 "PATH=.:/user/lewis/bin:/usr/class:/nfsusr/local/bin" | |
700 "USER=lewis" | |
701 @end group | |
702 @group | |
703 "TERM=ibmapa16" | |
704 "SHELL=/bin/csh" | |
705 "HOME=/user/lewis") | |
706 @end group | |
707 @end smallexample | |
708 @end defvar | |
709 | |
12098 | 710 @defvar path-separator |
711 This variable holds a string which says which character separates | |
712 directories in a search path (as found in an environment variable). Its | |
713 value is @code{":"} for Unix and GNU systems, and @code{";"} for MS-DOS | |
714 and Windows NT. | |
715 @end defvar | |
716 | |
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717 @defvar invocation-name |
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718 This variable holds the program name under which Emacs was invoked. The |
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719 value is a string, and does not include a directory name. |
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720 @end defvar |
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721 |
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722 @defvar invocation-directory |
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723 This variable holds the directory from which the Emacs executable was |
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724 invoked, or perhaps @code{nil} if that directory cannot be determined. |
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725 @end defvar |
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726 |
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727 @defvar installation-directory |
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728 If non-@code{nil}, this is a directory within which to look for the |
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729 @file{lib-src} and @file{etc} subdirectories. This is non-@code{nil} |
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730 when Emacs can't find those directories in their standard installed |
9009 | 731 locations, but can find them in a directory related somehow to the one |
732 containing the Emacs executable. | |
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733 @end defvar |
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734 |
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735 @defun load-average &optional use-float |
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736 This function returns the current 1-minute, 5-minute, and 15-minute load |
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737 averages, in a list. |
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738 |
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739 By default, the values are integers that are 100 times the system load |
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740 averages, which indicate the average number of processes trying to run. |
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741 If @var{use-float} is non-@code{nil}, then they are returned |
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742 as floating point numbers and without multiplying by 100. |
6558 | 743 |
744 @example | |
745 @group | |
746 (load-average) | |
747 @result{} (169 48 36) | |
748 @end group | |
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749 @group |
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750 (load-average t) |
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751 @result{} (1.69 0.48 0.36) |
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752 @end group |
6558 | 753 |
754 @group | |
755 lewis@@rocky[5] % uptime | |
756 11:55am up 1 day, 19:37, 3 users, | |
757 load average: 1.69, 0.48, 0.36 | |
758 @end group | |
759 @end example | |
760 @end defun | |
761 | |
762 @defun emacs-pid | |
763 This function returns the process @sc{id} of the Emacs process. | |
764 @end defun | |
765 | |
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766 @defvar tty-erase-char |
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767 @tindex tty-erase-char |
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768 This variable holds the erase character that was selected |
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769 in the system's terminal driver, before Emacs was started. |
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770 @end defvar |
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771 |
6558 | 772 @defun setprv privilege-name &optional setp getprv |
773 This function sets or resets a VMS privilege. (It does not exist on | |
774 Unix.) The first arg is the privilege name, as a string. The second | |
775 argument, @var{setp}, is @code{t} or @code{nil}, indicating whether the | |
776 privilege is to be turned on or off. Its default is @code{nil}. The | |
777 function returns @code{t} if successful, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
778 | |
779 If the third argument, @var{getprv}, is non-@code{nil}, @code{setprv} | |
780 does not change the privilege, but returns @code{t} or @code{nil} | |
781 indicating whether the privilege is currently enabled. | |
782 @end defun | |
783 | |
784 @node User Identification | |
785 @section User Identification | |
786 | |
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787 @defvar init-file-user |
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788 This variable says which user's init files should be used by Emacs---or |
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789 @code{nil} if none. The value reflects command line options such as |
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790 @samp{-q} or @samp{-u @var{user}}. |
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791 |
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792 Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort of |
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793 user profile, should obey this variable in deciding where to find it. |
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794 They should load the profile of the user name found in this variable. |
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795 If @code{init-file-user} is @code{nil}, meaning that the @samp{-q} |
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796 option was used, then Lisp packages should not load any customization |
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797 files or user profile. |
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798 @end defvar |
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799 |
12067 | 800 @defvar user-mail-address |
801 This holds the nominal email address of the user who is using Emacs. | |
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802 Emacs normally sets this variable to a default value after reading your |
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803 init files, but not if you have already set it. So you can set the |
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804 variable to some other value in your @file{~/.emacs} file if you do not |
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805 want to use the default value. |
12067 | 806 @end defvar |
807 | |
808 @defun user-login-name &optional uid | |
809 If you don't specify @var{uid}, this function returns the name under | |
810 which the user is logged in. If the environment variable @code{LOGNAME} | |
811 is set, that value is used. Otherwise, if the environment variable | |
812 @code{USER} is set, that value is used. Otherwise, the value is based | |
813 on the effective @sc{uid}, not the real @sc{uid}. | |
814 | |
815 If you specify @var{uid}, the value is the user name that corresponds | |
816 to @var{uid} (which should be an integer). | |
6558 | 817 |
818 @example | |
819 @group | |
820 (user-login-name) | |
821 @result{} "lewis" | |
822 @end group | |
823 @end example | |
824 @end defun | |
825 | |
826 @defun user-real-login-name | |
827 This function returns the user name corresponding to Emacs's real | |
828 @sc{uid}. This ignores the effective @sc{uid} and ignores the | |
829 environment variables @code{LOGNAME} and @code{USER}. | |
830 @end defun | |
831 | |
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832 @defun user-full-name &optional uid |
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833 This function returns the full name of the logged-in user---or the value |
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834 of the environment variables @code{NAME}, if that is set. |
6558 | 835 |
836 @example | |
837 @group | |
838 (user-full-name) | |
839 @result{} "Bil Lewis" | |
840 @end group | |
841 @end example | |
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842 |
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843 If @var{uid} is non-@code{nil}, then it should be an integer, a user-id, |
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844 or a string, a login name. Then @code{user-full-name} returns the full |
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845 name corresponding to that user-id or login name. |
6558 | 846 @end defun |
847 | |
12067 | 848 @vindex user-full-name |
849 @vindex user-real-login-name | |
850 @vindex user-login-name | |
