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annotate lispref/internals.texi @ 76241:e4d076f4d52c
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date | Wed, 28 Feb 2007 22:22:08 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, |
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4 @c 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/internals | |
7 @node GNU Emacs Internals, Standard Errors, Tips, Top | |
8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
9 @appendix GNU Emacs Internals | |
10 | |
11 This chapter describes how the runnable Emacs executable is dumped with | |
12 the preloaded Lisp libraries in it, how storage is allocated, and some | |
13 internal aspects of GNU Emacs that may be of interest to C programmers. | |
14 | |
15 @menu | |
54041 | 16 * Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made. |
6451 | 17 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. |
18 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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19 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
6451 | 20 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
21 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
22 @end menu | |
23 | |
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24 @node Building Emacs |
6451 | 25 @appendixsec Building Emacs |
26 @cindex building Emacs | |
27 @pindex temacs | |
28 | |
29 This section explains the steps involved in building the Emacs | |
30 executable. You don't have to know this material to build and install | |
31 Emacs, since the makefiles do all these things automatically. This | |
32 information is pertinent to Emacs maintenance. | |
33 | |
34 Compilation of the C source files in the @file{src} directory | |
35 produces an executable file called @file{temacs}, also called a | |
36 @dfn{bare impure Emacs}. It contains the Emacs Lisp interpreter and I/O | |
37 routines, but not the editing commands. | |
38 | |
39 @cindex @file{loadup.el} | |
40 The command @w{@samp{temacs -l loadup}} uses @file{temacs} to create | |
41 the real runnable Emacs executable. These arguments direct | |
42 @file{temacs} to evaluate the Lisp files specified in the file | |
43 @file{loadup.el}. These files set up the normal Emacs editing | |
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44 environment, resulting in an Emacs that is still impure but no longer |
6451 | 45 bare. |
46 | |
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47 @cindex dumping Emacs |
6451 | 48 It takes a substantial time to load the standard Lisp files. Luckily, |
49 you don't have to do this each time you run Emacs; @file{temacs} can | |
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50 dump out an executable program called @file{emacs} that has these files |
6451 | 51 preloaded. @file{emacs} starts more quickly because it does not need to |
52 load the files. This is the Emacs executable that is normally | |
53 installed. | |
54 | |
55 To create @file{emacs}, use the command @samp{temacs -batch -l loadup | |
56 dump}. The purpose of @samp{-batch} here is to prevent @file{temacs} | |
57 from trying to initialize any of its data on the terminal; this ensures | |
58 that the tables of terminal information are empty in the dumped Emacs. | |
59 The argument @samp{dump} tells @file{loadup.el} to dump a new executable | |
60 named @file{emacs}. | |
61 | |
62 Some operating systems don't support dumping. On those systems, you | |
63 must start Emacs with the @samp{temacs -l loadup} command each time you | |
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64 use it. This takes a substantial time, but since you need to start |
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65 Emacs once a day at most---or once a week if you never log out---the |
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66 extra time is not too severe a problem. |
6451 | 67 |
68 @cindex @file{site-load.el} | |
26165 | 69 |
6451 | 70 You can specify additional files to preload by writing a library named |
26165 | 71 @file{site-load.el} that loads them. You may need to add a definition |
72 | |
73 @example | |
74 #define SITELOAD_PURESIZE_EXTRA @var{n} | |
75 @end example | |
76 | |
77 @noindent | |
78 to make @var{n} added bytes of pure space to hold the additional files. | |
79 (Try adding increments of 20000 until it is big enough.) However, the | |
80 advantage of preloading additional files decreases as machines get | |
81 faster. On modern machines, it is usually not advisable. | |
6451 | 82 |
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83 After @file{loadup.el} reads @file{site-load.el}, it finds the |
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84 documentation strings for primitive and preloaded functions (and |
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85 variables) in the file @file{etc/DOC} where they are stored, by |
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86 calling @code{Snarf-documentation} (@pxref{Definition of |
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87 Snarf-documentation,, Accessing Documentation}). |
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88 |
6451 | 89 @cindex @file{site-init.el} |
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90 @cindex preloading additional functions and variables |
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91 You can specify other Lisp expressions to execute just before dumping |
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92 by putting them in a library named @file{site-init.el}. This file is |
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93 executed after the documentation strings are found. |
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94 |
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95 If you want to preload function or variable definitions, there are |
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96 three ways you can do this and make their documentation strings |
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97 accessible when you subsequently run Emacs: |
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98 |
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99 @itemize @bullet |
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100 @item |
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101 Arrange to scan these files when producing the @file{etc/DOC} file, |
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102 and load them with @file{site-load.el}. |
6451 | 103 |
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104 @item |
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105 Load the files with @file{site-init.el}, then copy the files into the |
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106 installation directory for Lisp files when you install Emacs. |
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107 |
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108 @item |
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109 Specify a non-@code{nil} value for |
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110 @code{byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings} as a local variable in each of these |
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111 files, and load them with either @file{site-load.el} or |
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112 @file{site-init.el}. (This method has the drawback that the |
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113 documentation strings take up space in Emacs all the time.) |
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114 @end itemize |
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115 |
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116 It is not advisable to put anything in @file{site-load.el} or |
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117 @file{site-init.el} that would alter any of the features that users |
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118 expect in an ordinary unmodified Emacs. If you feel you must override |
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119 normal features for your site, do it with @file{default.el}, so that |
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120 users can override your changes if they wish. @xref{Startup Summary}. |
6451 | 121 |
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122 In a package that can be preloaded, it is sometimes useful to |
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123 specify a computation to be done when Emacs subsequently starts up. |
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124 For this, use @code{eval-at-startup}: |
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125 |
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126 @defmac eval-at-startup body@dots{} |
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127 This evaluates the @var{body} forms, either immediately if running in |
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128 an Emacs that has already started up, or later when Emacs does start |
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129 up. Since the value of the @var{body} forms is not necessarily |
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130 available when the @code{eval-at-startup} form is run, that form |
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131 always returns @code{nil}. |
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132 @end defmac |
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133 |
6451 | 134 @defun dump-emacs to-file from-file |
135 @cindex unexec | |
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136 This function dumps the current state of Emacs into an executable file |
6451 | 137 @var{to-file}. It takes symbols from @var{from-file} (this is normally |
138 the executable file @file{temacs}). | |
139 | |
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140 If you want to use this function in an Emacs that was already dumped, |
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141 you must run Emacs with @samp{-batch}. |
6451 | 142 @end defun |
143 | |
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144 @node Pure Storage |
6451 | 145 @appendixsec Pure Storage |
146 @cindex pure storage | |
147 | |
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148 Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: |
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149 @dfn{normal storage} and @dfn{pure storage}. Normal storage is where |
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150 all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept; see the |
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151 following section for information on normal storage. Pure storage is |
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152 used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files---data that |
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153 should never change during actual use of Emacs. |
6451 | 154 |
155 Pure storage is allocated only while @file{temacs} is loading the | |
156 standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file @file{emacs}, it is | |
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157 marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that |
6451 | 158 the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the |
159 machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is | |
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160 allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for |
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161 the preloaded libraries, @file{temacs} allocates dynamic memory for |
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162 the part that didn't fit. If that happens, you should increase the |
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163 compilation parameter @code{PURESIZE} in the file |
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164 @file{src/puresize.h} and rebuild Emacs, even though the resulting |
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165 image will work: garbage collection is disabled in this situation, |
