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annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL.sl @ 102570:e5ee527bf579
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author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 14 Mar 2009 22:30:53 +0000 |
parents | c90853557b90 |
children | 1d1d5d9bd884 |
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1 Prvo berilo za Emacs. Pogoji uporabe in razširjanja so navedeni na koncu. |
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2 |
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3 Ukazi v Emacsu v splošnem vključujejo tipki CONTROL (včasih označeni |
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4 CTRL ali CTL) in META (včasih označena EDIT ali ALT). Namesto, da bi ju |
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5 vedno izpisali s celim imenom, bomo uporabili naslednji okrajšavi: |
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6 |
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7 C-<znak> pomeni, da moramo držati pritisnjeno tipko CONTROL, ko |
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8 vtipkamo <znak>. Oznaka C-f tako pomeni: držimo pritisnjeno |
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9 tipko CONTROL in pritisnemo tipko f. |
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10 M-<znak> pomeni, da moramo držati pritisnjeno tipko META, EDIT ali |
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11 ALT, ko vtipkamo <znak>. Če na tipkovnici ni tipk META, EDIT |
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12 ali ALT, pritisnemo tipko ESC, jo spustimo in zatem |
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13 pritisnemo tipko <chr>. Tipko ESC bomo označevali z <ESC>. |
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14 |
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15 Pomembno: Emacs zapustimo z ukazom C-x C-c (dva znaka). |
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16 V učbeniku so vaje, s katerimi preskusite nove ukaze. Označujeta jih |
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17 znaka ,>>` ob levem robu. Zgled: |
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18 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>> |
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19 [Sredina strani je iz didaktičnih razlogov prazna. Besedilo se nadaljuje spodaj] |
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20 >> Vtipkajte zdaj ukaz C-v (View next screen, Prikaži naslednji zaslon), |
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21 da se premaknete na naslednji zaslon (kar poskusite, pritisnite |
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22 hkrati tipko CONTROL in V). Od zdaj naprej boste morali to |
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23 napraviti sami vsakič, ko pridete do konca zaslona. |
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24 |
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25 Ste opazili, da sta se dve vrstici s prejšnjega zaslona ponovili? Ta |
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26 kontinuiteta olajša branje pri skakanju s strani na stran. |
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27 |
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28 Prva stvar, ki si jo morate zapomniti, je, kako se premikate po |
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29 datoteki. Zdaj že veste, da se premaknete za cel zaslon naprej z |
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30 ukazom C-v. Za cel zaslon nazaj pa se premaknete z ukazom M-v |
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31 (pritisnite tipko META in jo držite ter pritisnite tipko v, ali pa |
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32 pritisnite in spustite <ESC> ter zatem pritisnite tipko v, če tipke |
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33 META, EDIT ali ALT na vaši tipkovnici ni). |
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34 |
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35 >> Nekajkrat pritisnite M-v in C-v, da vidite, kako ukaza delujeta. |
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36 |
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37 |
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38 * POVZETEK |
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39 ---------- |
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40 |
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41 Za pregled celega zaslona besedila so uporabni naslednji ukazi: |
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42 |
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43 C-v Premik se za cel zaslon naprej |
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44 M-v Premik se za cel zaslon nazaj |
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45 C-l Cel zaslon premaknemo tako, da je zdaj po vertikali |
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46 osredninjen okoli besedila, kjer se nahaja kazalček |
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47 (znak v C-l je črka L, ne števka 1) |
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48 |
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49 >> Poiščite kazalček na zaslonu in si zapomnite besedilo okoli njega. |
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50 Vtipkajte C-l. |
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51 Ponovno poiščite kazalček. Besedilo okoli njega je ostalo isto. |
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52 |
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53 Za premikanje za cel zaslon naprej ali nazaj lahko tipkovnicah, ki |
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54 imajo ti tipki, uporabljate tudi PageUp in PageDown. Opisan postopek s |
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55 C-v in M-v pa deluje povsod. |
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56 |
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57 |
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58 * PREMIKANJE KAZALČKA |
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59 --------------------- |
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60 |
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61 Premiki za celo stran naprej in nazaj so sicer uporabni, ampak kako pa |
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62 pridemo do izbranega mesta na zaslonu? |
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63 |
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64 Načinov je več. Najosnovnejši je uporaba ukazov C-p, C-b, C-f in |
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65 C-n. Ti po vrsti premaknejo kazalček v prejšnjo vrstico, znak nazaj, |
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66 znak naprej, in v naslednjo vrstico. Ti štirje ukazi so enakovredni |
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67 kurzorskim tipkam: |
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68 |
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69 prejšnja vrstica, C-p |
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70 : |
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71 : |
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72 nazaj, C-b .... trenutni položaj kazalčka .... naprej, C-f |
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73 : |
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74 : |
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75 naslednja vrstica, C-n |
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76 |
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77 >> S pritiski na C-n ali C-p premaknite kazalček v sredinsko vrstico |
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78 na diagramu zgoraj. Zatem pritisnite C-l. S tem diagram postavite na |
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79 sredino zaslona. |
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80 |
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81 V angleščini ima izbor tipk nazoren pomen. P kot ,previous` |
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82 (prejšnji), N kot ,next` (naslednji), B kot ,backward` (nazaj) in F |
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83 kot ,forward` (naprej). Te osnovne ukaze za premikanje kazalčka boste |
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84 uporabljali ves čas. |
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85 |
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86 >> Nekajkrat pritisnite C-n, da pride kazalček do te vrstice. |
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87 |
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88 >> Z nekaj C-f se pomaknite na desno na sredo vrstice, nato pa nekajkrat |
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89 pritisnite C-p. Opazujte, kaj se dogaja s kazalčkom na sredini |
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90 vrstice. |
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91 |
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92 Vsaka vrstice v besedilu je zaključena z znakom za novo vrstico |
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93 (angl. Newline). Ta ločuje vrstico v besedilu od naslednje. Tudi |
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94 zadnja vrstica v datoteki mora biti zaljučena z znakom za novo vrstico |
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95 (čeprav tega Emacs ne zahteva). |
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96 |
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97 >> Poskusite ukaz C-b, ko je kazalček na začetku vrstice. Kazalček se |
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98 mora premakniti na konec prejšnje vrstice. To je zato, ker se je |
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99 ravnokar premaknil prek znaka za konec vrstice. |
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100 |
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101 Ukaz C-f premika kazalček prek znaka za novo vrstico enako kot C-b. |
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102 |
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103 >> Poskusite še nekajkrat pritisniti C-b, da dobite občutek za |
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104 premikanje kazalčka. Potem nekajkrat poskusite C-f, da pridete do konca |
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105 vrstice. Še enkrat pritisnite C-f, da skočite v naslednjo vrstico. |
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106 |
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107 Ko s kazalčkom dosežete zgornji ali spodnji rob zaslona, se besedilo |
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108 toliko premakne, da kazalček ostane na zaslonu. V angleščini se temu |
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109 pravi ,,scrolling``. To omogoča, da lahko premaknemo kazalček na |
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110 katerokoli mesto v besedilu, a vseeno ostanemo na zaslonu. |
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111 |
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112 >> Poskusite kazalček pripeljati s C-n čisto do dna zaslona in si oglejte, |
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113 kaj se zgodi. |
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114 |
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115 Če se vam zdi premikanje po en znak prepočasno, se lahko premikate za |
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116 celo besedo. M-f (META-f) premakne kazalček za eno besedo naprej, M-b |
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117 pa za besedo nazaj. |
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118 |
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119 >> Poskusite nekajkrat M-f in M-b. |
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120 |
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121 Če je kazalček sredi besede, ga M-f prestavi na konec besede. Če je v |
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122 belini med besedami, ga M-f premakne na konec naslednje besede. M-b |
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123 deluje podobno, a v nasprotni smeri. |
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124 |
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125 >> Nekajkrat poskusite M-f in M-b, vmes pa še nekaj C-f in |
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126 C-b. Opazujte učinke M-f in M-b, ko je kazalček sredi besede ali |
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127 med besedami. |
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128 |
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129 Ste opazili paralelo med C-f in C-b na eni strani ter M-f in M-b na |
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130 drugi? V Emacsu se dostikrat ukazi Meta nanašajo na operacije nad |
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131 enotami jezika (besede, stavki, odstavki), medtem ko se ukazi Control |
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132 nanašajo na operacije, neodvisne od zvrsti besedila (znaki, vrstice |
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133 ipd.). |
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134 |
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135 Podobna zveza je tudi med vrsticami in stavki: ukaza C-a in C-e |
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136 premakneta kazalček na začetek oz. konec vrstice, M-a in M-e pa na |
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137 začetek oz. konec stavka. |
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138 |
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139 >> Poskusite nekaj ukazov C-a, potem pa nekaj ukazov C-e. |
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140 Poskusite nekaj ukazov M-a, potem pa nekaj ukazov M-e. |
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141 |
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142 Ste opazili, da ponovljeni C-a ne napravijo nič, ponovljeni M-a pa se |
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143 premikajo naprej? Čeprav se ne obnašata enako, pa je vendar obnašanje |