851 The symbols @code{user-login-name}, @code{user-real-login-name} and | |
852 @code{user-full-name} are variables as well as functions. The functions | |
853 return the same values that the variables hold. These variables allow | |
854 you to ``fake out'' Emacs by telling the functions what to return. The | |
855 variables are also useful for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame | |
856 Titles}). | |
857 | |
6558 | 858 @defun user-real-uid |
859 This function returns the real @sc{uid} of the user. | |
860 | |
861 @example | |
862 @group | |
863 (user-real-uid) | |
864 @result{} 19 | |
865 @end group | |
866 @end example | |
867 @end defun | |
868 | |
869 @defun user-uid | |
870 This function returns the effective @sc{uid} of the user. | |
871 @end defun | |
872 | |
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873 @node Reading a Password |
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874 @section Reading a Password |
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875 @cindex passwords, reading |
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876 |
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877 To read a password to pass to another program, you can use the |
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878 function @code{read-passwd}. |
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879 |
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880 @tindex read-passwd |
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881 @defun read-passwd prompt &optional confirm default |
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882 This function reads a password, prompting with @var{prompt}. It does |
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883 not echo the password as the user types it; instead, it echoes @samp{.} |
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884 for each character in the password. |
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885 |
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886 The optional argument @var{confirm}, if non-@code{nil}, says to read the |
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887 password twice and insist it must be the same both times. If it isn't |
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888 the same, the user has to type it over and over until the last two |
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889 times match. |
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890 |
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891 The optional argument @var{default} specifies the default password to |
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892 return if the user enters empty input. If @var{default} is @code{nil}, |
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893 then @code{read-passwd} returns the null string in that case. |
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894 @end defun |
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895 |
6558 | 896 @node Time of Day |
897 @section Time of Day | |
898 | |
899 This section explains how to determine the current time and the time | |
900 zone. | |
901 | |
902 @defun current-time-string &optional time-value | |
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903 This function returns the current time and date as a human-readable |
6558 | 904 string. The format of the string is unvarying; the number of characters |
905 used for each part is always the same, so you can reliably use | |
12098 | 906 @code{substring} to extract pieces of it. It is wise to count the |
907 characters from the beginning of the string rather than from the end, as | |
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908 additional information may some day be added at the end. |
6558 | 909 |
910 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
911 The argument @var{time-value}, if given, specifies a time to format | |
12098 | 912 instead of the current time. The argument should be a list whose first |
913 two elements are integers. Thus, you can use times obtained from | |
914 @code{current-time} (see below) and from @code{file-attributes} | |
915 (@pxref{File Attributes}). | |
6558 | 916 |
917 @example | |
918 @group | |
919 (current-time-string) | |
920 @result{} "Wed Oct 14 22:21:05 1987" | |
921 @end group | |
922 @end example | |
923 @end defun | |
924 | |
925 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
926 @defun current-time | |
927 This function returns the system's time value as a list of three | |
928 integers: @code{(@var{high} @var{low} @var{microsec})}. The integers | |
929 @var{high} and @var{low} combine to give the number of seconds since | |
930 0:00 January 1, 1970, which is | |
931 @ifinfo | |
932 @var{high} * 2**16 + @var{low}. | |
933 @end ifinfo | |
934 @tex | |
9009 | 935 $high*2^{16}+low$. |
6558 | 936 @end tex |
937 | |
938 The third element, @var{microsec}, gives the microseconds since the | |
939 start of the current second (or 0 for systems that return time only on | |
940 the resolution of a second). | |
941 | |
942 The first two elements can be compared with file time values such as you | |
943 get with the function @code{file-attributes}. @xref{File Attributes}. | |
944 @end defun | |
945 | |
946 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
947 @defun current-time-zone &optional time-value | |
948 This function returns a list describing the time zone that the user is | |
949 in. | |
950 | |
951 The value has the form @code{(@var{offset} @var{name})}. Here | |
952 @var{offset} is an integer giving the number of seconds ahead of UTC | |
953 (east of Greenwich). A negative value means west of Greenwich. The | |
954 second element, @var{name} is a string giving the name of the time | |
955 zone. Both elements change when daylight savings time begins or ends; | |
956 if the user has specified a time zone that does not use a seasonal time | |
957 adjustment, then the value is constant through time. | |
958 | |
959 If the operating system doesn't supply all the information necessary to | |
960 compute the value, both elements of the list are @code{nil}. | |
961 | |
962 The argument @var{time-value}, if given, specifies a time to analyze | |
963 instead of the current time. The argument should be a cons cell | |
964 containing two integers, or a list whose first two elements are | |
965 integers. Thus, you can use times obtained from @code{current-time} | |
12067 | 966 (see above) and from @code{file-attributes} (@pxref{File Attributes}). |
967 @end defun | |
968 | |
969 @node Time Conversion | |
970 @section Time Conversion | |
971 | |
972 These functions convert time values (lists of two or three integers) | |
973 to strings or to calendrical information. There is also a function to | |
974 convert calendrical information to a time value. You can get time | |
975 values from the functions @code{current-time} (@pxref{Time of Day}) and | |
976 @code{file-attributes} (@pxref{File Attributes}). | |
977 | |
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978 Many operating systems are limited to time values that contain 32 bits |
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979 of information; these systems typically handle only the times from |
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980 1901-12-13 20:45:52 UTC through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. However, some |
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981 operating systems have larger time values, and can represent times far |
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982 in the past or future. |
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983 |
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984 Time conversion functions always use the Gregorian calendar, even for |
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985 dates before the Gregorian calendar was introduced. Year numbers count |
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986 the number of years since the year 1 B.C., and do not skip zero as |
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987 traditional Gregorian years do; for example, the year number @minus{}37 |
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988 represents the Gregorian year 38 B.C@. |
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989 |
12067 | 990 @defun format-time-string format-string time |
991 This function converts @var{time} to a string according to | |
992 @var{format-string}. The argument @var{format-string} may contain | |
993 @samp{%}-sequences which say to substitute parts of the time. Here is a | |
994 table of what the @samp{%}-sequences mean: | |
995 | |
996 @table @samp | |
997 @item %a | |
998 This stands for the abbreviated name of the day of week. | |
999 @item %A | |
1000 This stands for the full name of the day of week. | |
1001 @item %b | |
1002 This stands for the abbreviated name of the month. | |
1003 @item %B | |
1004 This stands for the full name of the month. | |
1005 @item %c | |
1006 This is a synonym for @samp{%x %X}. | |
1007 @item %C | |
12098 | 1008 This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named C), it |
