annotate lispref/compile.texi @ 61191:e675fc444baf

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author Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
date Fri, 01 Apr 2005 01:13:14 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/compile
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6 @node Byte Compilation, Advising Functions, Loading, Top
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7 @chapter Byte Compilation
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8 @cindex byte-code
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9 @cindex compilation
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10
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11 Emacs Lisp has a @dfn{compiler} that translates functions written
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12 in Lisp into a special representation called @dfn{byte-code} that can be
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13 executed more efficiently. The compiler replaces Lisp function
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14 definitions with byte-code. When a byte-code function is called, its
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15 definition is evaluated by the @dfn{byte-code interpreter}.
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16
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17 Because the byte-compiled code is evaluated by the byte-code
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18 interpreter, instead of being executed directly by the machine's
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19 hardware (as true compiled code is), byte-code is completely
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20 transportable from machine to machine without recompilation. It is not,
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21 however, as fast as true compiled code.
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22
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23 Compiling a Lisp file with the Emacs byte compiler always reads the
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24 file as multibyte text, even if Emacs was started with @samp{--unibyte},
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25 unless the file specifies otherwise. This is so that compilation gives
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26 results compatible with running the same file without compilation.
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27 @xref{Loading Non-ASCII}.
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28
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29 In general, any version of Emacs can run byte-compiled code produced
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30 by recent earlier versions of Emacs, but the reverse is not true.
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31
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32 @vindex no-byte-compile
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33 If you do not want a Lisp file to be compiled, ever, put a file-local
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34 variable binding for @code{no-byte-compile} into it, like this:
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35
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36 @example
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37 ;; -*-no-byte-compile: t; -*-
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38 @end example
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39
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40 @xref{Compilation Errors}, for how to investigate errors occurring in
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41 byte compilation.
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42
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43 @menu
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44 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation.
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45 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
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46 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
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47 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions.
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48 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile.
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49 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages.
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50 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
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51 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
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52 @end menu
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53
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54 @node Speed of Byte-Code
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55 @section Performance of Byte-Compiled Code
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56
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57 A byte-compiled function is not as efficient as a primitive function
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58 written in C, but runs much faster than the version written in Lisp.
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59 Here is an example:
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60
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61 @example
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62 @group
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63 (defun silly-loop (n)
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64 "Return time before and after N iterations of a loop."
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65 (let ((t1 (current-time-string)))
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66 (while (> (setq n (1- n))
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67 0))
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68 (list t1 (current-time-string))))
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69 @result{} silly-loop
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70 @end group
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71
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72 @group
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73 (silly-loop 100000)
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74 @result{} ("Fri Mar 18 17:25:57 1994"
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75 "Fri Mar 18 17:26:28 1994") ; @r{31 seconds}
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76 @end group
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77
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78 @group
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79 (byte-compile 'silly-loop)
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80 @result{} @r{[Compiled code not shown]}
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81 @end group
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82
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83 @group
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84 (silly-loop 100000)
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85 @result{} ("Fri Mar 18 17:26:52 1994"
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86 "Fri Mar 18 17:26:58 1994") ; @r{6 seconds}
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87 @end group
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88 @end example
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89
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90 In this example, the interpreted code required 31 seconds to run,
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91 whereas the byte-compiled code required 6 seconds. These results are
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92 representative, but actual results will vary greatly.
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93
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94 @node Compilation Functions
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95 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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96 @section The Compilation Functions
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97 @cindex compilation functions
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98
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99 You can byte-compile an individual function or macro definition with
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100 the @code{byte-compile} function. You can compile a whole file with
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101 @code{byte-compile-file}, or several files with
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102 @code{byte-recompile-directory} or @code{batch-byte-compile}.
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103
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104 The byte compiler produces error messages and warnings about each file
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105 in a buffer called @samp{*Compile-Log*}. These report things in your
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106 program that suggest a problem but are not necessarily erroneous.
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107
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108 @cindex macro compilation
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109 Be careful when writing macro calls in files that you may someday
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110 byte-compile. Macro calls are expanded when they are compiled, so the
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111 macros must already be defined for proper compilation. For more
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112 details, see @ref{Compiling Macros}. If a program does not work the
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113 same way when compiled as it does when interpreted, erroneous macro
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114 definitions are one likely cause (@pxref{Problems with Macros}).
