Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/emacs.texi @ 76878:e4d2810db0e9
wording matters
author | Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 01 Apr 2007 18:11:15 +0000 |
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs |
24093 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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7 @set EDITION Sixteenth |
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8 @set EMACSVER 22.0.96 |
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9 |
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10 @copying |
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11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 13 |
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14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, |
75348 | 15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software |
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16 Foundation, Inc. |
24093 | 17 |
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18 @quotation |
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19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and |
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23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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26 License.'' |
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27 |
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28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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29 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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30 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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31 @end quotation |
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32 @end copying |
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33 |
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34 @dircategory Emacs |
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35 @direntry |
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36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
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37 @end direntry |
24093 | 38 |
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
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41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
24093 | 42 |
69012 | 43 @smallbook |
24093 | 44 |
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45 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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46 @c save on paper cost. Also do not declare @setchapternewpage odd. |
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47 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
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48 @tex |
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49 @fonttextsize 10 |
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51 @end tex |
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52 |
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53 @defcodeindex op |
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54 @synindex pg cp |
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55 |
24093 | 56 @iftex |
57 @kbdinputstyle code | |
58 | |
59 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
60 @end iftex | |
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61 |
24093 | 62 @titlepage |
63 @sp 6 | |
64 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
65 @sp 4 | |
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66 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 67 @sp 5 |
68 @center Richard Stallman | |
69 @page | |
70 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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71 @insertcopying |
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72 |
24093 | 73 @sp 2 |
73392 | 74 ISBN 1-882114-86-8* |
24093 | 75 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
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76 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* |
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77 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA |
24093 | 78 |
79 @sp 2 | |
80 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
81 | |
82 @end titlepage | |
69885 | 83 |
84 | |
85 @summarycontents | |
86 @contents | |
87 | |
88 | |
30870 | 89 @ifnottex |
24093 | 90 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
91 @top The Emacs Editor | |
92 | |
93 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
94 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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95 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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96 @value{EMACSVER}. |
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97 |
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98 @ifinfo |
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99 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and |
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100 Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info |
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101 commands. |
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102 @end ifinfo |
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103 |
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104 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
24093 | 105 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
30870 | 106 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 107 |
108 @ignore | |
109 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
110 and to avoid conflicts. | |
111 Completion | |
112 Backup Files | |
113 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
114 Snapshots | |
115 Text Mode | |
116 Outline Mode | |
117 @TeX{} Mode | |
118 Formatted Text | |
119 Shell Command History | |
120 | |
121 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
122 to avoid conflicts. | |
123 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
124 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
125 @end ignore | |
126 | |
127 @menu | |
128 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
129 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
130 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
131 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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132 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 133 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
134 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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135 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21. |
34199 | 136 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
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137 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. |
24093 | 138 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! |
53695 | 139 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 140 |
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141 Indexes (each index contains a large menu) |
24093 | 142 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. |
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143 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
24093 | 144 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. |
145 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
146 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
147 | |
148 Important General Concepts | |
149 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
150 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
151 function keys). | |
152 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
153 editing action. | |
154 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
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155 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers |
24093 | 156 and strings). |
157 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
158 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
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159 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
24093 | 160 |
161 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
162 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
163 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
164 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
165 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
166 | |
167 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
168 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
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169 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
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170 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
24093 | 171 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
172 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
173 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
174 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
175 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
176 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
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177 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of |
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178 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
24093 | 179 |
180 Major Structures of Emacs | |
181 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
182 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
183 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
184 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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185 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 186 |
187 Advanced Features | |
188 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
189 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
190 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
191 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
192 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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193 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 194 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
195 the number of characters you must type. | |
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196 @ifnottex |
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197 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using |
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198 the quarter-plane screen model. |
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199 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 200 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. |
201 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
202 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
203 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
204 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
205 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
206 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
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207 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. |
24093 | 208 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
209 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
210 of the buffer. | |
211 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
212 in side-by-side windows. | |
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213 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. |
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214 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. |
24093 | 215 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing |
216 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 217 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 218 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 219 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
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220 * Thumbnails:: Browsing images using thumbnails. |
24093 | 221 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
222 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
223 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
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224 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
24093 | 225 |
226 Recovery from Problems | |
227 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
228 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
229 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
230 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
231 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
232 | |
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233 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to |
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234 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In |
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235 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the |
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236 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. |
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237 |
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238 @detailmenu |
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239 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
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240 --------------------------------- |
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241 |
24093 | 242 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones |
243 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
244 | |
245 The Organization of the Screen | |
246 | |
247 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
248 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
249 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
250 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
251 | |
252 Basic Editing Commands | |
253 | |
254 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
255 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
256 change something. | |
257 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
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258 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. |
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259 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
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260 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. |
24093 | 261 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. |
262 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
263 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
264 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
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265 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. |
24093 | 266 |
267 The Minibuffer | |
268 | |
269 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
270 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
271 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
272 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