1009 is equivalent to @samp{%A, %B %e, %Y}. | |
12067 | 1010 @item %d |
1011 This stands for the day of month, zero-padded. | |
1012 @item %D | |
1013 This is a synonym for @samp{%m/%d/%y}. | |
1014 @item %e | |
1015 This stands for the day of month, blank-padded. | |
1016 @item %h | |
1017 This is a synonym for @samp{%b}. | |
1018 @item %H | |
1019 This stands for the hour (00-23). | |
1020 @item %I | |
1021 This stands for the hour (00-12). | |
1022 @item %j | |
1023 This stands for the day of the year (001-366). | |
1024 @item %k | |
1025 This stands for the hour (0-23), blank padded. | |
1026 @item %l | |
1027 This stands for the hour (1-12), blank padded. | |
1028 @item %m | |
1029 This stands for the month (01-12). | |
1030 @item %M | |
1031 This stands for the minute (00-59). | |
1032 @item %n | |
1033 This stands for a newline. | |
1034 @item %p | |
1035 This stands for @samp{AM} or @samp{PM}, as appropriate. | |
1036 @item %r | |
1037 This is a synonym for @samp{%I:%M:%S %p}. | |
1038 @item %R | |
1039 This is a synonym for @samp{%H:%M}. | |
1040 @item %S | |
1041 This stands for the seconds (00-60). | |
1042 @item %t | |
1043 This stands for a tab character. | |
1044 @item %T | |
1045 This is a synonym for @samp{%H:%M:%S}. | |
1046 @item %U | |
1047 This stands for the week of the year (01-52), assuming that weeks | |
1048 start on Sunday. | |
1049 @item %w | |
1050 This stands for the numeric day of week (0-6). Sunday is day 0. | |
1051 @item %W | |
1052 This stands for the week of the year (01-52), assuming that weeks | |
1053 start on Monday. | |
1054 @item %x | |
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1055 This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named |
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1056 @samp{C}), it is equivalent to @samp{%D}. |
12067 | 1057 @item %X |
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1058 This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named |
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1059 @samp{C}), it is equivalent to @samp{%T}. |
12067 | 1060 @item %y |
1061 This stands for the year without century (00-99). | |
1062 @item %Y | |
1063 This stands for the year with century. | |
1064 @item %Z | |
1065 This stands for the time zone abbreviation. | |
1066 @end table | |
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1067 |
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1068 You can also specify the field width and type of padding for any of |
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1069 these @samp{%}-sequences. This works as in @code{printf}: you write |
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1070 the field width as digits in the middle of a @samp{%}-sequences. If you |
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1071 start the field width with @samp{0}, it means to pad with zeros. If you |
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1072 start the field width with @samp{_}, it means to pad with spaces. |
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1073 |
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1074 For example, @samp{%S} specifies the number of seconds since the minute; |
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1075 @samp{%03S} means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, @samp{%_3S} to |
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1076 pad with spaces to 3 positions. Plain @samp{%3S} pads with zeros, |
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1077 because that is how @samp{%S} normally pads to two positions. |
12067 | 1078 @end defun |
1079 | |
1080 @defun decode-time time | |
12098 | 1081 This function converts a time value into calendrical information. The |
1082 return value is a list of nine elements, as follows: | |
12067 | 1083 |
1084 @example | |
1085 (@var{seconds} @var{minutes} @var{hour} @var{day} @var{month} @var{year} @var{dow} @var{dst} @var{zone}) | |
1086 @end example | |
1087 | |
1088 Here is what the elements mean: | |
1089 | |
1090 @table @var | |
1091 @item sec | |
1092 The number of seconds past the minute, as an integer between 0 and 59. | |
1093 @item minute | |
1094 The number of minutes past the hour, as an integer between 0 and 59. | |
1095 @item hour | |
1096 The hour of the day, as an integer between 0 and 23. | |
1097 @item day | |
1098 The day of the month, as an integer between 1 and 31. | |
1099 @item month | |
1100 The month of the year, as an integer between 1 and 12. | |
1101 @item year | |
1102 The year, an integer typically greater than 1900. | |
1103 @item dow | |
1104 The day of week, as an integer between 0 and 6, where 0 stands for | |
1105 Sunday. | |
1106 @item dst | |
1107 @code{t} if daylight savings time is effect, otherwise @code{nil}. | |
1108 @item zone | |
12098 | 1109 An integer indicating the time zone, as the number of seconds east of |
1110 Greenwich. | |
12067 | 1111 @end table |
1112 | |
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1113 @strong{Common Lisp Note:} Common Lisp has different meanings for |
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1114 @var{dow} and @var{zone}. |
12067 | 1115 @end defun |
1116 | |
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1117 @defun encode-time seconds minutes hour day month year &optional @dots{}zone |
12067 | 1118 This function is the inverse of @code{decode-time}. It converts seven |
12098 | 1119 items of calendrical data into a time value. For the meanings of the |
1120 arguments, see the table above under @code{decode-time}. | |
12067 | 1121 |
1122 Year numbers less than 100 are treated just like other year numbers. If | |
12282
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1123 you want them to stand for years above 1900, you must alter them yourself |
12067 | 1124 before you call @code{encode-time}. |
1125 | |
1126 The optional argument @var{zone} defaults to the current time zone and | |
1127 its daylight savings time rules. If specified, it can be either a list | |
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1128 (as you would get from @code{current-time-zone}), a string as in the |
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1129 @code{TZ} environment variable, or an integer (as you would get from |
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1130 @code{decode-time}). The specified zone is used without any further |
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1131 alteration for daylight savings time. |
15762
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1132 |
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1133 If you pass more than seven arguments to @code{encode-time}, the first |
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1134 six are used as @var{seconds} through @var{year}, the last argument is |
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1135 used as @var{zone}, and the arguments in between are ignored. This |
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1136 feature makes it possible to use the elements of a list returned by |
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Lots of timer feature updates.
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1137 @code{decode-time} as the arguments to @code{encode-time}, like this: |
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1138 |
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1139 @example |
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1140 (apply 'encode-time (decode-time @dots{})) |
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1141 @end example |
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1142 |
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1143 You can perform simple date arithmetic by using out-of-range values for |
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1144 the @var{sec}, @var{minute}, @var{hour}, @var{day}, and @var{month} |
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1145 arguments; for example, day 0 means the day preceding the given month. |
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1146 |
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1147 The operating system puts limits on the range of possible time values; |
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1148 if you try to encode a time that is out of range, an error results. |
6558 | 1149 @end defun |
1150 | |
1151 @node Timers | |
12098 | 1152 @section Timers for Delayed Execution |
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1153 @cindex timer |
6558 | 1154 |
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1155 You can set up a @dfn{timer} to call a function at a specified future time or |
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1156 after a certain length of idleness. |
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1157 |
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1158 Emacs cannot run timers at any arbitrary point in a Lisp program; it |
15762
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1159 can run them only when Emacs could accept output from a subprocess: |
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Lots of timer feature updates.