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115 Inline (@code{defsubst}) functions are less troublesome; if you
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116 compile a call to such a function before its definition is known, the
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117 call will still work right, it will just run slower.
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118
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119 Normally, compiling a file does not evaluate the file's contents or
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120 load the file. But it does execute any @code{require} calls at top
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121 level in the file. One way to ensure that necessary macro definitions
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122 are available during compilation is to require the file that defines
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123 them (@pxref{Named Features}). To avoid loading the macro definition files
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124 when someone @emph{runs} the compiled program, write
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125 @code{eval-when-compile} around the @code{require} calls (@pxref{Eval
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126 During Compile}).
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127
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128 @defun byte-compile symbol
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129 This function byte-compiles the function definition of @var{symbol},
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130 replacing the previous definition with the compiled one. The function
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131 definition of @var{symbol} must be the actual code for the function;
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132 i.e., the compiler does not follow indirection to another symbol.
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133 @code{byte-compile} returns the new, compiled definition of
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134 @var{symbol}.
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135
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136 If @var{symbol}'s definition is a byte-code function object,
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137 @code{byte-compile} does nothing and returns @code{nil}. Lisp records
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138 only one function definition for any symbol, and if that is already
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139 compiled, non-compiled code is not available anywhere. So there is no
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140 way to ``compile the same definition again.''
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141
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142 @example
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143 @group
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144 (defun factorial (integer)
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145 "Compute factorial of INTEGER."
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146 (if (= 1 integer) 1
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147 (* integer (factorial (1- integer)))))
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148 @result{} factorial
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149 @end group
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150
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151 @group
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152 (byte-compile 'factorial)
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153 @result{}
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154 #[(integer)
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155 "^H\301U\203^H^@@\301\207\302^H\303^HS!\"\207"
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156 [integer 1 * factorial]
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157 4 "Compute factorial of INTEGER."]
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158 @end group
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159 @end example
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160
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161 @noindent
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162 The result is a byte-code function object. The string it contains is
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163 the actual byte-code; each character in it is an instruction or an
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164 operand of an instruction. The vector contains all the constants,
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165 variable names and function names used by the function, except for
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166 certain primitives that are coded as special instructions.
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167
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168 If the argument to @code{byte-compile} is a @code{lambda} expression,
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169 it returns the corresponding compiled code, but does not store
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170 it anywhere.
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171 @end defun
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172
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173 @deffn Command compile-defun &optional arg
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174 This command reads the defun containing point, compiles it, and
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175 evaluates the result. If you use this on a defun that is actually a
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176 function definition, the effect is to install a compiled version of that
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177 function.
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178
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179 @code{compile-defun} normally displays the result of evaluation in the
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180 echo area, but if @var{arg} is non-@code{nil}, it inserts the result
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181 in the current buffer after the form it compiled.
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182 @end deffn
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183
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184 @deffn Command byte-compile-file filename &optional load
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185 This function compiles a file of Lisp code named @var{filename} into a
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186 file of byte-code. The output file's name is made by changing the
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187 @samp{.el} suffix into @samp{.elc}; if @var{filename} does not end in
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188 @samp{.el}, it adds @samp{.elc} to the end of @var{filename}.
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189
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190 Compilation works by reading the input file one form at a time. If it
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191 is a definition of a function or macro, the compiled function or macro
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192 definition is written out. Other forms are batched together, then each
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193 batch is compiled, and written so that its compiled code will be
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194 executed when the file is read. All comments are discarded when the
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195 input file is read.
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196
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197 This command returns @code{t} if there were no errors and @code{nil}
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198 otherwise. When called interactively, it prompts for the file name.
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199
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200 If @var{load} is non-@code{nil}, this command loads the compiled file
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201 after compiling it. Interactively, @var{load} is the prefix argument.
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202
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203 @example
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204 @group
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205 % ls -l push*
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206 -rw-r--r-- 1 lewis 791 Oct 5 20:31 push.el
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207 @end group
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208
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209 @group
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210 (byte-compile-file "~/emacs/push.el")
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211 @result{} t
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212 @end group
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213
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214 @group
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215 % ls -l push*
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216 -rw-r--r-- 1 lewis 791 Oct 5 20:31 push.el
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217 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 638 Oct 8 20:25 push.elc
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218 @end group
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219 @end example
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220 @end deffn
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221
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222 @deffn Command byte-recompile-directory directory &optional flag force
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223 @cindex library compilation
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224 This command recompiles every @samp{.el} file in @var{directory} (or
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225 its subdirectories) that needs recompilation. A file needs
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226 recompilation if a @samp{.elc} file exists but is older than the
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227 @samp{.el} file.