273 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
274 | |
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275 Completion |
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276 |
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277 * Example: Completion Example. Examples of using completion. |
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278 * Commands: Completion Commands. A list of completion commands. |
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279 * Strict Completion:: Different types of completion. |
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280 * Options: Completion Options. Options for completion. |
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281 |
24093 | 282 Help |
283 | |
284 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
285 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
286 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
287 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
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288 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. |
24093 | 289 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). |
290 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
291 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
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292 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. |
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293 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') |
24093 | 294 |
295 The Mark and the Region | |
296 | |
297 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
298 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
299 when there is one. | |
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300 * Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily. |
24093 | 301 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
302 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
303 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
304 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
305 | |
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306 Killing and Moving Text |
24093 | 307 |
308 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
309 blank areas. | |
310 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
311 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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312 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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313 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy |
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314 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support. |
24093 | 315 |
316 Yanking | |
317 | |
318 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
319 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
320 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
321 | |
322 Registers | |
323 | |
324 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
325 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
326 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
327 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
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328 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. |
24093 | 329 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. |
330 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
331 | |
332 Controlling the Display | |
333 | |
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334 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
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335 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. |
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336 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. |
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337 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
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338 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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339 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. |
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340 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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341 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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342 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
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343 * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer. |
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344 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
24093 | 345 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. |
346 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
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347 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. |
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348 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
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349 * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead |
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350 of continuing them to multiple screen lines. |
36211 | 351 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 352 |
353 Searching and Replacement | |
354 | |
355 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
356 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
357 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
358 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
359 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
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360 * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'. |
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361 * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained. |
24093 | 362 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. |
363 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
364 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
365 | |
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366 Incremental Search |
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367 |
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368 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. |
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369 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. |
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370 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. |
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371 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. |
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372 * Non-ASCII Isearch:: How to search for non-ASCII characters. |
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373 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string |
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374 or else edit the search string. |
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375 * Highlight Isearch:: Isearch highlights the other possible matches. |
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376 * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. |
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377 * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals. |
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378 |
24093 | 379 Replacement Commands |
380 | |
381 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
382 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
383 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
384 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
385 | |
386 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
387 | |
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388 * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands. |
24093 | 389 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. |
390 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
391 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
392 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
393 | |
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394 Keyboard Macros |
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395 |
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396 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
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397 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
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398 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
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399 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
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400 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
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401 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
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402 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard |
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403 macro. |
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404 |
24093 | 405 File Handling |
406 | |
407 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
408 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
409 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
410 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
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411 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. |
24093 | 412 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. |
413 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
414 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
415 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
416 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
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417 * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output. |
24093 | 418 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. |
419 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
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420 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
24093 | 421 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
422 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
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423 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
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424 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
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425 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. |
24093 | 426 |
427 Saving Files | |
428 | |
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429 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. |
24093 | 430 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. |
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431 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. |
24093 | 432 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing |
433 of one file by two users. | |
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434 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
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435 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
24093 | 436 |
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437 Backup Files |
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438 |
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439 * One or Many: Numbered Backups. Whether to make one backup file or many. |
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440 * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named. |
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441 * Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. |
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442 * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming. |
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443 |
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444 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters |
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445 |
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446 * Files: Auto Save Files. The file where auto-saved changes are |
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447 actually made until you save the file. |
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448 * Control: Auto Save Control. Controlling when and how often to auto-save. |
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449 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. |
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450 |
24093 | 451 Version Control |
452 | |
453 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
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454 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
24093 | 455 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
456 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
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457 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
24093 | 458 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
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459 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
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460 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. |
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461 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. |
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462 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. |
24093 | 463 |
464 Using Multiple Buffers | |
465 | |
466 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
467 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 468 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 469 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
470 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
471 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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472 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
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473 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
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474 buffer handling. |
24093 | 475 |
476 Multiple Windows | |
477 | |
478 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
479 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
480 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
481 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
482 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
483 window rather than in another window. | |
484 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
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485 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
24093 | 486 |
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487 Frames and Graphical Displays |
24093 | 488 |
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489 * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste. |
24093 | 490 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
491 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