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144 enega in drugega po svoje naravno. |
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145 |
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146 Položaju kazalčka na zaslonu pravimo tudi ,,point``, točka. |
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147 Parafrazirano: kazalček kaže na zaslonu, kje je točka v besedilu. |
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148 |
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149 Povzetek preprostih ukazov za premikanje kazalčka, vključno s premiki |
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150 po besedo in stavek: |
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151 |
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152 C-f Premik za znak naprej |
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153 C-b Premik za znak nazaj |
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154 |
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155 M-f Premik za besedo naprej |
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156 M-b Premik za besedo nazaj |
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157 |
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158 C-n Premik v naslednjo vrstico |
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159 C-p Premik v prejšnjo vrstico |
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160 |
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161 C-a Premik na začetek vrstice |
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162 C-e Premik na konec vrstice |
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163 |
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164 M-a Premik na začetek stavka |
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165 M-e Premik na konec stavka |
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166 |
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167 >> Za vajo nekajkrat poskusite vsakega od teh ukazov. |
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168 To so najpogosteje uporabljani ukazi. |
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169 |
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170 Še dva pomembna ukaza za premikanje kazalčka sta M-< (META-manjši od), |
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171 ki ga premakne na začetek datoteke, in M-> (META-večji od), ki ga |
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172 premakne na konec datoteke. |
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173 |
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174 Na ameriških tipkovnicah najdete znak < nad vejico in morate |
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175 pritisniti tipko Shift, da pridete do njega. Z ukazom M-< je enako - |
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176 prav tako morate pritisniti tipko Shift, sicer moste izvedli drug |
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177 ukaz, Meta-vejica. Na naših tipkovnicah sta oba znaka na isti tipko, |
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178 in za ukaz M-> morate pritisniti še tipko Shift. |
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179 |
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180 >> Poskusite zdaj M-<, skok na začetek tega učbenika. |
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181 Potem se vrnite nazaj z zaporednimi C-v. |
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182 |
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183 >> Poskusite zdaj M->, skok na konec tega učbenika. |
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184 Potem se vrnite nazaj z zaporednimi M-v. |
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185 |
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186 Če ima vaša tipkovnica kurzorske tipke, lahko premikate kazalček po |
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187 zaslonu tudi z njimi. Vseeno priporočamo, da se privadite ukazov C-b, |
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188 C-f, C-n in C-p, in to iz treh razlogov. Prvič, delujejo na čisto vseh |
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189 terminalih. Drugič, z nekaj prakse v Emacsu boste opazili, da je |
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190 tipkanje ukazov s CONTROL hitrejše od tipkanja s kurzorskimi tipkami, ker |
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191 ni treba ves čas premikati desnice s tipkovnice na kurzorske tipke in |
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192 nazaj. In tretjič, ko se enkrat navadite teh ukazov s CONTROL, se boste |
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193 enostavneje naučili tudi bolj zapletenih ukazov za premikanje kazalčka. |
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194 |
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195 Večini ukazov v Emacsu lahko podamo številčni argument; največkrat ta |
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196 pove, kolikokrat zapovrstjo naj se ukaz izvede. Večkratno ponovitev |
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197 ukaza izvedemo tako, da najprej vtipkamo C-u, zatem število, |
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198 kolikokrat naj se ukaz ponovi, in nazadnje željeni ukaz. Če ima vaša |
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199 tipkovnica tipko META (ali EDIT ali ALT), lahko izpustite ukaz C-u in |
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200 namesto tega vtipkate število ponovitev, medtem ko držite pritisnjeno |
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201 tipko META. Druga metoda je sicer krajša, priporočamo pa prvo, ker |
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202 deluje na vseh terminalih. Takšen številčni argument je ,,prefiksni`` |
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203 argument, ker vnesemo argument pred ukazom, na katerega se nanaša. |
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204 |
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205 Zgled: C-u 8 C-f premakne kazalček za osem znakov naprej. |
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206 |
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207 >> Poskusite s primernim argumentom za število ponovitev ukaza |
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208 C-n ali C-p priti čim bliže tej vrstici v enem samem skoku. |
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209 |
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210 Večina ukazov, ne pa vsi, uporablja številčni argument kot število |
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211 ponovitev ukaza. Nekateri ukazi - nobeden od tistih, ki smo si jih |
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212 ogledali do zdaj - ga uporabljajo kot stikalo: s podanim prefiksnim |
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213 argumentom napravi ukaz nekaj drugega kot običajno. |
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214 |
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215 Ukaza C-v in M-v sta tudi izjemi, a drugačni. Če jima podamo argument, |
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216 premakneta zaslon za navedeno število vrstic, ne pa zaslonov. Ukaz C-u |
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217 8 C-v, na primer, premakne zaslon navzgor za 8 vrstic. |
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218 |
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219 >> Poskusite zdaj C-u 8 C-v |
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220 |
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221 To bi moralo zaslon premakniti navzgor za osem vrstic. Če bi ga radi |
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222 premaknili nazaj, poskusite M-v z istim argumentom. |
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223 |
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224 Če uporabljate grafični vmesnik, denimo X11 ali MS Windows, imate |
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225 verjetno ob robu Emacsovega okna navpično pravokotno ploskev, |
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226 imenovano drsnik. Pogled na besedilo lahko premikate tudi tako, da z |
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227 miško kliknete na drsnik. |
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228 |
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229 >> Postavite kazalec na vrh označenega območja na drsniku in pritisnite |
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230 srednji gumb na miški. To bi moralo premakniti besedilo na mesto, |
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231 določeno s tem, kako visoko ali nizko na drsnik ste kliknili. |
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232 |
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233 >> Medtem ko držite srednji gumb pritisnjen, premikajte miško gor in |
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234 dol. Vidite, kako se premika besedilo v Emacsovem oknu, ko |
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235 premikate miško? |
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236 |
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237 |
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238 * ČE SE EMACS OBESI |
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239 ------------------- |
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240 |
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241 Če se Emacs preneha odzivati na vaše ukaze, ga lahko varno prekinete z |
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242 ukazom C-g. Z njim lahko prekinete ukaze, za katere bi trajalo |
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243 predolgo, da bi se izvedli. |
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244 |
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245 Isti ukaz, C-g, lahko uporabite tudi, da prekličete številčni |
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246 argument, ali pa začetek ukaza, ki ga ne želite izvesti. |
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247 |
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248 >> Vtipkajte C-u 100, s čimer ste izbrali številčni argument 100, |
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249 zatem pa vtipkajte C-g. Vtipkajte zdaj C-f. Kazalček se je |
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250 premaknil le za en znak, ker ste številčni argument vmes preklicali |
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251 s C-g. |
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252 |
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253 Tudi če ste po nesreči vtipkali <ESC>, se ga lahko znebite s C-g. |
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254 |
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255 |
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256 * ONEMOGOČENI UKAZI |
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257 ------------------- |
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258 |
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259 Nekaj ukazov v Emacsu je namenoma ,,onemogočenih``, da bi jih |
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260 začetniki ne izvedli po nesreči. |
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261 |
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262 Če vtipkate tak onemogočen ukaz, se bo na zaslonu pojavilo novo okno z |
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263 obvestilom, kateri ukaz ste skušali izvesti, in vas vprašalo, če ga |
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264 res želite izvesti. |
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265 |
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266 Če v resnici želite poskusiti ukaz, pritisnite preslednico kot odgovor |
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267 na vprašanje. Normalno verjetno ukaza ne želite izvesti, zato na |
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268 vprašanje odgovorite z ,n`. |
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269 |
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270 >> Vtipkajte C-x C-l (ki je onemogočen ukaz), |
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271 zatem na vprašanje odgovorite n. |
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272 |
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273 |
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274 * OKNA |
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275 ------ |
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276 |
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277 Emacs lahko prikaže več oken in v vsakem svoje besedilo. Kasneje bomo |
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278 razložili, kako uporabljamo več oken hkrati. Zaenkrat bomo povedali |
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279 le, kako se znebite dodatnih oken, ki jih lahko odpre vgrajena pomoč ali |
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280 pa izpis kakšnega drugega programa. Preprosto je: |
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281 |
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282 C-x 1 Eno okno (torej, zaprimo vsa ostala). |
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283 |
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284 To je CONTROL-x, ki mu sledi števka 1. Ukaz C-x 1 raztegne čez cel |
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285 zaslon okno, v katerem se nahaja kazalček, ostala pa zapre. |
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286 |
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287 >> Premaknite kazalček do te vrstice in vtipkajte C-u 0 C-l |
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288 >> Vtipkajte CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f. |
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289 Vidite, kako se je to okno skrčilo in odstopilo prostor oknu, |
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290 ki pojasnjuje ukaz CONTROL-f? |
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291 |
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292 >> Vtipkajte C-x 1 in spodnje okno se bo zaprlo. |
