annotate lispref/positions.texi @ 33203:e91d2b7a0908

(decode-mac-roman): Test against r1 not r0.
author Jason Rumney <jasonr@gnu.org>
date Sat, 04 Nov 2000 11:42:12 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/positions
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7 @node Positions, Markers, Frames, Top
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8 @chapter Positions
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9 @cindex position (in buffer)
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10
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11 A @dfn{position} is the index of a character in the text of a buffer.
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12 More precisely, a position identifies the place between two characters
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13 (or before the first character, or after the last character), so we can
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14 speak of the character before or after a given position. However, we
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15 often speak of the character ``at'' a position, meaning the character
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16 after that position.
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17
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18 Positions are usually represented as integers starting from 1, but can
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19 also be represented as @dfn{markers}---special objects that relocate
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20 automatically when text is inserted or deleted so they stay with the
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21 surrounding characters. @xref{Markers}.
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22
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23 See also the ``field'' feature (@pxref{Fields}), which provides
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24 functions that are used by many cursur-motion commands.
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25
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26 @menu
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27 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place.
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28 * Motion:: Changing point.
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29 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes.
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30 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
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31 @end menu
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32
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33 @node Point
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34 @section Point
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35 @cindex point
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36
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37 @dfn{Point} is a special buffer position used by many editing
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38 commands, including the self-inserting typed characters and text
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39 insertion functions. Other commands move point through the text
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40 to allow editing and insertion at different places.
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41
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42 Like other positions, point designates a place between two characters
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43 (or before the first character, or after the last character), rather
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44 than a particular character. Usually terminals display the cursor over
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45 the character that immediately follows point; point is actually before
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46 the character on which the cursor sits.
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47
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48 @cindex point with narrowing
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49 The value of point is a number no less than 1, and no greater than the
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50 buffer size plus 1. If narrowing is in effect (@pxref{Narrowing}), then
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51 point is constrained to fall within the accessible portion of the buffer
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52 (possibly at one end of it).
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53
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54 Each buffer has its own value of point, which is independent of the
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55 value of point in other buffers. Each window also has a value of point,
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56 which is independent of the value of point in other windows on the same
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57 buffer. This is why point can have different values in various windows
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58 that display the same buffer. When a buffer appears in only one window,
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59 the buffer's point and the window's point normally have the same value,
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60 so the distinction is rarely important. @xref{Window Point}, for more
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61 details.
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62
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63 @defun point
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64 @cindex current buffer position
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65 This function returns the value of point in the current buffer,
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66 as an integer.
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67
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68 @need 700
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69 @example
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70 @group
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71 (point)
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72 @result{} 175
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73 @end group
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74 @end example
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75 @end defun
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76
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77 @defun point-min
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78 This function returns the minimum accessible value of point in the
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79 current buffer. This is normally 1, but if narrowing is in effect, it
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80 is the position of the start of the region that you narrowed to.
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81 (@xref{Narrowing}.)
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82 @end defun
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83
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84 @defun point-max
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85 This function returns the maximum accessible value of point in the
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86 current buffer. This is @code{(1+ (buffer-size))}, unless narrowing is
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87 in effect, in which case it is the position of the end of the region
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88 that you narrowed to. (@xref{Narrowing}.)
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89 @end defun
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90
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91 @defun buffer-end flag
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92 This function returns @code{(point-min)} if @var{flag} is less than 1,
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93 @code{(point-max)} otherwise. The argument @var{flag} must be a number.
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94 @end defun
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95
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96 @defun buffer-size &optional buffer
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97 This function returns the total number of characters in the current
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98 buffer. In the absence of any narrowing (@pxref{Narrowing}),
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99 @code{point-max} returns a value one larger than this.
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100
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101 If you specify a buffer, @var{buffer}, then the value is the
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102 size of @var{buffer}.
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103
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104 @example
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105 @group
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106 (buffer-size)
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107 @result{} 35
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108 @end group
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109 @group
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110 (point-max)
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111 @result{} 36
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112 @end group
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113 @end example
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114 @end defun
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115
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116 @node Motion
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117 @section Motion
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118
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119 Motion functions change the value of point, either relative to the
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120 current value of point, relative to the beginning or end of the buffer,
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121 or relative to the edges of the selected window. @xref{Point}.
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122
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123 @menu
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124 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters.
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125 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words.
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126 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
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127 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text.
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128 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
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129 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
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130 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
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131 @end menu
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132
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133 @node Character Motion
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134 @subsection Motion by Characters
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135
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136 These functions move point based on a count of characters.