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166 causing a memory leak. Such an overflow normally won't happen unless you |
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167 try to preload additional libraries or add features to the standard |
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168 ones. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when it |
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169 starts. |
6451 | 170 |
171 @defun purecopy object | |
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172 This function makes a copy in pure storage of @var{object}, and returns |
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173 it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same |
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174 characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. It |
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175 recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. It does |
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176 not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns |
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177 them unchanged. It signals an error if asked to copy markers. |
6451 | 178 |
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179 This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; |
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180 it is usually called only in the file @file{emacs/lisp/loaddefs.el}, but |
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181 a few packages call it just in case you decide to preload them. |
6451 | 182 @end defun |
183 | |
184 @defvar pure-bytes-used | |
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185 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage |
6451 | 186 allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very |
187 close to the total amount of pure storage available---if it were not, | |
188 we would preallocate less. | |
189 @end defvar | |
190 | |
191 @defvar purify-flag | |
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192 This variable determines whether @code{defun} should make a copy of the |
6451 | 193 function definition in pure storage. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the |
194 function definition is copied into pure storage. | |
195 | |
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196 This flag is @code{t} while loading all of the basic functions for |
6451 | 197 building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be sharable and |
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198 non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes |
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199 @code{nil} in this variable, regardless of the value it actually has |
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200 before and after dumping. |
6451 | 201 |
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202 You should not change this flag in a running Emacs. |
6451 | 203 @end defvar |
204 | |
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205 @node Garbage Collection |
6451 | 206 @appendixsec Garbage Collection |
207 @cindex garbage collector | |
208 | |
209 @cindex memory allocation | |
210 When a program creates a list or the user defines a new function (such | |
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211 as by loading a library), that data is placed in normal storage. If |
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212 normal storage runs low, then Emacs asks the operating system to |
6451 | 213 allocate more memory in blocks of 1k bytes. Each block is used for one |
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214 type of Lisp object, so symbols, cons cells, markers, etc., are |
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215 segregated in distinct blocks in memory. (Vectors, long strings, |
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216 buffers and certain other editing types, which are fairly large, are |
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217 allocated in individual blocks, one per object, while small strings are |
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218 packed into blocks of 8k bytes.) |
6451 | 219 |
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220 It is quite common to use some storage for a while, then release it by |
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221 (for example) killing a buffer or deleting the last pointer to an |
6451 | 222 object. Emacs provides a @dfn{garbage collector} to reclaim this |
223 abandoned storage. (This name is traditional, but ``garbage recycler'' | |
224 might be a more intuitive metaphor for this facility.) | |
225 | |
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226 The garbage collector operates by finding and marking all Lisp objects |
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227 that are still accessible to Lisp programs. To begin with, it assumes |
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228 all the symbols, their values and associated function definitions, and |
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229 any data presently on the stack, are accessible. Any objects that can |
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230 be reached indirectly through other accessible objects are also |
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231 accessible. |
6451 | 232 |
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233 When marking is finished, all objects still unmarked are garbage. No |
6451 | 234 matter what the Lisp program or the user does, it is impossible to refer |
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235 to them, since there is no longer a way to reach them. Their space |
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236 might as well be reused, since no one will miss them. The second |
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237 (``sweep'') phase of the garbage collector arranges to reuse them. |
6451 | 238 |
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239 @c ??? Maybe add something describing weak hash tables here? |
26165 | 240 |
6451 | 241 @cindex free list |
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242 The sweep phase puts unused cons cells onto a @dfn{free list} |
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243 for future allocation; likewise for symbols and markers. It compacts |
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244 the accessible strings so they occupy fewer 8k blocks; then it frees the |
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245 other 8k blocks. Vectors, buffers, windows, and other large objects are |
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246 individually allocated and freed using @code{malloc} and @code{free}. |
6451 | 247 |
248 @cindex CL note---allocate more storage | |
249 @quotation | |
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250 @b{Common Lisp note:} Unlike other Lisps, GNU Emacs Lisp does not |
6451 | 251 call the garbage collector when the free list is empty. Instead, it |
252 simply requests the operating system to allocate more storage, and | |
253 processing continues until @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes have been | |
254 used. | |
255 | |
256 This means that you can make sure that the garbage collector will not | |
257 run during a certain portion of a Lisp program by calling the garbage | |
258 collector explicitly just before it (provided that portion of the | |
259 program does not use so much space as to force a second garbage | |
260 collection). | |
261 @end quotation | |
262 | |
263 @deffn Command garbage-collect | |
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264 This command runs a garbage collection, and returns information on |
6451 | 265 the amount of space in use. (Garbage collection can also occur |
266 spontaneously if you use more than @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes of | |
267 Lisp data since the previous garbage collection.) | |
268 | |
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269 @code{garbage-collect} returns a list containing the following |
6451 | 270 information: |
271 | |
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272 @example |
6451 | 273 @group |
274 ((@var{used-conses} . @var{free-conses}) | |
275 (@var{used-syms} . @var{free-syms}) | |
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276 @end group |
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277 (@var{used-miscs} . @var{free-miscs}) |
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278 @var{used-string-chars} |
6451 | 279 @var{used-vector-slots} |
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280 (@var{used-floats} . @var{free-floats}) |
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281 (@var{used-intervals} . @var{free-intervals}) |
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282 (@var{used-strings} . @var{free-strings})) |
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283 @end example |
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284 |
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285 Here is an example: |
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286 |
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287 @example |
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288 @group |
6451 | 289 (garbage-collect) |
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290 @result{} ((106886 . 13184) (9769 . 0) |
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291 (7731 . 4651) 347543 121628 |
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292 (31 . 94) (1273 . 168) |
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293 (25474 . 3569)) |
6451 | 294 @end group |
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295 @end example |
6451 | 296 |
297 Here is a table explaining each element: | |
298 | |
299 @table @var | |
300 @item used-conses | |
301 The number of cons cells in use. | |
302 | |
303 @item free-conses | |
304 The number of cons cells for which space has been obtained from the | |
305 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
306 | |
307 @item used-syms | |
308 The number of symbols in use. | |
309 | |
310 @item free-syms | |
311 The number of symbols for which space has been obtained from the | |
312 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
313 | |
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314 @item used-miscs |
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315 The number of miscellaneous objects in use. These include markers and |
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316 overlays, plus certain objects not visible to users. |
6451 | 317 |
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318 @item free-miscs |
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319 The number of miscellaneous objects for which space has been obtained |
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320 from the operating system, but that are not currently being used. |
6451 | 321 |
322 @item used-string-chars | |
323 The total size of all strings, in characters. | |
324 | |
325 @item used-vector-slots | |
326 The total number of elements of existing vectors. | |
327 | |
328 @item used-floats | |
329 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
330 The number of floats in use. | |
331 | |
332 @item free-floats | |
333 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
334 The number of floats for which space has been obtained from the | |
335 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
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336 |
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337 @item used-intervals |
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338 The number of intervals in use. Intervals are an internal |
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339 data structure used for representing text properties. |
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340 |
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341 @item free-intervals |
