Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/emacs/building.texi @ 103093:e665c0727d1e
(Lisp Libraries): `load-library' does offer completion.
author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Tue, 28 Apr 2009 18:59:18 +0000 |
parents | cede530821ca |
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84225 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, | |
100974 | 3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84225 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Building, Maintaining, Programs, Top | |
6 @chapter Compiling and Testing Programs | |
7 @cindex building programs | |
8 @cindex program building | |
9 @cindex running Lisp functions | |
10 | |
11 The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for | |
12 making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that assist | |
13 in the larger process of compiling and testing programs. | |
14 | |
15 @menu | |
16 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
17 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
18 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
19 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
20 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
21 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. | |
22 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. | |
23 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
24 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
25 with different facilities for running | |
26 the Lisp programs. | |
27 * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
28 * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
29 * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
30 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
31 @end menu | |
32 | |
33 @node Compilation | |
34 @section Running Compilations under Emacs | |
35 @cindex inferior process | |
36 @cindex make | |
37 @cindex compilation errors | |
38 @cindex error log | |
39 | |
40 Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and | |
41 Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer. | |
42 It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where | |
43 compilation errors occurred. | |
44 | |
45 @table @kbd | |
46 @item M-x compile | |
47 Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages going to | |
48 the @samp{*compilation*} buffer. | |
49 @item M-x recompile | |
50 Invoke a compiler with the same command as in the last invocation of | |
51 @kbd{M-x compile}. | |
52 @item M-x kill-compilation | |
53 Kill the running compilation subprocess. | |
54 @end table | |
55 | |
56 @findex compile | |
57 To run @code{make} or another compilation command, do @kbd{M-x | |
58 compile}. This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, | |
59 and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in | |
60 the buffer named @samp{*compilation*}. The current buffer's default | |
61 directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the | |
62 command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this | |
63 directory. | |
64 | |
65 @vindex compile-command | |
66 The default for the compilation command is normally @samp{make -k}, | |
67 which is correct most of the time for nontrivial programs. | |
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68 @xref{Top,, Make, make, GNU Make Manual}. If you have done @kbd{M-x |
84225 | 69 compile} before, the default each time is the command you used the |
70 previous time. @code{compile} stores this command in the variable | |
71 @code{compile-command}, so setting that variable specifies the default | |
72 for the next use of @kbd{M-x compile}. If a file specifies a file | |
73 local value for @code{compile-command}, that provides the default when | |
74 you type @kbd{M-x compile} in that file's buffer. @xref{File | |
75 Variables}. | |
76 | |
77 Starting a compilation displays the buffer @samp{*compilation*} in | |
78 another window but does not select it. The buffer's mode line tells | |
79 you whether compilation is finished, with the word @samp{run}, | |
80 @samp{signal} or @samp{exit} inside the parentheses. You do not have | |
81 to keep this buffer visible; compilation continues in any case. While | |
82 a compilation is going on, the string @samp{Compiling} appears in the | |
83 mode lines of all windows. When this string disappears, the | |
84 compilation is finished. | |
85 | |
86 If you want to watch the compilation transcript as it appears, switch | |
87 to the @samp{*compilation*} buffer and move point to the end of the | |
88 buffer. When point is at the end, new compilation output is inserted | |
89 above point, which remains at the end. If point is not at the end of | |
90 the buffer, it remains fixed while more compilation output is added at | |
91 the end of the buffer. | |
92 | |
93 @cindex compilation buffer, keeping point at end | |
94 @vindex compilation-scroll-output | |
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95 If you change the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a |
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96 non-@code{nil} value, the compilation buffer will scroll automatically |
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97 to follow the output as it comes in. If the value is |
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98 @code{first-error}, the scrolling stops at the first error that |
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99 appears, leaving point at that error. For any other non-@code{nil} |
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100 value, the buffer continues scrolling until there is no more output. |
84225 | 101 |
102 @findex recompile | |
103 To rerun the last compilation with the same command, type @kbd{M-x | |
104 recompile}. This automatically reuses the compilation command from | |
105 the last invocation of @kbd{M-x compile}. It also reuses the | |
106 @samp{*compilation*} buffer and starts the compilation in its default | |
107 directory, which is the directory in which the previous compilation | |
108 was started. | |
109 | |
110 When the compiler process terminates, for whatever reason, the mode | |
111 line of the @samp{*compilation*} buffer changes to say @samp{exit} | |
112 (followed by the exit code, @samp{[0]} for a normal exit), or | |
113 @samp{signal} (if a signal terminated the process), instead of | |
114 @samp{run}. | |
115 | |
116 @findex kill-compilation | |
117 Starting a new compilation also kills any compilation already | |
118 running in @samp{*compilation*}, as the buffer can only handle one | |
119 compilation at any time. However, @kbd{M-x compile} asks for | |
120 confirmation before actually killing a compilation that is running. | |
121 You can also kill the compilation process with @kbd{M-x | |
122 kill-compilation}. | |
123 | |
124 If you want to run two compilations at once, you should start the | |
125 first one, then rename the @samp{*compilation*} buffer (perhaps using | |
126 @code{rename-uniquely}; @pxref{Misc Buffer}), and start the other | |
127 compilation. That will create a new @samp{*compilation*} buffer. | |
128 | |
129 Emacs does not expect a compiler process to launch asynchronous | |
130 subprocesses; if it does, and they keep running after the main | |
131 compiler process has terminated, Emacs may kill them or their output | |
132 may not arrive in Emacs. To avoid this problem, make the main process | |
133 wait for its subprocesses to finish. In a shell script, you can do this | |
134 using @samp{$!} and @samp{wait}, like this: | |
135 | |
136 @example | |
137 (sleep 10; echo 2nd)& pid=$! # @r{Record pid of subprocess} | |
138 echo first message | |
139 wait $pid # @r{Wait for subprocess} | |
140 @end example | |
141 | |
142 If the background process does not output to the compilation buffer, | |
143 so you only need to prevent it from being killed when the main | |
144 compilation process terminates, this is sufficient: | |
145 | |
146 @example | |
147 nohup @var{command}; sleep 1 | |
148 @end example | |
149 | |
150 @vindex compilation-environment | |
151 You can control the environment passed to the compilation command | |
152 with the variable @code{compilation-environment}. Its value is a list | |
153 of environment variable settings; each element should be a string of | |
154 the form @code{"@var{envvarname}=@var{value}"}. These environment | |
155 variable settings override the usual ones. | |
156 | |
157 @node Compilation Mode | |
158 @section Compilation Mode | |
159 | |
160 @cindex Compilation mode | |
161 @cindex mode, Compilation | |
162 The @samp{*compilation*} buffer uses a special major mode, | |
163 Compilation mode, whose main feature is to provide a convenient way to | |
164 visit the source line corresponding to an error message. These | |
165 commands are also available in other special buffers that list | |
166 locations in files, including those made by @kbd{M-x grep} and | |
167 @kbd{M-x occur}. | |
168 | |
169 @table @kbd | |
170 @item M-g M-n | |
171 @itemx M-g n | |
172 @itemx C-x ` | |
173 Visit the locus of the next error message or match. | |
174 @item M-g M-p | |
175 @itemx M-g p | |
176 Visit the locus of the previous error message or match. | |
177 @item @key{RET} | |
178 Visit the locus of the error message that point is on. | |
179 This command is used in the compilation buffer. | |
180 @item Mouse-2 | |
181 Visit the locus of the error message that you click on. | |
182 @item M-n | |
183 Find and highlight the locus of the next error message, without | |
184 selecting the source buffer. | |
185 @item M-p | |
186 Find and highlight the locus of the previous error message, without | |
187 selecting the source buffer. | |
188 @item M-@} | |
189 Move point to the next error for a different file than the current | |
190 one. | |
191 @item M-@{ | |
192 Move point to the previous error for a different file than the current | |
193 one. | |
194 @item C-c C-f | |
195 Toggle Next Error Follow minor mode, which makes cursor motion in the | |
196 compilation buffer produce automatic source display. | |
197 @end table | |
198 | |