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137 @code{goto-char} is the fundamental primitive; the other functions use
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138 that.
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139
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140 @deffn Command goto-char position
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141 This function sets point in the current buffer to the value
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142 @var{position}. If @var{position} is less than 1, it moves point to the
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143 beginning of the buffer. If @var{position} is greater than the length
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144 of the buffer, it moves point to the end.
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145
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146 If narrowing is in effect, @var{position} still counts from the
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147 beginning of the buffer, but point cannot go outside the accessible
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148 portion. If @var{position} is out of range, @code{goto-char} moves
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149 point to the beginning or the end of the accessible portion.
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150
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151 When this function is called interactively, @var{position} is the
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152 numeric prefix argument, if provided; otherwise it is read from the
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153 minibuffer.
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154
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155 @code{goto-char} returns @var{position}.
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156 @end deffn
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157
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158 @deffn Command forward-char &optional count
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159 @c @kindex beginning-of-buffer
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160 @c @kindex end-of-buffer
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161 This function moves point @var{count} characters forward, towards the
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162 end of the buffer (or backward, towards the beginning of the buffer, if
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163 @var{count} is negative). If the function attempts to move point past
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164 the beginning or end of the buffer (or the limits of the accessible
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165 portion, when narrowing is in effect), an error is signaled with error
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166 code @code{beginning-of-buffer} or @code{end-of-buffer}.
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167
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168 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument.
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169 @end deffn
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170
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171 @deffn Command backward-char &optional count
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172 This function moves point @var{count} characters backward, towards the
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173 beginning of the buffer (or forward, towards the end of the buffer, if
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174 @var{count} is negative). If the function attempts to move point past
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175 the beginning or end of the buffer (or the limits of the accessible
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176 portion, when narrowing is in effect), an error is signaled with error
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177 code @code{beginning-of-buffer} or @code{end-of-buffer}.
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178
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179 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument.
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180 @end deffn
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181
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182 @node Word Motion
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183 @subsection Motion by Words
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184
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185 These functions for parsing words use the syntax table to decide
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186 whether a given character is part of a word. @xref{Syntax Tables}.
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187
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188 @deffn Command forward-word count
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189 This function moves point forward @var{count} words (or backward if
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190 @var{count} is negative). ``Moving one word'' means moving until point
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191 crosses a word-constituent character and then encounters a
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192 word-separator character. However, this function cannot move point past
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193 the boundary of the accessible part of the buffer, or across a field
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194 boundary (@pxref{Fields}). The most common case of a field boundary is
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195 the end of the prompt in the minibuffer.
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196
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197 If it is possible to move @var{count} words, without being stopped
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198 prematurely by the buffer boundary or a field boundary, the value is
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199 @code{t}. Otherwise, the return value is @code{nil} and point stops at
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200 the buffer boundary or field boundary.
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201
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202 If @code{inhibit-field-text-motion} is non-@code{nil},
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203 this function ignores field boundaries.
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204
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205 In an interactive call, @var{count} is specified by the numeric prefix
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206 argument.
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207 @end deffn
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208
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209 @deffn Command backward-word count
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210 This function is just like @code{forward-word}, except that it moves
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211 backward until encountering the front of a word, rather than forward.
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212
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213 In an interactive call, @var{count} is set to the numeric prefix
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214 argument.
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215
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216 This function is rarely used in programs, as it is more efficient to
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217 call @code{forward-word} with a negative argument.
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218 @end deffn
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219
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220 @defvar words-include-escapes
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221 @c Emacs 19 feature
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222 This variable affects the behavior of @code{forward-word} and everything
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223 that uses it. If it is non-@code{nil}, then characters in the
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224 ``escape'' and ``character quote'' syntax classes count as part of
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225 words. Otherwise, they do not.
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226 @end defvar
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227
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228 @defvar inhibit-field-text-motion
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229 @tindex inhibit-field-text-motion
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230 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, certain motion functions including
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231 @code{forward-word}, @code{forward-sentence}, and
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232 @code{forward-paragraph} ignore field boundaries.
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233 @end defvar
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234
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235 @node Buffer End Motion
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236 @subsection Motion to an End of the Buffer
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237
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238 To move point to the beginning of the buffer, write:
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239
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240 @example
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241 @group
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242 (goto-char (point-min))
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243 @end group
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244 @end example
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245
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246 @noindent
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247 Likewise, to move to the end of the buffer, use:
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248
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249 @example
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250 @group
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251 (goto-char (point-max))
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252 @end group
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253 @end example
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254
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255 Here are two commands that users use to do these things. They are
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256 documented here to warn you not to use them in Lisp programs, because
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257 they set the mark and display messages in the echo area.