492 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
493 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 494 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
495 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 496 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
497 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
498 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
499 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 500 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
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501 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. |
24093 | 502 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 503 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
504 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
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505 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. |
36211 | 506 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
24093 | 507 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
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508 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. |
24093 | 509 |
510 International Character Set Support | |
511 | |
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512 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 513 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
514 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
515 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
516 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
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517 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. |
24093 | 518 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and |
519 write files, and so on. | |
520 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
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521 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. |
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522 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. |
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523 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
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524 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
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525 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
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526 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting |
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527 terminal input and output. |
24093 | 528 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
529 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
530 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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531 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. |
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532 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
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533 to use without multibyte characters. |
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534 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
24093 | 535 |
536 Major Modes | |
537 | |
538 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
539 | |
540 Indentation | |
541 | |
542 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
543 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
544 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
545 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
546 | |
547 Commands for Human Languages | |
548 | |
549 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
550 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
551 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
552 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
553 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
554 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
555 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
556 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
557 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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558 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
24093 | 559 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
560 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
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561 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. |
24093 | 562 |
563 Filling Text | |
564 | |
565 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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566 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
24093 | 567 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
568 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
569 or in a comment, etc. | |
570 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
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571 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. |
24093 | 572 |
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573 Outline Mode |
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574 |
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575 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. |
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576 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through |
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577 outlines. |
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578 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. |
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579 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. |
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580 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines. |
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581 |
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582 @TeX{} Mode |
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583 |
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584 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. |
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585 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. |
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586 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. |
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587 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
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588 |
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589 Editing Formatted Text |
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590 |
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591 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. |
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592 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. |
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593 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. |
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594 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. |
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595 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. |
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596 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. |
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597 * Justification: Format Justification. |
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598 Centering, setting text flush with the |
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599 left or right margin, etc. |
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600 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. |
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601 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. |
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602 |
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603 Editing Text-based Tables |
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604 |
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605 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table. |
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606 * Table Creation:: How to create a table. |
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607 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables. |
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608 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table. |
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609 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents. |
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610 * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell. |
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611 * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell. |
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612 * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width. |
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613 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables. |
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614 * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension. |
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615 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany. |
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616 |
24093 | 617 Editing Programs |
618 | |
619 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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620 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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621 of a program. |
24093 | 622 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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623 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
24093 | 624 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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625 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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626 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 627 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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628 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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629 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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630 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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631 Java, and Pike modes. |
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632 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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633 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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634 |
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635 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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636 |
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637 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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638 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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639 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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640 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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641 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 642 |
643 Indentation for Programs | |
644 | |
645 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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646 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 647 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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648 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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649 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 650 |
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651 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 652 |
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653 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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654 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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655 in the structure of parentheses. |
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656 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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657 |
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658 Manipulating Comments |
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659 |
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660 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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661 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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662 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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663 |
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664 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 665 |
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666 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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667 in Info files. |
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668 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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669 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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670 |
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671 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 672 |
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673 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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674 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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675 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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676 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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677 and other neat features. |
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678 |
24093 | 679 Compiling and Testing Programs |
680 | |
681 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
682 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
683 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
684 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
685 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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686 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
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687 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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688 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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689 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
24093 | 690 with different facilities for running |
