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annotate man/fixit.texi @ 76241:e4d076f4d52c
* net/tramp.el (tramp-file-name-handler): Revert last change.
author | Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com> |
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date | Wed, 28 Feb 2007 22:22:08 +0000 |
parents | 4ad431d8e164 |
children | 02b9a9aa5b0c 95d0cdf160ea |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002, |
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3 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top |
25829 | 6 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos |
7 @cindex typos, fixing | |
8 @cindex mistakes, correcting | |
9 | |
10 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for | |
11 the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made | |
12 it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly. | |
13 | |
14 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the | |
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15 undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}. This command |
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16 undoes a single command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of |
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17 @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting |
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18 characters. Consecutive repetitions of the undo command undo earlier |
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19 and earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information |
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20 available. @xref{Undo}, for more information. |
25829 | 21 |
22 @menu | |
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23 * Undo:: The Undo commands. |
25829 | 24 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. |
25 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
26 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
27 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
28 @end menu | |
29 | |
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30 @node Undo |
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31 @section Undo |
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32 @cindex undo |
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33 @cindex changes, undoing |
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34 |
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35 The @dfn{undo} commands undo recent changes in the buffer's text. |
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36 Each buffer records changes individually, and the undo command always |
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37 applies to the current buffer. You can undo all the changes in a |
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38 buffer for as far as back these records go. Usually each editing |
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39 command makes a separate entry in the undo records, but some commands |
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40 such as @code{query-replace} divide their changes into multiple |
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41 entries for flexibility in undoing. Meanwhile, self-inserting |
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42 characters are usually grouped to make undoing less tedious. |
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43 |
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44 @table @kbd |
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45 @item C-x u |
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46 @itemx C-_ |
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47 @itemx C-/ |
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48 Undo one entry in the current buffer's undo records (@code{undo}). |
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49 @end table |
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50 |
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51 @kindex C-x u |
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52 @kindex C-_ |
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53 @kindex C-/ |
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54 @findex undo |
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55 To begin to undo, type the command @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases, |
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56 @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}). This undoes the most recent change in the |
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57 buffer, and moves point back to where it was before that change. |
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58 |
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59 Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases) undo earlier |
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60 and earlier changes in the current buffer, back to the limit of the |
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61 current buffer's undo records. If all the recorded changes have |
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62 already been undone, the undo command just signals an error. |
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63 |
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64 If you notice that a buffer has been modified accidentally, the |
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65 easiest way to recover is to type @kbd{C-_} repeatedly until the stars |
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66 disappear from the front of the mode line. At this time, all the |
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67 modifications you made have been canceled. Whenever an undo command |
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68 makes the stars disappear from the mode line, it means that the buffer |
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69 contents are the same as they were when the file was last read in or |
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70 saved. |
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71 |
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72 If you do not remember whether you changed the buffer deliberately, |
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73 type @kbd{C-_} once. When you see the last change you made undone, you |
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74 will see whether it was an intentional change. If it was an accident, |
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75 leave it undone. If it was deliberate, redo the change as described |
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76 below. |
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77 |
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78 @findex undo-only |
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79 Any command other than an undo command breaks the sequence of undo |
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80 commands. Starting from that moment, the previous undo commands |
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81 become ordinary changes that you can undo. Thus, to redo changes you |
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82 have undone, type @kbd{C-f} or any other command that will harmlessly |
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83 break the sequence of undoing, then type undo commands again. On the |
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84 other hand, if you want to resume undoing, without redoing previous |
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85 undo commands, use @kbd{M-x undo-only}. This is like @code{undo}, but |
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86 will not redo changes you have just undone. |
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87 |
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88 @cindex selective undo |
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89 @kindex C-u C-x u |
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90 Ordinary undo applies to all changes made in the current buffer. You |