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258
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259 @deffn Command beginning-of-buffer &optional n
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260 This function moves point to the beginning of the buffer (or the limits
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261 of the accessible portion, when narrowing is in effect), setting the
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262 mark at the previous position. If @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, then it
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263 puts point @var{n} tenths of the way from the beginning of the
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264 accessible portion of the buffer.
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265
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266 In an interactive call, @var{n} is the numeric prefix argument,
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267 if provided; otherwise @var{n} defaults to @code{nil}.
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268
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269 @strong{Warning:} Don't use this function in Lisp programs!
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270 @end deffn
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271
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272 @deffn Command end-of-buffer &optional n
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273 This function moves point to the end of the buffer (or the limits of the
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274 accessible portion, when narrowing is in effect), setting the mark at
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275 the previous position. If @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, then it puts point
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276 @var{n} tenths of the way from the end of the accessible portion of the
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277 buffer.
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278
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279 In an interactive call, @var{n} is the numeric prefix argument,
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280 if provided; otherwise @var{n} defaults to @code{nil}.
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281
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282 @strong{Warning:} Don't use this function in Lisp programs!
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283 @end deffn
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284
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285 @node Text Lines
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286 @subsection Motion by Text Lines
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287 @cindex lines
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288
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289 Text lines are portions of the buffer delimited by newline characters,
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290 which are regarded as part of the previous line. The first text line
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291 begins at the beginning of the buffer, and the last text line ends at
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292 the end of the buffer whether or not the last character is a newline.
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293 The division of the buffer into text lines is not affected by the width
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294 of the window, by line continuation in display, or by how tabs and
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295 control characters are displayed.
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296
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297 @deffn Command goto-line line
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298 This function moves point to the front of the @var{line}th line,
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299 counting from line 1 at beginning of the buffer. If @var{line} is less
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300 than 1, it moves point to the beginning of the buffer. If @var{line} is
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301 greater than the number of lines in the buffer, it moves point to the
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302 end of the buffer---that is, the @emph{end of the last line} of the
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303 buffer. This is the only case in which @code{goto-line} does not
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304 necessarily move to the beginning of a line.
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305
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306 If narrowing is in effect, then @var{line} still counts from the
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307 beginning of the buffer, but point cannot go outside the accessible
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308 portion. So @code{goto-line} moves point to the beginning or end of the
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309 accessible portion, if the line number specifies an inaccessible
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310 position.
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311
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312 The return value of @code{goto-line} is the difference between
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313 @var{line} and the line number of the line to which point actually was
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314 able to move (in the full buffer, before taking account of narrowing).
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315 Thus, the value is positive if the scan encounters the real end of the
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316 buffer before finding the specified line. The value is zero if scan
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317 encounters the end of the accessible portion but not the real end of the
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318 buffer.
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319
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320 In an interactive call, @var{line} is the numeric prefix argument if
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321 one has been provided. Otherwise @var{line} is read in the minibuffer.
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322 @end deffn
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323
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324 @deffn Command beginning-of-line &optional count
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325 This function moves point to the beginning of the current line. With an
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326 argument @var{count} not @code{nil} or 1, it moves forward
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327 @var{count}@minus{}1 lines and then to the beginning of the line.
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328
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329 If this function reaches the end of the buffer (or of the accessible
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330 portion, if narrowing is in effect), it positions point there. No error
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331 is signaled.
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332 @end deffn
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333
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334 @defun line-beginning-position &optional count
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335 @tindex line-beginning-position
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336 Return the position that @code{(beginning-of-line @var{count})}
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337 would move to.
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338 @end defun
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339
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340 @deffn Command end-of-line &optional count
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341 This function moves point to the end of the current line. With an
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342 argument @var{count} not @code{nil} or 1, it moves forward
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343 @var{count}@minus{}1 lines and then to the end of the line.
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344
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345 If this function reaches the end of the buffer (or of the accessible
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346 portion, if narrowing is in effect), it positions point there. No error
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347 is signaled.
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348 @end deffn
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349
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350 @defun line-end-position &optional count
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351 @tindex line-end-position
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352 Return the position that @code{(end-of-line @var{count})}
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353 would move to.