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228
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229 When a @samp{.el} file has no corresponding @samp{.elc} file,
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230 @var{flag} says what to do. If it is @code{nil}, this command ignores
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231 these files. If @var{flag} is 0, it compiles them. If it is neither
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232 @code{nil} nor 0, it asks the user whether to compile each such file,
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233 and asks about each subdirectory as well.
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234
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235 Interactively, @code{byte-recompile-directory} prompts for
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236 @var{directory} and @var{flag} is the prefix argument.
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237
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238 If @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, this command recompiles every
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239 @samp{.el} file that has a @samp{.elc} file.
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240
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241 The returned value is unpredictable.
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242 @end deffn
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243
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244 @defun batch-byte-compile &optional noforce
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245 This function runs @code{byte-compile-file} on files specified on the
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246 command line. This function must be used only in a batch execution of
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247 Emacs, as it kills Emacs on completion. An error in one file does not
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248 prevent processing of subsequent files, but no output file will be
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249 generated for it, and the Emacs process will terminate with a nonzero
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250 status code.
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251
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252 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, this function does not recompile
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253 files that have an up-to-date @samp{.elc} file.
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254
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255 @example
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256 % emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el
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257 @end example
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258 @end defun
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259
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260 @defun byte-code code-string data-vector max-stack
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261 @cindex byte-code interpreter
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262 This function actually interprets byte-code. A byte-compiled function
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263 is actually defined with a body that calls @code{byte-code}. Don't call
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264 this function yourself---only the byte compiler knows how to generate
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265 valid calls to this function.
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266
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267 In Emacs version 18, byte-code was always executed by way of a call to
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268 the function @code{byte-code}. Nowadays, byte-code is usually executed
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269 as part of a byte-code function object, and only rarely through an
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270 explicit call to @code{byte-code}.
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271 @end defun
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272
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273 @node Docs and Compilation
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274 @section Documentation Strings and Compilation
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275 @cindex dynamic loading of documentation
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276
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277 Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled file access their
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278 documentation strings dynamically from the file whenever needed. This
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279 saves space within Emacs, and makes loading faster because the
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280 documentation strings themselves need not be processed while loading the
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281 file. Actual access to the documentation strings becomes slower as a
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282 result, but this normally is not enough to bother users.
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283
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284 Dynamic access to documentation strings does have drawbacks:
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285
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286 @itemize @bullet
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287 @item
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288 If you delete or move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no
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289 longer access the documentation strings for the functions and variables
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290 in the file.
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291
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292 @item
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293 If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version),
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294 then further access to documentation strings in this file will
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295 probably give nonsense results.
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296 @end itemize
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297
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298 If your site installs Emacs following the usual procedures, these
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299 problems will never normally occur. Installing a new version uses a new
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300 directory with a different name; as long as the old version remains
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301 installed, its files will remain unmodified in the places where they are
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302 expected to be.
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303
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304 However, if you have built Emacs yourself and use it from the
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305 directory where you built it, you will experience this problem
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306 occasionally if you edit and recompile Lisp files. When it happens, you
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307 can cure the problem by reloading the file after recompiling it.
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308
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309 You can turn off this feature at compile time by setting
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310 @code{byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings} to @code{nil}; this is useful
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311 mainly if you expect to change the file, and you want Emacs processes
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312 that have already loaded it to keep working when the file changes.
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313 You can do this globally, or for one source file by specifying a
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314 file-local binding for the variable. One way to do that is by adding
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315 this string to the file's first line:
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316
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317 @example
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318 -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*-
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319 @end example
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320
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321 @defvar byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings
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322 If this is non-@code{nil}, the byte compiler generates compiled files
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323 that are set up for dynamic loading of documentation strings.
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324 @end defvar
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325
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326 @cindex @samp{#@@@var{count}}
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327 @cindex @samp{#$}
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328 The dynamic documentation string feature writes compiled files that
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329 use a special Lisp reader construct, @samp{#@@@var{count}}. This
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330 construct skips the next @var{count} characters. It also uses the
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331 @samp{#$} construct, which stands for ``the name of this file, as a
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332 string.'' It is usually best not to use these constructs in Lisp source
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333 files, since they are not designed to be clear to humans reading the
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334 file.