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1160 namely, while waiting or inside certain primitive functions such as |
22252
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1161 @code{sit-for} or @code{read-event} which @emph{can} wait. Therefore, a |
15762
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1162 timer's execution may be delayed if Emacs is busy. However, the time of |
9305e83c313d
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1163 execution is very precise if Emacs is idle. |
6558 | 1164 |
1165 @defun run-at-time time repeat function &rest args | |
1166 This function arranges to call @var{function} with arguments @var{args} | |
1167 at time @var{time}. The argument @var{function} is a function to call | |
1168 later, and @var{args} are the arguments to give it when it is called. | |
1169 The time @var{time} is specified as a string. | |
1170 | |
22252
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1171 Absolute times may be specified in a wide variety of formats; this |
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1172 function tries to accept all the commonly used date formats. Valid |
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1173 formats include these two, |
22138
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1174 |
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1175 @example |
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1176 @var{year}-@var{month}-@var{day} @var{hour}:@var{min}:@var{sec} @var{timezone} |
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1177 |
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1178 @var{hour}:@var{min}:@var{sec} @var{timezone} @var{month}/@var{day}/@var{year} |
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1179 @end example |
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1180 |
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1181 @noindent |
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1182 where in both examples all fields are numbers; the format that |
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1183 @code{current-time-string} returns is also allowed, and many others |
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1184 as well. |
6558 | 1185 |
1186 To specify a relative time, use numbers followed by units. | |
1187 For example: | |
1188 | |
1189 @table @samp | |
1190 @item 1 min | |
1191 denotes 1 minute from now. | |
1192 @item 1 min 5 sec | |
1193 denotes 65 seconds from now. | |
1194 @item 1 min 2 sec 3 hour 4 day 5 week 6 fortnight 7 month 8 year | |
1195 denotes exactly 103 months, 123 days, and 10862 seconds from now. | |
1196 @end table | |
1197 | |
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1198 If @var{time} is a number (integer or floating point), that specifies a |
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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|
1199 relative time measured in seconds. |
6558 | 1200 |
1201 The argument @var{repeat} specifies how often to repeat the call. If | |
1202 @var{repeat} is @code{nil}, there are no repetitions; @var{function} is | |
15762
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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|
1203 called just once, at @var{time}. If @var{repeat} is a number, it |
21007
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1204 specifies a repetition period measured in seconds. |
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1205 |
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1206 In most cases, @var{repeat} has no effect on when @emph{first} call |
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1207 takes place---@var{time} alone specifies that. There is one exception: |
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1208 if @var{time} is @code{t}, then the timer runs whenever the time is a |
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1209 multiple of @var{repeat} seconds after the epoch. This is useful for |
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|
1210 functions like @code{display-time}. |
9009 | 1211 |
1212 The function @code{run-at-time} returns a timer value that identifies | |
1213 the particular scheduled future action. You can use this value to call | |
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|
1214 @code{cancel-timer} (see below). |
6558 | 1215 @end defun |
1216 | |
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|
1217 @defmac with-timeout (seconds timeout-forms@dots{}) body@dots{} |
9305e83c313d
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|
1218 Execute @var{body}, but give up after @var{seconds} seconds. If |
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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|
1219 @var{body} finishes before the time is up, @code{with-timeout} returns |
9305e83c313d
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1220 the value of the last form in @var{body}. If, however, the execution of |
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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1221 @var{body} is cut short by the timeout, then @code{with-timeout} |
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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1222 executes all the @var{timeout-forms} and returns the value of the last |
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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|
1223 of them. |
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|
1224 |
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1225 This macro works by setting a timer to run after @var{seconds} seconds. If |
15762
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|
1226 @var{body} finishes before that time, it cancels the timer. If the |
9305e83c313d
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|
1227 timer actually runs, it terminates execution of @var{body}, then |
9305e83c313d
Lots of timer feature updates.
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1228 executes @var{timeout-forms}. |
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|
1229 |
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|
1230 Since timers can run within a Lisp program only when the program calls a |
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1231 primitive that can wait, @code{with-timeout} cannot stop executing |
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1232 @var{body} while it is in the midst of a computation---only when it |
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1233 calls one of those primitives. So use @code{with-timeout} only with a |
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1234 @var{body} that waits for input, not one that does a long computation. |
9305e83c313d
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|
1235 @end defmac |
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|
1236 |
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|
1237 The function @code{y-or-n-p-with-timeout} provides a simple way to use |
9305e83c313d
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1238 a timer to avoid waiting too long for an answer. @xref{Yes-or-No |
9305e83c313d
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|
1239 Queries}. |
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|
1240 |
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1241 @defun run-with-idle-timer secs repeat function &rest args |
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1242 Set up a timer which runs when Emacs has been idle for @var{secs} |
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1243 seconds. The value of @var{secs} may be an integer or a floating point |
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|
1244 number. |
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|
1245 |
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|
1246 If @var{repeat} is @code{nil}, the timer runs just once, the first time |
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1247 Emacs remains idle for a long enough time. More often @var{repeat} is |
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1248 non-@code{nil}, which means to run the timer @emph{each time} Emacs |
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1249 remains idle for @var{secs} seconds. |
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|
1250 |
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|
1251 The function @code{run-with-idle-timer} returns a timer value which you |
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|
1252 can use in calling @code{cancel-timer} (see below). |
9305e83c313d
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1253 @end defun |
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|
1254 |
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|
1255 @cindex idleness |
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1256 Emacs becomes ``idle'' when it starts waiting for user input, and it |
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1257 remains idle until the user provides some input. If a timer is set for |
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1258 five seconds of idleness, it runs approximately five seconds after Emacs |
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1259 first became idle. Even if its @var{repeat} is true, this timer will |
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1260 not run again as long as Emacs remains idle, because the duration of |
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Lots of timer feature updates.
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1261 idleness will continue to increase and will not go down to five seconds |
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|
1262 again. |
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Lots of timer feature updates.