199 @findex compile-goto-error | |
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200 @vindex compilation-auto-jump-to-first-error |
84225 | 201 You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving |
202 point in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to that error message and | |
203 typing @key{RET} (@code{compile-goto-error}). Alternatively, you can | |
204 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the error message; you need not switch to the | |
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205 @samp{*compilation*} buffer first. If you set the variable |
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206 @code{compilation-auto-jump-to-first-error} to a non-@code{nil} value, |
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207 Emacs automatically jumps to the first error, if any, as soon as it |
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208 appears in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer. |
84225 | 209 |
210 @kindex M-g M-n | |
211 @kindex M-g n | |
212 @kindex C-x ` | |
213 @findex next-error | |
214 @vindex next-error-highlight | |
215 To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type @kbd{C-x `} | |
216 (@code{next-error}). The character following the @kbd{C-x} is the | |
217 backquote or ``grave accent,'' not the single-quote. This command is | |
218 available in all buffers, not just in @samp{*compilation*}; it | |
219 displays the next error message at the top of one window and source | |
220 location of the error in another window. It also temporarily | |
221 highlights the relevant source line, for a period controlled by the | |
222 variable @code{next-error-highlight}. | |
223 | |
224 The first time @w{@kbd{C-x `}} is used after the start of a compilation, | |
225 it moves to the first error's location. Subsequent uses of @kbd{C-x | |
226 `} advance down to subsequent errors. If you visit a specific error | |
227 message with @key{RET} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, subsequent @w{@kbd{C-x `}} | |
228 commands advance from there. When @w{@kbd{C-x `}} gets to the end of the | |
229 buffer and finds no more error messages to visit, it fails and signals | |
230 an Emacs error. @w{@kbd{C-u C-x `}} starts scanning from the beginning of | |
231 the compilation buffer, and goes to the first error's location. | |
232 | |
233 @vindex compilation-skip-threshold | |
234 By default, @w{@kbd{C-x `}} skips less important messages. The variable | |
235 @code{compilation-skip-threshold} controls this. If its value is 2, | |
236 @w{@kbd{C-x `}} skips anything less than error, 1 skips anything less | |
237 than warning, and 0 doesn't skip any messages. The default is 1. | |
238 | |
239 When the window has a left fringe, an arrow in the fringe points to | |
240 the current message in the compilation buffer. The variable | |
241 @code{compilation-context-lines} controls the number of lines of | |
242 leading context to display before the current message. Going to an | |
243 error message location scrolls the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to put | |
244 the message that far down from the top. The value @code{nil} is | |
245 special: if there's a left fringe, the window doesn't scroll at all | |
246 if the message is already visible. If there is no left fringe, | |
247 @code{nil} means display the message at the top of the window. | |
248 | |
249 If you're not in the compilation buffer when you run | |
250 @code{next-error}, Emacs will look for a buffer that contains error | |
251 messages. First, it looks for one displayed in the selected frame, | |
252 then for one that previously had @code{next-error} called on it, and | |
253 then at the current buffer. Finally, Emacs looks at all the remaining | |
254 buffers. @code{next-error} signals an error if it can't find any such | |
255 buffer. | |
256 | |
257 @vindex compilation-error-regexp-alist | |
258 @vindex grep-regexp-alist | |
259 To parse messages from the compiler, Compilation mode uses the | |
260 variable @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} which lists various | |
261 formats of error messages and tells Emacs how to extract the source file | |
262 and the line number from the text of a message. If your compiler isn't | |
263 supported, you can tailor Compilation mode to it by adding elements to | |
264 that list. A similar variable @code{grep-regexp-alist} tells Emacs how | |
265 to parse output of a @code{grep} command. | |
266 | |
267 @findex compilation-next-error | |
268 @findex compilation-previous-error | |
269 @findex compilation-next-file | |
270 @findex compilation-previous-file | |
271 Compilation mode also redefines the keys @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} to | |
272 scroll by screenfuls, and @kbd{M-n} (@code{compilation-next-error}) | |
273 and @kbd{M-p} (@code{compilation-previous-error}) to move to the next | |
274 or previous error message. You can also use @kbd{M-@{} | |
275 (@code{compilation-next-file} and @kbd{M-@}} | |
276 (@code{compilation-previous-file}) to move up or down to an error | |
277 message for a different source file. | |
278 | |
279 @cindex Next Error Follow mode | |
280 @findex next-error-follow-minor-mode | |
281 You can type @kbd{C-c C-f} to toggle Next Error Follow mode. In | |
282 this minor mode, ordinary cursor motion in the compilation buffer | |
283 automatically updates the source buffer. For instance, moving the | |
284 cursor to the next error message causes the location of that error to | |
285 be displayed immediately. | |
286 | |
287 The features of Compilation mode are also available in a minor mode | |
288 called Compilation Minor mode. This lets you parse error messages in | |
289 any buffer, not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type @kbd{M-x | |
290 compilation-minor-mode} to enable the minor mode. This defines the keys | |
291 @key{RET} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, as in the Compilation major mode. | |
292 | |
293 Compilation minor mode works in any buffer, as long as the contents | |
294 are in a format that it understands. In an Rlogin buffer (@pxref{Remote | |
295 Host}), Compilation minor mode automatically accesses remote source | |
296 files by FTP (@pxref{File Names}). | |
297 | |
298 @node Compilation Shell | |
299 @section Subshells for Compilation | |
300 | |
301 Emacs uses a shell to run the compilation command, but specifies the | |
302 option for a noninteractive shell. This means, in particular, that | |
303 the shell should start with no prompt. If you find your usual shell | |
304 prompt making an unsightly appearance in the @samp{*compilation*} | |
305 buffer, it means you have made a mistake in your shell's init file by | |
306 setting the prompt unconditionally. (This init file's name may be | |
307 @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile}, @file{.cshrc}, @file{.shrc}, or | |
308 various other things, depending on the shell you use.) The shell init | |
309 file should set the prompt only if there already is a prompt. Here's | |
310 how to do it in bash: | |
311 | |
312 @example | |
313 if [ "$@{PS1+set@}" = set ] | |
314 then PS1=@dots{} | |
315 fi | |
316 @end example | |
317 | |
318 @noindent | |
319 And here's how to do it in csh: | |
320 | |
321 @example | |
322 if ($?prompt) set prompt = @dots{} | |
323 @end example | |
324 | |
325 There may well be other things that your shell's init file | |
326 ought to do only for an interactive shell. You can use the same | |
327 method to conditionalize them. | |
328 | |
329 The MS-DOS ``operating system'' does not support asynchronous | |
330 subprocesses; to work around this lack, @kbd{M-x compile} runs the | |
331 compilation command synchronously on MS-DOS. As a consequence, you must | |
332 wait until the command finishes before you can do anything else in | |
333 Emacs. | |
334 @iftex | |
335 @inforef{MS-DOS,,emacs-xtra}. | |
336 @end iftex | |
337 @ifnottex | |
338 @xref{MS-DOS}. | |
339 @end ifnottex | |
340 | |
341 @node Grep Searching | |
342 @section Searching with Grep under Emacs | |
343 | |
344 Just as you can run a compiler from Emacs and then visit the lines | |
345 with compilation errors, you can also run @code{grep} and then visit | |
346 the lines on which matches were found. This works by treating the | |
347 matches reported by @code{grep} as if they were ``errors.'' The | |
348 buffer of matches uses Grep mode, which is a variant of Compilation | |
349 mode (@pxref{Compilation Mode}). | |
350 | |
351 @table @kbd | |
352 @item M-x grep | |
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353 @itemx M-x lgrep |
84225 | 354 Run @code{grep} asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines |
355 listed in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. | |
356 @item M-x grep-find | |
357 @itemx M-x find-grep | |
358 @itemx M-x rgrep | |
359 Run @code{grep} via @code{find}, with user-specified arguments, and | |
360 collect output in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. | |
361 @item M-x kill-grep | |
362 Kill the running @code{grep} subprocess. | |
363 @end table | |
364 | |
365 @findex grep | |
366 To run @code{grep}, type @kbd{M-x grep}, then enter a command line | |
367 that specifies how to run @code{grep}. Use the same arguments you | |
368 would give @code{grep} when running it normally: a @code{grep}-style | |
369 regexp (usually in single-quotes to quote the shell's special | |
370 characters) followed by file names, which may use wildcards. If you | |
371 specify a prefix argument for @kbd{M-x grep}, it finds the tag | |
372 (@pxref{Tags}) in the buffer around point, and puts that into the | |
373 default @code{grep} command. | |
374 | |
375 Your command need not simply run @code{grep}; you can use any shell | |
376 command that produces output in the same format. For instance, you | |
377 can chain @code{grep} commands, like this: | |
378 | |
379 @example | |
380 grep -nH -e foo *.el | grep bar | grep toto | |
381 @end example | |
382 | |
383 The output from @code{grep} goes in the @samp{*grep*} buffer. You | |