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691 the Lisp programs. |
24093 | 692 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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693 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
24093 | 694 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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695 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
24093 | 696 |
697 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
698 | |
699 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
700 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
701 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
702 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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703 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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704 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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705 Emacs. |
24093 | 706 |
69012 | 707 Maintaining Large Programs |
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708 |
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709 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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710 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. |
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711 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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712 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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713 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
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714 |
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715 Tags Tables |
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716 |
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717 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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718 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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719 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. |
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720 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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721 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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722 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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723 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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724 |
24093 | 725 Abbrevs |
726 | |
727 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
728 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
729 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
730 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
731 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
732 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
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733 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. |
24093 | 734 |
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735 @ifnottex |
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736 Editing Pictures |
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737 |
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738 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. |
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739 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion |
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740 after "self-inserting" characters. |
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741 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. |
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742 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. |
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743 @end ifnottex |
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744 |
24093 | 745 Sending Mail |
746 | |
747 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
748 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
749 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
750 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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751 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 752 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
753 | |
754 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
755 | |
756 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
757 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
758 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
759 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
760 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
761 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
762 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
763 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
764 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
765 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
766 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
767 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
768 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
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769 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. |
24093 | 770 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. |
771 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
772 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
773 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
774 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
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775 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. |
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776 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in |
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777 Various Formats |
24093 | 778 |
779 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
780 | |
781 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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782 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 783 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
784 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
785 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
786 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
787 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
788 either one file or several files. | |
789 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
790 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
791 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
792 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
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793 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
24093 | 794 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. |
795 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
796 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
797 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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798 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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799 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. |
24093 | 800 |
801 The Calendar and the Diary | |
802 | |
803 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
804 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
805 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
806 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
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807 * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats. |
24093 | 808 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. |
809 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
810 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
811 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
812 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
813 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
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814 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. |
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815 * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active. |
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816 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. |
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817 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. |
24093 | 818 |
819 Movement in the Calendar | |
820 | |
821 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
822 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
823 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
824 specific date. | |
825 | |
826 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
827 | |
828 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
829 (aside from Gregorian). | |
830 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
831 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
832 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
833 | |
834 The Diary | |
835 | |
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836 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. |
24093 | 837 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. |
838 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
839 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
840 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
841 | |
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842 Gnus |
24093 | 843 |
844 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
845 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
846 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
847 | |
848 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
849 | |
850 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
851 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
852 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
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853 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
24093 | 854 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
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855 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
24093 | 856 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. |
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857 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
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858 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. |
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859 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. |
24093 | 860 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
861 | |
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862 Using Emacs as a Server |
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863 |
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864 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. |
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865 |
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866 Printing Hard Copies |
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867 |
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868 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
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869 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands. |
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870 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface. |
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871 |
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872 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
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873 |
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874 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. |
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875 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. |
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876 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
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|
877 |
24093 | 878 Customization |
879 | |
880 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
881 independently of any others. | |
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882 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
24093 | 883 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
884 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
885 you can control their functioning. | |
886 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
887 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
888 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
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889 expressions are parsed. |
24093 | 890 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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891 @file{.emacs} file. |
24093 | 892 |
893 Variables | |
894 | |
895 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
896 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
897 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
898 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
899 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
900 | |
901 Customizing Key Bindings | |
902 | |
903 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
904 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
905 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
906 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
907 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
908 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
909 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
910 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
911 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
912 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
913 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
914 beginners from surprises. | |
915 | |
916 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
917 | |
918 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
919 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
920 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
921 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
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922 * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file. |
24093 | 923 |
924 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
925 | |
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926 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 927 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
928 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
929 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
930 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
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931 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. |
24093 | 932 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- |
933 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