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342 The number of intervals for which space has been obtained |
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343 from the operating system, but that are not currently being used. |
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344 |
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345 @item used-strings |
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346 The number of strings in use. |
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347 |
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348 @item free-strings |
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349 The number of string headers for which the space was obtained from the |
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350 operating system, but which are currently not in use. (A string |
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351 object consists of a header and the storage for the string text |
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352 itself; the latter is only allocated when the string is created.) |
6451 | 353 @end table |
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354 |
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355 If there was overflow in pure space (see the previous section), |
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356 @code{garbage-collect} returns @code{nil}, because a real garbage |
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357 collection can not be done in this situation. |
6451 | 358 @end deffn |
359 | |
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360 @defopt garbage-collection-messages |
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361 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs displays a message at the |
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362 beginning and end of garbage collection. The default value is |
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363 @code{nil}, meaning there are no such messages. |
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364 @end defopt |
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365 |
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366 @defvar post-gc-hook |
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367 This is a normal hook that is run at the end of garbage collection. |
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368 Garbage collection is inhibited while the hook functions run, so be |
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369 careful writing them. |
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370 @end defvar |
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371 |
6451 | 372 @defopt gc-cons-threshold |
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373 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of storage that must |
6451 | 374 be allocated for Lisp objects after one garbage collection in order to |
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375 trigger another garbage collection. A cons cell counts as eight bytes, |
6451 | 376 a string as one byte per character plus a few bytes of overhead, and so |
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377 on; space allocated to the contents of buffers does not count. Note |
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378 that the subsequent garbage collection does not happen immediately when |
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379 the threshold is exhausted, but only the next time the Lisp evaluator is |
6451 | 380 called. |
381 | |
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382 The initial threshold value is 400,000. If you specify a larger |
6451 | 383 value, garbage collection will happen less often. This reduces the |
384 amount of time spent garbage collecting, but increases total memory use. | |
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385 You may want to do this when running a program that creates lots of |
6451 | 386 Lisp data. |
387 | |
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388 You can make collections more frequent by specifying a smaller value, |
6451 | 389 down to 10,000. A value less than 10,000 will remain in effect only |
390 until the subsequent garbage collection, at which time | |
391 @code{garbage-collect} will set the threshold back to 10,000. | |
392 @end defopt | |
393 | |
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394 @defopt gc-cons-percentage |
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395 The value of this variable specifies the amount of consing before a |
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396 garbage collection occurs, as a fraction of the current heap size. |
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397 This criterion and @code{gc-cons-threshold} apply in parallel, and |
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398 garbage collection occurs only when both criteria are satisfied. |
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399 |
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400 As the heap size increases, the time to perform a garbage collection |
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401 increases. Thus, it can be desirable to do them less frequently in |
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402 proportion. |
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403 @end defopt |
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404 |
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405 The value returned by @code{garbage-collect} describes the amount of |
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406 memory used by Lisp data, broken down by data type. By contrast, the |
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407 function @code{memory-limit} provides information on the total amount of |
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408 memory Emacs is currently using. |
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409 |
6451 | 410 @c Emacs 19 feature |
411 @defun memory-limit | |
412 This function returns the address of the last byte Emacs has allocated, | |
413 divided by 1024. We divide the value by 1024 to make sure it fits in a | |
414 Lisp integer. | |
415 | |
416 You can use this to get a general idea of how your actions affect the | |
417 memory usage. | |
418 @end defun | |
419 | |
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420 @defvar memory-full |
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421 This variable is @code{t} if Emacs is close to out of memory for Lisp |
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422 objects, and @code{nil} otherwise. |
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423 @end defvar |
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424 |
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425 @defun memory-use-counts |
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426 This returns a list of numbers that count the number of objects |
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427 created in this Emacs session. Each of these counters increments for |
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428 a certain kind of object. See the documentation string for details. |
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429 @end defun |
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430 |
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431 @defvar gcs-done |
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432 This variable contains the total number of garbage collections |
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433 done so far in this Emacs session. |
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434 @end defvar |
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435 |
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436 @defvar gc-elapsed |
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437 This variable contains the total number of seconds of elapsed time |
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438 during garbage collection so far in this Emacs session, as a floating |
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439 point number. |
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440 @end defvar |
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441 |
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442 @node Memory Usage |
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443 @section Memory Usage |
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444 |
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445 These functions and variables give information about the total amount |
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446 of memory allocation that Emacs has done, broken down by data type. |
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447 Note the difference between these and the values returned by |
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448 @code{(garbage-collect)}; those count objects that currently exist, but |
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449 these count the number or size of all allocations, including those for |
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450 objects that have since been freed. |
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451 |
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452 @defvar cons-cells-consed |
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453 The total number of cons cells that have been allocated so far |
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454 in this Emacs session. |
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455 @end defvar |
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456 |
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457 @defvar floats-consed |
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458 The total number of floats that have been allocated so far |
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459 in this Emacs session. |
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460 @end defvar |
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461 |
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462 @defvar vector-cells-consed |
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463 The total number of vector cells that have been allocated so far |
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464 in this Emacs session. |
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465 @end defvar |
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466 |
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467 @defvar symbols-consed |
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468 The total number of symbols that have been allocated so far |
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469 in this Emacs session. |
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470 @end defvar |
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471 |
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472 @defvar string-chars-consed |
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473 The total number of string characters that have been allocated so far |
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474 in this Emacs session. |
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475 @end defvar |
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476 |
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477 @defvar misc-objects-consed |
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478 The total number of miscellaneous objects that have been allocated so |
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479 far in this Emacs session. These include markers and overlays, plus |
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480 certain objects not visible to users. |
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481 @end defvar |
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482 |
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483 @defvar intervals-consed |