384 can find the corresponding lines in the original files using @w{@kbd{C-x | |
385 `}}, @key{RET}, and so forth, just like compilation errors. | |
386 | |
387 Some grep programs accept a @samp{--color} option to output special | |
388 markers around matches for the purpose of highlighting. You can make | |
389 use of this feature by setting @code{grep-highlight-matches} to | |
390 @code{t}. When displaying a match in the source buffer, the exact | |
391 match will be highlighted, instead of the entire source line. | |
392 | |
393 @findex grep-find | |
394 @findex find-grep | |
395 The command @kbd{M-x grep-find} (also available as @kbd{M-x | |
396 find-grep}) is similar to @kbd{M-x grep}, but it supplies a different | |
397 initial default for the command---one that runs both @code{find} and | |
398 @code{grep}, so as to search every file in a directory tree. See also | |
399 the @code{find-grep-dired} command, in @ref{Dired and Find}. | |
400 | |
401 @findex lgrep | |
402 @findex rgrep | |
403 The commands @kbd{M-x lgrep} (local grep) and @kbd{M-x rgrep} | |
404 (recursive grep) are more user-friendly versions of @code{grep} and | |
405 @code{grep-find}, which prompt separately for the regular expression | |
406 to match, the files to search, and the base directory for the search. | |
407 Case sensitivity of the search is controlled by the | |
408 current value of @code{case-fold-search}. | |
409 | |
410 These commands build the shell commands based on the variables | |
411 @code{grep-template} (for @code{lgrep}) and @code{grep-find-template} | |
412 (for @code{rgrep}). | |
413 | |
414 The files to search can use aliases defined in the variable | |
415 @code{grep-files-aliases}. | |
416 | |
417 Subdirectories listed in the variable | |
418 @code{grep-find-ignored-directories} such as those typically used by | |
419 various version control systems, like CVS and arch, are automatically | |
420 skipped by @code{rgrep}. | |
421 | |
422 @node Flymake | |
423 @section Finding Syntax Errors On The Fly | |
424 @cindex checking syntax | |
425 | |
426 Flymake mode is a minor mode that performs on-the-fly syntax | |
427 checking for many programming and markup languages, including C, C++, | |
428 Perl, HTML, and @TeX{}/La@TeX{}. It is somewhat analogous to Flyspell | |
429 mode, which performs spell checking for ordinary human languages in a | |
430 similar fashion (@pxref{Spelling}). As you edit a file, Flymake mode | |
431 runs an appropriate syntax checking tool in the background, using a | |
432 temporary copy of the buffer. It then parses the error and warning | |
433 messages, and highlights the erroneous lines in the buffer. The | |
434 syntax checking tool used depends on the language; for example, for | |
435 C/C++ files this is usually the C compiler. Flymake can also use | |
436 build tools such as @code{make} for checking complicated projects. | |
437 | |
438 To activate Flymake mode, type @kbd{M-x flymake-mode}. You can move | |
439 to the errors spotted by Flymake mode with @kbd{M-x | |
440 flymake-goto-next-error} and @kbd{M-x flymake-goto-prev-error}. To | |
441 display any error messages associated with the current line, use | |
442 @kbd{M-x flymake-display-err-menu-for-current-line}. | |
443 | |
444 For more details about using Flymake, see @ref{Top, Flymake, | |
445 Flymake, flymake, The Flymake Manual}. | |
446 | |
447 @node Debuggers | |
448 @section Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
449 @cindex debuggers | |
450 @cindex GUD library | |
451 @cindex GDB | |
452 @cindex DBX | |
453 @cindex SDB | |
454 @cindex XDB | |
455 @cindex Perldb | |
456 @cindex JDB | |
457 @cindex PDB | |
458 | |
459 @c Do you believe in GUD? | |
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460 The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an Emacs interface |
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461 to a wide variety of symbolic debuggers. Unlike the GDB graphical |
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462 interface, which only runs GDB (@pxref{GDB Graphical Interface}), GUD |
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463 can also run DBX, SDB, XDB, Perl's debugging mode, the Python debugger |
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464 PDB, or the Java Debugger JDB. |
84225 | 465 |
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466 In addition, Emacs contains a built-in system for debugging Emacs |
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467 Lisp programs. @xref{Debugging,, The Lisp Debugger, elisp, the Emacs |
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468 Lisp Reference Manual}, for information on the Emacs Lisp debugger. |
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469 |
84225 | 470 @menu |
471 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
472 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
473 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
474 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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475 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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476 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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477 Emacs. |
84225 | 478 @end menu |
479 | |
480 @node Starting GUD | |
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481 @subsection Starting GUD |
84225 | 482 |
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483 There are several commands for starting a debugger under GUD, each |
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484 corresponding to a particular debugger program. |
84225 | 485 |
486 @table @kbd | |
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487 @item M-x gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
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488 @findex gdb |
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489 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. This uses an IDE-like graphical |
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490 interface; see @ref{GDB Graphical Interface}. Only GDB works with the |
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491 graphical interface. |
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492 |
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493 @item M-x gud-gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
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494 @findex gud-gdb |
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495 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. This command creates a buffer for |
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496 input and output to GDB, and switches to it. If a GDB buffer already |
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497 exists, it just switches to that buffer. |
84225 | 498 |
499 @item M-x dbx @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
500 @findex dbx | |
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501 Run DBX as a subprocess of Emacs. Since Emacs does not implement a |
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502 graphical interface for DBX, communication with DBX works by typing |
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503 commands in the GUD interaction buffer. The same is true for all |
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504 the other supported debuggers. |
84225 | 505 |
506 @item M-x xdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
507 @findex xdb | |
508 @vindex gud-xdb-directories | |
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509 Run XDB as a subprocess of Emacs. Use the variable |
84225 | 510 @code{gud-xdb-directories} to specify directories to search for source |
511 files. | |
512 | |
513 @item M-x sdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
514 @findex sdb | |
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515 Run SDB as a subprocess of Emacs. |
84225 | 516 |
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517 Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their |
84225 | 518 messages. When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table |
519 (@pxref{Tags}) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code. | |
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520 If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list |
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521 one of the functions, you get a message saying @samp{The sdb support |
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522 requires a valid tags table to work}. If this happens, generate a |
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523 valid tags table in the working directory and try again. |
84225 | 524 |
525 @item M-x perldb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
526 @findex perldb | |
527 Run the Perl interpreter in debug mode to debug @var{file}, a Perl program. | |
528 | |
529 @item M-x jdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
530 @findex jdb | |
531 Run the Java debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
532 | |
533 @item M-x pdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
534 @findex pdb | |
535 Run the Python debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
536 @end table | |
537 | |
538 Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke | |
539 the debugger. In the simplest case, specify just the name of the | |
540 executable file you want to debug. You may also use options that the | |
541 debugger supports. However, shell wildcards and variables are not | |
542 allowed. GUD assumes that the first argument not starting with a | |
543 @samp{-} is the executable file name. | |
544 | |
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545 @cindex remote host, debugging on |
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546 Tramp provides a facility to debug programs on remote hosts |
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547 (@pxref{Running a debugger on a remote host, Running a debugger on a |