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91 can also perform @dfn{selective undo}, limited to the region. |
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92 |
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93 To do this, specify the region you want, then run the @code{undo} |
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94 command with a prefix argument (the value does not matter): @kbd{C-u |
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95 C-x u} or @kbd{C-u C-_}. This undoes the most recent change in the |
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96 region. To undo further changes in the same region, repeat the |
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97 @code{undo} command (no prefix argument is needed). In Transient Mark |
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98 mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}), any use of @code{undo} when there is an |
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99 active region performs selective undo; you do not need a prefix |
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100 argument. |
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101 |
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102 Some specialized buffers do not make undo records. Buffers |
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103 whose names start with spaces never do; these buffers are used |
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104 internally by Emacs and its extensions to hold text that users don't |
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105 normally look at or edit. |
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106 |
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107 @vindex undo-limit |
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108 @vindex undo-strong-limit |
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109 @vindex undo-outer-limit |
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110 @cindex undo limit |
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111 When the undo records for a buffer becomes too large, Emacs |
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112 discards the oldest undo records from time to time (during garbage |
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113 collection). You can specify how much undo records to keep by |
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114 setting three variables: @code{undo-limit}, @code{undo-strong-limit}, |
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115 and @code{undo-outer-limit}. Their values are expressed in units of |
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116 bytes of space. |
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117 |
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118 The variable @code{undo-limit} sets a soft limit: Emacs keeps undo |
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119 data for enough commands to reach this size, and perhaps exceed it, |
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120 but does not keep data for any earlier commands beyond that. Its |
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121 default value is 20000. The variable @code{undo-strong-limit} sets a |
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122 stricter limit: a previous command (not the most recent one) which |
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123 pushes the size past this amount is itself forgotten. The default |
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124 value of @code{undo-strong-limit} is 30000. |
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125 |
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126 Regardless of the values of those variables, the most recent change |
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127 is never discarded unless it gets bigger than @code{undo-outer-limit} |
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128 (normally 3,000,000). At that point, Emacs discards the undo data and |
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129 warns you about it. This is the only situation in which you cannot |
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130 undo the last command. If this happens, you can increase the value of |
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131 @code{undo-outer-limit} to make it even less likely to happen in the |
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132 future. But if you didn't expect the command to create such large |
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133 undo data, then it is probably a bug and you should report it. |
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134 @xref{Bugs,, Reporting Bugs}. |
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135 |
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136 The reason the @code{undo} command has three key bindings, @kbd{C-x |
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137 u}, @kbd{C-_} and @kbd{C-/}, is that it is worthy of a |
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138 single-character key, but @kbd{C-x u} is more straightforward for |
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139 beginners to remember and type. Meanwhile, @kbd{C--} on a text-only |
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140 terminal is really @kbd{C-_}, which makes it a natural and easily |
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141 typed binding for undoing. |
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142 |
25829 | 143 @node Kill Errors |
144 @section Killing Your Mistakes | |
145 | |
146 @table @kbd | |
147 @item @key{DEL} | |
148 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}). | |
149 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
150 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
151 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
152 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
153 @end table | |
154 | |
155 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most | |
156 important correction command. It deletes the character before point. | |
157 When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think | |
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158 of it as canceling that command. However, avoid the confusion of thinking |
25829 | 159 of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command! |
160 | |
161 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be | |
162 more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}. | |
163 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x | |
164 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x | |
165 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the | |
166 phrasing of the text you are writing. @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x | |
167 @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to | |
168 retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill | |
169 | |
170 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few | |
171 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't | |
172 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with | |
173 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. Often it | |
174 requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again. | |
175 | |
176 @node Transpose | |
177 @section Transposing Text | |
178 | |
179 @table @kbd | |
180 @item C-t | |
181 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}). | |
182 @item M-t | |
183 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}). | |
184 @item C-M-t | |
185 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). | |
186 @item C-x C-t | |
187 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}). | |
188 @end table | |
189 | |
190 @kindex C-t | |
191 @findex transpose-chars | |
192 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they | |
193 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally, | |
194 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When | |
195 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of | |
196 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the | |
197 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error | |
198 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so | |
