Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/fixit.texi @ 33697:e7765cb122c3
(Fw32_set_clipboard_data): Save a copy of what is put on the clipboard.
(Fw32_get_clipboard_data): Compare data on clipboard with saved copy
of what Emacs last put there. If they are the same, do not use the
clipboard copy to avoid losing data due to coding conversions.
author | Jason Rumney <jasonr@gnu.org> |
---|---|
date | Tue, 21 Nov 2000 19:18:13 +0000 |
parents | b65102a3c19d |
children | 11db0318031d |
rev | line source |
---|---|
25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
4 @node Fixit, Files, Search, Top | |
5 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos | |
6 @cindex typos, fixing | |
7 @cindex mistakes, correcting | |
8 | |
9 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for | |
10 the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made | |
11 it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly. | |
12 | |
13 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the | |
14 undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_}. This command undoes a single | |
15 command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of | |
16 @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting characters. | |
17 Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x u} undo earlier and | |
18 earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information available. | |
19 @xref{Undo}, for for more information. | |
20 | |
21 @menu | |
22 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
23 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
24 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
25 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
26 @end menu | |
27 | |
28 @node Kill Errors | |
29 @section Killing Your Mistakes | |
30 | |
31 @table @kbd | |
32 @item @key{DEL} | |
33 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}). | |
34 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
35 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
36 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
37 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
38 @end table | |
39 | |
40 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most | |
41 important correction command. It deletes the character before point. | |
42 When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think | |
43 of it as canceling that command. However, avoid the mistake of thinking | |
44 of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command! | |
45 | |
46 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be | |
47 more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}. | |
48 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x | |
49 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x | |
50 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the | |
51 phrasing of the text you are writing. @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x | |
52 @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to | |
53 retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill | |
54 | |
55 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few | |
56 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't | |
57 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with | |
58 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. Often it | |
59 requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again. | |
60 | |
61 @node Transpose | |
62 @section Transposing Text | |
63 | |
64 @table @kbd | |
65 @item C-t | |
66 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}). | |
67 @item M-t | |
68 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}). | |
69 @item C-M-t | |
70 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). | |
71 @item C-x C-t | |
72 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}). | |
73 @end table | |
74 | |
75 @kindex C-t | |
76 @findex transpose-chars | |
77 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they | |
78 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally, | |
79 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When | |
80 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of | |
81 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the | |
82 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error | |
83 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so | |
84 fast, you must move the cursor back to between the two transposed | |
85 characters. If you transposed a space with the last character of the word | |
86 before it, the word motion commands are a good way of getting there. | |
87 Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) is often the best way. | |
88 @xref{Search}. | |
89 | |
90 | |
91 @kindex C-x C-t | |
92 @findex transpose-lines | |
93 @kindex M-t | |
94 @findex transpose-words | |
95 @kindex C-M-t | |
96 @findex transpose-sexps | |
97 @kbd{M-t} (@code{transpose-words}) transposes the word before point | |
98 with the word after point. It moves point forward over a word, dragging | |
99 the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The punctuation | |
100 characters between the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} | |
101 transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. | |
102 | |
103 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for transposing | |
104 two expressions (@pxref{Lists}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} (@code{transpose-lines}) | |
105 exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t} except in determining the | |
106 division of the text into syntactic units. | |
107 | |
108 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it | |
109 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, sexp, line) | |
110 before or containing point across several other characters (words, | |
111 sexps, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before | |
112 point forward across three other characters. It would change | |
113 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to | |
114 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word | |
115 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel | |
116 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill | |
117 | |
118 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because | |
119 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to | |
120 transpose the character (word, sexp, line) ending after point with the | |
121 one ending after the mark. | |
122 | |
123 @node Fixing Case | |
124 @section Case Conversion | |
125 | |
126 @table @kbd | |
127 @item M-- M-l | |
128 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus. | |
129 @item M-- M-u | |
130 Convert last word to all upper case. | |
131 @item M-- M-c | |
132 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial. | |
133 @end table | |
134 | |
135 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l | |
136 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u | |
137 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c | |
138 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this, | |
139 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a | |
140 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the | |
141 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply | |
142 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill | |
143 | |
144 @node Spelling | |
145 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling | |
146 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting | |
147 @cindex checking spelling | |
148 @cindex correcting spelling | |
149 | |
150 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single | |
151 word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands work with the spelling | |
152 checker program Ispell, which is not part of Emacs. | |
153 @ifinfo | |
154 @xref{Top, Ispell, Overview ispell, ispell.info, The Ispell Manual}. | |
155 @end ifinfo | |
156 | |
157 @table @kbd | |
158 @item M-x flyspell-mode | |