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293 |
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294 Za razliko od ukazov, ki smo se jih naučili do zdaj, je ta ukaz |
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295 sestavljen iz dveh znakov. Začne se z znakom CONTROL-x. Cela vrsta |
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296 ukazov se začne enako, in mnogi od njih zadevajo delo z datotekami, |
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297 delovnimi področji in podobnim. Vsem tem ukazom je skupno, da se |
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298 začnejo s CONTROL-x, ki mu sledi še en, dva ali trije znaki. |
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299 |
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300 |
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301 * VRIVANJE IN BRISANJE |
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302 ---------------------- |
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303 |
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304 Če želite v obstoječe besedilo vriniti novo, preprosto premaknite |
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305 kazalček na željeno mesto in začnite tipkati. Znake, ki jih lahko |
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306 vidite, na primer A, 7, * in podobno, razume Emacs kot del besedila in |
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307 jih takoj vrine. S pritiskom na Return (ali Enter) vrinete znak za |
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308 skok v novo vrstico. |
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309 |
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310 Zadnji vtipkani znak lahko izbrišete s pritiskom na tipko |
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311 <Delback>. To je tista tipka na tipkovnici, ki jo navadno uporabljate |
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312 za brisanje nazadnje natipkanega znaka. Navadno je to velika tipka |
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313 vrstico ali dve nad tipko <Return>, ki je označena z "Backspace", |
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314 "Delete" ali "Del". |
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315 |
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316 Če imate na tipkovnici tipko "Backspace", je to tipka <Delback>. Naj |
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317 vas ne zmede, če imate poleg tega še tipko "Delete" - <Delback> je |
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318 "Backspace". |
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319 |
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320 Splošno <Delback> pobriše znak neposredno pred trenutnim položajem |
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321 kazalčka. |
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322 |
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323 >> Vtipkajte zdaj nekaj znakov in jih zatem s tipko <Delback> pobrišite. |
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324 Nič naj vas ne skrbi, če se je ta vrstica spremenila. Izvirnika |
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325 tega učbenika ne boste pokvarili -- tole je samo vaša osebna kopija. |
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326 |
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327 Ko vrstica postane predolga za zaslon, se ,,nadaljuje`` v naslednji |
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328 vrstici na zaslonu. Obrnjena poševnica (znak ,\`) ali v grafičnih |
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329 okoljih zavita puščica ob desnem robu označuje vrstico, ki se |
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330 nadaljuje v naslednji zaslonski vrstici. |
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331 |
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332 >> Zdaj začnite tipkati besedilo, dokler ne dosežete desnega roba, in |
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333 še naprej. Opazili boste, da se pojavi znak za nadaljevanje. |
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334 |
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335 >> S tipko <Delback> pobrišite toliko znakov, da vrstica ne sega |
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336 več čez širino zaslona. Znak za nadaljevanje v naslednji |
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337 vrstici je izginil. |
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338 |
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339 Znak za novo vrstico lahko pobrišemo enako kot vsak drug znak. S tem, |
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340 ko pobrišemo znak za novo vrstico, združimo vrstici v eno samo. Če bo |
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341 nova vrstica predolga, da bi cela prišla na zaslon, bo razdeljena v |
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342 več zaslonskih vrstic. |
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343 |
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344 >> Premaknite kazalček na začetek vrstice in pritisnite <Delback>. To |
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345 združi vrstico s prejšnjo. |
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346 |
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347 >> Pritisnite <Return>. S tem ste ponovno vrinili znak za skok v novo |
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348 vrstico, ki ste ga malo prej zbrisali. |
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349 |
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350 Spomnimo se, da lahko za večino ukazov v Emacsu določimo, naj se |
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351 izvedejo večkrat zaporedoma; to vključuje tudi vnos teksta. Ponovitev |
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352 običajnega znaka ga večkrat vrine v besedilo. |
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353 |
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354 >> Poskusite zdaj tole: da vnesete osem zvezdic, vtipkajte C-u 8 * |
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355 |
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356 Zdaj ste se naučili najpreprostejši način, da v Emacsu nekaj natipkate |
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357 in popravite. Brišete lahko tudi besede ali vrstice. Tu je povzetek |
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358 ukazov za brisanje: |
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359 |
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360 <Delback> pobriše znak tik pred kazalčkom (levo od |
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361 oznake za kazalček) |
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362 C-d pobriše znak tik za kazalčkom (,pod` oznako |
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363 za kazalček) |
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364 |
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365 M-<Delback> pobriše besedo tik pred kazalčkom |
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366 M-d pobriše besedo tik za kazalčkom |
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367 |
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368 C-k zavrže besedilo desno od kazalčka do konca vrstice |
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369 M-k zavrže besedilo od položaja kazalčka do konca stavka |
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370 |
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371 Črka ,d` je iz angleške besede ,delete` (pobrisati), črka ,k` pa iz |
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372 besede ,kill` (pobiti). Ste opazili, da <Delback> in C-d na eni, ter |
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373 M-<Delback> in M-d na drugi strani nadaljujeta paralelo, ki sta jo začela |
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374 C-f in M-f (<Delback> pravzaprav ni kontrolni znak, kar pa naj nas ne |
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375 moti). C-k in M-k sta v enakem sorodu s C-e in M-e: prvi deluje na |
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376 vrstice, drugi na stavke. |
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377 |
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378 Obstaja tudi splošen postopek za brisanje kateregakoli dela delovnega |
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379 področja. Kazalček postavimo na en konec področja, ki ga želimo |
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380 izbrisati, in pritisnemo C-@ ali C-SPC (SPC je |
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381 preslednica). Katerikoli od obeh ukazov deluje. Premaknite kazalček na |
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382 drug konec področja, ki ga želite izbrisati, in pritisnite C-w. S tem |
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383 ste zavrgli vse besedilo med obema mejama. |
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384 |
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385 >> Premaknite kazalček na črko O, s katero se začenja prejšnji |
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386 odstavek. |
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387 >> Vtipkajte C-SPC. Emacs prikaže sporočilo "Mark set" (slov. Oznaka |
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388 postavljena) na dnu ekrana. |
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389 >> Premaknite kazalček na črko V v "postavimo" v drugi vrstici istega |
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390 odstavka. |
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391 >> Vtipkajte C-w. S tem zavržemo vse besedilo začenši z O in vse do |
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392 črke V. |
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393 |
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394 Razlika med tem, če zavržete cel odstavek besedila (angl. ,,kill``, |
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395 pobiti) ali pa če pobrišete znak (angl. ,,delete``), je ta, da lahko |
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396 prvega vrnete nazaj z ukazom C-y, drugega pa ne. Na splošno ukazi, ki |
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397 lahko povzročijo veliko škode (pobrišejo veliko besedila), shranijo |
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398 pobrisano besedilo; tisti, ki pobrišejo samo posamezni znak, ali samo |
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399 prazne vrstice in presledke, pa ne. |
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400 |
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401 >> Postavite kazalček na začetek neprazne vrstice. Pritisnite C-k, da |
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402 pobrišete vsebino vrstice. |
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403 >> Še enkrat pritisnite C-k. To pobriše še znak za novo vrstico. |
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404 |
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405 Ste opazili, da prvi C-k pobriše vsebino vrstice, naslednji C-k pa še |
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406 vrstici samo, s čimer se vse besedilo pod bivšo vrstico premakne za |
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407 eno vrstico navzgor? Ukaz C-k obravnava številčni argument malo |
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408 drugače: pobriše toliko in toliko vrstic z vsebinami vred. To ni zgolj |
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409 ponovitev. C-u 2 C-k pobriše dve polni vrstici besedila, kar je nekaj |
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410 drugega, kot če dvakrat vtipkate C-k. |
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411 |
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412 Besedilo, ki ste ga prej pobili, lahko povrnete (angl. ,,yank`` -- |
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413 potegniti). Predstavljajte si, kot da potegnete nazaj nekaj, kar vam |
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414 je nekdo odnesel. Pobito besedilo lahko potegnete nazaj na isti ali pa |
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415 na kakšen drug kraj v besedilu, ali pa celo v kaki drugi |
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416 datoteki. Isto besedilo lahko večkrat potegnete nazaj, tako da je v |
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417 delovnem področju povečterjeno. |
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418 |
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419 Ukaz za vračanje pobitega besedila je C-y. |
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420 |
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421 >> Poskusite z ukazom C-y povrniti pobrisano besedilo. |
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422 |
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423 Če ste uporabili več zaporednih ukazov C-k, je vse pobrisano besedilo |
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424 shranjeno skupaj, in en sam C-y bo vrnil vse tako pobrisane vrstice. |
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425 |
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426 >> Poskusite, nekajkrat vtipkajte C-k. |
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427 |
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428 Zdaj pa vrnimo pobrisano besedilo: |
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429 |
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430 >> Vtipkajte C-y. Zdaj pa premaknite kazalček za nekaj vrstic navzdol |
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431 in še enkrat vtipkajte C-y. Vidite zdaj, kako se kopira dele |
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432 besedila? |
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433 |
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434 Kaj pa, če ste pobrisali nekaj besedila, ki bi ga radi vrnili, vendar |