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354 @end defun
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355
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356 @deffn Command forward-line &optional count
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357 @cindex beginning of line
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358 This function moves point forward @var{count} lines, to the beginning of
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359 the line. If @var{count} is negative, it moves point
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360 @minus{}@var{count} lines backward, to the beginning of a line. If
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361 @var{count} is zero, it moves point to the beginning of the current
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362 line.
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363
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364 If @code{forward-line} encounters the beginning or end of the buffer (or
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365 of the accessible portion) before finding that many lines, it sets point
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366 there. No error is signaled.
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367
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368 @code{forward-line} returns the difference between @var{count} and the
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369 number of lines actually moved. If you attempt to move down five lines
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370 from the beginning of a buffer that has only three lines, point stops at
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371 the end of the last line, and the value will be 2.
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372
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373 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument.
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374 @end deffn
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375
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376 @defun count-lines start end
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377 @cindex lines in region
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378 This function returns the number of lines between the positions
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379 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer. If @var{start} and
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380 @var{end} are equal, then it returns 0. Otherwise it returns at least
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381 1, even if @var{start} and @var{end} are on the same line. This is
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382 because the text between them, considered in isolation, must contain at
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383 least one line unless it is empty.
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384
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385 Here is an example of using @code{count-lines}:
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386
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387 @example
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388 @group
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389 (defun current-line ()
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390 "Return the vertical position of point@dots{}"
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391 (+ (count-lines (window-start) (point))
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392 (if (= (current-column) 0) 1 0)
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393 -1))
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394 @end group
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395 @end example
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396 @end defun
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397
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398 @ignore
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399 @c ================
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400 The @code{previous-line} and @code{next-line} commands are functions
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401 that should not be used in programs. They are for users and are
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402 mentioned here only for completeness.
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403
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404 @deffn Command previous-line count
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405 @cindex goal column
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406 This function moves point up @var{count} lines (down if @var{count}
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407 is negative). In moving, it attempts to keep point in the ``goal column''
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408 (normally the same column that it was at the beginning of the move).
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409
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410 If there is no character in the target line exactly under the current
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411 column, point is positioned after the character in that line which
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412 spans this column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough.
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413
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414 If it attempts to move beyond the top or bottom of the buffer (or clipped
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415 region), then point is positioned in the goal column in the top or
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416 bottom line. No error is signaled.
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417
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418 In an interactive call, @var{count} will be the numeric
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419 prefix argument.
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420
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421 The command @code{set-goal-column} can be used to create a semipermanent
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422 goal column to which this command always moves. Then it does not try to
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423 move vertically.
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424
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425 If you are thinking of using this in a Lisp program, consider using
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426 @code{forward-line} with a negative argument instead. It is usually easier
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427 to use and more reliable (no dependence on goal column, etc.).
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428 @end deffn
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429
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430 @deffn Command next-line count
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431 This function moves point down @var{count} lines (up if @var{count}
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432 is negative). In moving, it attempts to keep point in the ``goal column''
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433 (normally the same column that it was at the beginning of the move).
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diff changeset
434
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435 If there is no character in the target line exactly under the current
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diff changeset
436 column, point is positioned after the character in that line which
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437 spans this column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough.
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diff changeset
438
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diff changeset
439 If it attempts to move beyond the top or bottom of the buffer (or clipped
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diff changeset
440 region), then point is positioned in the goal column in the top or
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441 bottom line. No error is signaled.
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diff changeset
442
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443 In the case where the @var{count} is 1, and point is on the last
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444 line of the buffer (or clipped region), a new empty line is inserted at the
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diff changeset
445 end of the buffer (or clipped region) and point moved there.
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diff changeset
446
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diff changeset
447 In an interactive call, @var{count} will be the numeric
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parents:
diff changeset
448 prefix argument.
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diff changeset
449
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450 The command @code{set-goal-column} can be used to create a semipermanent
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diff changeset
451 goal column to which this command always moves. Then it does not try to
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452 move vertically.
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diff changeset
453
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454 If you are thinking of using this in a Lisp program, consider using
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455 @code{forward-line} instead. It is usually easier
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diff changeset
456 to use and more reliable (no dependence on goal column, etc.).
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diff changeset
457 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
458
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459 @c ================
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diff changeset
460 @end ignore
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461
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462 Also see the functions @code{bolp} and @code{eolp} in @ref{Near Point}.
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463 These functions do not move point, but test whether it is already at the
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464 beginning or end of a line.
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diff changeset
465
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466 @node Screen Lines
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diff changeset
467 @subsection Motion by Screen Lines
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468
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469 The line functions in the previous section count text lines, delimited
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470 only by newline characters. By contrast, these functions count screen
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471 lines, which are defined by the way the text appears on the screen. A
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472 text line is a single screen line if it is short enough to fit the width
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diff changeset
473 of the selected window, but otherwise it may occupy several screen
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474 lines.