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548 remote host,, tramp, The Tramp Manual}), whereby both the debugger and |
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549 the program being debugged are on the same remote host. This should |
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550 not be confused with debugging programs remotely, where the program |
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551 and the debugger run on different machines, as can be done using the |
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552 GDB remote debugging feature, for example (@pxref{Remote Debugging,, |
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553 Debugging Remote Programs, gdb, The GNU debugger}). |
84225 | 554 |
555 @node Debugger Operation | |
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556 @subsection Debugger Operation |
84225 | 557 |
558 @cindex fringes, and current execution line in GUD | |
559 Generally when you run a debugger with GUD, the debugger uses an Emacs | |
560 buffer for its ordinary input and output. This is called the GUD | |
561 buffer. Input and output from the program you are debugging also use | |
562 this buffer. We call this @dfn{text command mode}. The GDB Graphical | |
563 Interface can use further buffers (@pxref{GDB Graphical Interface}). | |
564 | |
565 The debugger displays the source files of the program by visiting | |
566 them in Emacs buffers. An arrow in the left fringe indicates the | |
567 current execution line.@footnote{On a text-only terminal, the arrow | |
568 appears as @samp{=>} and overlays the first two text columns.} Moving | |
569 point in this buffer does not move the arrow. The arrow is not part | |
570 of the file's text; it appears only on the screen. | |
571 | |
572 You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers | |
573 that display them. If you do modify a source file, keep in mind that | |
574 inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's positioning; | |
575 GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded before your | |
576 changes to the line number in a debugger message. Also, you'll | |
577 typically have to recompile and restart the program for your changes | |
578 to be reflected in the debugger's tables. | |
579 | |
580 @cindex tooltips with GUD | |
581 @vindex tooltip-gud-modes | |
582 @vindex gud-tooltip-mode | |
583 @vindex gud-tooltip-echo-area | |
584 The Tooltip facility (@pxref{Tooltips}) provides support for GUD@. | |
585 You activate this feature by turning on the minor mode | |
586 @code{gud-tooltip-mode}. Then you can display a variable's value in a | |
587 tooltip simply by pointing at it with the mouse. This operates in the | |
588 GUD buffer and in source buffers with major modes in the list | |
589 @code{gud-tooltip-modes}. If the variable @code{gud-tooltip-echo-area} | |
590 is non-@code{nil} then the variable's value is displayed in the echo | |
591 area. When debugging a C program using the GDB Graphical Interface, you | |
592 can also display macro definitions associated with an identifier when | |
593 the program is not executing. | |
594 | |
595 GUD tooltips are disabled when you use GDB in text command mode | |
596 (@pxref{GDB Graphical Interface}), because displaying an expression's | |
597 value in GDB can sometimes expand a macro and result in a side effect | |
598 that interferes with the program's operation. The GDB graphical | |
599 interface supports GUD tooltips and assures they will not cause side | |
600 effects. | |
601 | |
602 @node Commands of GUD | |
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603 @subsection Commands of GUD |
84225 | 604 |
605 The GUD interaction buffer uses a variant of Shell mode, so the | |
606 Emacs commands of Shell mode are available (@pxref{Shell Mode}). All | |
607 the usual commands for your debugger are available, and you can use | |
608 the Shell mode history commands to repeat them. If you wish, you can | |
609 control your debugger process entirely through this buffer. | |
610 | |
611 GUD mode also provides commands for setting and clearing | |
612 breakpoints, for selecting stack frames, and for stepping through the | |
613 program. These commands are available both in the GUD buffer and | |
614 globally, but with different key bindings. It also has its own tool | |
615 bar from which you can invoke the more common commands by clicking on | |
616 the appropriate icon. This is particularly useful for repetitive | |
617 commands like @code{gud-next} and @code{gud-step}, and allows you to | |
618 keep the GUD buffer hidden. | |
619 | |
620 The breakpoint commands are normally used in source file buffers, | |
621 because that is the easiest way to specify where to set or clear the | |
622 breakpoint. Here's the global command to set a breakpoint: | |
623 | |
624 @table @kbd | |
625 @item C-x @key{SPC} | |
626 @kindex C-x SPC | |
627 Set a breakpoint on the source line that point is on. | |
628 @end table | |
629 | |
630 @kindex C-x C-a @r{(GUD)} | |
631 Here are the other special commands provided by GUD@. The keys | |
632 starting with @kbd{C-c} are available only in the GUD interaction | |
633 buffer. The key bindings that start with @kbd{C-x C-a} are available | |
634 in the GUD interaction buffer and also in source files. Some of these | |
635 commands are not available to all the supported debuggers. | |
636 | |
637 @table @kbd | |
638 @item C-c C-l | |
639 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(GUD)} | |
640 @itemx C-x C-a C-l | |
641 @findex gud-refresh | |
642 Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD | |
643 buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message). | |
644 This runs the command @code{gud-refresh}. | |
645 | |
646 @item C-c C-s | |
647 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(GUD)} | |
648 @itemx C-x C-a C-s | |
649 @findex gud-step | |
650 Execute a single line of code (@code{gud-step}). If the line contains | |
651 a function call, execution stops after entering the called function. | |
652 | |
653 @item C-c C-n | |
654 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(GUD)} | |
655 @itemx C-x C-a C-n | |
656 @findex gud-next | |
657 Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls | |
658 at full speed (@code{gud-next}). | |
659 | |
660 @item C-c C-i | |
661 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(GUD)} | |
662 @itemx C-x C-a C-i | |
663 @findex gud-stepi | |
664 Execute a single machine instruction (@code{gud-stepi}). | |
665 | |
666 @item C-c C-p | |
667 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(GUD)} | |
668 @itemx C-x C-a C-p | |
669 @findex gud-print | |
670 Evaluate the expression at point (@code{gud-print}). If Emacs | |
671 does not print the exact expression that you want, mark it as a region | |
672 first. | |
673 | |
674 @need 3000 | |
675 @item C-c C-r | |
676 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} | |
677 @itemx C-x C-a C-r | |
678 @findex gud-cont | |
679 Continue execution without specifying any stopping point. The program | |
680 will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, or gets a signal that | |
681 the debugger is checking for (@code{gud-cont}). | |
682 | |
683 @need 1000 | |
684 @item C-c C-d | |
685 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(GUD)} | |
686 @itemx C-x C-a C-d | |
687 @findex gud-remove | |
688 Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any | |
689 (@code{gud-remove}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction | |
690 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
691 | |
692 @item C-c C-t | |
693 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(GUD)} | |
694 @itemx C-x C-a C-t | |
695 @findex gud-tbreak | |
696 Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any | |
697 (@code{gud-tbreak}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction | |
698 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
699 | |
700 @item C-c < | |
701 @kindex C-c < @r{(GUD)} | |
702 @itemx C-x C-a < | |
703 @findex gud-up | |
704 Select the next enclosing stack frame (@code{gud-up}). This is | |
705 equivalent to the GDB command @samp{up}. | |
706 | |
707 @item C-c > | |
708 @kindex C-c > @r{(GUD)} | |
709 @itemx C-x C-a > | |
710 @findex gud-down | |
711 Select the next inner stack frame (@code{gud-down}). This is | |
712 equivalent to the GDB command @samp{down}. | |
713 | |
714 @item C-c C-u | |
715 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(GUD)} | |
716 @itemx C-x C-a C-u | |
717 @findex gud-until | |
718 Continue execution to the current line (@code{gud-until}). The | |
719 program will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, gets a signal | |
720 that the debugger is checking for, or reaches the line on which the | |
721 cursor currently sits. | |
722 | |
723 @item C-c C-f | |
724 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(GUD)} | |
725 @itemx C-x C-a C-f | |
726 @findex gud-finish | |
727 Run the program until the selected stack frame returns or | |
728 stops for some other reason (@code{gud-finish}). | |
729 @end table | |
730 | |
731 If you are using GDB, these additional key bindings are available: | |
732 | |
733 @table @kbd | |
734 @item C-x C-a C-j | |
735 @kindex C-x C-a C-j @r{(GUD)} | |
736 @findex gud-jump | |
737 Only useful in a source buffer, @code{gud-jump} transfers the | |
738 program's execution point to the current line. In other words, the | |
739 next line that the program executes will be the one where you gave the | |
740 command. If the new execution line is in a different function from | |
741 the previously one, GDB prompts for confirmation since the results may | |
742 be bizarre. See the GDB manual entry regarding @code{jump} for | |
743 details. | |
744 | |
745 @item @key{TAB} | |
746 @kindex TAB @r{(GUD)} | |
747 @findex gud-gdb-complete-command | |
748 With GDB, complete a symbol name (@code{gud-gdb-complete-command}). | |
749 This key is available only in the GUD interaction buffer. | |
750 @end table | |
751 | |
752 These commands interpret a numeric argument as a repeat count, when | |