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335
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336 @node Dynamic Loading
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337 @section Dynamic Loading of Individual Functions
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338
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339 @cindex dynamic loading of functions
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340 @cindex lazy loading
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341 When you compile a file, you can optionally enable the @dfn{dynamic
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342 function loading} feature (also known as @dfn{lazy loading}). With
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343 dynamic function loading, loading the file doesn't fully read the
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344 function definitions in the file. Instead, each function definition
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345 contains a place-holder which refers to the file. The first time each
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346 function is called, it reads the full definition from the file, to
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347 replace the place-holder.
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348
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349 The advantage of dynamic function loading is that loading the file
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350 becomes much faster. This is a good thing for a file which contains
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351 many separate user-callable functions, if using one of them does not
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352 imply you will probably also use the rest. A specialized mode which
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353 provides many keyboard commands often has that usage pattern: a user may
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354 invoke the mode, but use only a few of the commands it provides.
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355
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356 The dynamic loading feature has certain disadvantages:
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357
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358 @itemize @bullet
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359 @item
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360 If you delete or move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no
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361 longer load the remaining function definitions not already loaded.
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362
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363 @item
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364 If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version),
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365 then trying to load any function not already loaded will usually yield
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366 nonsense results.
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367 @end itemize
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368
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369 These problems will never happen in normal circumstances with
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370 installed Emacs files. But they are quite likely to happen with Lisp
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371 files that you are changing. The easiest way to prevent these problems
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372 is to reload the new compiled file immediately after each recompilation.
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373
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374 The byte compiler uses the dynamic function loading feature if the
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375 variable @code{byte-compile-dynamic} is non-@code{nil} at compilation
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376 time. Do not set this variable globally, since dynamic loading is
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377 desirable only for certain files. Instead, enable the feature for
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378 specific source files with file-local variable bindings. For example,
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379 you could do it by writing this text in the source file's first line:
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380
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381 @example
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382 -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*-
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383 @end example
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384
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385 @defvar byte-compile-dynamic
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386 If this is non-@code{nil}, the byte compiler generates compiled files
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387 that are set up for dynamic function loading.
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388 @end defvar
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389
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390 @defun fetch-bytecode function
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391 If @var{function} is a byte-code function object, this immediately
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392 finishes loading the byte code of @var{function} from its
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393 byte-compiled file, if it is not fully loaded already. Otherwise,
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394 it does nothing. It always returns @var{function}.
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395 @end defun
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396
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397 @node Eval During Compile
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398 @section Evaluation During Compilation
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399
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400 These features permit you to write code to be evaluated during
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401 compilation of a program.
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402
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403 @defspec eval-and-compile body
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404 This form marks @var{body} to be evaluated both when you compile the
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405 containing code and when you run it (whether compiled or not).
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406
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407 You can get a similar result by putting @var{body} in a separate file
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408 and referring to that file with @code{require}. That method is
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409 preferable when @var{body} is large.
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410 @end defspec
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411
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412 @defspec eval-when-compile body
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413 This form marks @var{body} to be evaluated at compile time but not when
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414 the compiled program is loaded. The result of evaluation by the
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415 compiler becomes a constant which appears in the compiled program. If
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416 you load the source file, rather than compiling it, @var{body} is
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417 evaluated normally.
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418
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419 @strong{Common Lisp Note:} At top level, this is analogous to the Common
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420 Lisp idiom @code{(eval-when (compile eval) @dots{})}. Elsewhere, the
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421 Common Lisp @samp{#.} reader macro (but not when interpreting) is closer
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422 to what @code{eval-when-compile} does.
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423 @end defspec
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424
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425 @node Compiler Errors
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426 @section Compiler Errors
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427 @cindex compiler errors
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428
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429 Byte compilation writes errors and warnings into the buffer
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430 @samp{*Compile-Log*}. The messages include file names and line
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431 numbers that identify the location of the problem. The usual Emacs
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432 commands for operating on compiler diagnostics work properly on
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433 these messages.
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434
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435 However, the warnings about functions that were used but not
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436 defined are always ``located'' at the end of the file, so these
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437 commands won't find the places they are really used. To do that,
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438 you must search for the function names.