38954 | 199 fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed |
200 characters before you type @kbd{C-t}. If you transposed a space with | |
201 the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are | |
202 a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) | |
203 is often the best way. @xref{Search}. | |
25829 | 204 |
205 @kindex C-x C-t | |
206 @findex transpose-lines | |
207 @kindex M-t | |
208 @findex transpose-words | |
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209 @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in |
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210 @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node. |
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211 @c @kindex C-M-t |
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212 @c @findex transpose-sexps |
37120 | 213 @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point |
214 (@code{transpose-words}). It moves point forward over a word, | |
215 dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The | |
216 punctuation characters between the words do not move. For example, | |
217 @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than | |
218 @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. | |
25829 | 219 |
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220 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for |
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221 transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} |
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222 (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t} |
38745 | 223 except as regards what units of text they transpose. |
25829 | 224 |
225 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it | |
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226 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line) |
25829 | 227 before or containing point across several other characters (words, |
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228 expressions, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before |
25829 | 229 point forward across three other characters. It would change |
230 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to | |
231 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word | |
232 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel | |
233 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill | |
234 | |
235 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because | |
236 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to | |
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237 transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point |
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238 with the one ending after the mark. |
25829 | 239 |
240 @node Fixing Case | |
241 @section Case Conversion | |
242 | |
243 @table @kbd | |
244 @item M-- M-l | |
245 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus. | |
246 @item M-- M-u | |
247 Convert last word to all upper case. | |
248 @item M-- M-c | |
249 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial. | |
250 @end table | |
251 | |
252 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l | |
253 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u | |
254 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c | |
255 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this, | |
256 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a | |
257 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the | |
258 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply | |
259 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill | |
260 | |
261 @node Spelling | |
262 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling | |
263 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting | |
264 @cindex checking spelling | |
265 @cindex correcting spelling | |
266 | |
267 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single | |
268 word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands work with the spelling | |
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269 checker programs Aspell and Ispell, which are not part of Emacs. |
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270 @ifnottex |
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271 @xref{Top, Aspell,, aspell, The Aspell Manual}. |
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272 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 273 |
274 @table @kbd | |
275 @item M-x flyspell-mode | |
276 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words. | |
59887 | 277 @item M-x flyspell-prog-mode |
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278 Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only. |
25829 | 279 @item M-$ |
280 Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}). | |
281 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
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282 @itemx @key{ESC} @key{TAB} |
25829 | 283 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary |
284 (@code{ispell-complete-word}). | |
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285 @item M-x ispell |
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286 Spell-check the active region or the current buffer. |
25829 | 287 @item M-x ispell-buffer |
288 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer. | |
289 @item M-x ispell-region | |
290 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region. | |
291 @item M-x ispell-message | |
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292 Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message, |
25829 | 293 excluding cited material. |
294 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET} | |
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295 Restart the Aspell or Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary. |
25829 | 296 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell |
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297 Kill the Aspell or Ispell subprocess. |
25829 | 298 @end table |
299 | |
300 @cindex Flyspell mode | |
301 @findex flyspell-mode | |
302 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit | |
303 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them. | |
304 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that | |
305 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the | |
306 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x | |
307 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. | |
308 | |
309 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on | |
310 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and | |
311 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any | |
312 way you like. | |
313 | |
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314 @findex flyspell-prog-mode |
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315 Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except that |
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316 it only checks words in comments and string constants. This feature |
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317 is useful for editing programs. Type @kbd{M-x flyspell-prog-mode} to |
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318 enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. |
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319 |
25829 | 320 The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when |
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321 you give an explicit command to do so. |
25829 | 322 |
323 @kindex M-$ | |
324 @findex ispell-word | |
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325 To check the spelling of the word around or before point, and |
25829 | 326 optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$} |
327 (@code{ispell-word}). If the word is not correct, the command offers | |
328 you various alternatives for what to do about it. | |
329 | |
330 @findex ispell-buffer | |
331 @findex ispell-region | |
332 To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}. Use | |
333 @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region. To check | |
334 spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x | |