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435 ste za iskanim odlomkom pobrisali še nekaj? C-y vrne samo nazadnje |
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436 pobrisan odlomek. Vendar tudi prejšnje besedilo ni izgubljeno. Do |
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437 njega lahko pridete z ukazom M-y. Ko ste vrnili nazadnje zbrisano |
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438 besedilo s C-y, pritisnite M-y, ki ga zamenja s predzanje pobrisanim |
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439 besedilom. Vsak naslednji M-y prikaže še eno prej. Ko ste končno |
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440 prišli do iskanega besedila, ni treba napraviti nič posebnega, da bi |
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441 ga obdržali. Preprosto nadaljujte z urejanjem, in vrnjeno besedilo bo |
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442 ostalo, kamor ste ga odložili. |
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443 |
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444 Če pritisnete M-y dovolj velikokrat, se boste vrnili na začete, torej |
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445 spet na zadnje pobrisano besedilo. |
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446 |
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447 >> Pobrišite vrstico, premaknite se nekam drugam, in pobrišite še |
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448 eno vrstico. |
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449 Z ukazom C-y dobite nazaj to drugo vrstico. |
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450 Z ukazom M-y pa jo zamenjate s prvo vrstico. |
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451 Ponovite ukaz M-y še nekajkrat in si oglejte, kaj dobite na |
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452 zaslon. Ponavljajte ga, dokler se ne prikaže ponovno nazadnje |
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453 pobrisana vrstica, in še naprej. Če želite, lahko tudi ukazu |
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454 M-y podate pozitivno ali negativno število ponovitev. |
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455 |
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456 |
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457 * PREKLIC UKAZA (UNDO) |
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458 ---------------------- |
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459 |
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460 Če ste besedilo spremenili, a ste se kasneje premislili, lahko |
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461 besedilo vrnete v prvotno stanje z ukazom Undo, C-x u. Normalno vrne |
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462 C-x u zadnjo spremembo besedila; če ukaz ponovimo, prekličemo še |
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463 predzadnjo spremembo, in vsaka nadaljnja ponovitev seže še eno |
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464 spremembo globlje v zgodovino. |
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465 |
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466 Emacs hrani bolj ali manj celotno zgodovino naših ukazov, z dvema |
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467 izjemama: ukazov, ki niso napravili nobene spremembe v besedilu |
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468 (npr. premik kazalčka), ne shranjuje, in zaporedje do 20 vrinjenih |
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469 znakov shrani kot en sam ukaz. Slednje prihrani nekaj ukazov C-x u, ki |
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470 bi jih morali vtipkati. |
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471 |
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472 >> Pobrišite to vrstico z ukazom C-k, potem jo prikličite nazaj s C-x u. |
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473 |
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474 C-_ je alternativni ukaz za preklic zadnjega ukaza. Deluje enako kot |
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475 s C-x u, ga je pa lažje odtipkati, če morate ukaz ponoviti večkrat |
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476 zaporedoma. Težava z ukazom C-_ je, da na nekaterih tipkovnicah ni |
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477 povsem očitno, kako ga vtipkati, zato je podvojen še kot C-x u. Na |
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478 nekaterih terminalih moramo na primer vtipkati /, medtem ko držimo |
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479 pritisnjeno tipko CONTROL. |
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480 |
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481 Če podamo ukazu C-_ ali C-x u numerični argument, je to enako, kot če |
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482 bi ukaz ročno ponovili tolikokrat, kot pravi argument. |
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483 |
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484 Ukaz za brisanje besedila lahko prekličete in besedilo povrnete, |
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485 enako, kot če bi besedilo pobili. Razlika med brisanjem in pobijanjem |
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486 besedila je le ta, da le slednje lahko potegnete nazaj z ukazom |
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487 C-y. Preklic ukaza pa velja za eno in drugo. |
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488 |
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489 |
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490 * DATOTEKE |
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491 ---------- |
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492 |
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493 Da bi bile spremembe v besedilu trajne, morate besedilo shraniti v |
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494 datoteko. V nasprotnem primeru jih boste za vedno izgubili tisti hip, |
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495 ko boste zapustili Emacs. Besedilo postavimo v datoteko tako, da |
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496 na disku ,,poiščemo`` (angl. find) datoteko, preden začnemo tipkati |
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497 (pravimo tudi, da ,,obiščemo`` datoteko). |
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498 |
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499 Poiskati datoteko pomeni, da v Emacsu vidimo vsebino datoteke. To je |
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500 bolj ali manj tako, kot da z Emacsom urejamo datoteko samo. Vendar pa |
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501 spremembe ne postanejo trajne, dokler datoteke ne shranimo |
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502 (angl. save) na disk. Tako imamo možnost, da se izognemo temu, da bi |
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503 nam na pol spremenjene datoteke ležale po disku, kadar tega ne |
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504 želimo. Ker pa Emacs ohrani izvorno datoteko pod spremenjenim imenom, |
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505 lahko prvotno datoteko prikličemo nazaj celo še potem, ko smo datoteko |
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506 že shranili na disk. |
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507 |
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508 V predzadnji vrstici na dnu zaslona vidite vrstico, ki se začne in |
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509 konča z vezaji, in vsebuje niz znakov ,,--:-- TUTORIAL``. Ta del |
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510 zaslona navadno vsebuje ime datoteke, ki smo jo obiskali. Zdajle je to |
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511 ,,TUTORIAL``, vaša delovna kopija učbenika Emacsa. Ko boste poiskali |
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512 kakšno drugo datoteko, bo na tem mestu pisalo njeno ime. |
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513 |
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514 Posebnost ukaza za iskanje datoteke je, da moramo povedati, katero |
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515 datoteko iščemo. Pravimo, da ukaz ,,prebere argument s terminala`` (v |
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516 tem primeru je argument ime datoteke). Ko vtipkate ukaz |
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517 |
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518 C-x C-f (poišči datoteko) |
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519 |
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520 vas Emacs povpraša po imenu datoteke. Kar vtipkate, se sproti vidi v |
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521 vrstici na dnu zaslona. Temu delovnemu področju pravimo pogovorni |
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522 vmesnik (minibuffer), kadar se uporablja za tovrstni vnos. Znotraj |
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523 pogovornega vmesnika lahko uporabljate običajne ukaze za urejanje, če |
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524 ste se na primer pri tipkanju zmotili. |
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525 |
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526 Sredi tipkanja imena datoteke (ali katerega koli drugega opravila v |
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527 pogovornem vmesniku) lahko ukaz prekličete s C-g. |
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528 |
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529 >> Vtipkajte C-x C-f, zatem pa še C-g. Zadnji ukaz od treh je |
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530 zaprl pogovorni vmesnik in tudi preklical ukaz C-x C-f, ki je |
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531 uporabljal pogovorni vmesnik. Konec z iskanjem datoteke. |
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532 |
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533 Ko ste dokončali ime, ga vnesete s pritiskom na <Return>. S tem se |
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534 požene ukaz C-x C-f in poišče iskano datoteko. Pogovorni vmesnik |
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535 izgine, ko je ukaz izveden. |
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536 |
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537 Trenutek kasneje se vsebina datoteke pojavi na zaslonu. Zdaj lahko |
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538 dopolnjujete, urejate ali kako drugače spreminjate vsebino. Ko želite, |
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539 da ostanejo spremembe trajne, izvedete ukaz: |
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540 |
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541 C-x C-s (shrani datoteko) |
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542 |
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543 Besedilo se s tem shrani iz pomnilnika računalnika na datoteko na |
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544 disk. Ko prvič izvedete ta ukaz, se izvorna datoteka preimenuje, tako |
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545 da ni izgubljena. Najdete jo pod novim imenom, ki se od starega |
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546 razlikuje po tem, da ima na koncu pripet znak ,,~``. |
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547 |
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548 Ko je Emacs shranil datoteko, izpiše njeno ime. Shranjujte raje |
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549 pogosteje kot ne, da v primeru, če gre z računalnikom kaj narobe, ne |
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550 izgubite veliko. |
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551 |
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552 >> Vtipkajte C-x C-s, s čimer boste shranili svojo kopijo tega |
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553 učbenika. Emacs bo v vrstici na dnu zaslona izpisal ,,Wrote |
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554 ...TUTORIAL``. |
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555 |
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556 Poiščete lahko lahko že obstoječo datoteko, da si jo ogledate ali |
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557 popravite, ali pa tudi datoteko, ki še ne obstaja. To je način, kako z |
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558 Emacsom ustvarimo novo datoteko: poiščite datoteko z izbranim imenom, |
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559 ki bo sprva prazna, in začnite pisati. Ko jo boste prvič shranili, bo |
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560 Emacs ustvaril datoteko z vnešenim besedilom. Od tod dalje delate na |
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561 že obstoječi datoteki. |
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562 |
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563 |
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564 * DELOVNA PODROČJA |
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565 ------------------ |
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566 |
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567 Tudi če ste z ukazom C-x C-f poiskali in odprli drugo datoteko, prva |
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568 ostane v Emacsu. Nanjo se vrnete tako, da jo še enkrat ,,poiščete`` z |
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569 ukazom C-x C-f. Tako imate lahko v Emacsu hkrati kar precej datotek. |
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570 |
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571 >> Ustvarite datoteko z imenom ,,bla`` tako, da vtipkate C-x C-f |
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572 bla <Return>. Natipkajte nekaj besedila, ga po potrebi popravite, in |
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573 shranite v datoteko ,,bla`` z ukazom C-x C-s. Ko ste končali, se |
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574 vrnite v učbenik z ukazom C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>. |