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439
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440 You can suppress the compiler warning for calling an undefined
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441 function @var{func} by conditionalizing the function call on an
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442 @code{fboundp} test, like this:
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443
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444 @example
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445 (if (fboundp '@var{func}) ...(@var{func} ...)...)
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446 @end example
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447
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448 @noindent
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449 The call to @var{func} must be in the @var{then-form} of the
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450 @code{if}, and @var{func} must appear quoted in the call to
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451 @code{fboundp}. (This feature operates for @code{cond} as well.)
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452
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453 Likewise, you can suppress a compiler warning for an unbound variable
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454 @var{variable} by conditionalizing its use on a @code{boundp} test,
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455 like this:
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456
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457 @example
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458 (if (boundp '@var{variable}) ...@var{variable}...)
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459 @end example
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460
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461 @noindent
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462 The reference to @var{variable} must be in the @var{then-form} of the
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463 @code{if}, and @var{variable} must appear quoted in the call to
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464 @code{boundp}.
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465
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466 You can suppress any compiler warnings using the construct
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467 @code{with-no-warnings}:
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468
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469 @c This is implemented with a defun, but conceptually it is
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470 @c a special form.
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471
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472 @defspec with-no-warnings body...
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473 In execution, this is equivalent to @code{(progn @var{body}...)},
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474 but the compiler does not issue warnings for anything that occurs
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475 inside @var{body}.
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476
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477 We recommend that you use this construct around the smallest
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478 possible piece of code.
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479 @end defspec
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480
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481 @node Byte-Code Objects
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482 @section Byte-Code Function Objects
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483 @cindex compiled function
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484 @cindex byte-code function
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485
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486 Byte-compiled functions have a special data type: they are
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487 @dfn{byte-code function objects}.
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488
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489 Internally, a byte-code function object is much like a vector;
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490 however, the evaluator handles this data type specially when it appears
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491 as a function to be called. The printed representation for a byte-code
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492 function object is like that for a vector, with an additional @samp{#}
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493 before the opening @samp{[}.
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494
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495 A byte-code function object must have at least four elements; there is
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496 no maximum number, but only the first six elements have any normal use.
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497 They are:
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498
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499 @table @var
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500 @item arglist
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501 The list of argument symbols.
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502
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503 @item byte-code
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504 The string containing the byte-code instructions.
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505
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506 @item constants
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507 The vector of Lisp objects referenced by the byte code. These include
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508 symbols used as function names and variable names.
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509
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510 @item stacksize
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511 The maximum stack size this function needs.
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512
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513 @item docstring
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514 The documentation string (if any); otherwise, @code{nil}. The value may
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515 be a number or a list, in case the documentation string is stored in a
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516 file. Use the function @code{documentation} to get the real
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517 documentation string (@pxref{Accessing Documentation}).
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518
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519 @item interactive
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520 The interactive spec (if any). This can be a string or a Lisp
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521 expression. It is @code{nil} for a function that isn't interactive.
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522 @end table
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523
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524 Here's an example of a byte-code function object, in printed
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525 representation. It is the definition of the command
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526 @code{backward-sexp}.
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527
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528 @example
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529 #[(&optional arg)
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530 "^H\204^F^@@\301^P\302^H[!\207"
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531 [arg 1 forward-sexp]
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532 2
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533 254435
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534 "p"]
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535 @end example
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536
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537 The primitive way to create a byte-code object is with
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538 @code{make-byte-code}:
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539
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540 @defun make-byte-code &rest elements
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541 This function constructs and returns a byte-code function object
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542 with @var{elements} as its elements.
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543 @end defun
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544
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545 You should not try to come up with the elements for a byte-code
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546 function yourself, because if they are inconsistent, Emacs may crash
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547 when you call the function. Always leave it to the byte compiler to
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548 create these objects; it makes the elements consistent (we hope).
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549
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550 You can access the elements of a byte-code object using @code{aref};
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551 you can also use @code{vconcat} to create a vector with the same
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552 elements.
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553
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554 @node Disassembly
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555 @section Disassembled Byte-Code
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556 @cindex disassembled byte-code
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557
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558 People do not write byte-code; that job is left to the byte compiler.
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559 But we provide a disassembler to satisfy a cat-like curiosity. The
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560 disassembler converts the byte-compiled code into humanly readable
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561 form.
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562
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563 The byte-code interpreter is implemented as a simple stack machine.