753 that makes sense. | |
754 | |
755 Because @key{TAB} serves as a completion command, you can't use it to | |
756 enter a tab as input to the program you are debugging with GDB. | |
757 Instead, type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to enter a tab. | |
758 | |
759 @node GUD Customization | |
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760 @subsection GUD Customization |
84225 | 761 |
762 @vindex gdb-mode-hook | |
763 @vindex dbx-mode-hook | |
764 @vindex sdb-mode-hook | |
765 @vindex xdb-mode-hook | |
766 @vindex perldb-mode-hook | |
767 @vindex pdb-mode-hook | |
768 @vindex jdb-mode-hook | |
769 On startup, GUD runs one of the following hooks: @code{gdb-mode-hook}, | |
770 if you are using GDB; @code{dbx-mode-hook}, if you are using DBX; | |
771 @code{sdb-mode-hook}, if you are using SDB; @code{xdb-mode-hook}, if you | |
772 are using XDB; @code{perldb-mode-hook}, for Perl debugging mode; | |
773 @code{pdb-mode-hook}, for PDB; @code{jdb-mode-hook}, for JDB. You can | |
774 use these hooks to define custom key bindings for the debugger | |
775 interaction buffer. @xref{Hooks}. | |
776 | |
777 Here is a convenient way to define a command that sends a particular | |
778 command string to the debugger, and set up a key binding for it in the | |
779 debugger interaction buffer: | |
780 | |
781 @findex gud-def | |
782 @example | |
783 (gud-def @var{function} @var{cmdstring} @var{binding} @var{docstring}) | |
784 @end example | |
785 | |
786 This defines a command named @var{function} which sends | |
787 @var{cmdstring} to the debugger process, and gives it the documentation | |
788 string @var{docstring}. You can then use the command @var{function} in any | |
789 buffer. If @var{binding} is non-@code{nil}, @code{gud-def} also binds | |
790 the command to @kbd{C-c @var{binding}} in the GUD buffer's mode and to | |
791 @kbd{C-x C-a @var{binding}} generally. | |
792 | |
793 The command string @var{cmdstring} may contain certain | |
794 @samp{%}-sequences that stand for data to be filled in at the time | |
795 @var{function} is called: | |
796 | |
797 @table @samp | |
798 @item %f | |
799 The name of the current source file. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
800 buffer, then the ``current source file'' is the file that the program | |
801 stopped in. | |
802 | |
803 @item %l | |
804 The number of the current source line. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
805 buffer, then the ``current source line'' is the line that the program | |
806 stopped in. | |
807 | |
808 @item %e | |
809 In transient-mark-mode the text in the region, if it is active. | |
810 Otherwise the text of the C lvalue or function-call expression at or | |
811 adjacent to point. | |
812 | |
813 @item %a | |
814 The text of the hexadecimal address at or adjacent to point. | |
815 | |
816 @item %p | |
817 The numeric argument of the called function, as a decimal number. If | |
818 the command is used without a numeric argument, @samp{%p} stands for the | |
819 empty string. | |
820 | |
821 If you don't use @samp{%p} in the command string, the command you define | |
822 ignores any numeric argument. | |
823 | |
824 @item %d | |
825 The name of the directory of the current source file. | |
826 | |
827 @item %c | |
828 Fully qualified class name derived from the expression surrounding point | |
829 (jdb only). | |
830 @end table | |
831 | |
832 @node GDB Graphical Interface | |
833 @subsection GDB Graphical Interface | |
834 | |
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835 The command @code{gdb} starts GDB in a graphical interface, using |
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836 Emacs windows for display program state information. In effect, this |
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837 makes Emacs into an IDE (interactive development environment). With |
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838 it, you do not need to use textual GDB commands; you can control the |
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839 debugging session with the mouse. For example, you can click in the |
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840 fringe of a source buffer to set a breakpoint there, or on a stack |
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841 frame in the stack buffer to select that frame. |
84225 | 842 |
843 This mode requires telling GDB that its ``screen size'' is | |
844 unlimited, so it sets the height and width accordingly. For correct | |
845 operation you must not change these values during the GDB session. | |
846 | |
847 @vindex gud-gdb-command-name | |
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848 To run GDB in text command mode, like the other debuggers in Emacs, |
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849 use @kbd{M-x gud-gdb}. You need to use text command mode to debug |
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850 multiple programs within one Emacs session. |
84225 | 851 |
852 @menu | |
853 * GDB-UI Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers. | |
854 * Source Buffers:: Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to | |
855 control your program. | |
856 * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel. | |
857 * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack. | |
858 * Other GDB-UI Buffers:: Input/output, locals, registers, | |
859 assembler, threads and memory buffers. | |
860 * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar. | |
861 @end menu | |
862 | |
863 @node GDB-UI Layout | |
864 @subsubsection GDB User Interface Layout | |
865 @cindex GDB User Interface layout | |
866 | |
867 @vindex gdb-many-windows | |
868 If the variable @code{gdb-many-windows} is @code{nil} (the default | |
869 value) then @kbd{M-x gdb} normally displays only the GUD buffer. | |
870 However, if the variable @code{gdb-show-main} is also non-@code{nil}, | |
871 it starts with two windows: one displaying the GUD buffer, and the | |
872 other showing the source for the @code{main} function of the program | |
873 you are debugging. | |
874 | |
875 If @code{gdb-many-windows} is non-@code{nil}, then @kbd{M-x gdb} | |
876 displays the following frame layout: | |
877 | |
878 @smallexample | |
879 @group | |
880 +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | |
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881 | GUD buffer (I/O of GDB) | Locals/Registers buffer | |
84225 | 882 |--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ |
883 | Primary Source buffer | I/O buffer for debugged pgm | | |
884 |--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | |
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885 | Stack buffer | Breakpoints/thread buffer | |
84225 | 886 +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ |
887 @end group | |
888 @end smallexample | |
889 | |
890 However, if @code{gdb-use-separate-io-buffer} is @code{nil}, the I/O | |
891 buffer does not appear and the primary source buffer occupies the full | |
892 width of the frame. | |
893 | |
894 @findex gdb-restore-windows | |
895 If you change the window layout, for example, while editing and | |
896 re-compiling your program, then you can restore this standard window | |
897 layout with the command @code{gdb-restore-windows}. | |
898 | |
899 @findex gdb-many-windows | |
900 To switch between this standard layout and a simple layout | |
901 containing just the GUD buffer and a source file, type @kbd{M-x | |
902 gdb-many-windows}. | |
903 | |
904 You may also specify additional GDB-related buffers to display, | |
905 either in the same frame or a different one. Select the buffers you | |
906 want with the @samp{GUD->GDB-windows} and @samp{GUD->GDB-Frames} | |
907 sub-menus. If the menu-bar is unavailable, type @code{M-x | |
908 gdb-display-@var{buffertype}-buffer} or @code{M-x | |
909 gdb-frame-@var{buffertype}-buffer} respectively, where | |
910 @var{buffertype} is the relevant buffer type, such as | |
911 @samp{breakpoints}. Most of these buffers are read-only, and typing | |
912 @kbd{q} in them kills them. | |
913 | |
914 When you finish debugging, kill the GUD buffer with @kbd{C-x k}, | |
915 which will also kill all the buffers associated with the session. | |
916 However you need not do this if, after editing and re-compiling your | |
917 source code within Emacs, you wish continue debugging. When you | |
918 restart execution, GDB will automatically find your new executable. | |
919 Keeping the GUD buffer has the advantage of keeping the shell history | |
920 as well as GDB's breakpoints. You do need to check that the | |
921 breakpoints in recently edited source files are still in the right | |
922 places. | |
923 | |
924 @node Source Buffers | |
925 @subsubsection Source Buffers | |
926 @cindex GDB commands in Fringe | |
927 | |
928 @c @findex gdb-mouse-set-clear-breakpoint | |
929 @c @findex gdb-mouse-toggle-breakpoint | |
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930 Many GDB commands can be entered using key bindings or the tool bar but |
84225 | 931 sometimes it is quicker to use the fringe. These commands either |
932 manipulate breakpoints or control program execution. When there is no | |
933 fringe, you can use the margin but this is only present when the | |
934 source file already has a breakpoint. | |
935 | |
936 You can click @kbd{Mouse-1} in the fringe or display margin of a | |
937 source buffer to set a breakpoint there and, on a graphical display, a | |
938 red bullet will appear on that line. If a breakpoint already exists | |
939 on that line, the same click will remove it. You can also enable or | |
940 disable a breakpoint by clicking @kbd{C-Mouse-1} on the bullet. | |
941 | |
942 A solid arrow in the left fringe of a source buffer indicates the line | |
943 of the innermost frame where the debugged program has stopped. A | |
944 hollow arrow indicates the current execution line of higher level | |
945 frames. | |
946 | |
947 If you drag the arrow in the fringe with @kbd{Mouse-1} | |
948 (@code{gdb-mouse-until}), execution will continue to the line where | |