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|
1263 |
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1264 Emacs can do various things while idle: garbage collect, autosave or |
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1265 handle data from a subprocess. But these interludes during idleness do |
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1266 not interfere with idle timers, because they do not reset the clock of |
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1267 idleness to zero. An idle timer set for 600 seconds will run when ten |
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1268 minutes have elapsed since the last user command was finished, even if |
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1269 subprocess output has been accepted thousands of times within those ten |
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1270 minutes, even if there have been garbage collections and autosaves. |
15762
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1271 |
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1272 When the user supplies input, Emacs becomes non-idle while executing the |
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Lots of timer feature updates.
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1273 input. Then it becomes idle again, and all the idle timers that are |
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1274 set up to repeat will subsequently run another time, one by one. |
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|
1275 |
6558 | 1276 @defun cancel-timer timer |
1277 Cancel the requested action for @var{timer}, which should be a value | |
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1278 previously returned by @code{run-at-time} or @code{run-with-idle-timer}. |
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1279 This cancels the effect of that call to @code{run-at-time}; the arrival |
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1280 of the specified time will not cause anything special to happen. |
6558 | 1281 @end defun |
1282 | |
1283 @node Terminal Input | |
1284 @section Terminal Input | |
1285 @cindex terminal input | |
1286 | |
1287 This section describes functions and variables for recording or | |
1288 manipulating terminal input. See @ref{Display}, for related | |
1289 functions. | |
1290 | |
1291 @menu | |
1292 * Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed. | |
1293 * Translating Input:: Low level conversion of some characters or events | |
1294 into others. | |
1295 * Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events. | |
1296 @end menu | |
1297 | |
1298 @node Input Modes | |
1299 @subsection Input Modes | |
1300 @cindex input modes | |
1301 @cindex terminal input modes | |
1302 | |
1303 @defun set-input-mode interrupt flow meta quit-char | |
1304 This function sets the mode for reading keyboard input. If | |
1305 @var{interrupt} is non-null, then Emacs uses input interrupts. If it is | |
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1306 @code{nil}, then it uses @sc{cbreak} mode. The default setting is |
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1307 system dependent. Some systems always use @sc{cbreak} mode regardless |
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1308 of what is specified. |
6558 | 1309 |
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1310 When Emacs communicates directly with X, it ignores this argument and |
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1311 uses interrupts if that is the way it knows how to communicate. |
6558 | 1312 |
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1313 If @var{flow} is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs uses @sc{xon/xoff} |
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1314 (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-s}) flow control for output to the terminal. This |
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1315 has no effect except in @sc{cbreak} mode. @xref{Flow Control}. |
6558 | 1316 |
1317 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1318 The argument @var{meta} controls support for input character codes | |
1319 above 127. If @var{meta} is @code{t}, Emacs converts characters with | |
1320 the 8th bit set into Meta characters. If @var{meta} is @code{nil}, | |
1321 Emacs disregards the 8th bit; this is necessary when the terminal uses | |
1322 it as a parity bit. If @var{meta} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, | |
1323 Emacs uses all 8 bits of input unchanged. This is good for terminals | |
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1324 that use 8-bit character sets. |
6558 | 1325 |
1326 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1327 If @var{quit-char} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the character to | |
1328 use for quitting. Normally this character is @kbd{C-g}. | |
1329 @xref{Quitting}. | |
1330 @end defun | |
1331 | |
1332 The @code{current-input-mode} function returns the input mode settings | |
1333 Emacs is currently using. | |
1334 | |
1335 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1336 @defun current-input-mode | |
1337 This function returns current mode for reading keyboard input. It | |
1338 returns a list, corresponding to the arguments of @code{set-input-mode}, | |
1339 of the form @code{(@var{interrupt} @var{flow} @var{meta} @var{quit})} in | |
1340 which: | |
1341 @table @var | |
1342 @item interrupt | |
1343 is non-@code{nil} when Emacs is using interrupt-driven input. If | |
1344 @code{nil}, Emacs is using @sc{cbreak} mode. | |
1345 @item flow | |
1346 is non-@code{nil} if Emacs uses @sc{xon/xoff} (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-s}) | |
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1347 flow control for output to the terminal. This value is meaningful only |
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1348 when @var{interrupt} is @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1349 @item meta |
12098 | 1350 is @code{t} if Emacs treats the eighth bit of input characters as |
6558 | 1351 the meta bit; @code{nil} means Emacs clears the eighth bit of every |
1352 input character; any other value means Emacs uses all eight bits as the | |
1353 basic character code. | |
1354 @item quit | |
1355 is the character Emacs currently uses for quitting, usually @kbd{C-g}. | |
1356 @end table | |
1357 @end defun | |
1358 | |
1359 @node Translating Input | |
1360 @subsection Translating Input Events | |
1361 @cindex translating input events | |
1362 | |
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1363 This section describes features for translating input events into |
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1364 other input events before they become part of key sequences. These |
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1365 features apply to each event in the order they are described here: each |
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1366 event is first modified according to @code{extra-keyboard-modifiers}, |
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1367 then translated through @code{keyboard-translate-table} (if applicable), |
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1368 and finally decoded with the specified keyboard coding system. If it is |
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1369 being read as part of a key sequence, it is then added to the sequence |
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1370 being read; then subsequences containing it are checked first with |
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1371 @code{function-key-map} and then with @code{key-translation-map}. |
6558 | 1372 |
1373 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1374 @defvar extra-keyboard-modifiers | |
1375 This variable lets Lisp programs ``press'' the modifier keys on the | |
1376 keyboard. The value is a bit mask: | |
1377 | |
1378 @table @asis | |
1379 @item 1 | |
1380 The @key{SHIFT} key. | |
1381 @item 2 | |
1382 The @key{LOCK} key. | |
1383 @item 4 | |
1384 The @key{CTL} key. | |
1385 @item 8 | |
1386 The @key{META} key. | |
1387 @end table | |
1388 | |
1389 Each time the user types a keyboard key, it is altered as if the | |
1390 modifier keys specified in the bit mask were held down. | |
1391 | |
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1392 When using a window system, the program can ``press'' any of the |