159 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words. | |
160 @item M-$ | |
161 Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}). | |
162 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
163 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary | |
164 (@code{ispell-complete-word}). | |
31059
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
165 @item M-x ispell |
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
166 Spell-check the active region or the current buffer. |
25829 | 167 @item M-x ispell-buffer |
168 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer. | |
169 @item M-x ispell-region | |
170 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region. | |
171 @item M-x ispell-message | |
172 Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message, | |
173 excluding cited material. | |
174 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET} | |
175 Restart the Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary. | |
176 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell | |
177 Kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
178 @end table | |
179 | |
180 @cindex Flyspell mode | |
181 @findex flyspell-mode | |
182 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit | |
183 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them. | |
184 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that | |
185 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the | |
186 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x | |
187 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. | |
188 | |
189 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on | |
190 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and | |
191 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any | |
192 way you like. | |
193 | |
194 The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when | |
195 you give an explicit command to do so. Checking all or part of the | |
196 buffer is useful when you have text that was written outside of this | |
197 Emacs session and might contain any number of misspellings. | |
198 | |
199 @kindex M-$ | |
200 @findex ispell-word | |
201 To check the spelling of the word around or next to point, and | |
202 optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$} | |
203 (@code{ispell-word}). If the word is not correct, the command offers | |
204 you various alternatives for what to do about it. | |
205 | |
206 @findex ispell-buffer | |
207 @findex ispell-region | |
208 To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}. Use | |
209 @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region. To check | |
210 spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x | |
211 ispell-message}; that checks the whole buffer, but does not check | |
212 material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages. | |
213 | |
31059
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
214 @findex ispell |
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
215 @cindex spell-checking the active region |
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
216 The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the |
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
217 Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it |
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
218 spell-checks the current buffer. |
b65102a3c19d
Document the new operation of the `ispell' command.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
25829
diff
changeset
|
219 |
25829 | 220 Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you |
221 what to do. They display a list of alternatives, usually including | |
222 several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being | |
223 checked. Then you must type a character. Here are the valid responses: | |
224 | |
225 @table @kbd | |
226 @item @key{SPC} | |
227 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it | |
228 here. | |
229 | |
230 @item r @var{new} @key{RET} | |
231 Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}. | |
232 | |
233 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
234 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you | |
235 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish. | |
236 | |
237 @item @var{digit} | |
238 Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed | |
239 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to | |
240 select it. | |
241 | |
242 @item a | |
243 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
244 editing session. | |
245 | |
246 @item A | |
247 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
248 editing session and for this buffer. | |
249 | |
250 @item i | |
251 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Ispell will | |
252 consider it correct it from now on, even in future sessions. | |
253 | |
254 @item u | |
255 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dictionary | |
256 file. | |
257 | |
258 @item m | |
259 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion | |
260 information. | |
261 | |
262 @item l @var{word} @key{RET} | |
263 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words | |
264 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them to | |
265 replace with by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a | |
266 wildcard. | |
267 | |
268 @item C-g | |
269 Quit interactive spell checking. You can restart it again afterward | |
270 with @kbd{C-u M-$}. | |
271 | |
272 @item X | |
273 Same as @kbd{C-g}. | |
274 | |
275 @item x | |
276 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was | |
277 when you started spell checking. | |
278 | |
279 @item q | |
280 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
281 | |
282 @item C-l | |
283 Refresh the screen. | |
284 | |
285 @item C-z | |
286 This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this | |
287 frame). | |
288 @end table | |
289 | |
290 @findex ispell-complete-word | |
291 The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key | |
292 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of | |
293 completions based on spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a | |
294 word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a completion | |
295 list window. To choose one of the completions listed, click | |
296 @kbd{Mouse-2} on it, or move the cursor there in the completions window | |
297 and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}. | |
298 | |
299 @ignore | |
300 @findex reload-ispell | |
301 The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts | |
302 an Ispell subprocess. The first thing the subprocess does is read your | |
303 private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}. | |
304 Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that | |
305 file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive | |
306 replacement procedure. Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to | |
307 reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell. | |
308 @end ignore | |
309 | |
310 @cindex @code{ispell} program | |
311 @findex ispell-kill-ispell | |
312 Once started, the Ispell subprocess continues to run (waiting for | |
313 something to do), so that subsequent spell checking commands complete | |
314 more quickly. If you want to get rid of the Ispell process, use | |
315 @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually necessary, since the | |
316 process uses no time except when you do spelling correction. | |
317 | |
318 @vindex ispell-dictionary | |
319 Ispell uses two dictionaries: the standard dictionary and your private | |
320 dictionary. The variable @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file | |
321 name of the standard dictionary to use. A value of @code{nil} says to | |
322 use the default dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x | |
323 ispell-change-dictionary} sets this variable and then restarts the | |
324 Ispell subprocess, so that it will use a different dictionary. | |
325 |