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575 |
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576 Emacs hrani besedilo vsake datoteke v takoimenovanem ,,delovnem |
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577 področju`` (angl. buffer). Ko poiščemo datoteko, Emacs ustvari zanjo |
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578 novo delovno področje. Vsa obstoječa delovna področja v Emacsu vidimo |
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579 z ukazom: |
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580 |
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581 C-x C-b Seznam delovnih področij. |
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582 |
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583 >> Poskusite C-x C-b zdaj. |
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584 |
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585 Vidite, da ima vsako delovno področje svoje ime, pri nekaterih pa piše |
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586 tudi ime datoteke, katere vsebina se hrani v njem. Vsako besedilo, ki |
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587 ga vidite v katerem od Emacsovih oken, je vedno del kakšnega delovnega |
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588 področja. |
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589 |
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590 >> Z ukazom C-x 1 se znebite seznama delovnih področij. |
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591 |
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592 Tudi če imate več delovnih področij, pa je vedno le eno od njih |
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593 trenutno dejavno. To je tisto delovno področje, ki ga popravljate. Če |
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594 želite popravljati drugo delovno področje, morate ,,preklopiti`` |
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595 nanj. Če bi radi preklopili na delovno področje, ki pripada kakšni |
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596 datoteki, že poznate en način, kako to storiti: ponovno ,,obiščete`` |
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597 (odprete) to datoteko z ukazom C-x C-f. Obstaja pa še lažji način: z |
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598 ukazom C-x b. Pri tem ukazu morate navesti ime delovnega področja. |
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599 |
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600 >> Vtipkajte C-x b bla <Return>, s čimer se vrnete v delovno področje |
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601 ,,bla`` z vsebino datoteke ,,bla``, ki ste jo maloprej |
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602 odprli. Zatem vtipkajte C-x b TUTORIAL <RETURN>, s čimer se vrnete |
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603 nazaj v ta učbenik. |
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604 |
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605 Večinoma se ime delovnega področja kar ujema z imenom datoteke (brez |
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606 poti do datoteke), ne pa vedno. Seznam delovnih področij, ki ga |
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607 prikaže ukaz C-x C-b, prikaže imena vseh delovnih področij. |
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608 |
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609 Vsako besedilo, ki ga vidite v katerem od Emacsovih oken, je vedno del |
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610 kakšnega delovnega področja. Nekatera delovna področja ne pripadajo |
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611 nobeni datoteki. Področje ,,*Buffer List*``, na primer, je že eno |
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612 takih. To delovno področje smo ustvarili ravnokar, ko smo pognali ukaz |
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613 C-x C-b, in vsebuje seznam delovnih področij. Tudi delovno področje |
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614 ,,Messages`` ne pripada nobeni datoteki, ampak vsebuje sporočila, ki |
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615 jih je Emacs izpisoval v odzivnem področju na dnu zaslona. |
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616 |
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617 >> Vtipkajte C-x b *Messages* <Return> in si oglejte delovno področje |
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618 s sporočili, zatem pa vtipkajte C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> in se tako |
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619 vrnite v učbenik. |
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620 |
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621 Če ste spreminjali besedilo ene datoteke, potem pa poiskali drugo, to |
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622 ne shrani spremeb v prvo datoteko. Te ostanejo znotraj Emacsa, na |
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623 delovnem področju, ki pripada prvi datoteki. Ustvarjenje ali |
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624 spreminjanje delovnega področja druge datoteke nima nobenega vpliva na |
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625 področje prve. To je zelo uporabno, pomeni pa tudi, da potrebujemo |
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626 udobno pot, da shranimo delovno področje prve datoteke. Nerodno bi |
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627 bilo preklapljanje na prvo področje s C-x C-f, da bi shranili s C-x |
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628 C-s. Namesto tega imamo: |
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629 |
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630 C-x s Shrani nekatera delovna področja |
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631 |
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632 Ukaz C-x poišče delovna področja, katerih vsebina je bila spremenjena, |
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633 odkar je bila zadnjič shranjena na datoteko. Za vsako tako delovno |
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634 področje C-x s vpraša, če ga želite shraniti. |
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635 |
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636 |
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637 * RAZŠIRJEN NABOR UKAZOV |
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638 ------------------------ |
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639 |
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640 Še mnogo, mnogo je ukazov Emacsa, ki bi zaslužili, da jih obesimo na |
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641 razne kontrolne in meta znake. Emacs se temu izogne z ukazom X (iz angl. |
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642 eXtend - razširiti), ki uvede ukaz iz razširjenega nabora. Dveh vrst je: |
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643 |
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644 C-x Znakovna razširitev (angl. Character eXtend). |
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645 Sledi mu en sam znak. |
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646 M-x Razširitev s poimenovanim ukazom. Sledi mu dolgo ime |
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647 ukaza. |
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648 |
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649 Tudi ti ukazi so na splošno uporabni, ne uporabljamo pa jih tako |
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650 pogosto kot tiste, ki ste se jih že naučili. Dva ukaza iz razširjenega |
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651 nabora že poznamo: C-x C-f, s katerim poiščemo datoteko, in C-x C-s, s |
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652 katerim datoteko shranimo. Še en primer je ukaz, s katerim Emacsu |
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653 povemo, da želimo končati z delom iz iziti iz Emacsa. Ta ukaz je C-x |
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654 C-c (ne skrbite: preden konča, Emacs ponudi, da shrani vse spremenjene |
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655 datoteke). |
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656 |
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657 Z ukazom C-z Emacs zapustimo samo *začasno*, tako da lahko ob vrnitvi |
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658 nadaljujemo z delom, kjer smo ostali. |
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659 |
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660 Na sistemih, ki to dopuščajo, ukaz C-z izide iz Emacsa v ukazno |
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661 lupino, a ga ne konča - če uporabljate ukazno lupino C, se lahko |
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662 vrnete z ukazom ,fg` ali splošneje z ukazom ,,%emacs``. |
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663 |
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664 Drugod ukaz C-z požene sekundarno ukazno lupino, tako da lahko |
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665 poženete kakšen drug program in se kasneje vrnete v Emacs. V tem |
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666 primeru pravzaprav Emacsa ne zapustimo. Ukaz ,,exit`` v ukazni lupini |
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667 je navadno način, da zapremo sekundarno lupino in se vrnemo v Emacs. |
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668 |
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669 Ukaz C-x C-c uporabimo, če se nameravamo odjaviti s sistema. To je |
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670 tudi pravilen način za izhod iz Emacsa, če je tega pognal program za |
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671 delo s pošto ali kak drug program, saj ta verjetno ne ve, kaj |
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672 napraviti z začasno prekinjenim Emacsom. V vseh ostalih primerih pa, |
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673 če se ne nameravate odjaviti s sistema, uporabite C-z, in se vrnite v |
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674 Emacs, ko bi radi spet urejali besedilo. |
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675 |
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676 Ukazov C-x je veliko. Zaenkrat smo spoznali naslednje: |
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677 |
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678 C-x C-f Poišči datoteko. |
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679 C-x C-s Shrani datoteko. |
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680 C-x C-b Prikaži seznam delovnih področij. |
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681 C-x C-c Končaj Emacs. |
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682 C-x 1 Zapri vsa okna razen enega. |
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683 C-x u Preklic zadnjega ukaza. |
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684 |
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685 Poimenovani razširjeni ukazi so ukazi, ki se uporabljajo še bolj |
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686 poredko, ali pa se uporabljajo samo v nekaterih načinih dela. Eden |
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687 takih je na primer ukaz replace-string, ki po vsem besedilu zamenja en |
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688 niz znakov z drugim. Ko vtipkate M-x, se to izpiše v pogovornem |
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689 vmesniku na dnu zaslona, Emacs pa čaka, da vtipkate ime ukaza, ki ga |
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690 želite priklicati; v tem primeru je to ,,replace-string``. Vtipkajte |
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691 samo ,,repl s<TAB>`` in Emacs bo dopolnil ime (<TAB> je tabulatorska |
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692 tipka; navadno jo najdemo nad tipko Caps Lock ali Shift na levi strani |
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693 tipkovnice). Ukaz vnesete s pritiskom na <Return>. |
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694 |
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695 Ukaz replace-string potrebuje dva argumenta -- niz, ki ga želite |
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696 zamenjati, in niz, s katerim bi radi zamenjali prvega. Vsakega posebej |
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697 vnesete in zaključite s pritiskom na tipko Return. |
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698 |
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699 >> Premaknite kazalček na prazno vrstico dve vrstici pod to, zatem |
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700 vtipkajte M-x repl s<Return>zamenjala<Return>spremenila<Return>. |
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701 |
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702 Opazite, kako se je ta vrstica zamenjala? Vse besede |
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703 z-a-m-e-n-j-a-l-a od tod do konca besedila ste nadomestili z besedo |
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704 ,,spremenila``. |
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705 |
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706 |
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707 * AVTOMATIČNO SHRANJEVANJE |
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708 -------------------------- |
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709 |
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710 Spremembe v datoteki, ki jih še niste shranili na disk, so izgubljene, |
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711 če medtem denimo zmanjka elektrike. Da bi vas zavaroval pred tem, |
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712 Emacs periodično avtomatično shrani vse datoteke, ki jih |
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713 urejate. Avtomatično shranjena datoteka se od izvorne razlikuje po |