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diff changeset
475
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476 In some cases, text lines are truncated on the screen rather than
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diff changeset
477 continued onto additional screen lines. In these cases,
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diff changeset
478 @code{vertical-motion} moves point much like @code{forward-line}.
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diff changeset
479 @xref{Truncation}.
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diff changeset
480
7729
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481 Because the width of a given string depends on the flags that control
6552
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482 the appearance of certain characters, @code{vertical-motion} behaves
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483 differently, for a given piece of text, depending on the buffer it is
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484 in, and even on the selected window (because the width, the truncation
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485 flag, and display table may vary between windows). @xref{Usual
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486 Display}.
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487
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488 These functions scan text to determine where screen lines break, and
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489 thus take time proportional to the distance scanned. If you intend to
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490 use them heavily, Emacs provides caches which may improve the
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491 performance of your code. @xref{Truncation, cache-long-line-scans}.
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32ae92d81323 Document cache-long-line-scans in @node Text Lines.
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492
32ae92d81323 Document cache-long-line-scans in @node Text Lines.
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493
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494 @defun vertical-motion count &optional window
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495 This function moves point to the start of the screen line @var{count}
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496 screen lines down from the screen line containing point. If @var{count}
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497 is negative, it moves up instead.
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498
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499 @code{vertical-motion} returns the number of screen lines over which it
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500 moved point. The value may be less in absolute value than @var{count}
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parents: 14504
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501 if the beginning or end of the buffer was reached.
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502
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503 The window @var{window} is used for obtaining parameters such as the
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504 width, the horizontal scrolling, and the display table. But
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505 @code{vertical-motion} always operates on the current buffer, even if
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506 @var{window} currently displays some other buffer.
6552
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507 @end defun
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508
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509 @deffn Command move-to-window-line count
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510 This function moves point with respect to the text currently displayed
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511 in the selected window. It moves point to the beginning of the screen
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512 line @var{count} screen lines from the top of the window. If
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513 @var{count} is negative, that specifies a position
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514 @w{@minus{}@var{count}} lines from the bottom (or the last line of the
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515 buffer, if the buffer ends above the specified screen position).
6552
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516
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517 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, then point moves to the beginning of the
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518 line in the middle of the window. If the absolute value of @var{count}
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519 is greater than the size of the window, then point moves to the place
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520 that would appear on that screen line if the window were tall enough.
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521 This will probably cause the next redisplay to scroll to bring that
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522 location onto the screen.
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523
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524 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument.
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525
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526 The value returned is the window line number point has moved to, with
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527 the top line in the window numbered 0.
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528 @end deffn
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529
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530 @defun compute-motion from frompos to topos width offsets window
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531 This function scans the current buffer, calculating screen positions.
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parents: 7086
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532 It scans the buffer forward from position @var{from}, assuming that is
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diff changeset
533 at screen coordinates @var{frompos}, to position @var{to} or coordinates
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534 @var{topos}, whichever comes first. It returns the ending buffer
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parents: 7086
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535 position and screen coordinates.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
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536
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parents:
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537 The coordinate arguments @var{frompos} and @var{topos} are cons cells of
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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538 the form @code{(@var{hpos} . @var{vpos})}.
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parents:
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539
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540 The argument @var{width} is the number of columns available to display
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
541 text; this affects handling of continuation lines. Use the value
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 9401
diff changeset
542 returned by @code{window-width} for the window of your choice;
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 9401
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543 normally, use @code{(window-width @var{window})}.
6552
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parents:
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544
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545 The argument @var{offsets} is either @code{nil} or a cons cell of the
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
546 form @code{(@var{hscroll} . @var{tab-offset})}. Here @var{hscroll} is
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parents: 6552
diff changeset
547 the number of columns not being displayed at the left margin; most
22138
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diff changeset
548 callers get this by calling @code{window-hscroll}. Meanwhile,
7086
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diff changeset
549 @var{tab-offset} is the offset between column numbers on the screen and
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6552
diff changeset
550 column numbers in the buffer. This can be nonzero in a continuation
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parents: 6552
diff changeset
551 line, when the previous screen lines' widths do not add up to a multiple
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
552 of @code{tab-width}. It is always zero in a non-continuation line.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
553
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diff changeset
554 The window @var{window} serves only to specify which display table to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
555 use. @code{compute-motion} always operates on the current buffer,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
556 regardless of what buffer is displayed in @var{window}.