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564 It pushes values onto a stack of its own, then pops them off to use them
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565 in calculations whose results are themselves pushed back on the stack.
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566 When a byte-code function returns, it pops a value off the stack and
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567 returns it as the value of the function.
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568
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569 In addition to the stack, byte-code functions can use, bind, and set
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570 ordinary Lisp variables, by transferring values between variables and
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571 the stack.
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572
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573 @deffn Command disassemble object &optional buffer-or-name
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574 This command displays the disassembled code for @var{object}. In
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575 interactive use, or if @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil} or omitted,
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576 the output goes in a buffer named @samp{*Disassemble*}. If
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577 @var{buffer-or-name} is non-@code{nil}, it must be a buffer or the
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578 name of an existing buffer. Then the output goes there, at point, and
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579 point is left before the output.
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580
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581 The argument @var{object} can be a function name, a lambda expression
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582 or a byte-code object. If it is a lambda expression, @code{disassemble}
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583 compiles it and disassembles the resulting compiled code.
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584 @end deffn
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585
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586 Here are two examples of using the @code{disassemble} function. We
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587 have added explanatory comments to help you relate the byte-code to the
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588 Lisp source; these do not appear in the output of @code{disassemble}.
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589 These examples show unoptimized byte-code. Nowadays byte-code is
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590 usually optimized, but we did not want to rewrite these examples, since
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591 they still serve their purpose.
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592
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593 @example
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594 @group
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595 (defun factorial (integer)
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596 "Compute factorial of an integer."
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597 (if (= 1 integer) 1
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598 (* integer (factorial (1- integer)))))
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599 @result{} factorial
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600 @end group
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601
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602 @group
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603 (factorial 4)
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604 @result{} 24
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605 @end group
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606
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607 @group
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608 (disassemble 'factorial)
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609 @print{} byte-code for factorial:
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610 doc: Compute factorial of an integer.
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611 args: (integer)
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612 @end group
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613
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parents:
diff changeset
614 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
615 0 constant 1 ; @r{Push 1 onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
616
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617 1 varref integer ; @r{Get value of @code{integer}}
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618 ; @r{from the environment}
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parents:
diff changeset
619 ; @r{and push the value}
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parents:
diff changeset
620 ; @r{onto the stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
621 @end group
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parents:
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622
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parents:
diff changeset
623 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
624 2 eqlsign ; @r{Pop top two values off stack,}
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parents:
diff changeset
625 ; @r{compare them,}
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parents:
diff changeset
626 ; @r{and push result onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
627 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
628
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parents:
diff changeset
629 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
630 3 goto-if-nil 10 ; @r{Pop and test top of stack;}
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parents:
diff changeset
631 ; @r{if @code{nil}, go to 10,}
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parents:
diff changeset
632 ; @r{else continue.}
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diff changeset
633 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
634
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parents:
diff changeset
635 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
636 6 constant 1 ; @r{Push 1 onto top of stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
637
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parents:
diff changeset
638 7 goto 17 ; @r{Go to 17 (in this case, 1 will be}
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parents:
diff changeset
639 ; @r{returned by the function).}
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parents:
diff changeset
640 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
641
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parents:
diff changeset
642 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
643 10 constant * ; @r{Push symbol @code{*} onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
644
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parents:
diff changeset
645 11 varref integer ; @r{Push value of @code{integer} onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
646 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
647
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parents:
diff changeset
648 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
649 12 constant factorial ; @r{Push @code{factorial} onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
650
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parents:
diff changeset
651 13 varref integer ; @r{Push value of @code{integer} onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
652
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parents:
diff changeset
653 14 sub1 ; @r{Pop @code{integer}, decrement value,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 ; @r{push new value onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
655 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656
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parents:
diff changeset
657 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
658 ; @r{Stack now contains:}
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parents:
diff changeset
659 ; @minus{} @r{decremented value of @code{integer}}
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parents: 38160
diff changeset
660 ; @minus{} @r{@code{factorial}}
5945
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parents:
diff changeset
661 ; @minus{} @r{value of @code{integer}}
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parents:
diff changeset
662 ; @minus{} @r{@code{*}}
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parents:
diff changeset
663 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
666 15 call 1 ; @r{Call function @code{factorial} using}
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parents:
diff changeset
667 ; @r{the first (i.e., the top) element}
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parents:
diff changeset
668 ; @r{of the stack as the argument;}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 ; @r{push returned value onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
670 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
671
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
673 ; @r{Stack now contains:}
7212
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
674 ; @minus{} @r{result of recursive}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 ; @r{call to @code{factorial}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 ; @minus{} @r{value of @code{integer}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 ; @minus{} @r{@code{*}}
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parents:
diff changeset
678 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
681 16 call 2 ; @r{Using the first two}
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parents:
diff changeset
682 ; @r{(i.e., the top two)}
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parents:
diff changeset
683 ; @r{elements of the stack}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 ; @r{as arguments,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 ; @r{call the function @code{*},}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 ; @r{pushing the result onto the stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
690 17 return ; @r{Return the top element}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 ; @r{of the stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 The @code{silly-loop} function is somewhat more complex:
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
699 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 (defun silly-loop (n)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 "Return time before and after N iterations of a loop."