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484 The total number of intervals that have been allocated so far |
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485 in this Emacs session. |
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486 @end defvar |
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487 |
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488 @defvar strings-consed |
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489 The total number of strings that have been allocated so far in this |
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490 Emacs session. |
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491 @end defvar |
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492 |
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493 @node Writing Emacs Primitives |
6451 | 494 @appendixsec Writing Emacs Primitives |
495 @cindex primitive function internals | |
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496 @cindex writing Emacs primitives |
6451 | 497 |
498 Lisp primitives are Lisp functions implemented in C. The details of | |
499 interfacing the C function so that Lisp can call it are handled by a few | |
500 C macros. The only way to really understand how to write new C code is | |
501 to read the source, but we can explain some things here. | |
502 | |
503 An example of a special form is the definition of @code{or}, from | |
504 @file{eval.c}. (An ordinary function would have the same general | |
505 appearance.) | |
506 | |
507 @cindex garbage collection protection | |
508 @smallexample | |
509 @group | |
510 DEFUN ("or", For, Sor, 0, UNEVALLED, 0, | |
71638 | 511 doc: /* Eval args until one of them yields non-nil, then return that |
512 value. The remaining args are not evalled at all. | |
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513 If all args return nil, return nil. |
6451 | 514 @end group |
515 @group | |
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516 usage: (or CONDITIONS ...) */) |
6451 | 517 (args) |
518 Lisp_Object args; | |
519 @{ | |
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520 register Lisp_Object val = Qnil; |
6451 | 521 struct gcpro gcpro1; |
522 @end group | |
523 | |
524 @group | |
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525 GCPRO1 (args); |
6451 | 526 @end group |
527 | |
528 @group | |
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529 while (CONSP (args)) |
6451 | 530 @{ |
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531 val = Feval (XCAR (args)); |
26165 | 532 if (!NILP (val)) |
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533 break; |
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534 args = XCDR (args); |
6451 | 535 @} |
536 @end group | |
537 | |
538 @group | |
539 UNGCPRO; | |
540 return val; | |
541 @} | |
542 @end group | |
543 @end smallexample | |
544 | |
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545 @cindex @code{DEFUN}, C macro to define Lisp primitives |
6451 | 546 Let's start with a precise explanation of the arguments to the |
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547 @code{DEFUN} macro. Here is a template for them: |
6451 | 548 |
549 @example | |
550 DEFUN (@var{lname}, @var{fname}, @var{sname}, @var{min}, @var{max}, @var{interactive}, @var{doc}) | |
551 @end example | |
552 | |
553 @table @var | |
554 @item lname | |
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555 This is the name of the Lisp symbol to define as the function name; in |
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556 the example above, it is @code{or}. |
6451 | 557 |
558 @item fname | |
559 This is the C function name for this function. This is | |
560 the name that is used in C code for calling the function. The name is, | |
561 by convention, @samp{F} prepended to the Lisp name, with all dashes | |
562 (@samp{-}) in the Lisp name changed to underscores. Thus, to call this | |
563 function from C code, call @code{For}. Remember that the arguments must | |
564 be of type @code{Lisp_Object}; various macros and functions for creating | |
565 values of type @code{Lisp_Object} are declared in the file | |
566 @file{lisp.h}. | |
567 | |
568 @item sname | |
569 This is a C variable name to use for a structure that holds the data for | |
570 the subr object that represents the function in Lisp. This structure | |
571 conveys the Lisp symbol name to the initialization routine that will | |
572 create the symbol and store the subr object as its definition. By | |
573 convention, this name is always @var{fname} with @samp{F} replaced with | |
574 @samp{S}. | |
575 | |
576 @item min | |
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577 This is the minimum number of arguments that the function requires. The |
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578 function @code{or} allows a minimum of zero arguments. |
6451 | 579 |
580 @item max | |
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581 This is the maximum number of arguments that the function accepts, if |
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582 there is a fixed maximum. Alternatively, it can be @code{UNEVALLED}, |
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583 indicating a special form that receives unevaluated arguments, or |
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584 @code{MANY}, indicating an unlimited number of evaluated arguments (the |
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585 equivalent of @code{&rest}). Both @code{UNEVALLED} and @code{MANY} are |
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586 macros. If @var{max} is a number, it may not be less than @var{min} and |
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587 it may not be greater than eight. |
6451 | 588 |
589 @item interactive | |
590 This is an interactive specification, a string such as might be used as | |
591 the argument of @code{interactive} in a Lisp function. In the case of | |
592 @code{or}, it is 0 (a null pointer), indicating that @code{or} cannot be | |
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593 called interactively. A value of @code{""} indicates a function that |
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594 should receive no arguments when called interactively. |
6451 | 595 |
596 @item doc | |
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597 This is the documentation string. It uses C comment syntax rather |
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598 than C string syntax because comment syntax requires nothing special |
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599 to include multiple lines. The @samp{doc:} identifies the comment |
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600 that follows as the documentation string. The @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} |
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601 delimiters that begin and end the comment are not part of the |
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602 documentation string. |
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603 |
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604 If the last line of the documentation string begins with the keyword |
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605 @samp{usage:}, the rest of the line is treated as the argument list |
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606 for documentation purposes. This way, you can use different argument |
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607 names in the documentation string from the ones used in the C code. |
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608 @samp{usage:} is required if the function has an unlimited number of |
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609 arguments. |
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610 |
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611 All the usual rules for documentation strings in Lisp code |
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612 (@pxref{Documentation Tips}) apply to C code documentation strings |
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613 too. |
6451 | 614 @end table |
615 | |
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616 After the call to the @code{DEFUN} macro, you must write the argument |
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617 name list that every C function must have, followed by ordinary C |
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618 declarations for the arguments. For a function with a fixed maximum |
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619 number of arguments, declare a C argument for each Lisp argument, and |
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620 give them all type @code{Lisp_Object}. When a Lisp function has no |
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621 upper limit on the number of arguments, its implementation in C actually |
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622 receives exactly two arguments: the first is the number of Lisp |
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623 arguments, and the second is the address of a block containing their |
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624 values. They have types @code{int} and @w{@code{Lisp_Object *}}. |
6451 | 625 |
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626 @cindex @code{GCPRO} and @code{UNGCPRO} |
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627 @cindex protect C variables from garbage collection |
6451 | 628 Within the function @code{For} itself, note the use of the macros |
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629 @code{GCPRO1} and @code{UNGCPRO}. @code{GCPRO1} is used to |
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630 ``protect'' a variable from garbage collection---to inform the garbage |
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631 collector that it must look in that variable and regard its contents |
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632 as an accessible object. GC protection is necessary whenever you call |
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633 @code{Feval} or anything that can directly or indirectly call |
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634 @code{Feval}. At such a time, any Lisp object that this function may |
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635 refer to again must be protected somehow. |
6451 | 636 |
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637 It suffices to ensure that at least one pointer to each object is |
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638 GC-protected; that way, the object cannot be recycled, so all pointers |
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639 to it remain valid. Thus, a particular local variable can do without |
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640 protection if it is certain that the object it points to will be |
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641 preserved by some other pointer (such as another local variable which |
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642 has a @code{GCPRO})@footnote{Formerly, strings were a special |
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643 exception; in older Emacs versions, every local variable that might |
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644 point to a string needed a @code{GCPRO}.}. Otherwise, the local |
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645 variable needs a @code{GCPRO}. |
6451 | 646 |
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647 The macro @code{GCPRO1} protects just one local variable. If you |
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648 want to protect two variables, use @code{GCPRO2} instead; repeating |
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649 @code{GCPRO1} will not work. Macros @code{GCPRO3}, @code{GCPRO4}, |
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650 @code{GCPRO5}, and @code{GCPRO6} also exist. All these macros |
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651 implicitly use local variables such as @code{gcpro1}; you must declare |