934 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
935 | |
936 Reporting Bugs | |
937 | |
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938 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? |
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939 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. |
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940 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. |
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941 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 942 |
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943 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
24093 | 944 |
945 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
946 and call functions. | |
947 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
948 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
949 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
950 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
951 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
952 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
43015 | 953 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
24093 | 954 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
955 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
956 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
957 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
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958 * Misc X:: Other display options. |
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959 |
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960 Environment Variables |
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961 |
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962 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. |
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963 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. |
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964 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
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965 |
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966 X Options and Resources |
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967 |
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968 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
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969 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
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970 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
24093 | 971 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
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972 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
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973 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. |
24093 | 974 |
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975 Emacs and Mac OS |
24093 | 976 |
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977 * Mac Input:: Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
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978 * Mac International:: International character sets on Mac. |
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979 * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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980 * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on Mac. |
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981 * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac. |
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982 * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
24093 | 983 |
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984 Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS |
24093 | 985 |
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986 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. |
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987 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. |
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988 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. |
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989 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. |
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990 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. |
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991 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. |
24093 | 992 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. |
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993 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. |
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994 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. |
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995 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). |
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996 @end detailmenu |
24093 | 997 @end menu |
998 | |
999 @iftex | |
1000 @unnumbered Preface | |
1001 | |
1002 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
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1003 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a |
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1004 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can |
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1005 ignore the customization hints. |
24093 | 1006 |
1007 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
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1008 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with |
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1009 the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To |
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1010 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial |
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1011 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the |
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1012 results. |
24093 | 1013 |
1014 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
1015 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
1016 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
1017 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
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1018 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters |
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1019 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. |
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1020 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them |
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1021 until you are fluent. |
24093 | 1022 |
1023 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
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1024 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters |
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1025 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you |
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1026 need them. |
24093 | 1027 |
1028 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
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1029 properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems |
24093 | 1030 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs |
1031 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
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1032 |
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1033 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. |
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1034 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. |
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1035 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. |
24093 | 1036 |
1037 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
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1038 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is |
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1039 the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU |
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1040 system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with |
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1041 GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially |
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1042 the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are |
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1043 also distributed with GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 1044 |
69012 | 1045 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many |
1046 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For | |
1047 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons | |
1048 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, | |
1049 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from | |
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1050 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. |
24093 | 1051 |
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1052 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs |
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1053 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, |
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1054 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. |
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1055 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and |
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1056 MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft |
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1057 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. |
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1058 @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We |
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1059 don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual. |
24093 | 1060 @end iftex |
1061 | |
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1062 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
24093 | 1063 @unnumbered Distribution |
1064 | |
1065 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
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1066 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs |
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1067 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are |
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1068 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed |
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1069 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. |
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1070 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing |
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1071 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise |
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1072 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with |
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1073 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself |
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1074 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is |
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1075 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable |
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1076 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. |
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1077 @xref{Copying}. |
24093 | 1078 |
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1079 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. |
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1080 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; |
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1081 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the |
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1082 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see |
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1083 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more |
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1084 information. |
24093 | 1085 |
1086 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
1087 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
1088 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
1089 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
1090 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
1091 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
1092 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
1093 | |
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1094 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
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1095 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is |
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1096 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions |
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1097 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, |
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1098 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at |
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1099 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, |
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1100 write to |
24093 | 1101 |
1102 @display | |
1103 Free Software Foundation | |
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1104 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor |
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|
1105 Boston, MA 02110-1301 |
24093 | 1106 USA |
1107 @end display | |
1108 | |
1109 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
1110 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
1111 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1112 | |
1113 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1114 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1115 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1116 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1117 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1118 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1119 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1120 | |
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1121 @iftex |
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1122 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
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1123 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
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1124 |
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1125 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas |
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1126 Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf |
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1127 Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, |
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1128 Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff, |
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(Acknowledgments): Fix name spelling, add Anna Bigatti.