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 (let ((t1 (current-time-string)))
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parents: 38160
diff changeset
703 (while (> (setq n (1- n))
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
704 0))
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 (list t1 (current-time-string))))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 @result{} silly-loop
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parents:
diff changeset
707 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
708
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parents:
diff changeset
709 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
710 (disassemble 'silly-loop)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 @print{} byte-code for silly-loop:
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 doc: Return time before and after N iterations of a loop.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 args: (n)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 0 constant current-time-string ; @r{Push}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 ; @r{@code{current-time-string}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 ; @r{onto top of stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
718 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
721 1 call 0 ; @r{Call @code{current-time-string}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 ; @r{ with no argument,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 ; @r{ pushing result onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 2 varbind t1 ; @r{Pop stack and bind @code{t1}}
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parents:
diff changeset
728 ; @r{to popped value.}
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parents:
diff changeset
729 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 3 varref n ; @r{Get value of @code{n} from}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 ; @r{the environment and push}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 ; @r{the value onto the stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
738 4 sub1 ; @r{Subtract 1 from top of stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 5 dup ; @r{Duplicate the top of the stack;}
6452
8c7032348e93 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 5945
diff changeset
743 ; @r{i.e., copy the top of}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 ; @r{the stack and push the}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 ; @r{copy onto the stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 6 varset n ; @r{Pop the top of the stack,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 ; @r{and bind @code{n} to the value.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 ; @r{In effect, the sequence @code{dup varset}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 ; @r{copies the top of the stack}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 ; @r{into the value of @code{n}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 ; @r{without popping it.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
757
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
759 7 constant 0 ; @r{Push 0 onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
763 8 gtr ; @r{Pop top two values off stack,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 ; @r{test if @var{n} is greater than 0}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 ; @r{and push result onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 @group
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2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
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parents: 6452
diff changeset
769 9 goto-if-nil-else-pop 17 ; @r{Goto 17 if @code{n} <= 0}
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
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parents: 6452
diff changeset
770 ; @r{(this exits the while loop).}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
771 ; @r{else pop top of stack}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 ; @r{and continue}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 12 constant nil ; @r{Push @code{nil} onto stack}
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parents:
diff changeset
777 ; @r{(this is the body of the loop).}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 13 discard ; @r{Discard result of the body}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 ; @r{of the loop (a while loop}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 ; @r{is always evaluated for}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 ; @r{its side effects).}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 14 goto 3 ; @r{Jump back to beginning}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 ; @r{of while loop.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 17 discard ; @r{Discard result of while loop}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 ; @r{by popping top of stack.}
7212
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
795 ; @r{This result is the value @code{nil} that}
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
796 ; @r{was not popped by the goto at 9.}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 18 varref t1 ; @r{Push value of @code{t1} onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 @group
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 38160
diff changeset
804 19 constant current-time-string ; @r{Push}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 ; @r{@code{current-time-string}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 ; @r{onto top of stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 20 call 0 ; @r{Call @code{current-time-string} again.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 21 list2 ; @r{Pop top two elements off stack,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 ; @r{create a list of them,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 ; @r{and push list onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 22 unbind 1 ; @r{Unbind @code{t1} in local environment.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 23 return ; @r{Return value of the top of stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 @result{} nil
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @end example
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52155
diff changeset
829 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52155
diff changeset
830 arch-tag: f78e3050-2f0a-4dee-be27-d9979a0a2289
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52155
diff changeset
831 @end ignore