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1393 modifier keys in this way. Otherwise, only the @key{CTL} and @key{META} |
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1394 keys can be virtually pressed. |
6558 | 1395 @end defvar |
1396 | |
1397 @defvar keyboard-translate-table | |
1398 This variable is the translate table for keyboard characters. It lets | |
1399 you reshuffle the keys on the keyboard without changing any command | |
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1400 bindings. Its value is normally a char-table, or else @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1401 |
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1402 If @code{keyboard-translate-table} is a char-table, then each character |
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1403 read from the keyboard is looked up in this character. If the value |
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1404 found there is non-@code{nil}, then it is used instead of the |
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1405 actual input character. |
6558 | 1406 |
1407 In the example below, we set @code{keyboard-translate-table} to a | |
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1408 char-table. Then we fill it in to swap the characters @kbd{C-s} and |
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1409 @kbd{C-\} and the characters @kbd{C-q} and @kbd{C-^}. Subsequently, |
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1410 typing @kbd{C-\} has all the usual effects of typing @kbd{C-s}, and vice |
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1411 versa. (@xref{Flow Control} for more information on this subject.) |
6558 | 1412 |
1413 @cindex flow control example | |
1414 @example | |
1415 @group | |
1416 (defun evade-flow-control () | |
1417 "Replace C-s with C-\ and C-q with C-^." | |
1418 (interactive) | |
1419 @end group | |
1420 @group | |
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1421 (setq keyboard-translate-table |
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1422 (make-char-table 'keyboard-translate-table nil)) |
6558 | 1423 @end group |
1424 @group | |
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1425 ;; @r{Swap @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-\}.} |
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1426 (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\034 ?\^s) |
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1427 (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^s ?\034) |
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1428 @end group |
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1429 @group |
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1430 ;; @r{Swap @kbd{C-q} and @kbd{C-^}.} |
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1431 (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\036 ?\^q) |
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1432 (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^q ?\036)) |
6558 | 1433 @end group |
1434 @end example | |
1435 | |
1436 Note that this translation is the first thing that happens to a | |
1437 character after it is read from the terminal. Record-keeping features | |
1438 such as @code{recent-keys} and dribble files record the characters after | |
1439 translation. | |
1440 @end defvar | |
1441 | |
1442 @defun keyboard-translate from to | |
1443 This function modifies @code{keyboard-translate-table} to translate | |
1444 character code @var{from} into character code @var{to}. It creates | |
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1445 the keyboard translate table if necessary. |
6558 | 1446 @end defun |
1447 | |
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1448 The remaining translation features translate subsequences of key |
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1449 sequences being read. They are implemented in @code{read-key-sequence} |
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1450 and have no effect on input read with @code{read-event}. |
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1451 |
6558 | 1452 @defvar function-key-map |
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1453 This variable holds a keymap that describes the character sequences sent |
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1454 by function keys on an ordinary character terminal. This keymap has the |
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1455 same structure as other keymaps, but is used differently: it specifies |
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1456 translations to make while reading key sequences, rather than bindings |
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1457 for key sequences. |
6558 | 1458 |
1459 If @code{function-key-map} ``binds'' a key sequence @var{k} to a vector | |
1460 @var{v}, then when @var{k} appears as a subsequence @emph{anywhere} in a | |
1461 key sequence, it is replaced with the events in @var{v}. | |
1462 | |
1463 For example, VT100 terminals send @kbd{@key{ESC} O P} when the | |
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1464 keypad @key{PF1} key is pressed. Therefore, we want Emacs to translate |
6558 | 1465 that sequence of events into the single event @code{pf1}. We accomplish |
1466 this by ``binding'' @kbd{@key{ESC} O P} to @code{[pf1]} in | |
1467 @code{function-key-map}, when using a VT100. | |
1468 | |
1469 Thus, typing @kbd{C-c @key{PF1}} sends the character sequence @kbd{C-c | |
1470 @key{ESC} O P}; later the function @code{read-key-sequence} translates | |
1471 this back into @kbd{C-c @key{PF1}}, which it returns as the vector | |
1472 @code{[?\C-c pf1]}. | |
1473 | |
1474 Entries in @code{function-key-map} are ignored if they conflict with | |
1475 bindings made in the minor mode, local, or global keymaps. The intent | |
1476 is that the character sequences that function keys send should not have | |
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1477 command bindings in their own right---but if they do, the ordinary |
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1478 bindings take priority. |
6558 | 1479 |
1480 The value of @code{function-key-map} is usually set up automatically | |
1481 according to the terminal's Terminfo or Termcap entry, but sometimes | |
1482 those need help from terminal-specific Lisp files. Emacs comes with | |
1483 terminal-specific files for many common terminals; their main purpose is | |
1484 to make entries in @code{function-key-map} beyond those that can be | |
1485 deduced from Termcap and Terminfo. @xref{Terminal-Specific}. | |
1486 @end defvar | |
1487 | |
1488 @defvar key-translation-map | |
1489 This variable is another keymap used just like @code{function-key-map} | |
1490 to translate input events into other events. It differs from | |
1491 @code{function-key-map} in two ways: | |
1492 | |
1493 @itemize @bullet | |
1494 @item | |
1495 @code{key-translation-map} goes to work after @code{function-key-map} is | |
1496 finished; it receives the results of translation by | |
1497 @code{function-key-map}. | |
1498 | |
1499 @item | |
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1500 @code{key-translation-map} overrides actual key bindings. For example, |
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1501 if @kbd{C-x f} has a binding in @code{key-translation-map}, that |
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1502 translation takes effect even though @kbd{C-x f} also has a key binding |
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1503 in the global map. |
6558 | 1504 @end itemize |
1505 | |
1506 The intent of @code{key-translation-map} is for users to map one | |
1507 character set to another, including ordinary characters normally bound | |
1508 to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
1509 @end defvar | |
1510 | |
1511 @cindex key translation function | |
1512 You can use @code{function-key-map} or @code{key-translation-map} for | |
1513 more than simple aliases, by using a function, instead of a key | |
1514 sequence, as the ``translation'' of a key. Then this function is called | |
1515 to compute the translation of that key. | |
1516 | |
1517 The key translation function receives one argument, which is the prompt | |
1518 that was specified in @code{read-key-sequence}---or @code{nil} if the | |