38954 | 335 ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for |
25829 | 336 material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages. |
337 | |
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338 @findex ispell |
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339 @cindex spell-checking the active region |
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340 The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the |
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341 Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it |
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342 spell-checks the current buffer. |
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343 |
25829 | 344 Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you |
345 what to do. They display a list of alternatives, usually including | |
346 several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being | |
38954 | 347 checked. Then you must type a single-character response. Here are |
348 the valid responses: | |
25829 | 349 |
350 @table @kbd | |
351 @item @key{SPC} | |
352 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it | |
353 here. | |
354 | |
355 @item r @var{new} @key{RET} | |
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356 Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}. (The replacement |
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357 string will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
25829 | 358 |
359 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
360 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you | |
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361 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish. (The replacements |
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362 will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
25829 | 363 |
364 @item @var{digit} | |
365 Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed | |
366 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to | |
367 select it. | |
368 | |
369 @item a | |
370 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
371 editing session. | |
372 | |
373 @item A | |
374 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
375 editing session and for this buffer. | |
376 | |
377 @item i | |
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378 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Aspell or Ispell will |
38954 | 379 consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions. |
25829 | 380 |
381 @item u | |
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382 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary |
25829 | 383 file. |
384 | |
385 @item m | |
386 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion | |
387 information. | |
388 | |
389 @item l @var{word} @key{RET} | |
390 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words | |
38954 | 391 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as |
392 the replacement by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a | |
25829 | 393 wildcard. |
394 | |
395 @item C-g | |
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396 Quit interactive spell checking, leaving point at the word that was |
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397 being checked. You can restart checking again afterward with @kbd{C-u |
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398 M-$}. |
25829 | 399 |
400 @item X | |
401 Same as @kbd{C-g}. | |
402 | |
403 @item x | |
404 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was | |
405 when you started spell checking. | |
406 | |
407 @item q | |
408 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
409 | |
410 @item C-l | |
411 Refresh the screen. | |
412 | |
413 @item C-z | |
414 This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this | |
415 frame). | |
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416 |
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417 @item ? |
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418 Show the list of options. |
25829 | 419 @end table |
420 | |
421 @findex ispell-complete-word | |
422 The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key | |
423 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of | |
424 completions based on spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a | |
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425 word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a |
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426 completion list window. (If your window manager intercepts |
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427 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, type @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) To |
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428 choose one of the completions listed, click @kbd{Mouse-2} or |
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429 @kbd{Mouse-1} fast on it, or move the cursor there in the completions |
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430 window and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}. |
25829 | 431 |
432 @ignore | |
433 @findex reload-ispell | |
434 The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts | |
435 an Ispell subprocess. The first thing the subprocess does is read your | |
436 private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}. | |
437 Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that | |
438 file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive | |
439 replacement procedure. Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to | |
440 reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell. | |
441 @end ignore | |
442 | |
443 @cindex @code{ispell} program | |
444 @findex ispell-kill-ispell | |
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445 Once started, the Aspell or Ispell subprocess continues to run |
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446 (waiting for something to do), so that subsequent spell checking |
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447 commands complete more quickly. If you want to get rid of the |
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448 process, use @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually |
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449 necessary, since the process uses no time except when you do spelling |
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450 correction. |
25829 | 451 |
452 @vindex ispell-dictionary | |
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453 Ispell and Aspell use two dictionaries together for spell checking: the |
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454 standard dictionary and your private dictionary. The variable |
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455 @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the |
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456 standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default |
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457 dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this |
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458 variable and then restarts the subprocess, so that it will use |
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459 a different standard dictionary. |
25829 | 460 |
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461 @vindex ispell-complete-word-dict |
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462 Aspell and Ispell use a separate dictionary for word completion. |
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463 The variable @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies the file name |
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464 of this dictionary. The completion dictionary must be different |
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465 because it cannot use root and affix information. For some languages |
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466 there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion |
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467 dictionary. |
52401 | 468 |
469 @ignore | |
470 arch-tag: 3359a443-96ed-448f-9f05-c8111ba8eac0 | |
471 @end ignore |