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652 these explicitly, with type @code{struct gcpro}. Thus, if you use |
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653 @code{GCPRO2}, you must declare @code{gcpro1} and @code{gcpro2}. |
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654 Alas, we can't explain all the tricky details here. |
6451 | 655 |
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656 @code{UNGCPRO} cancels the protection of the variables that are |
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657 protected in the current function. It is necessary to do this |
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658 explicitly. |
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659 |
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660 Built-in functions that take a variable number of arguments actually |
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661 accept two arguments at the C level: the number of Lisp arguments, and |
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662 a @code{Lisp_Object *} pointer to a C vector containing those Lisp |
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663 arguments. This C vector may be part of a Lisp vector, but it need |
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664 not be. The responsibility for using @code{GCPRO} to protect the Lisp |
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665 arguments from GC if necessary rests with the caller in this case, |
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666 since the caller allocated or found the storage for them. |
6451 | 667 |
10487 | 668 You must not use C initializers for static or global variables unless |
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669 the variables are never written once Emacs is dumped. These variables |
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670 with initializers are allocated in an area of memory that becomes |
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671 read-only (on certain operating systems) as a result of dumping Emacs. |
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672 @xref{Pure Storage}. |
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673 |
10487 | 674 Do not use static variables within functions---place all static |
675 variables at top level in the file. This is necessary because Emacs on | |
676 some operating systems defines the keyword @code{static} as a null | |
677 macro. (This definition is used because those systems put all variables | |
678 declared static in a place that becomes read-only after dumping, whether | |
679 they have initializers or not.) | |
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680 |
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681 @cindex @code{defsubr}, Lisp symbol for a primitive |
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682 Defining the C function is not enough to make a Lisp primitive |
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683 available; you must also create the Lisp symbol for the primitive and |
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684 store a suitable subr object in its function cell. The code looks like |
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685 this: |
6451 | 686 |
687 @example | |
688 defsubr (&@var{subr-structure-name}); | |
689 @end example | |
690 | |
691 @noindent | |
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692 Here @var{subr-structure-name} is the name you used as the third |
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693 argument to @code{DEFUN}. |
6451 | 694 |
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695 If you add a new primitive to a file that already has Lisp primitives |
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696 defined in it, find the function (near the end of the file) named |
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697 @code{syms_of_@var{something}}, and add the call to @code{defsubr} |
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698 there. If the file doesn't have this function, or if you create a new |
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699 file, add to it a @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} (e.g., |
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700 @code{syms_of_myfile}). Then find the spot in @file{emacs.c} where all |
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701 of these functions are called, and add a call to |
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702 @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} there. |
6451 | 703 |
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704 @anchor{Defining Lisp variables in C} |
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705 @vindex byte-boolean-vars |
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706 @cindex defining Lisp variables in C |
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707 @cindex @code{DEFVAR_INT}, @code{DEFVAR_LISP}, @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} |
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708 The function @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} is also the place to define |
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709 any C variables that are to be visible as Lisp variables. |
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710 @code{DEFVAR_LISP} makes a C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object} visible |
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711 in Lisp. @code{DEFVAR_INT} makes a C variable of type @code{int} |
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712 visible in Lisp with a value that is always an integer. |
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713 @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} makes a C variable of type @code{int} visible in Lisp |
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714 with a value that is either @code{t} or @code{nil}. Note that variables |
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715 defined with @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} are automatically added to the list |
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716 @code{byte-boolean-vars} used by the byte compiler. |
6451 | 717 |
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718 @cindex @code{staticpro}, protect file-scope variables from GC |
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719 If you define a file-scope C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object}, |
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720 you must protect it from garbage-collection by calling @code{staticpro} |
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721 in @code{syms_of_@var{filename}}, like this: |
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722 |
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723 @example |
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724 staticpro (&@var{variable}); |
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725 @end example |
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726 |
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727 Here is another example function, with more complicated arguments. |
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728 This comes from the code in @file{window.c}, and it demonstrates the use |
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729 of macros and functions to manipulate Lisp objects. |
6451 | 730 |
731 @smallexample | |
732 @group | |
733 DEFUN ("coordinates-in-window-p", Fcoordinates_in_window_p, | |
734 Scoordinates_in_window_p, 2, 2, | |
735 "xSpecify coordinate pair: \nXExpression which evals to window: ", | |
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736 "Return non-nil if COORDINATES is in WINDOW.\n\ |
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737 COORDINATES is a cons of the form (X . Y), X and Y being distances\n\ |
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738 ... |
6451 | 739 @end group |
740 @group | |
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741 If they are on the border between WINDOW and its right sibling,\n\ |
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742 `vertical-line' is returned.") |
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743 (coordinates, window) |
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744 register Lisp_Object coordinates, window; |
6451 | 745 @{ |
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746 int x, y; |
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747 @end group |
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748 |
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749 @group |
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750 CHECK_LIVE_WINDOW (window, 0); |
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751 CHECK_CONS (coordinates, 1); |
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752 x = XINT (Fcar (coordinates)); |
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753 y = XINT (Fcdr (coordinates)); |
6451 | 754 @end group |
755 | |
756 @group | |
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757 switch (coordinates_in_window (XWINDOW (window), &x, &y)) |
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758 @{ |
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759 case 0: /* NOT in window at all. */ |
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760 return Qnil; |
6451 | 761 @end group |
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762 |
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763 @group |
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764 case 1: /* In text part of window. */ |
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765 return Fcons (make_number (x), make_number (y)); |
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766 @end group |
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767 |
6451 | 768 @group |
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769 case 2: /* In mode line of window. */ |
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770 return Qmode_line; |
6451 | 771 @end group |
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772 |
6451 | 773 @group |
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774 case 3: /* On right border of window. */ |
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775 return Qvertical_line; |
6451 | 776 @end group |
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777 |
6451 | 778 @group |
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779 default: |
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780 abort (); |
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781 @} |
6451 | 782 @} |
783 @end group | |
784 @end smallexample | |
785 | |
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786 Note that C code cannot call functions by name unless they are defined |
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787 in C. The way to call a function written in Lisp is to use |
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788 @code{Ffuncall}, which embodies the Lisp function @code{funcall}. Since |
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789 the Lisp function @code{funcall} accepts an unlimited number of |
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790 arguments, in C it takes two: the number of Lisp-level arguments, and a |
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791 one-dimensional array containing their values. The first Lisp-level |
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792 argument is the Lisp function to call, and the rest are the arguments to |
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793 pass to it. Since @code{Ffuncall} can call the evaluator, you must |
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794 protect pointers from garbage collection around the call to |
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795 @code{Ffuncall}. |
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796 |