1519 key sequence is being read by the editor command loop. In most cases | |
1520 you can ignore the prompt value. | |
1521 | |
1522 If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of altering | |
1523 the event that follows. For example, here's how to define @kbd{C-c h} | |
1524 to turn the character that follows into a Hyper character: | |
1525 | |
1526 @example | |
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1527 @group |
6558 | 1528 (defun hyperify (prompt) |
1529 (let ((e (read-event))) | |
1530 (vector (if (numberp e) | |
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1531 (logior (lsh 1 24) e) |
6558 | 1532 (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e)) |
1533 e | |
1534 (add-event-modifier "H-" e)))))) | |
1535 | |
1536 (defun add-event-modifier (string e) | |
1537 (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e)))) | |
1538 (setq symbol (intern (concat string | |
1539 (symbol-name symbol)))) | |
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1540 @end group |
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1541 @group |
6558 | 1542 (if (symbolp e) |
1543 symbol | |
1544 (cons symbol (cdr e))))) | |
1545 | |
1546 (define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify) | |
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1547 @end group |
6558 | 1548 @end example |
1549 | |
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1550 Finally, if you have enabled keyboard character set decoding using |
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1551 @code{set-keyboard-coding-system}, decoding is done after the |
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1552 translations listed above. @xref{Specifying Coding Systems}. In future |
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1553 Emacs versions, character set decoding may be done before the other |
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1554 translations. |
6558 | 1555 |
1556 @node Recording Input | |
1557 @subsection Recording Input | |
1558 | |
1559 @defun recent-keys | |
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1560 This function returns a vector containing the last 100 input events from |
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1561 the keyboard or mouse. All input events are included, whether or not |
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1562 they were used as parts of key sequences. Thus, you always get the last |
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1563 100 input events, not counting events generated by keyboard macros. |
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1564 (These are excluded because they are less interesting for debugging; it |
9009 | 1565 should be enough to see the events that invoked the macros.) |
6558 | 1566 @end defun |
1567 | |
1568 @deffn Command open-dribble-file filename | |
1569 @cindex dribble file | |
1570 This function opens a @dfn{dribble file} named @var{filename}. When a | |
1571 dribble file is open, each input event from the keyboard or mouse (but | |
1572 not those from keyboard macros) is written in that file. A | |
1573 non-character event is expressed using its printed representation | |
1574 surrounded by @samp{<@dots{}>}. | |
1575 | |
1576 You close the dribble file by calling this function with an argument | |
1577 of @code{nil}. | |
1578 | |
1579 This function is normally used to record the input necessary to | |
1580 trigger an Emacs bug, for the sake of a bug report. | |
1581 | |
1582 @example | |
1583 @group | |
1584 (open-dribble-file "~/dribble") | |
1585 @result{} nil | |
1586 @end group | |
1587 @end example | |
1588 @end deffn | |
1589 | |
1590 See also the @code{open-termscript} function (@pxref{Terminal Output}). | |
1591 | |
1592 @node Terminal Output | |
1593 @section Terminal Output | |
1594 @cindex terminal output | |
1595 | |
1596 The terminal output functions send output to the terminal or keep | |
1597 track of output sent to the terminal. The variable @code{baud-rate} | |
1598 tells you what Emacs thinks is the output speed of the terminal. | |
1599 | |
1600 @defvar baud-rate | |
1601 This variable's value is the output speed of the terminal, as far as | |
1602 Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not change the speed of actual | |
1603 data transmission, but the value is used for calculations such as | |
1604 padding. It also affects decisions about whether to scroll part of the | |
9009 | 1605 screen or repaint---even when using a window system. (We designed it |
6558 | 1606 this way despite the fact that a window system has no true ``output |
1607 speed'', to give you a way to tune these decisions.) | |
1608 | |
1609 The value is measured in baud. | |
1610 @end defvar | |
1611 | |
1612 If you are running across a network, and different parts of the | |
1613 network work at different baud rates, the value returned by Emacs may be | |
1614 different from the value used by your local terminal. Some network | |
1615 protocols communicate the local terminal speed to the remote machine, so | |
1616 that Emacs and other programs can get the proper value, but others do | |
1617 not. If Emacs has the wrong value, it makes decisions that are less | |
1618 than optimal. To fix the problem, set @code{baud-rate}. | |
1619 | |
1620 @defun baud-rate | |
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1621 This obsolete function returns the value of the variable |
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1622 @code{baud-rate}. |
6558 | 1623 @end defun |
1624 | |
1625 @defun send-string-to-terminal string | |
1626 This function sends @var{string} to the terminal without alteration. | |
1627 Control characters in @var{string} have terminal-dependent effects. | |
1628 | |
1629 One use of this function is to define function keys on terminals that | |
1630 have downloadable function key definitions. For example, this is how on | |
1631 certain terminals to define function key 4 to move forward four | |
1632 characters (by transmitting the characters @kbd{C-u C-f} to the | |
1633 computer): | |
1634 | |
1635 @example | |
1636 @group | |
1637 (send-string-to-terminal "\eF4\^U\^F") | |
1638 @result{} nil | |
1639 @end group | |
1640 @end example | |
1641 @end defun | |
1642 | |
1643 @deffn Command open-termscript filename | |
1644 @cindex termscript file | |
1645 This function is used to open a @dfn{termscript file} that will record | |
1646 all the characters sent by Emacs to the terminal. It returns | |
1647 @code{nil}. Termscript files are useful for investigating problems | |
1648 where Emacs garbles the screen, problems that are due to incorrect | |
1649 Termcap entries or to undesirable settings of terminal options more | |
1650 often than to actual Emacs bugs. Once you are certain which characters | |
1651 were actually output, you can determine reliably whether they correspond | |
1652 to the Termcap specifications in use. | |
1653 | |
1654 See also @code{open-dribble-file} in @ref{Terminal Input}. | |
1655 | |
1656 @example | |
1657 @group | |
1658 (open-termscript "../junk/termscript") | |
1659 @result{} nil | |
1660 @end group | |
1661 @end example | |
1662 @end deffn | |
1663 | |
1664 @node Special Keysyms | |
1665 @section System-Specific X11 Keysyms | |
1666 | |
1667 To define system-specific X11 keysyms, set the variable | |
1668 @code{system-key-alist}. | |
1669 | |
1670 @defvar system-key-alist | |
1671 This variable's value should be an alist with one element for each | |
1672 system-specific keysym. An element has this form: @code{(@var{code} | |
1673 . @var{symbol})}, where @var{code} is the numeric keysym code (not | |
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1674 including the ``vendor specific'' bit, |
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1675 @ifinfo |
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1676 -2**28, |
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1677 @end ifinfo |
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1678 @tex |
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1679 $-2^{28}$, |
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1680 @end tex |
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1681 and @var{symbol} is the name for the function key. |
6558 | 1682 |
1683 For example @code{(168 . mute-acute)} defines a system-specific key used | |
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1684 by HP X servers whose numeric code is |