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1129 Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Johan Bockg@aa{}rd, |
73247
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1130 Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel |
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1131 Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges |
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1132 Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per |
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1133 Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, |
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1134 Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Andrew |
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1135 Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki Das, Michael DeCorte, |
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1136 Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, |
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1137 Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, |
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1138 Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, |
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1139 Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, |
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1140 Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain |
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1141 Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith |
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1142 Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan |
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1143 Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien |
73247
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1144 Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky, |
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1145 Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael |
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1146 Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen, |
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1147 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, |
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1148 Jesper Harder, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders |
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1149 Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove, |
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1150 Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel |
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1151 Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry |
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(Acknowledgments): Fix Arne J@o{}rgensen's name.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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1152 Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster |
73247
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1153 Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi |
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1154 Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, |
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1155 Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: |
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1156 Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard |
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1157 Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario |
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1158 Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner |
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1159 Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris |
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1160 Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio, |
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1161 Emilio C. Lopes, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam,Alan |
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1162 Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, |
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1163 Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie |
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1164 Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson, |
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1165 Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard |
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1166 Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith |
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1167 Moore, Glenn Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas |
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1168 Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan |
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1169 Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre |
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1170 Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, |
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1171 David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William |
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1172 M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@: |
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1173 Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco |
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1174 A.@: Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko |
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1175 Rahamaa, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, |
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1176 Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: |
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1177 Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, |
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1178 Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney, |
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1179 Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen |
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1180 Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor |
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1181 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan |
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1182 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Randal |
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1183 Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav |
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1184 Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, |
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1185 Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, |
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1186 Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, |
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1187 Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken |
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1188 Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve |
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1189 Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe |
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1190 Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, |
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1191 Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno, |
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1192 Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier |
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1193 Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John |
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1194 Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph |
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1195 Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, |
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1196 Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, |
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1197 Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Masatake Yamato, |
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1198 Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Chong Yidong, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan |
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1199 Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, |
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1200 Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, |
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1201 and Detlev Zundel. |
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1202 @end iftex |
24093 | 1203 |
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1204 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top |
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1205 @unnumbered Introduction |
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1206 |
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1207 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the |
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1208 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs. |
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1209 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) |
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1210 |
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1211 We call Emacs advanced because it provides much more than simple |
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1212 insertion and deletion. It can control subprocesses, indent programs |
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1213 automatically, show two or more files at once, and edit formatted |
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1214 text. Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, |
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1215 lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and |
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1216 comments in various programming languages. |
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1217 |
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1218 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special |
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1219 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can |
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1220 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands |
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1221 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. |
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1222 |
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1223 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can alter Emacs commands' behavior |
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1224 in simple ways. For example, if you use a programming language in |
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1225 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can |
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1226 tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings |
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1227 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of |
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1228 the command set. For example, you can rebind the basic cursor motion |
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1229 commands (up, down, left and right) to any keys on the keyboard that |
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1230 you find comfortable. @xref{Customization}. |
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1231 |
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1232 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization |
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1233 and write entirely new commands---programs in the Lisp language to be |
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1234 run by Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line |
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1235 extensible'' system, which means that it is divided into many |
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1236 functions that call each other, any of which can be redefined in the |
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1237 middle of an editing session. Almost any part of Emacs can be |
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1238 replaced without making a separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the |
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1239 editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions |
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1240 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency. |