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714 znaku ,#` na začetku in koncu imena: če se je vaša datoteka imenovala |
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715 ,,hello.c``, se avtomatično shranjena datoteka imenuje |
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716 ,,#hello.c#``. Ko normalno shranite datoteko, avtomatično shranjena |
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717 datoteka ni več potrebna, in Emacs jo pobriše. |
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718 |
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719 Če res pride do izgube podatkov v pomnilniku, lahko povrnete avtomatično |
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720 shranjeno besedilo tako, da normalno poiščete datoteko (pravo ime |
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721 datoteke, ne ime avtomatično shranjene datoteke), zatem pa vtipkate M-x |
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722 recover file<Return>. Ko vas vpraša za potrditev, vtipkajte yes<Return> |
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723 za nadaljevanje in povrnitev avtomatično shranjenenih podatkov. |
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724 |
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725 |
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726 * ODZIVNO PODROČJE |
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727 ------------------ |
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728 |
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729 Kadar Emacs opazi, da počasi vtipkavate ukaz, odpre v zadnji vrstici |
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730 na dnu zaslona odzivno področje in v njem sproti prikazuje natipkano. |
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731 |
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732 |
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733 * STATUSNA VRSTICA |
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734 ------------------ |
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735 |
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736 Vrstica nad odzivnim področjem je statusna vrstica. Ta kaže verjetno |
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737 nekaj podobnega kot: |
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738 |
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739 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------------- |
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740 |
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741 V njej so izpisani pomembni podatki o stanju Emacsa in besedilu, ki ga |
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742 urejate. |
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743 |
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744 Zdaj že veste, kaj pomeni ime datoteke -- to je datoteka, ki ste jo |
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745 poiskali. Oznaka --NN%-- pomeni, da je nad vrhom zaslona še NN |
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746 odstotkov celotne datoteke. Če je začetek datoteke na zaslonu, bo |
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747 namesto --00%-- pisalo --Top--. Podobno bo pisalo --Bot--, če je |
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748 zadnja vrstica datoteke na zaslonu. Če je datoteka, ki jo ogledujete, |
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749 tako kratka, da gre vsa na en zaslon, pa bo pisalo --All--. |
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750 |
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751 Črka L in številke za njo kažejo položaj še drugače, kot zaporedno |
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752 številko vrstice, v kateri je kazalček. |
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753 |
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754 Zvezdice na začetku vrstice pomenijo, da ste datoteko že spreminjali. |
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755 Tik po tem, ko ste odprli ali shranili datoteko, ni nobenih zvezdic, |
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756 so samo črtice. |
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757 |
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758 Del statusne vrstice znotraj oklepajev vam pove, v kakšnem načinu dela |
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759 Emacs. Privzeti način je osnovni način (Fundamental), v katerem ste |
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760 sedaj. Fundamental je eden od glavnih načinov (angl. major |
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761 mode). Emacs pozna veliko različnih glavnih načinov. Nekateri od njih |
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762 so namenjeni pisanju programov, kot na primer Lisp, ali pisanju |
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763 besedil, kot npr. Text. Naenkrat je lahko aktiven le en glavni način, |
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764 njegovo ime pa je vedno izpisano v statusni vrstici, kjer zdaj piše |
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765 Fundamental. |
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766 |
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767 Glavni načini lahko spremenijo pomen nekaterim ukazom. Obstajajo, |
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768 denimo, ukazi za pisanje komentarjev v programu, in ker ima vsak |
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769 programski jezik svoje predstave o tem, kako mora komentar izgledati, |
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770 mora vsak glavni način vnesti komentarje drugače. Ker je vsak glavni |
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771 način ime razširjenega ukaza, lahko tako tudi izbiramo glavni |
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772 način. Na primer, M-x fundamental-mode vas postavi v način |
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773 Fundamental. |
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774 |
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775 Če nameravate popravljati slovensko (ali angleško) besedilo, kot je na |
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776 primer tole, boste verjetno izbrali tekstovni način (Text). |
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777 >> Vtipkajte M-x text mode<Return>. |
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778 |
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779 Brez skrbi, noben od ukazov Emacsa, ki ste se jih naučili, se s tem ne |
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780 spremeni kaj dosti. Lahko pa opazite, da Emacs zdaj jemlje opuščaje za |
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781 dele besed, ko se premikate z M-f ali M-b. V osnovnem načinu jih je |
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782 obravnaval kot meje med besedami. |
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783 |
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784 Glavni načini navadno počenjajo majhne spremembe, kot je ta: večina |
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785 ukazov ,,opravi isti posel``, vendar pa to počnejo na različen način. |
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786 |
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787 Dokumentacijo o trenutno aktivnem glavnem načinu dobite z ukazom C-h m. |
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788 |
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789 >> Uporabite C-u C-v enkrat ali večkrat, toliko, da bo ta vrstica blizu |
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790 vrha zaslona. |
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791 >> Vtipkajte C-h m, da vidite, v čem se tekstovni način (Text) razlikuje |
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792 od osnovnega (Fundamental). |
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793 >> Vtipkajte C-x 1, da umaknete dokumentacijo z zaslona. |
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794 |
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795 Glavnim načinom pravimo glavni načini zato, ker obstajajo tudi |
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796 podnačini (angl. minor modes). Podnačini ne nadomeščajo glavnih |
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797 načinom, ampak le spreminjajo njihovo obnašanje. Podnačine lahko |
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798 aktiviramo ali deaktiviramo neodvisno od glavnega načina in neodvisno |
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799 od ostalih podnačinov. Tako lahko ne uporabljate nobenega podnačina, |
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800 en podnačin, ali kombinacijo večih podnačinov. |
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801 |
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802 Podnačin, ki je zelo uporaben posebno za pisanje besedil, je Auto |
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803 Fill. Ko je vklopljen, Emacs med pisanjem avtomatično deli vrstice na |
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804 presledkih med besedami, tako da vrstice niso predolge. |
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805 |
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806 Vklopite ga lahko z ukazom M-x auto fill mode<Return>. Ko je |
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807 vklopljen, ga lahko izklopite z istim ukazom, M-x |
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808 auto fill mode<Return>. Z istim ukazom torej preklapljamo |
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809 (angl. toggle) med vklopljenim in izklopljenim stanjem. |
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810 |
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811 >> Vtipkajte zdaj M-x auto fill mode<Return>. Potem začnite tipkati |
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812 "asdf asdkl sdjf sdjkf"... dokler ne opazite, da je Emacs razbil |
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813 vrstico na dve. Med tipkanjem mora biti dovolj presledkov, saj |
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814 Auto Fill prelamlja vrstice samo na presledkih. |
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815 |
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816 Širina besedila je navadno postavljena na 70 znakov, kar pa lahko |
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817 spremenite z ukazom C-x f. Novo širino morate podati kot številčni |
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818 argument. |
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819 |
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820 >> Vtipkajte C-x f in argument 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). Zatem vtipkajte |
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821 nekaj besedila in poglejte, če bo Emacs res delil vrstice pri 20 |
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822 znakih. Potem z ukazom C-x f postavite mejo nazaj na 70. |
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823 |
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824 Auto Fill deluje le, kadar pišete novo besedilo, ne pa, |
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825 kadar popravljate že napisan odstavek. |
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826 Tak odstavek lahko poravnate tako, da kazalček premaknete nekam |
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827 znotraj odstavka in ukažete M-q (META-q). |
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828 |
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829 >> Premaknite kazalček v prejšnji odstavek in izvedite M-q. |
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830 |
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831 |
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832 * ISKANJE |
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833 --------- |
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834 |
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835 Emacs lahko v besedilu poišče niz znakov (zaporedje znakov ali besed), |
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836 naprej ali nazaj po besedilu. Iskanje spada v skupino ukazov za |
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837 premikanje kazalčka, saj premakne kazalček na kraj v besedilu, kjer je |
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838 našel iskani niz. |
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839 |
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840 Iskanje v Emacsu je morda nekoliko drugačno od tistega, ki ste ga |
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841 navajeni, in sicer je ,,inkrementalno``. To pomeni, da se iskanje |
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842 odvija hkrati s tem, ko tipkate iskani niz. |
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843 |
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844 Ukaza za iskanje sta C-s za iskanje naprej po datoteki in C-r za |
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845 iskanje nazaj po datoteki. POČAKAJTE! Ne preizkušajte jih še ta hip! |
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846 |
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847 Ko boste natipkali C-s, boste opazili niz ,,I-search`` kot pozivnik |
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848 v pogovornem vmesniku. To vam pove, da je Emacs v inkrementalnem iskanju |
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849 in vas čaka, da začnete tipkati, kar iščete. <Return> zaključi iskanje. |
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850 |
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851 >> Pritisnite zdaj C-s. POČASI, črko za črko, vtipkajte besedo |
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852 ,,kazalček``. Za vsako vtipkano črko se ustavite in si oglejte, kaj |
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853 se je zgodilo s kazalčkom. |
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854 >> Še enkrat pritisnite C-s, da poiščete naslednji ,,kazalček``. |