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797 The C functions @code{call0}, @code{call1}, @code{call2}, and so on, |
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798 provide handy ways to call a Lisp function conveniently with a fixed |
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799 number of arguments. They work by calling @code{Ffuncall}. |
6451 | 800 |
801 @file{eval.c} is a very good file to look through for examples; | |
802 @file{lisp.h} contains the definitions for some important macros and | |
803 functions. | |
804 | |
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805 If you define a function which is side-effect free, update the code |
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806 in @file{byte-opt.el} which binds @code{side-effect-free-fns} and |
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807 @code{side-effect-and-error-free-fns} so that the compiler optimizer |
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808 knows about it. |
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809 |
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810 @node Object Internals |
6451 | 811 @appendixsec Object Internals |
812 @cindex object internals | |
813 | |
814 GNU Emacs Lisp manipulates many different types of data. The actual | |
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815 data are stored in a heap and the only access that programs have to it |
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816 is through pointers. Pointers are thirty-two bits wide in most |
6451 | 817 implementations. Depending on the operating system and type of machine |
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818 for which you compile Emacs, twenty-nine bits are used to address the |
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819 object, and the remaining three bits are used for the tag that |
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820 identifies the object's type. |
6451 | 821 |
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822 Because Lisp objects are represented as tagged pointers, it is always |
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823 possible to determine the Lisp data type of any object. The C data type |
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824 @code{Lisp_Object} can hold any Lisp object of any data type. Ordinary |
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825 variables have type @code{Lisp_Object}, which means they can hold any |
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826 type of Lisp value; you can determine the actual data type only at run |
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827 time. The same is true for function arguments; if you want a function |
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828 to accept only a certain type of argument, you must check the type |
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829 explicitly using a suitable predicate (@pxref{Type Predicates}). |
6451 | 830 @cindex type checking internals |
831 | |
832 @menu | |
833 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
834 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
835 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
836 @end menu | |
837 | |
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838 @node Buffer Internals |
6451 | 839 @appendixsubsec Buffer Internals |
840 @cindex internals, of buffer | |
841 @cindex buffer internals | |
842 | |
843 Buffers contain fields not directly accessible by the Lisp programmer. | |
844 We describe them here, naming them by the names used in the C code. | |
845 Many are accessible indirectly in Lisp programs via Lisp primitives. | |
846 | |
26165 | 847 Two structures are used to represent buffers in C. The |
848 @code{buffer_text} structure contains fields describing the text of a | |
849 buffer; the @code{buffer} structure holds other fields. In the case | |
850 of indirect buffers, two or more @code{buffer} structures reference | |
851 the same @code{buffer_text} structure. | |
852 | |
853 Here is a list of the @code{struct buffer_text} fields: | |
854 | |
6451 | 855 @table @code |
26165 | 856 @item beg |
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857 This field contains the actual address of the buffer contents. |
26165 | 858 |
33340 | 859 @item gpt |
26165 | 860 This holds the character position of the gap in the buffer. |
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861 @xref{Buffer Gap}. |
26165 | 862 |
863 @item z | |
864 This field contains the character position of the end of the buffer | |
865 text. | |
866 | |
867 @item gpt_byte | |
868 Contains the byte position of the gap. | |
869 | |
870 @item z_byte | |
871 Holds the byte position of the end of the buffer text. | |
872 | |
873 @item gap_size | |
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874 Contains the size of buffer's gap. @xref{Buffer Gap}. |
26165 | 875 |
876 @item modiff | |
877 This field counts buffer-modification events for this buffer. It is | |
878 incremented for each such event, and never otherwise changed. | |
879 | |
880 @item save_modiff | |
881 Contains the previous value of @code{modiff}, as of the last time a | |
882 buffer was visited or saved in a file. | |
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883 |
26165 | 884 @item overlay_modiff |
885 Counts modifications to overlays analogous to @code{modiff}. | |
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886 |
26165 | 887 @item beg_unchanged |
888 Holds the number of characters at the start of the text that are known | |
889 to be unchanged since the last redisplay that finished. | |
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890 |
26165 | 891 @item end_unchanged |
892 Holds the number of characters at the end of the text that are known to | |
893 be unchanged since the last redisplay that finished. | |
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894 |
26165 | 895 @item unchanged_modified |
896 Contains the value of @code{modiff} at the time of the last redisplay | |
897 that finished. If this value matches @code{modiff}, | |
898 @code{beg_unchanged} and @code{end_unchanged} contain no useful | |
899 information. | |
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900 |
26165 | 901 @item overlay_unchanged_modified |
902 Contains the value of @code{overlay_modiff} at the time of the last | |
903 redisplay that finished. If this value matches @code{overlay_modiff}, | |
904 @code{beg_unchanged} and @code{end_unchanged} contain no useful | |
905 information. | |
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906 |
26165 | 907 @item markers |
908 The markers that refer to this buffer. This is actually a single | |
909 marker, and successive elements in its marker @code{chain} are the other | |
910 markers referring to this buffer text. | |
6451 | 911 |
26165 | 912 @item intervals |
913 Contains the interval tree which records the text properties of this | |
914 buffer. | |
915 @end table | |
916 | |
917 The fields of @code{struct buffer} are: | |
918 | |
919 @table @code | |
920 @item next | |
921 Points to the next buffer, in the chain of all buffers including killed | |
922 buffers. This chain is used only for garbage collection, in order to | |
923 collect killed buffers properly. Note that vectors, and most kinds of | |
924 objects allocated as vectors, are all on one chain, but buffers are on a | |
925 separate chain of their own. | |
926 | |
927 @item own_text | |
928 This is a @code{struct buffer_text} structure. In an ordinary buffer, | |
929 it holds the buffer contents. In indirect buffers, this field is not | |
930 used. | |
931 | |
932 @item text | |
933 This points to the @code{buffer_text} structure that is used for this | |
934 buffer. In an ordinary buffer, this is the @code{own_text} field above. | |
935 In an indirect buffer, this is the @code{own_text} field of the base | |
936 buffer. | |
937 | |
938 @item pt | |
939 Contains the character position of point in a buffer. | |
940 | |
941 @item pt_byte | |
942 Contains the byte position of point in a buffer. | |
943 | |
944 @item begv | |
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945 This field contains the character position of the beginning of the |
26165 | 946 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
947 | |
948 @item begv_byte | |
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949 This field contains the byte position of the beginning of the |
26165 | 950 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
951 | |
952 @item zv | |
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953 This field contains the character position of the end of the |
26165 | 954 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
955 | |
956 @item zv_byte | |
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957 This field contains the byte position of the end of the |
26165 | 958 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
959 | |
960 @item base_buffer | |
961 In an indirect buffer, this points to the base buffer. In an ordinary | |
962 buffer, it is null. | |
963 | |
964 @item local_var_flags | |
965 This field contains flags indicating that certain variables are local in | |
966 this buffer. Such variables are declared in the C code using | |
967 @code{DEFVAR_PER_BUFFER}, and their buffer-local bindings are stored in | |
968 fields in the buffer structure itself. (Some of these fields are | |
969 described in this table.) | |
6451 | 970 |
971 @item modtime | |
972 This field contains the modification time of the visited file. It is | |
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973 set when the file is written or read. Before writing the buffer into a |
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974 file, this field is compared to the modification time of the file to see |
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975 if the file has changed on disk. @xref{Buffer Modification}. |
6451 | 976 |
977 @item auto_save_modified | |
978 This field contains the time when the buffer was last auto-saved. | |
979 | |
26165 | 980 @item auto_save_failure_time |
981 The time at which we detected a failure to auto-save, or -1 if we didn't | |
982 have a failure. | |
983 | |
6451 | 984 @item last_window_start |
985 This field contains the @code{window-start} position in the buffer as of | |
986 the last time the buffer was displayed in a window. | |
987 | |
26165 | 988 @item clip_changed |
989 This flag is set when narrowing changes in a buffer. | |
990 | |
991 @item prevent_redisplay_optimizations_p | |
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992 this flag indicates that redisplay optimizations should not be used |
26165 | 993 to display this buffer. |
994 | |
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995 @item undo_list |
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996 This field points to the buffer's undo list. @xref{Undo}. |
6451 | 997 |
26165 | 998 @item name |
999 The buffer name is a string that names the buffer. It is guaranteed to | |
1000 be unique. @xref{Buffer Names}. | |
1001 | |
1002 @item filename | |
1003 The name of the file visited in this buffer, or @code{nil}. | |
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1004 |
26165 | 1005 @item directory |
1006 The directory for expanding relative file names. | |
1007 | |
1008 @item save_length | |
1009 Length of the file this buffer is visiting, when last read or saved. | |
1010 This and other fields concerned with saving are not kept in the | |
1011 @code{buffer_text} structure because indirect buffers are never saved. | |
1012 | |
1013 @item auto_save_file_name | |
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1014 File name used for auto-saving this buffer. This is not in the |
26165 | 1015 @code{buffer_text} because it's not used in indirect buffers at all. |
1016 | |
1017 @item read_only | |
1018 Non-@code{nil} means this buffer is read-only. | |
1019 | |
1020 @item mark | |
1021 This field contains the mark for the buffer. The mark is a marker, | |
1022 hence it is also included on the list @code{markers}. @xref{The Mark}. | |
1023 | |