949 you release the button, provided it is still in the same frame. | |
950 Alternatively, you can click @kbd{Mouse-3} at some point in the fringe | |
951 of this buffer and execution will advance to there. A similar command | |
952 (@code{gdb-mouse-jump}) allows you to jump to a source line without | |
953 executing the intermediate lines by clicking @kbd{C-Mouse-3}. This | |
954 command allows you to go backwards which can be useful for running | |
955 through code that has already executed, in order to examine its | |
956 execution in more detail. | |
957 | |
958 @table @kbd | |
959 @item Mouse-1 | |
960 Set or clear a breakpoint. | |
961 | |
962 @item C-Mouse-1 | |
963 Enable or disable a breakpoint. | |
964 | |
965 @item Mouse-3 | |
966 Continue execution to here. | |
967 | |
968 @item C-Mouse-3 | |
969 Jump to here. | |
970 @end table | |
971 | |
972 If the variable @code{gdb-find-source-frame} is non-@code{nil} and | |
973 execution stops in a frame for which there is no source code e.g after | |
974 an interrupt, then Emacs finds and displays the first frame further up | |
975 stack for which there is source. If it is @code{nil} then the source | |
976 buffer continues to display the last frame which maybe more useful, | |
977 for example, when re-setting a breakpoint. | |
978 | |
979 @node Breakpoints Buffer | |
980 @subsubsection Breakpoints Buffer | |
981 | |
982 The breakpoints buffer shows the existing breakpoints, watchpoints and | |
983 catchpoints (@pxref{Breakpoints,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). It has | |
984 these special commands, which mostly apply to the @dfn{current | |
985 breakpoint}, the breakpoint which point is on. | |
986 | |
987 @table @kbd | |
988 @item @key{SPC} | |
989 @kindex SPC @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} | |
990 @findex gdb-toggle-breakpoint | |
991 Enable/disable the current breakpoint (@code{gdb-toggle-breakpoint}). | |
992 On a graphical display, this changes the color of a bullet in the | |
993 margin of a source buffer at the relevant line. This is red when | |
994 the breakpoint is enabled and grey when it is disabled. Text-only | |
995 terminals correspondingly display a @samp{B} or @samp{b}. | |
996 | |
997 @item D | |
998 @kindex D @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} | |
999 @findex gdb-delete-breakpoint | |
1000 Delete the current breakpoint (@code{gdb-delete-breakpoint}). | |
1001 | |
1002 @item @key{RET} | |
1003 @kindex RET @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} | |
1004 @findex gdb-goto-breakpoint | |
1005 Visit the source line for the current breakpoint | |
1006 (@code{gdb-goto-breakpoint}). | |
1007 | |
1008 @item Mouse-2 | |
1009 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} | |
1010 Visit the source line for the breakpoint you click on. | |
1011 @end table | |
1012 | |
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1013 When @code{gdb-many-windows} is non-@code{nil}, the breakpoints buffer |
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1014 shares its window with the threads buffer. To switch from one to the |
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1015 other click with @kbd{mouse-1} on the relevant button in the header |
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1016 line. |
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1017 |
84225 | 1018 @node Stack Buffer |
1019 @subsubsection Stack Buffer | |
1020 | |
1021 The stack buffer displays a @dfn{call stack}, with one line for each | |
1022 of the nested subroutine calls (@dfn{stack frames}) now active in the | |
1023 program. @xref{Backtrace,, Backtraces, gdb, The GNU debugger}. | |
1024 | |
1025 @findex gdb-frames-select | |
1026 An arrow in the fringe points to the selected frame or, if the fringe is | |
1027 not present, the number of the selected frame is displayed in reverse | |
1028 contrast. To select a frame in GDB, move point in the stack buffer to | |
1029 that stack frame and type @key{RET} (@code{gdb-frames-select}), or click | |
1030 @kbd{Mouse-2} on a stack frame. If the locals buffer is visible, | |
1031 selecting a stack frame updates it to display the local variables of the | |
1032 new frame. | |
1033 | |
1034 @node Other GDB-UI Buffers | |
1035 @subsubsection Other Buffers | |
1036 | |
1037 @table @asis | |
1038 @item Input/Output Buffer | |
1039 @vindex gdb-use-separate-io-buffer | |
1040 If the variable @code{gdb-use-separate-io-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, | |
1041 the program being debugged takes its input and displays its output | |
1042 here. Otherwise it uses the GUD buffer for that. To toggle whether | |
1043 GUD mode uses this buffer, do @kbd{M-x gdb-use-separate-io-buffer}. | |
1044 This takes effect when you next restart the program you are debugging. | |
1045 | |
1046 The history and replay commands from Shell mode are available here, | |
1047 as are the commands to send signals to the debugged program. | |
1048 @xref{Shell Mode}. | |
1049 | |
1050 @item Locals Buffer | |
1051 The locals buffer displays the values of local variables of the | |
1052 current frame for simple data types (@pxref{Frame Info, Frame Info, | |
1053 Information on a frame, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Press @key{RET} or | |
1054 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the value if you want to edit it. | |
1055 | |
1056 Arrays and structures display their type only. With GDB 6.4 or later, | |
1057 move point to their name and press @key{RET}, or alternatively click | |
1058 @kbd{Mouse-2} there, to examine their values. With earlier versions | |
1059 of GDB, use @kbd{Mouse-2} or @key{RET} on the type description | |
1060 (@samp{[struct/union]} or @samp{[array]}). @xref{Watch Expressions}. | |
1061 | |
1062 @item Registers Buffer | |
1063 @findex toggle-gdb-all-registers | |
1064 The registers buffer displays the values held by the registers | |
1065 (@pxref{Registers,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Press @key{RET} or | |
1066 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a register if you want to edit its value. | |
1067 With GDB 6.4 or later, recently changed register values display with | |
1068 @code{font-lock-warning-face}. With earlier versions of GDB, you can | |
1069 press @key{SPC} to toggle the display of floating point registers | |
1070 (@code{toggle-gdb-all-registers}). | |
1071 | |
1072 @item Assembler Buffer | |
1073 The assembler buffer displays the current frame as machine code. An | |
1074 arrow points to the current instruction, and you can set and remove | |
1075 breakpoints as in a source buffer. Breakpoint icons also appear in | |
1076 the fringe or margin. | |
1077 | |
1078 @item Threads Buffer | |
1079 @findex gdb-threads-select | |
1080 The threads buffer displays a summary of all threads currently in your | |
1081 program (@pxref{Threads, Threads, Debugging programs with multiple | |
1082 threads, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Move point to any thread in the | |
1083 list and press @key{RET} to select it (@code{gdb-threads-select}) and | |
1084 display the associated source in the primary source buffer. | |
1085 Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a thread to select it. If the | |
1086 locals buffer is visible, its contents update to display the variables | |
1087 that are local in the new thread. | |
1088 | |
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1089 When there is more than one main thread and the threads buffer is |
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1090 present, Emacs displays the selected thread number in the mode line of |
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1091 many of the GDB-UI Buffers. |
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1092 |
84225 | 1093 @item Memory Buffer |
1094 The memory buffer lets you examine sections of program memory | |
1095 (@pxref{Memory, Memory, Examining memory, gdb, The GNU debugger}). | |
1096 Click @kbd{Mouse-1} on the appropriate part of the header line to | |
1097 change the starting address or number of data items that the buffer | |
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1098 displays. Alternatively, use @kbd{S} or @kbd{N} respectively. Click |
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1099 @kbd{Mouse-3} on the header line to select the display format or unit |
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1100 size for these data items. |
84225 | 1101 @end table |
1102 | |
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1103 When @code{gdb-many-windows} is non-@code{nil}, the threads buffer |
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1104 shares its window with the breakpoints buffer, and the locals buffer |
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1105 with the registers buffer. To switch from one to the other click with |
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1106 @kbd{mouse-1} on the relevant button in the header line. |
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1107 |
84225 | 1108 @node Watch Expressions |
1109 @subsubsection Watch Expressions | |
1110 @cindex Watching expressions in GDB | |
1111 | |
1112 @findex gud-watch | |
1113 @kindex C-x C-a C-w @r{(GUD)} | |
1114 If you want to see how a variable changes each time your program | |
1115 stops, move point into the variable name and click on the watch icon | |
1116 in the tool bar (@code{gud-watch}) or type @kbd{C-x C-a C-w}. If you | |
1117 specify a prefix argument, you can enter the variable name in the | |
1118 minibuffer. | |
1119 | |
1120 Each watch expression is displayed in the speedbar. Complex data | |
1121 types, such as arrays, structures and unions are represented in a tree | |
1122 format. Leaves and simple data types show the name of the expression | |
1123 and its value and, when the speedbar frame is selected, display the | |
1124 type as a tooltip. Higher levels show the name, type and address | |
1125 value for pointers and just the name and type otherwise. Root expressions | |