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1685 @ifinfo |
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1686 -2**28 |
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1687 @end ifinfo |
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1688 @tex |
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1689 $-2^{28}$ |
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1690 @end tex |
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1691 + 168. |
6558 | 1692 |
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1693 It is not crucial to exclude from the alist the keysyms of other X |
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1694 servers; those do no harm, as long as they don't conflict with the ones |
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1695 used by the X server actually in use. |
12067 | 1696 |
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1697 The variable is always local to the current terminal, and cannot be |
12067 | 1698 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. |
6558 | 1699 @end defvar |
1700 | |
1701 @node Flow Control | |
1702 @section Flow Control | |
1703 @cindex flow control characters | |
1704 | |
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1705 This section attempts to answer the question ``Why does Emacs use |
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1706 flow-control characters in its command character set?'' For a second |
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1707 view on this issue, read the comments on flow control in the |
6558 | 1708 @file{emacs/INSTALL} file from the distribution; for help with Termcap |
1709 entries and DEC terminal concentrators, see @file{emacs/etc/TERMS}. | |
1710 | |
1711 @cindex @kbd{C-s} | |
1712 @cindex @kbd{C-q} | |
1713 At one time, most terminals did not need flow control, and none used | |
1714 @code{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for flow control. Therefore, the choice of | |
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1715 @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} as command characters for searching and quoting |
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1716 was natural and uncontroversial. With so many commands needing key |
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1717 assignments, of course we assigned meanings to nearly all @sc{ASCII} |
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1718 control characters. |
6558 | 1719 |
1720 Later, some terminals were introduced which required these characters | |
1721 for flow control. They were not very good terminals for full-screen | |
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1722 editing, so Emacs maintainers ignored them. In later years, flow |
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1723 control with @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} became widespread among terminals, |
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1724 but by this time it was usually an option. And the majority of Emacs |
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1725 users, who can turn flow control off, did not want to switch to less |
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1726 mnemonic key bindings for the sake of flow control. |
6558 | 1727 |
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1728 So which usage is ``right''---Emacs's or that of some terminal and |
6558 | 1729 concentrator manufacturers? This question has no simple answer. |
1730 | |
1731 One reason why we are reluctant to cater to the problems caused by | |
1732 @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} is that they are gratuitous. There are other | |
1733 techniques (albeit less common in practice) for flow control that | |
1734 preserve transparency of the character stream. Note also that their use | |
1735 for flow control is not an official standard. Interestingly, on the | |
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1736 model 33 teletype with a paper tape punch (around 1970), @kbd{C-s} and |
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1737 @kbd{C-q} were sent by the computer to turn the punch on and off! |
6558 | 1738 |
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1739 As window systems and PC terminal emulators replace character-only |
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1740 terminals, the flow control problem is gradually disappearing. For the |
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1741 mean time, Emacs provides a convenient way of enabling flow control if |
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1742 you want it: call the function @code{enable-flow-control}. |
6558 | 1743 |
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1744 @deffn Command enable-flow-control |
6558 | 1745 This function enables use of @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for output flow |
1746 control, and provides the characters @kbd{C-\} and @kbd{C-^} as aliases | |
1747 for them using @code{keyboard-translate-table} (@pxref{Translating Input}). | |
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1748 @end deffn |
6558 | 1749 |
1750 You can use the function @code{enable-flow-control-on} in your | |
1751 @file{.emacs} file to enable flow control automatically on certain | |
1752 terminal types. | |
1753 | |
1754 @defun enable-flow-control-on &rest termtypes | |
1755 This function enables flow control, and the aliases @kbd{C-\} and @kbd{C-^}, | |
1756 if the terminal type is one of @var{termtypes}. For example: | |
1757 | |
1758 @smallexample | |
1759 (enable-flow-control-on "vt200" "vt300" "vt101" "vt131") | |
1760 @end smallexample | |
1761 @end defun | |
1762 | |
1763 Here is how @code{enable-flow-control} does its job: | |
1764 | |
1765 @enumerate | |
1766 @item | |
1767 @cindex @sc{cbreak} | |
1768 It sets @sc{cbreak} mode for terminal input, and tells the operating | |
1769 system to handle flow control, with @code{(set-input-mode nil t)}. | |
1770 | |
1771 @item | |
1772 It sets up @code{keyboard-translate-table} to translate @kbd{C-\} and | |
9009 | 1773 @kbd{C-^} into @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}. Except at its very |
6558 | 1774 lowest level, Emacs never knows that the characters typed were anything |
1775 but @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}, so you can in effect type them as @kbd{C-\} | |
1776 and @kbd{C-^} even when they are input for other commands. | |
1777 @xref{Translating Input}. | |
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1778 @end enumerate |
6558 | 1779 |
1780 If the terminal is the source of the flow control characters, then once | |
1781 you enable kernel flow control handling, you probably can make do with | |
1782 less padding than normal for that terminal. You can reduce the amount | |
1783 of padding by customizing the Termcap entry. You can also reduce it by | |
1784 setting @code{baud-rate} to a smaller value so that Emacs uses a smaller | |
1785 speed when calculating the padding needed. @xref{Terminal Output}. | |
1786 | |
1787 @node Batch Mode | |
1788 @section Batch Mode | |
1789 @cindex batch mode | |
1790 @cindex noninteractive use | |
1791 | |
1792 The command line option @samp{-batch} causes Emacs to run | |
1793 noninteractively. In this mode, Emacs does not read commands from the | |
1794 terminal, it does not alter the terminal modes, and it does not expect | |
1795 to be outputting to an erasable screen. The idea is that you specify | |
1796 Lisp programs to run; when they are finished, Emacs should exit. The | |
1797 way to specify the programs to run is with @samp{-l @var{file}}, which | |
1798 loads the library named @var{file}, and @samp{-f @var{function}}, which | |
1799 calls @var{function} with no arguments. | |
1800 | |
1801 Any Lisp program output that would normally go to the echo area, | |
1802 either using @code{message} or using @code{prin1}, etc., with @code{t} | |
12098 | 1803 as the stream, goes instead to Emacs's standard error descriptor when |
6558 | 1804 in batch mode. Thus, Emacs behaves much like a noninteractive |
1805 application program. (The echo area output that Emacs itself normally | |
1806 generates, such as command echoing, is suppressed entirely.) | |
1807 | |
1808 @defvar noninteractive | |
1809 This variable is non-@code{nil} when Emacs is running in batch mode. | |
1810 @end defvar |