1024 @item local_var_alist | |
1025 This field contains the association list describing the buffer-local | |
1026 variable bindings of this buffer, not including the built-in | |
1027 buffer-local bindings that have special slots in the buffer object. | |
1028 (Those slots are omitted from this table.) @xref{Buffer-Local | |
1029 Variables}. | |
1030 | |
1031 @item major_mode | |
1032 Symbol naming the major mode of this buffer, e.g., @code{lisp-mode}. | |
1033 | |
1034 @item mode_name | |
1035 Pretty name of major mode, e.g., @code{"Lisp"}. | |
1036 | |
1037 @item mode_line_format | |
1038 Mode line element that controls the format of the mode line. If this | |
1039 is @code{nil}, no mode line will be displayed. | |
1040 | |
1041 @item header_line_format | |
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1042 This field is analogous to @code{mode_line_format} for the mode |
26165 | 1043 line displayed at the top of windows. |
1044 | |
1045 @item keymap | |
1046 This field holds the buffer's local keymap. @xref{Keymaps}. | |
1047 | |
1048 @item abbrev_table | |
1049 This buffer's local abbrevs. | |
1050 | |
1051 @item syntax_table | |
6451 | 1052 This field contains the syntax table for the buffer. @xref{Syntax Tables}. |
1053 | |
26165 | 1054 @item category_table |
1055 This field contains the category table for the buffer. | |
1056 | |
1057 @item case_fold_search | |
1058 The value of @code{case-fold-search} in this buffer. | |
1059 | |
1060 @item tab_width | |
1061 The value of @code{tab-width} in this buffer. | |
1062 | |
1063 @item fill_column | |
1064 The value of @code{fill-column} in this buffer. | |
1065 | |
1066 @item left_margin | |
1067 The value of @code{left-margin} in this buffer. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item auto_fill_function | |
1070 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} in this buffer. | |
1071 | |
6451 | 1072 @item downcase_table |
1073 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to lower case. | |
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1074 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1075 |
1076 @item upcase_table | |
1077 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to upper case. | |
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1078 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1079 |
1080 @item case_canon_table | |
1081 This field contains the conversion table for canonicalizing text for | |
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1082 case-folding search. @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1083 |
1084 @item case_eqv_table | |
1085 This field contains the equivalence table for case-folding search. | |
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1086 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1087 |
26165 | 1088 @item truncate_lines |
1089 The value of @code{truncate-lines} in this buffer. | |
1090 | |
1091 @item ctl_arrow | |
1092 The value of @code{ctl-arrow} in this buffer. | |
1093 | |
1094 @item selective_display | |
1095 The value of @code{selective-display} in this buffer. | |
1096 | |
1097 @item selective_display_ellipsis | |
1098 The value of @code{selective-display-ellipsis} in this buffer. | |
1099 | |
1100 @item minor_modes | |
1101 An alist of the minor modes of this buffer. | |
1102 | |
1103 @item overwrite_mode | |
1104 The value of @code{overwrite_mode} in this buffer. | |
1105 | |
1106 @item abbrev_mode | |
1107 The value of @code{abbrev-mode} in this buffer. | |
1108 | |
6451 | 1109 @item display_table |
1110 This field contains the buffer's display table, or @code{nil} if it doesn't | |
1111 have one. @xref{Display Tables}. | |
1112 | |
26165 | 1113 @item save_modified |
1114 This field contains the time when the buffer was last saved, as an integer. | |
1115 @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
6451 | 1116 |
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1117 @item mark_active |
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1118 This field is non-@code{nil} if the buffer's mark is active. |
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1119 |
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1120 @item overlays_before |
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1121 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end at or |
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1122 before the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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1123 decreasing end position. |
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1124 |
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1125 @item overlays_after |
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1126 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end after |
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1127 the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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1128 increasing beginning position. |
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1129 |
26165 | 1130 @item overlay_center |
1131 This field holds the current overlay center position. @xref{Overlays}. | |
1132 | |
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1133 @item enable_multibyte_characters |
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1134 This field holds the buffer's local value of |
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1135 @code{enable-multibyte-characters}---either @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
26165 | 1136 |
1137 @item buffer_file_coding_system | |
1138 The value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} in this buffer. | |
1139 | |
1140 @item file_format | |
1141 The value of @code{buffer-file-format} in this buffer. | |
1142 | |
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1143 @item auto_save_file_format |
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1144 The value of @code{buffer-auto-save-file-format} in this buffer. |
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1145 |
26165 | 1146 @item pt_marker |
1147 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1148 buffer, this holds a marker that records point for this buffer when the | |
1149 buffer is not current. | |
1150 | |
1151 @item begv_marker | |
1152 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1153 buffer, this holds a marker that records @code{begv} for this buffer | |
1154 when the buffer is not current. | |
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1155 |
26165 | 1156 @item zv_marker |
1157 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1158 buffer, this holds a marker that records @code{zv} for this buffer when | |
1159 the buffer is not current. | |
1160 | |
1161 @item file_truename | |
1162 The truename of the visited file, or @code{nil}. | |
1163 | |
1164 @item invisibility_spec | |
1165 The value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} in this buffer. | |
1166 | |
1167 @item last_selected_window | |
1168 This is the last window that was selected with this buffer in it, or @code{nil} | |
1169 if that window no longer displays this buffer. | |
1170 | |
1171 @item display_count | |
1172 This field is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. | |
1173 | |
1174 @item left_margin_width | |
1175 The value of @code{left-margin-width} in this buffer. | |
1176 | |
1177 @item right_margin_width | |
1178 The value of @code{right-margin-width} in this buffer. | |
1179 | |
1180 @item indicate_empty_lines | |
1181 Non-@code{nil} means indicate empty lines (lines with no text) with a | |
1182 small bitmap in the fringe, when using a window system that can do it. | |
1183 | |
1184 @item display_time | |
1185 This holds a time stamp that is updated each time this buffer is | |
1186 displayed in a window. | |
1187 | |
1188 @item scroll_up_aggressively | |
1189 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} in this buffer. | |
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1190 |
26165 | 1191 @item scroll_down_aggressively |
1192 The value of @code{scroll-down-aggressively} in this buffer. | |
6451 | 1193 @end table |
1194 | |
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1195 @node Window Internals |
6451 | 1196 @appendixsubsec Window Internals |
1197 @cindex internals, of window | |
1198 @cindex window internals | |
1199 | |
1200 Windows have the following accessible fields: | |
1201 | |
1202 @table @code | |
1203 @item frame | |
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1204 The frame that this window is on. |
6451 | 1205 |
1206 @item mini_p | |
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1207 Non-@code{nil} if this window is a minibuffer window. |
6451 | 1208 |
26165 | 1209 @item parent |
1210 Internally, Emacs arranges windows in a tree; each group of siblings has | |
1211 a parent window whose area includes all the siblings. This field points | |
1212 to a window's parent. | |
6451 | 1213 |
26165 | 1214 Parent windows do not display buffers, and play little role in display |
1215 except to shape their child windows. Emacs Lisp programs usually have | |
1216 no access to the parent windows; they operate on the windows at the | |
1217 leaves of the tree, which actually display buffers. | |
6451 | 1218 |
26165 | 1219 The following four fields also describe the window tree structure. |
6451 | 1220 |
26165 | 1221 @item hchild |
1222 In a window subdivided horizontally by child windows, the leftmost child. | |
1223 Otherwise, @code{nil}. | |
1224 | |
1225 @item vchild | |
1226 In a window subdivided vertically by child windows, the topmost child. | |
1227 Otherwise, @code{nil}. | |
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1228 |
26165 | 1229 @item next |
1230 The next sibling of this window. It is @code{nil} in a window that is | |
1231 the rightmost or bottommost of a group of siblings. | |
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1232 |
26165 | 1233 @item prev |
1234 The previous sibling of this window. It is @code{nil} in a window that | |
1235 is the leftmost or topmost of a group of siblings. | |
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1236 |
6451 | 1237 @item left |
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1238 This is the left-hand edge of the window, measured in columns. (The |
6451 | 1239 leftmost column on the screen is @w{column 0}.) |
1240 | |
1241 @item top | |
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1242 This is the top edge of the window, measured in lines. (The top line on |
6451 | 1243 the screen is @w{line 0}.) |
1244 | |
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1245 @item height |
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1246 The height of the window, measured in lines. |
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1247 |
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1248 @item width |
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1249 The width of the window, measured in columns. This width includes the |
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1250 scroll bar and fringes, and/or the separator line on the right of the |
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1251 window (if any). |
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1252 |
26165 | 1253 @item buffer |
1254 The buffer that the window is displaying. This may change often during | |
1255 the life of the window. | |
1256 | |
1257 @item start | |
1258 The position in the buffer that is the first character to be displayed | |
1259 in the window. | |
1260 | |
1261 @item pointm | |
1262 @cindex window point internals | |
1263 This is the value of point in the current buffer when this window is | |
1264 selected; when it is not selected, it retains its previous value. | |
1265 | |
1266 @item force_start | |
1267 If this flag is non-@code{nil}, it says that the window has been | |
1268 scrolled explicitly by the Lisp program. This affects what the next | |
1269 redisplay does if point is off the screen: instead of scrolling the | |
1270 window to show the text around point, it moves point to a location that | |
1271 is on the screen. | |