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855 >> Šestkrat pritisnite <Delback> in opazujte, kako se premika kazalček. |
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856 >> Končajte iskanje s tipko <Return>. |
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857 |
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858 Ste videli, kaj se je zgodilo? Emacs pri inkrementalnem iskanju skuša |
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859 poiskati niz, ki ste ga natipkali do tistega hipa. Da poiščete |
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860 naslednje mesto, kjer se pojavi ,,kazalček``, samo še enkrat |
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861 pritisnete C-s. Če takega mesta ni, Emacs čivkne in vam sporoči, da |
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862 iskanje ni uspelo. Tudi C-g prekine iskanje. |
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863 |
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864 OPOZORILO: Na nekaterih sistemih bo s pritiskom na C-s ekran |
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865 zmrznil. To je znak, da je operacijski sistem prestregel znak C-s in |
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866 ga interpretiral kot znak za prekinitev toka podatkov, namesto da bi |
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867 ga posredoval programu Emacs. Ekran ,,odtajate`` s pritiskom na |
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868 C-q. Potem si oglejte razdelek ,,Spontaneous Entry to Incremental |
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869 Search`` v priročniku za nasvet, kako se spopasti s to nevšečnostjo. |
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870 |
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871 Če sredi inkrementalnega iskanja pritisnete <Delback>, boste opazili, |
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872 da to pobriše zadnji znak v iskanem nizu, kazalček pa se premakne |
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873 nazaj na mesto v besedilu, kjer je našel krajši niz. Na primer, |
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874 predpostavimo, da ste do zdaj natipkali ,,ka`` in je kazalček na |
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875 mestu, kjer se prvič pojavi ,,ka``. Če zdaj pritisnete <Delback>, boste |
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876 s tem v pogovornem vmesniku izbrisali ,a`, hkrati pa se bo kazalček |
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877 postavil na mesto, kjer je prvič našel ,k`, preden ste natipkali še |
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878 ,a`. |
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879 |
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880 Če sredi iskanja vtipkate katerikoli kontrolni znaki ali metaznak |
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881 (razen tistih, ki imajo poseben pomen pri iskanju, to sta C-s in C-r), |
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882 se iskanje prekine. |
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883 |
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884 C-s začne iskati na mestu v datoteki, kjer trenutno stoji kazalček, in |
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885 išče do konca datoteke. Če bi radi iskali proti začetku datoteke, |
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886 namesto C-s vtipkamo C-r. Vse, kar smo povedali o ukazu C-s, velja |
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887 tudi za C-r, le smer iskanja je obrnjena. |
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888 |
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889 |
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890 * VEČ OKEN NA ZASLONU |
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|
891 --------------------- |
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892 |
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893 Ena simpatičnih lastnosti Emacsa je, da zna hkrati prikazati več oken |
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894 na ekranu, tudi če ne delamo v grafičnem načinu. |
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895 |
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896 >> Premaknite kazalček v to vrstico in vtipkajte C-u 0 C-l (zadnji |
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897 znak je CONTROL-L, ne CONTROL-1) |
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898 >> Zdaj vtipkajte C-x 2, da razdelite zaslon na dve okni. |
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899 V obeh oknih imate odprt ta priročnik. Kazalček je ostal v zgornjem |
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|
900 oknu. |
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901 >> Pritisnite C-M-v za listanje v spodnjem oknu. |
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902 (Če nimate tipke META, tipkajte ESC C-v). |
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903 >> Vtipkajte C-x o (o kot ,,other``, drugi), da preselite kazalček v |
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904 spodnje okno. |
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905 >> S C-v in M-v se v spodnjem oknu premikate po vsebini datoteke. |
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906 Zgornje okno še vedno kaže ta navodila. |
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907 >> Ponovni C-x o vas vrne v zgornje okno. Kazalček se je vrnil na |
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908 mesto, kjer je bil, preden smo skočili v spodnje okno. |
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909 |
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910 Z ukazom C-x o lahko preklapljamo med okni. Vsako okno si zapomni, kje |
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911 v oknu je ostal kazalček, samo trenutno aktivno okno pa kazalček tudi |
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912 v resnici prikaže. Vsi običajni ukazi za urejanje, ki smo se jih |
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913 naučili, veljajo za aktivno okno. |
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914 |
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915 Ukaz C-M-v je zelo uporaben, kadar urejamo besedilo v enem oknu, |
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916 drugega pa uporabljamo samo za pomoč. Kazalček ostaja ves čas v oknu, |
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917 v katerem urejamo, po vsebini spodnjega okna pa se vseeno lahko |
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918 premikamo, ne da bi morali venomer skakati iz enega okna v drugega. |
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919 |
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920 C-M-v je primer znaka CONTROL-META. Če imate v resnici tipko META (na |
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921 PC navadno levi Alt), lahko vtipkate C-M-v tako, da držite pritisnjeni |
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922 tako CONTROL kot META, medtem ko vtipkate v. Ni pomembno, katero od |
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923 tipk, CONTROL ali META, pritisnete prvo, saj obe delujeta šele, ko |
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924 pritisnete znak, ki sledi (v zgornjem primeru ,v`). |
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925 |
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926 Nasprotno pa je vrstni red pritiskanja pomemben, če nimate tipke META |
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927 in namesto nje uporabljate ESC. V tem primeru morate najprej |
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928 pritisniti ESC, potem pa Control-v. Obratna kombinacija, CONTROL-ESC v |
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929 ne deluje. To je zato, ker je ESC znak sam po sebi, ne pa modifikator, |
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parents:
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930 kot sta CONTROL in META. |
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parents:
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|
931 |
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932 >> V zgornjem oknu vtipkajte C-x 1, da se znebite spodnjega okna. |
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933 |
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934 (Če bi vtipkali C-x 1 v spodnjem oknu, bi se znebili |
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935 zgornjega. Razmišljajte o tem ukazu kot ,,Obdrži samo eno okno, in |
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936 sicer tisto, v katerem sem zdaj.``) |
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937 |
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parents:
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938 Seveda ni nujno, da obe okni kažeta isto delovno področje. Če v enem |
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939 oknu izvedete C-x C-f in poiščete novo datoteko, se vsebina drugega |
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940 okna ne spremeni. V vsakem oknu lahko neodvisno obdelujete drugo |
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parents:
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|
941 datoteko. |
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parents:
diff
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|
942 |
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|
943 Pa še ena pot, kako v dveh oknih prikažete dve različni datoteki: |
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944 |
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parents:
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|
945 >> Vtipkajte C-x 4 C-f, in na pozivnik vtipkajte ime ene vaših |
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diff
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|
946 datotek. Končajte z <Return>. Odpre se še eno okno in izbrana |
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|
947 datoteka se pojavi v drugem oknu. Tudi kazalček se preseli v drugo |
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parents:
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|
948 okno. |
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parents:
diff
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|
949 |
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950 >> Vtipkajte C-x o, da se vrnete nazaj v zgornje okno, in C-x 1, da |
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951 zaprete spodnje okno. |
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parents:
diff
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|
952 |
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parents:
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|
953 |
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954 * REKURZIVNI NIVOJI UREJANJA |
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parents:
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|
955 ---------------------------- |
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|
956 |
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957 Včasih boste prišli v nekaj, čemur se pravi ,,rekurzivni nivo |
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958 urejanja``. To se vidi po tem, da v statusni vrstici oglati oklepaji |
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|
959 oklepajo ime glavnega načina. V osnovnem načinu bi, na primer, videli |
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960 [(Fundamental)] namesto (Fundamental). |
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|
961 |
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parents:
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|
962 Iz rekurzivnega nivoja urejanja se rešite, če vtipkate ESC ESC ESC. To |
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|
963 zaporedje je vsenamenski ukaz ,,pojdi ven``. Uporabite ga lahko tudi |
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964 za ukinjanje odvečnih oken, ali vrnitev iz pogovornega vmesnika. |
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|
965 |
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966 >> Pritisnite M-x, da odprete pogovorni vmesnik, zatem pa vtipkajte |
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967 ESC ESC ESC, da pridete ven iz njega. |
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|
968 |
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969 Z ukazom C-g ne morete iz rekurzivnega nivoja urejanja, ker C-g |
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970 prekliče ukaze ali argumente ZNOTRAJ rekurzivnega nivoja. |
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|
971 |
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|
972 |
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973 * DODATNA POMOČ |
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|
974 --------------- |
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975 |
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976 V tem uvodu smo poskušali zbrati dovolj informacij, da lahko začnete |
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977 Emacs uporabljati. Emacs ponuja toliko, da bi bilo nemogoče vse to |
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978 zbrati tukaj. Verjetno pa bi se vseeno radi naučili kaj o številnih |
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979 koristnih možnostih, ki jih še ne poznate. Emacs ima že vgrajene |
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980 veliko dokumentacije, do katere lahko pridete s pritiskom na CONTROL-h |
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981 (h kot ,,help``, pomoč). |
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982 |
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|
983 Za pomoč pritisnete C-h, potem pa vtipkate znak, ki pove, kakšno pomoč |
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984 želite. Če ste poplnoma izgubljeni, vtipkajte C-h ? in Emacs vam bo |
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|
985 povedal, kakšna pomoč je sploh na voljo. Če ste vtipkali C-h, pa ste |