1126 also display the frame address as a tooltip to help identify the frame | |
1127 in which they were defined. | |
1128 | |
1129 To expand or contract a complex data type, click @kbd{Mouse-2} or | |
1130 press @key{SPC} on the tag to the left of the expression. Emacs asks | |
1131 for confirmation before expanding the expression if its number of | |
1132 immediate children exceeds the value of the variable | |
1133 @code{gdb-max-children}. | |
1134 | |
1135 @kindex D @r{(GDB speedbar)} | |
1136 @findex gdb-var-delete | |
1137 To delete a complex watch expression, move point to the root | |
1138 expression in the speedbar and type @kbd{D} (@code{gdb-var-delete}). | |
1139 | |
1140 @kindex RET @r{(GDB speedbar)} | |
1141 @findex gdb-edit-value | |
1142 To edit a variable with a simple data type, or a simple element of a | |
1143 complex data type, move point there in the speedbar and type @key{RET} | |
1144 (@code{gdb-edit-value}). Or you can click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a value to | |
1145 edit it. Either way, this reads the new value using the minibuffer. | |
1146 | |
1147 @vindex gdb-show-changed-values | |
1148 If you set the variable @code{gdb-show-changed-values} to | |
1149 non-@code{nil} (the default value), Emacs uses | |
1150 @code{font-lock-warning-face} to highlight values that have recently | |
1151 changed and @code{shadow} face to make variables which have gone out of | |
1152 scope less noticeable. When a variable goes out of scope you can't | |
1153 edit its value. | |
1154 | |
85973 | 1155 @vindex gdb-delete-out-of-scope |
1156 If the variable @code{gdb-delete-out-of-scope} is non-@code{nil} | |
1157 (the default value), Emacs automatically deletes watch expressions | |
1158 which go out of scope. Sometimes, when re-entering the same function, | |
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1159 it may be useful to set this value to @code{nil} so that you don't |
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1160 need to recreate the watch expression. |
85973 | 1161 |
84225 | 1162 @vindex gdb-use-colon-colon-notation |
1163 If the variable @code{gdb-use-colon-colon-notation} is | |
1164 non-@code{nil}, Emacs uses the @samp{@var{function}::@var{variable}} | |
1165 format. This allows the user to display watch expressions which share | |
1166 the same variable name. The default value is @code{nil}. | |
1167 | |
1168 @vindex gdb-speedbar-auto-raise | |
1169 To automatically raise the speedbar every time the display of watch | |
1170 expressions updates, set @code{gdb-speedbar-auto-raise} to | |
1171 non-@code{nil}. This can be useful if you are debugging with a full | |
1172 screen Emacs frame. | |
1173 | |
1174 @node Executing Lisp | |
1175 @section Executing Lisp Expressions | |
1176 | |
1177 Emacs has several different major modes for Lisp and Scheme. They are | |
1178 the same in terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for | |
1179 executing Lisp expressions. Each mode has its own purpose. | |
1180 | |
1181 @table @asis | |
1182 @item Emacs-Lisp mode | |
1183 The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp. | |
1184 This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to evaluate the current defun. | |
1185 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
1186 @item Lisp Interaction mode | |
1187 The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines | |
1188 @kbd{C-j} to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the | |
1189 buffer. @xref{Lisp Interaction}. | |
1190 @item Lisp mode | |
1191 The mode for editing source files of programs that run in Lisps other | |
1192 than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to send the current defun | |
1193 to an inferior Lisp process. @xref{External Lisp}. | |
1194 @item Inferior Lisp mode | |
1195 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process. | |
1196 This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode | |
1197 (@pxref{Shell Mode}). | |
1198 @item Scheme mode | |
1199 Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs. | |
1200 @item Inferior Scheme mode | |
1201 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme process. | |
1202 @end table | |
1203 | |
1204 Most editing commands for working with Lisp programs are in fact | |
1205 available globally. @xref{Programs}. | |
1206 | |
1207 @node Lisp Libraries | |
1208 @section Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs | |
1209 @cindex libraries | |
1210 @cindex loading Lisp code | |
1211 | |
1212 Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names | |
1213 conventionally end in @file{.el}. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in | |
1214 Emacs-Lisp mode (@pxref{Executing Lisp}). | |
1215 | |
1216 @cindex byte code | |
1217 Emacs Lisp code can be compiled into byte-code, which loads faster, | |
1218 takes up less space, and executes faster. @xref{Byte Compilation,, | |
1219 Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. By | |
1220 convention, the compiled code for a library goes in a separate file | |
1221 whose name ends in @samp{.elc}. Thus, the compiled code for | |
1222 @file{foo.el} goes in @file{foo.elc}. | |
1223 | |
1224 @findex load-file | |
1225 To execute a file of Emacs Lisp code, use @kbd{M-x load-file}. This | |
1226 command reads a file name using the minibuffer and then executes the | |
1227 contents of that file as Lisp code. It is not necessary to visit the | |
1228 file first; in any case, this command reads the file as found on disk, | |
1229 not text in an Emacs buffer. | |
1230 | |
1231 @findex load | |
1232 @findex load-library | |
1233 Once a file of Lisp code is installed in the Emacs Lisp library | |
1234 directories, users can load it using @kbd{M-x load-library}. Programs | |
1235 can load it by calling @code{load}, a more primitive function that is | |
1236 similar but accepts some additional arguments. | |
1237 | |
1238 @kbd{M-x load-library} differs from @kbd{M-x load-file} in that it | |
1239 searches a sequence of directories and tries three file names in each | |
1240 directory. Suppose your argument is @var{lib}; the three names are | |
1241 @file{@var{lib}.elc}, @file{@var{lib}.el}, and lastly just | |
1242 @file{@var{lib}}. If @file{@var{lib}.elc} exists, it is by convention | |
1243 the result of compiling @file{@var{lib}.el}; it is better to load the | |
1244 compiled file, since it will load and run faster. | |
1245 | |
1246 If @code{load-library} finds that @file{@var{lib}.el} is newer than | |
1247 @file{@var{lib}.elc} file, it issues a warning, because it's likely | |
1248 that somebody made changes to the @file{.el} file and forgot to | |
1249 recompile it. Nonetheless, it loads @file{@var{lib}.elc}. This is | |
1250 because people often leave unfinished edits the source file, and don't | |
1251 recompile it until they think it is ready to use. | |
1252 | |
1253 @vindex load-path | |
1254 The sequence of directories searched by @kbd{M-x load-library} is | |
1255 specified by the variable @code{load-path}, a list of strings that are | |
1256 directory names. The default value of the list contains the directories where | |
1257 the Lisp code for Emacs itself is stored. If you have libraries of | |
1258 your own, put them in a single directory and add that directory | |
1259 to @code{load-path}. @code{nil} in this list stands for the current default | |
1260 directory, but it is probably not a good idea to put @code{nil} in the | |
1261 list. If you find yourself wishing that @code{nil} were in the list, | |
1262 most likely what you really want to do is use @kbd{M-x load-file} | |
1263 this once. | |
1264 | |
1265 @cindex autoload | |
1266 Often you do not have to give any command to load a library, because | |
1267 the commands defined in the library are set up to @dfn{autoload} that | |
1268 library. Trying to run any of those commands calls @code{load} to load | |
1269 the library; this replaces the autoload definitions with the real ones | |
1270 from the library. | |
1271 | |
1272 @vindex load-dangerous-libraries | |
1273 @cindex Lisp files byte-compiled by XEmacs | |
1274 By default, Emacs refuses to load compiled Lisp files which were | |
1275 compiled with XEmacs, a modified versions of Emacs---they can cause | |
1276 Emacs to crash. Set the variable @code{load-dangerous-libraries} to | |
1277 @code{t} if you want to try loading them. | |
1278 | |
1279 @node Lisp Eval | |
1280 @section Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions | |
1281 @cindex Emacs-Lisp mode | |
1282 @cindex mode, Emacs-Lisp | |
1283 | |
1284 @findex emacs-lisp-mode | |
1285 Lisp programs intended to be run in Emacs should be edited in | |
1286 Emacs-Lisp mode; this happens automatically for file names ending in | |
1287 @file{.el}. By contrast, Lisp mode itself is used for editing Lisp | |
1288 programs intended for other Lisp systems. To switch to Emacs-Lisp mode | |
1289 explicitly, use the command @kbd{M-x emacs-lisp-mode}. | |
1290 | |
1291 For testing of Lisp programs to run in Emacs, it is often useful to | |
1292 evaluate part of the program as it is found in the Emacs buffer. For | |
1293 example, after changing the text of a Lisp function definition, | |
1294 evaluating the definition installs the change for future calls to the | |
1295 function. Evaluation of Lisp expressions is also useful in any kind of | |
1296 editing, for invoking noninteractive functions (functions that are | |
1297 not commands). | |
1298 | |
1299 @table @kbd | |
1300 @item M-: | |
1301 Read a single Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluate it, and print | |
1302 the value in the echo area (@code{eval-expression}). | |
1303 @item C-x C-e | |
1304 Evaluate the Lisp expression before point, and print the value in the | |
1305 echo area (@code{eval-last-sexp}). | |
1306 @item C-M-x | |
1307 Evaluate the defun containing or after point, and print the value in | |
1308 the echo area (@code{eval-defun}). | |
1309 @item M-x eval-region | |
1310 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the region. | |
1311 @item M-x eval-buffer | |
1312 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the buffer. | |