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1241 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it |
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1242 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An |
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1243 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs |
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1244 Lisp programming. |
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1245 |
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1246 When running on a graphical display, Emacs provides its own menus |
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1247 and convenient handling of mouse buttons. In addition, Emacs provides |
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1248 many of the benefits of a graphical display even on a text-only |
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1249 terminal. For instance, it can highlight parts of a file, display and |
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1250 edit several files at once, move text between files, and edit files |
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1251 while running shell commands. |
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1252 |
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1253 @include screen.texi |
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1254 @include commands.texi |
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1255 @include entering.texi |
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1256 @include basic.texi |
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1257 @include mini.texi |
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1258 @include m-x.texi |
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1259 @include help.texi |
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1260 @include mark.texi |
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1261 @include killing.texi |
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1262 @include regs.texi |
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1263 @include display.texi |
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1264 @include search.texi |
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1265 @include fixit.texi |
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1266 @include kmacro.texi |
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1267 @include files.texi |
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1268 @include buffers.texi |
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1269 @include windows.texi |
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1270 @include frames.texi |
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1271 @include mule.texi |
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1272 @include major.texi |
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1273 @include indent.texi |
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1274 @include text.texi |
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1275 @include programs.texi |
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1276 @include building.texi |
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1277 @include maintaining.texi |
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1278 @include abbrevs.texi |
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1279 @ifnottex |
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1280 @include picture-xtra.texi |
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1281 @end ifnottex |
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1282 @include sending.texi |
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1283 @include rmail.texi |
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1284 @include dired.texi |
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1285 @include calendar.texi |
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1286 @include misc.texi |
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1287 @include custom.texi |
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1288 @include trouble.texi |
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1289 |
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1290 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top |
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1291 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
24093 | 1292 @center Version 2, June 1991 |
1293 | |
1294 @display | |
1295 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
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1296 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA |
24093 | 1297 |
1298 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1299 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1300 @end display | |
1301 | |
1302 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1303 | |
1304 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1305 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1306 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1307 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1308 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1309 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1310 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
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1311 the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to |
24093 | 1312 your programs, too. |
1313 | |
1314 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1315 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1316 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1317 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1318 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1319 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1320 | |
1321 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1322 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1323 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1324 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1325 | |
1326 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1327 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1328 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1329 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1330 rights. | |
1331 | |
1332 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1333 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1334 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1335 | |
1336 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1337 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1338 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1339 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1340 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1341 authors' reputations. | |
1342 | |
1343 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1344 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1345 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1346 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1347 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1348 | |
1349 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1350 modification follow. | |
1351 | |
1352 @iftex | |
1353 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1354 @end iftex | |
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1355 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1356 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION |
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1357 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1358 |
1359 @enumerate 0 | |
1360 @item | |
1361 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1362 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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1363 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1364 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1365 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1366 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1367 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1368 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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1369 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1370 |
1371 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1372 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1373 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1374 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1375 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1376 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1377 | |
1378 @item | |
1379 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1380 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1381 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1382 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1383 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1384 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1385 along with the Program. | |
1386 | |
1387 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1388 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1389 | |
1390 @item | |
1391 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1392 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1393 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1394 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1395 | |
1396 @enumerate a | |
1397 @item | |
1398 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1399 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1400 | |
1401 @item | |
1402 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1403 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1404 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1405 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1406 | |
1407 @item | |
1408 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1409 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1410 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1411 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1412 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1413 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1414 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1415 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1416 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1417 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1418 @end enumerate | |
1419 | |
1420 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1421 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1422 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1423 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1424 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1425 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1426 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1427 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1428 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1429 | |
1430 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1431 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1432 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1433 collective works based on the Program. | |
1434 | |
1435 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1436 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1437 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1438 the scope of this License. | |
1439 | |
1440 @item | |
1441 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1442 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1443 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1444 | |
1445 @enumerate a | |
1446 @item | |
1447 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1448 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1449 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1450 | |
1451 @item | |
1452 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1453 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1454 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1455 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1456 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1457 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1458 | |
1459 @item | |
1460 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1461 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1462 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1463 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1464 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1465 @end enumerate | |
1466 | |
1467 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1468 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1469 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1470 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1471 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1472 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1473 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1474 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1475 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1476 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1477 | |