1272 | |
1273 @item frozen_window_start_p | |
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1274 This field is set temporarily to 1 to indicate to redisplay that |
26165 | 1275 @code{start} of this window should not be changed, even if point |
1276 gets invisible. | |
6451 | 1277 |
26165 | 1278 @item start_at_line_beg |
1279 Non-@code{nil} means current value of @code{start} was the beginning of a line | |
1280 when it was chosen. | |
1281 | |
1282 @item too_small_ok | |
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1283 Non-@code{nil} means don't delete this window for becoming ``too small.'' |
26165 | 1284 |
1285 @item height_fixed_p | |
1286 This field is temporarily set to 1 to fix the height of the selected | |
1287 window when the echo area is resized. | |
1288 | |
1289 @item use_time | |
1290 This is the last time that the window was selected. The function | |
1291 @code{get-lru-window} uses this field. | |
1292 | |
1293 @item sequence_number | |
1294 A unique number assigned to this window when it was created. | |
1295 | |
1296 @item last_modified | |
1297 The @code{modiff} field of the window's buffer, as of the last time | |
1298 a redisplay completed in this window. | |
1299 | |
1300 @item last_overlay_modified | |
1301 The @code{overlay_modiff} field of the window's buffer, as of the last | |
1302 time a redisplay completed in this window. | |
1303 | |
1304 @item last_point | |
1305 The buffer's value of point, as of the last time a redisplay completed | |
1306 in this window. | |
1307 | |
1308 @item last_had_star | |
1309 A non-@code{nil} value means the window's buffer was ``modified'' when the | |
1310 window was last updated. | |
1311 | |
1312 @item vertical_scroll_bar | |
1313 This window's vertical scroll bar. | |
6451 | 1314 |
26165 | 1315 @item left_margin_width |
1316 The width of the left margin in this window, or @code{nil} not to | |
1317 specify it (in which case the buffer's value of @code{left-margin-width} | |
1318 is used. | |
1319 | |
1320 @item right_margin_width | |
1321 Likewise for the right margin. | |
1322 | |
26783 | 1323 @ignore |
26165 | 1324 @item last_mark_x |
1325 @item last_mark_y | |
1326 ???Not used. | |
1327 @end ignore | |
1328 | |
1329 @item window_end_pos | |
1330 This is computed as @code{z} minus the buffer position of the last glyph | |
1331 in the current matrix of the window. The value is only valid if | |
1332 @code{window_end_valid} is not @code{nil}. | |
1333 | |
1334 @item window_end_bytepos | |
1335 The byte position corresponding to @code{window_end_pos}. | |
1336 | |
1337 @item window_end_vpos | |
1338 The window-relative vertical position of the line containing | |
1339 @code{window_end_pos}. | |
1340 | |
1341 @item window_end_valid | |
1342 This field is set to a non-@code{nil} value if @code{window_end_pos} is truly | |
1343 valid. This is @code{nil} if nontrivial redisplay is preempted since in that | |
1344 case the display that @code{window_end_pos} was computed for did not get | |
1345 onto the screen. | |
1346 | |
1347 @item redisplay_end_trigger | |
1348 If redisplay in this window goes beyond this buffer position, it runs | |
54041 | 1349 the @code{redisplay-end-trigger-hook}. |
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1350 |
26783 | 1351 @ignore |
26165 | 1352 @item orig_height |
1353 @item orig_top | |
1354 ??? Are temporary storage areas. | |
1355 @end ignore | |
1356 | |
1357 @item cursor | |
1358 A structure describing where the cursor is in this window. | |
1359 | |
1360 @item last_cursor | |
1361 The value of @code{cursor} as of the last redisplay that finished. | |
1362 | |
1363 @item phys_cursor | |
1364 A structure describing where the cursor of this window physically is. | |
1365 | |
1366 @item phys_cursor_type | |
1367 The type of cursor that was last displayed on this window. | |
6451 | 1368 |
26165 | 1369 @item phys_cursor_on_p |
1370 This field is non-zero if the cursor is physically on. | |
1371 | |
1372 @item cursor_off_p | |
1373 Non-zero means the cursor in this window is logically on. | |
1374 | |
1375 @item last_cursor_off_p | |
1376 This field contains the value of @code{cursor_off_p} as of the time of | |
1377 the last redisplay. | |
1378 | |
1379 @item must_be_updated_p | |
1380 This is set to 1 during redisplay when this window must be updated. | |
1381 | |
6451 | 1382 @item hscroll |
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1383 This is the number of columns that the display in the window is scrolled |
6451 | 1384 horizontally to the left. Normally, this is 0. |
1385 | |
26165 | 1386 @item vscroll |
1387 Vertical scroll amount, in pixels. Normally, this is 0. | |
1388 | |
1389 @item dedicated | |
1390 Non-@code{nil} if this window is dedicated to its buffer. | |
6451 | 1391 |
1392 @item display_table | |
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1393 The window's display table, or @code{nil} if none is specified for it. |
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1394 |
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1395 @item update_mode_line |
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1396 Non-@code{nil} means this window's mode line needs to be updated. |
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1397 |
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1398 @item base_line_number |
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1399 The line number of a certain position in the buffer, or @code{nil}. |
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1400 This is used for displaying the line number of point in the mode line. |
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1401 |
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1402 @item base_line_pos |
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1403 The position in the buffer for which the line number is known, or |
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1404 @code{nil} meaning none is known. |
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1405 |
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1406 @item region_showing |
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1407 If the region (or part of it) is highlighted in this window, this field |
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1408 holds the mark position that made one end of that region. Otherwise, |
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1409 this field is @code{nil}. |
26165 | 1410 |
1411 @item column_number_displayed | |
1412 The column number currently displayed in this window's mode line, or @code{nil} | |
1413 if column numbers are not being displayed. | |
1414 | |
1415 @item current_matrix | |
1416 A glyph matrix describing the current display of this window. | |
1417 | |
1418 @item desired_matrix | |
1419 A glyph matrix describing the desired display of this window. | |
6451 | 1420 @end table |
1421 | |
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1422 @node Process Internals |
6451 | 1423 @appendixsubsec Process Internals |
1424 @cindex internals, of process | |
1425 @cindex process internals | |
1426 | |
1427 The fields of a process are: | |
1428 | |
1429 @table @code | |
1430 @item name | |
1431 A string, the name of the process. | |
1432 | |
1433 @item command | |
1434 A list containing the command arguments that were used to start this | |
1435 process. | |
1436 | |
1437 @item filter | |
1438 A function used to accept output from the process instead of a buffer, | |
1439 or @code{nil}. | |
1440 | |
1441 @item sentinel | |
1442 A function called whenever the process receives a signal, or @code{nil}. | |
1443 | |
1444 @item buffer | |
1445 The associated buffer of the process. | |
1446 | |
1447 @item pid | |
54041 | 1448 An integer, the operating system's process @acronym{ID}. |
6451 | 1449 |
1450 @item childp | |
1451 A flag, non-@code{nil} if this is really a child process. | |
1452 It is @code{nil} for a network connection. | |
1453 | |
1454 @item mark | |
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1455 A marker indicating the position of the end of the last output from this |
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1456 process inserted into the buffer. This is often but not always the end |
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1457 of the buffer. |
6451 | 1458 |
1459 @item kill_without_query | |
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1460 If this is non-@code{nil}, killing Emacs while this process is still |
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1461 running does not ask for confirmation about killing the process. |
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1462 |
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1463 @item raw_status_low |
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1464 @itemx raw_status_high |
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1465 These two fields record 16 bits each of the process status returned by |
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1466 the @code{wait} system call. |
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1467 |
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1468 @item status |
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1469 The process status, as @code{process-status} should return it. |
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1470 |
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1471 @item tick |
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1472 @itemx update_tick |
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1473 If these two fields are not equal, a change in the status of the process |
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1474 needs to be reported, either by running the sentinel or by inserting a |
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1475 message in the process buffer. |
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1476 |
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1477 @item pty_flag |
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1478 Non-@code{nil} if communication with the subprocess uses a @acronym{PTY}; |
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1479 @code{nil} if it uses a pipe. |
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1480 |
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1481 @item infd |
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1482 The file descriptor for input from the process. |
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1483 |
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1484 @item outfd |
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1485 The file descriptor for output to the process. |
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1486 |
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1487 @item subtty |
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1488 The file descriptor for the terminal that the subprocess is using. (On |
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1489 some systems, there is no need to record this, so the value is |
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1490 @code{nil}.) |
12098 | 1491 |
1492 @item tty_name | |
1493 The name of the terminal that the subprocess is using, | |
1494 or @code{nil} if it is using pipes. | |
26165 | 1495 |
1496 @item decode_coding_system | |
1497 Coding-system for decoding the input from this process. | |
1498 | |
1499 @item decoding_buf | |
1500 A working buffer for decoding. | |
1501 | |
1502 @item decoding_carryover | |
1503 Size of carryover in decoding. | |
1504 | |
1505 @item encode_coding_system | |
1506 Coding-system for encoding the output to this process. | |
1507 | |
1508 @item encoding_buf | |
48701 | 1509 A working buffer for encoding. |
26165 | 1510 |
1511 @item encoding_carryover | |
1512 Size of carryover in encoding. | |
1513 | |
1514 @item inherit_coding_system_flag | |
1515 Flag to set @code{coding-system} of the process buffer from the | |
1516 coding system used to decode process output. | |
6451 | 1517 @end table |
52401 | 1518 |
1519 @ignore | |
1520 arch-tag: 4b2c33bc-d7e4-43f5-bc20-27c0db52a53e | |
1521 @end ignore |