1313 @end table | |
1314 | |
1315 @ifinfo | |
1316 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot | |
1317 @c cope with a `:' in a menu | |
1318 @kindex M-@key{colon} | |
1319 @end ifinfo | |
1320 @ifnotinfo | |
1321 @kindex M-: | |
1322 @end ifnotinfo | |
1323 @findex eval-expression | |
1324 @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}) is the most basic command for evaluating | |
1325 a Lisp expression interactively. It reads the expression using the | |
1326 minibuffer, so you can execute any expression on a buffer regardless of | |
1327 what the buffer contains. When the expression is evaluated, the current | |
1328 buffer is once again the buffer that was current when @kbd{M-:} was | |
1329 typed. | |
1330 | |
1331 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Emacs-Lisp mode)} | |
1332 @findex eval-defun | |
1333 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the key @kbd{C-M-x} is bound to the command | |
1334 @code{eval-defun}, which parses the defun containing or following point | |
1335 as a Lisp expression and evaluates it. The value is printed in the echo | |
1336 area. This command is convenient for installing in the Lisp environment | |
1337 changes that you have just made in the text of a function definition. | |
1338 | |
1339 @kbd{C-M-x} treats @code{defvar} expressions specially. Normally, | |
1340 evaluating a @code{defvar} expression does nothing if the variable it | |
1341 defines already has a value. But @kbd{C-M-x} unconditionally resets the | |
1342 variable to the initial value specified in the @code{defvar} expression. | |
1343 @code{defcustom} expressions are treated similarly. | |
1344 This special feature is convenient for debugging Lisp programs. | |
1345 Typing @kbd{C-M-x} on a @code{defface} expression reinitializes | |
1346 the face according to the @code{defface} specification. | |
1347 | |
1348 @kindex C-x C-e | |
1349 @findex eval-last-sexp | |
1350 The command @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}) evaluates the Lisp | |
1351 expression preceding point in the buffer, and displays the value in the | |
1352 echo area. It is available in all major modes, not just Emacs-Lisp | |
1353 mode. It does not treat @code{defvar} specially. | |
1354 | |
1355 When the result of an evaluation is an integer, you can type | |
1356 @kbd{C-x C-e} a second time to display the value of the integer result | |
1357 in additional formats (octal, hexadecimal, and character). | |
1358 | |
1359 If @kbd{C-x C-e}, or @kbd{M-:} is given a numeric argument, it | |
1360 inserts the value into the current buffer at point, rather than | |
1361 displaying it in the echo area. The argument's value does not matter. | |
1362 @kbd{C-M-x} with a numeric argument instruments the function | |
1363 definition for Edebug (@pxref{Instrumenting, Instrumenting for Edebug,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). | |
1364 | |
1365 @findex eval-region | |
1366 @findex eval-buffer | |
1367 The most general command for evaluating Lisp expressions from a buffer | |
1368 is @code{eval-region}. @kbd{M-x eval-region} parses the text of the | |
1369 region as one or more Lisp expressions, evaluating them one by one. | |
1370 @kbd{M-x eval-buffer} is similar but evaluates the entire | |
1371 buffer. This is a reasonable way to install the contents of a file of | |
1372 Lisp code that you are ready to test. Later, as you find bugs and | |
1373 change individual functions, use @kbd{C-M-x} on each function that you | |
1374 change. This keeps the Lisp world in step with the source file. | |
1375 | |
1376 @vindex eval-expression-print-level | |
1377 @vindex eval-expression-print-length | |
1378 @vindex eval-expression-debug-on-error | |
1379 The two customizable variables @code{eval-expression-print-level} and | |
1380 @code{eval-expression-print-length} control the maximum depth and length | |
1381 of lists to print in the result of the evaluation commands before | |
1382 abbreviating them. @code{eval-expression-debug-on-error} controls | |
1383 whether evaluation errors invoke the debugger when these commands are | |
1384 used; its default is @code{t}. | |
1385 | |
1386 @node Lisp Interaction | |
1387 @section Lisp Interaction Buffers | |
1388 | |
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1389 When Emacs starts up, it contains a buffer named @samp{*scratch*}, |
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1390 which is provided for evaluating Lisp expressions interactively inside |
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1391 Emacs. Its major mode is Lisp Interaction mode. |
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1393 @findex eval-print-last-sexp |
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1394 @kindex C-j @r{(Lisp Interaction mode)} |
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1395 The simplest way to use the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is to insert |
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1396 Lisp expressions and type @kbd{C-j} (@code{eval-print-last-sexp}) |
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1397 after each expression. This command reads the Lisp expression before |
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1398 point, evaluates it, and inserts the value in printed representation |
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1399 before point. The result is a complete typescript of the expressions |
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1400 you have evaluated and their values. |
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1402 @vindex initial-scratch-message |
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1403 At startup, the @samp{*scratch*} buffer contains a short message, in |
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1404 the form of a Lisp comment, that explains what it is for. This |
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1405 message is controlled by the variable @code{initial-scratch-message}, |
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1406 which should be either a string or @code{nil}. If you set it to the |
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1407 empty string, or @code{nil}, the initial message is suppressed. |
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1408 |
84225 | 1409 @findex lisp-interaction-mode |
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1410 All other commands in Lisp Interaction mode are the same as in Emacs |
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1411 Lisp mode. You can enable Lisp Interaction mode by typing @kbd{M-x |
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1412 lisp-interaction-mode}. |
84225 | 1413 |
1414 @findex ielm | |
1415 An alternative way of evaluating Emacs Lisp expressions interactively | |
1416 is to use Inferior Emacs-Lisp mode, which provides an interface rather | |
1417 like Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}) for evaluating Emacs Lisp | |
1418 expressions. Type @kbd{M-x ielm} to create an @samp{*ielm*} buffer | |
1419 which uses this mode. For more information see that command's | |
1420 documentation. | |
1421 | |
1422 @node External Lisp | |
1423 @section Running an External Lisp | |
1424 | |
1425 Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems. You can | |
1426 run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to | |
1427 be evaluated. You can also pass changed function definitions directly from | |
1428 the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp | |
1429 process. | |
1430 | |
1431 @findex run-lisp | |
1432 @vindex inferior-lisp-program | |
1433 @kindex C-x C-z | |
1434 To run an inferior Lisp process, type @kbd{M-x run-lisp}. This runs | |
1435 the program named @code{lisp}, the same program you would run by typing | |
1436 @code{lisp} as a shell command, with both input and output going through | |
1437 an Emacs buffer named @samp{*lisp*}. That is to say, any ``terminal | |
1438 output'' from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any | |
1439 ``terminal input'' for Lisp comes from text in the buffer. (You can | |
1440 change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable | |
1441 @code{inferior-lisp-program}.) | |
1442 | |
1443 To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, | |
1444 terminated by @key{RET}. The @samp{*lisp*} buffer is in Inferior Lisp | |
1445 mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode with most | |
1446 of the features of Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}). The definition of | |
1447 @key{RET} to send a line to a subprocess is one of the features of Shell | |
1448 mode. | |
1449 | |
1450 @findex lisp-mode | |
1451 For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp | |
1452 mode. You can switch to this mode with @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}, and it is | |
1453 used automatically for files whose names end in @file{.l}, | |
1454 @file{.lsp}, or @file{.lisp}. | |
1455 | |
1456 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Lisp mode)} | |
1457 @findex lisp-eval-defun | |
1458 When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest | |
1459 way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key | |
1460 @kbd{C-M-x}. In Lisp mode, this runs the function @code{lisp-eval-defun}, | |
1461 which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to | |
1462 the Lisp process. (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless | |
1463 of what buffer is current.) | |
1464 | |
1465 Contrast the meanings of @kbd{C-M-x} in Lisp mode (for editing | |
1466 programs to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for | |
1467 editing Lisp programs to be run in Emacs; see @pxref{Lisp Eval}): in | |
1468 both modes it has the effect of installing the function definition | |
1469 that point is in, but the way of doing so is different according to | |
1470 where the relevant Lisp environment is found. | |
1471 | |
1472 | |
1473 @ignore | |
1474 arch-tag: 9c3c2f71-b332-4144-8500-3ff9945a50ed | |
1475 @end ignore |