1478 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1479 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1480 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1481 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1482 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1483 | |
1484 @item | |
1485 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1486 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1487 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1488 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1489 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1490 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1491 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1492 | |
1493 @item | |
1494 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1495 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1496 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1497 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1498 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1499 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1500 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1501 the Program or works based on it. | |
1502 | |
1503 @item | |
1504 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1505 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1506 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1507 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1508 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1509 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1510 this License. | |
1511 | |
1512 @item | |
1513 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1514 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1515 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1516 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1517 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1518 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1519 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1520 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1521 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1522 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1523 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1524 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1525 | |
1526 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1527 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1528 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1529 circumstances. | |
1530 | |
1531 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1532 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1533 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1534 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1535 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1536 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1537 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1538 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1539 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1540 impose that choice. | |
1541 | |
1542 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1543 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1544 | |
1545 @item | |
1546 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1547 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1548 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1549 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1550 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1551 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1552 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1553 | |
1554 @item | |
1555 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1556 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1557 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1558 address new problems or concerns. | |
1559 | |
1560 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1561 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1562 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1563 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1564 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1565 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1566 Foundation. | |
1567 | |
1568 @item | |
1569 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1570 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1571 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1572 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1573 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1574 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1575 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1576 | |
1577 @iftex | |
1578 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1579 @end iftex | |
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1580 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1581 @center NO WARRANTY |
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1582 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1583 |
1584 @item | |
1585 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1586 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1587 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1588 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1589 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1590 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1591 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1592 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1593 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1594 | |
1595 @item | |
1596 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1597 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1598 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1599 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1600 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1601 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1602 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1603 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1604 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1605 @end enumerate | |
1606 | |
1607 @iftex | |
1608 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1609 @end iftex | |
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1610 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1611 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS |
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1612 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1613 |
1614 @page | |
1615 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1616 | |
1617 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1618 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1619 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1620 | |
1621 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1622 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1623 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1624 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1625 | |
1626 @smallexample | |
1627 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
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1628 Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1629 |
1630 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1631 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1632 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1633 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1634 | |
1635 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1636 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1637 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1638 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1639 | |
1640 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1641 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
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1642 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. |
24093 | 1643 @end smallexample |
1644 | |
1645 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1646 | |
1647 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1648 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1649 | |
1650 @smallexample | |
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1651 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1652 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1653 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
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1654 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' |
24093 | 1655 for details. |
1656 @end smallexample | |
1657 | |
1658 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1659 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1660 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1661 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1662 suits your program. | |
1663 | |
1664 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1665 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1666 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1667 | |
1668 @smallexample | |
1669 @group | |
1670 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1671 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
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1672 (which makes passes at compilers) written |
24093 | 1673 by James Hacker. |
1674 | |
1675 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1676 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1677 @end group | |
1678 @end smallexample | |
1679 | |
1680 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1681 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1682 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
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1683 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General |
24093 | 1684 Public License instead of this License. |
1685 | |
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1686 @include doclicense.texi |
24093 | 1687 @include cmdargs.texi |
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@include xresources.texi.
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1688 @include xresources.texi |
24093 | 1689 |
1690 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1691 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1692 @include msdog.texi |
1693 @include gnu.texi | |
1694 @include glossary.texi | |
55626 | 1695 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1696 @include ack.texi |
55626 | 1697 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1698 |
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1699 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1700 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1701 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1702 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1703 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1704 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1705 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1706 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1707 |
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1708 @iftex |
24093 | 1709 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1710 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1711 @printindex ky | |
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1712 @end iftex |
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1713 |
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1714 @ifnottex |
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1715 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1716 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1717 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1718 |
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1719 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1720 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1721 @printindex op |
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1722 |
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1723 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1724 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1725 @printindex fn |
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1726 @end ifnottex |
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1727 |
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1728 @iftex |
24093 | 1729 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1730 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1731 @printindex fn | |
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1732 @end iftex |
24093 | 1733 |
1734 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1735 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1736 @printindex vr | |
1737 | |
1738 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1739 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1740 @printindex cp | |
1741 | |
1742 @bye | |
1743 | |
52401 | 1744 @ignore |
1745 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1746 @end ignore |