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986 si premislili, lahko ukaz prekličete s C-g. |
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987 |
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|
988 (Na nekaterih sistemih se znak C-h preslika v kaj drugega. To ni |
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989 dobro, in v takem primeru se pritožite sistemskemu vzdrževalcu. Medtem |
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990 pa, če C-h ne prikaže sporočila o pomoči na dnu zaslona, namesto tega |
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991 poskusite pritisniti tipko F1 ali pa vtipkajte M-x help <Return>.) |
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992 |
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993 Najosnovnejši tip pomoči prikaže C-h c. Pritisnite C-h, tipko c, zatem |
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|
994 pa ukazni znak ali zaporedje ukaznih znakov, in Emacs bo izpisal |
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|
995 kratek opis ukaza. |
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|
996 |
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997 >> Vtipkajte C-h c C-p. |
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|
998 Izpiše se nekaj takega kot |
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999 |
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1000 C-p runs the command previous-line |
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diff
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|
1001 |
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1002 Ukaz je izpisal ime funkcije, ki izvede ukaz. Imena funkcij |
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1003 uporabljamo, kadar pišemo prilagoditve in razširitve Emacsa. Ker pa so |
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1004 navadno imena funkcij izbrana tako, da kaj povedo o tem, kaj funkcija |
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1005 počne, bo verjetno to tudi dovolj za kratko osvežitev, če ste se z |
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1006 ukazom že kdaj srečali. |
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1007 |
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1008 Ukazu C-h lahko sledi tudi zaporedje znakov, kot na primer C-x C-s, |
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1009 ali, če nimate tipke META, <Esc>v. |
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1010 |
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1011 Za več informacij o ukazu vtipkajte C-h k namesto C-h c. |
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1012 |
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1013 >> Vtipkajte C-h k C-p. |
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1014 |
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1015 To odpre novo okno in v njem prikaže dokumentacijo o funkciji, obenem |
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1016 z njenim imenom. Ko ste opravili, vtipkajte C-x 1, da se znebite okna |
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1017 z pomočjo. Tega seveda ni potrebno napraviti takoj, ampak lahko |
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1018 urejate, medtem ko imate odprto okno s pomočjo, in ga zaprete, ko ste |
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1019 končali. |
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1020 |
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1021 Sledi še nekaj uporabnih možnosti, ki jih ponuja pomoč: |
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1022 |
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1023 C-h f Opiši funkcijo. Kot argument morate podati ime |
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1024 funkcije. |
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1025 |
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1026 >> Poskusite C-h f previous-line<Return>. |
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1027 To izpiše vse podatke, ki jih ima Emacs o funkciji, ki izvede ukaz C-p. |
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1028 |
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1029 Podoben ukaz C-h v izpiše dokumentacijo za spremenljivke, s katerimi |
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1030 lahko nastavite obnašanje Emacsa. Ob pozivniku morate vpisati ime |
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1031 spremenljivke. |
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1032 |
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1033 C-h a Apropos. Vtipkajte ključno besedo in Emacs bo izpisal |
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1034 vse ukaze, ki vsebujejo to ključno besedo. Vse te |
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1035 ukaze lahko prikličete z META-x. Pri nekaterih ukazih |
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1036 bo Apropos izpisal tudi eno ali dvoznakovno |
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1037 zaporedje, s katerim dosežete isti učinek. |
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1038 |
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1039 >> Vtipkajte C-h a file<Return>. |
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1040 |
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1041 To odpre novo okno, v katerem so vsa dolga imena ukazov, ki vsebujejo |
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1042 ,,file`` v imenu. Izvedete jih lahko z M-x. Pri nekaterih se izpiše |
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1043 tudi kratek ukaz, npr. C-x C-f ali C-x C-w pri ukazih find-file in |
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1044 write-file. |
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|
1045 |
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1046 >> Pritisnite C-M-v, da se sprehajate po oknu s pomočjo. Poskusite |
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1047 nekajkrat. |
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1048 |
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1049 >> Vtipkajte C-x 1, da zaprete okno s pomočjo. |
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1050 |
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1051 C-h i Priročniki z navodili za uporabo (tkim. datoteke |
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1052 "info"). Ta ukaz vas prestavi v posebno delovno |
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1053 področje, imenovano "info". V njem lahko prebirate |
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1054 priročnike za programe, ki so nameščeni v sistemu. Z |
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1055 ukazom m emacs<Return> denimo dobite priročnik za |
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1056 urejevalnik Emacs. Če sistema Info še niste |
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1057 uporabljali, vtipkajte ? in Emacs vas bo popeljal na |
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1058 vódeni izlet po načinu Info in možnostih, ki jih |
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1059 ponuja. Ko boste zaključili z branjem tega prvega |
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1060 berila, bo priročnik za Emacs v sistemu Info vaš |
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1061 glavni vir dokumentacije. |
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1062 |
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|
1063 |
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|
1064 * DRUGE MOŽNOSTI |
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|
1065 ---------------- |
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1066 |
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1067 Še več se lahko naučite o Emacsu z branjem priročnika, bodisi |
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1068 natisnjenega, bodisi na zaslonu v sistemu Info (uporabite menu Help |
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1069 ali vtipkajte F10 h r). Dve možnosti, ki vam bosta morda posebej všeč, |
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1070 sta samodejno zaključevanje vrstice, s katerim prihranite nekaj |
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1071 tipkanja, in dired, s katerim poenostavimo delo z datotekami. |
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1072 |
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1073 Samodejno zaključevanje vrstic je način, s katerim prihranimo nekaj |
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1074 tipkanja. Če želite denimo preklopiti v delovno področje *Messages*, |
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1075 je dovolj, da vtipkate C-x b *M<Tab> in Emacs bo sam dopolnil |
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1076 preostanek imena delovnega področja. Samodejno zaključevanje je |
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1077 opisano v sistemu Info v priročniku za Emacs, razdelek ,,Completion``. |
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1078 |
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1079 Dired omogoča izpis seznama datotek v imeniku (in po možnosti tudi |
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1080 podimenikih), premikanje po seznamu, obiskovanje (odpiranje), |
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1081 preimenovanje, brisanje in druge operacije z datotekami. Dired je |
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1082 opisav v sistemu Info v priročniku za Emacs, razdelek ,,Dired``. |
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1083 |
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1084 Priročnik opisuje tudi mnoge druge možnosti Emacsa. |
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1085 |
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1086 |
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1087 * ZAKLJUČEK |
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1088 ----------- |
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1089 |
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1090 Zapomnite si, da Emacs zapustite z ukazom C-x C-c. Če bi radi samo |
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1091 začasno skočili v ukazno lupino in se kasneje vrnili v Emacs, pa |
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1092 storite to z ukazom C-z. |
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1093 |
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1094 Ta učbenik je napisan z namenom, da bi bil razumljiv vsem novincem v |
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1095 Emacsu. Če se vam kaj ne zdi jasno napisano, ne valite krivde nase - |
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1096 pritožite se! |
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1097 |
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1098 |
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1099 * RAZMNOŽEVANJE IN RAZŠIRJANJE |
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1100 ------------------------------ |
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1101 |
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1102 Angleški izvirnik tega uvoda v Emacs je naslednik dolge vrste tovrstnih |
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1103 besedil, začenši s tistim, ki ga je Stuart Cracraft napisal za izvorni |
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1104 Emacs. V slovenščino ga je prevedel Primož Peterlin. |
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1105 |
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1106 To besedilo, kot sam GNU Emacs, je avtorsko delo, in njegovo |
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1107 razmnoževanje in razširjanje je dovoljeno pod naslednjimi pogoji: |
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1108 |
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1109 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
100972 | 1110 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
82723
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1111 |
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1112 Dovoljeno je izdelovati in razširjati neokrnjene kopije tega spisa |
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1113 v kakršnikoli obliki pod pogojem, da je ohranjena navedba o |
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1114 avtorstvu in to dovoljenje, ter da distributer dovoljuje prejemniku |
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1115 nadaljnje razširjanje pod pogoji, navedenimi v tem dovoljenju. |
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1116 |
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1117 Pod pogoji iz prejšnjega odstavka je dovoljeno razširjati |
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1118 spremenjene verzije tega spisa ali njegovih delov, če je jasno |
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1119 označeno, kdo je nazadnje vnesel spremembe. |
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1120 |
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1121 Pogoji za razmnoževanje in razširjanje samega Emacsa so malo drugačni, |
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1122 a v istem duhu. Prosimo, preberite datoteko COPYING in potem dajte |
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1123 kopijo programa GNU Emacs svojim prijateljem. Pomagajte zatreti |
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1124 obstrukcionizem (,,lastništvo``) v programju tako, da uporabljate, |
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1125 pišete in delite prosto programje! |
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1126 |
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1127 ;;; Local Variables: |
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1128 ;;; coding: iso-latin-2 |
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1129 ;;; sentence-end-double-space: nil |
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1130 ;;; End: |
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1131 |
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1132 ;;; arch-tag: 985059e4-44c6-4ac9-b627-46c8db57acf6 |