6552
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parents:
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557
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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558 The return value is a list of five elements:
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parents:
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559
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parents:
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560 @example
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parents:
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561 (@var{pos} @var{vpos} @var{hpos} @var{prevhpos} @var{contin})
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562 @end example
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
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563
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564 @noindent
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
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565 Here @var{pos} is the buffer position where the scan stopped, @var{vpos}
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
566 is the vertical screen position, and @var{hpos} is the horizontal screen
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
567 position.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
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568
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
569 The result @var{prevhpos} is the horizontal position one character back
7729
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
570 from @var{pos}. The result @var{contin} is @code{t} if the last line
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
571 was continued after (or within) the previous character.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
572
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parents: 14504
diff changeset
573 For example, to find the buffer position of column @var{col} of screen line
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 @var{line} of a certain window, pass the window's display start location
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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575 as @var{from} and the window's upper-left coordinates as @var{frompos}.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
576 Pass the buffer's @code{(point-max)} as @var{to}, to limit the scan to
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
577 the end of the accessible portion of the buffer, and pass @var{line} and
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
578 @var{col} as @var{topos}. Here's a function that does this:
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
579
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
580 @example
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 (defun coordinates-of-position (col line)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 (car (compute-motion (window-start)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 '(0 . 0)
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
584 (point-max)
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
585 (cons col line)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
586 (window-width)
7729
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
587 (cons (window-hscroll) 0)
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
588 (selected-window))))
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
589 @end example
7086
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parents: 6552
diff changeset
590
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6552
diff changeset
591 When you use @code{compute-motion} for the minibuffer, you need to use
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
592 @code{minibuffer-prompt-width} to get the horizontal position of the
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
593 beginning of the first screen line. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
594 @end defun
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
596 @node List Motion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
597 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
598 @subsection Moving over Balanced Expressions
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
599 @cindex sexp motion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
600 @cindex Lisp expression motion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 @cindex list motion
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
603 Here are several functions concerned with balanced-parenthesis
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 expressions (also called @dfn{sexps} in connection with moving across
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 them in Emacs). The syntax table controls how these functions interpret
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 various characters; see @ref{Syntax Tables}. @xref{Parsing
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 Expressions}, for lower-level primitives for scanning sexps or parts of
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
608 sexps. For user-level commands, see @ref{Lists Commands,,, emacs, The GNU
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
609 Emacs Manual}.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
610
30981
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
611 @deffn Command forward-list &optional arg
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
612 This function moves forward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced groups of
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
613 parentheses. (Other syntactic entities such as words or paired string
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
614 quotes are ignored.)
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
615 @end deffn
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
616
30981
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
617 @deffn Command backward-list &optional arg
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
618 This function moves backward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced groups of
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
619 parentheses. (Other syntactic entities such as words or paired string
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
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620 quotes are ignored.)
6552
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621 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
622
30981
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
623 @deffn Command up-list &optional arg
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
624 This function moves forward out of @var{arg} (default 1) levels of parentheses.
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
625 A negative argument means move backward but still to a less deep spot.
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parents:
diff changeset
626 @end deffn
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
627
30981
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
628 @deffn Command down-list &optional arg
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
629 This function moves forward into @var{arg} (default 1) levels of parentheses. A
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
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parents: 7729
diff changeset
630 negative argument means move backward but still go
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
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parents: 7729
diff changeset
631 deeper in parentheses (@minus{}@var{arg} levels).
6552
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diff changeset
632 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
633
30981
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
634 @deffn Command forward-sexp &optional arg
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
635 This function moves forward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced expressions.
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
636 Balanced expressions include both those delimited by parentheses and
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
637 other kinds, such as words and string constants. For example,
6552
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 @group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 (concat@point{} "foo " (car x) y z)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 @end group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 @group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 (forward-sexp 3)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 @result{} nil
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 (concat "foo " (car x) y@point{} z)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 @end group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 @end example
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 @end deffn
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656
30981
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
657 @deffn Command backward-sexp &optional arg
fdbde2514fc3 (List Motion): Note optional args.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27385
diff changeset
658 This function moves backward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced expressions.
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
659 @end deffn
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
660
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
661 @deffn Command beginning-of-defun arg
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
662 This function moves back to the @var{arg}th beginning of a defun. If
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
663 @var{arg} is negative, this actually moves forward, but it still moves
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
664 to the beginning of a defun, not to the end of one.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 @end deffn
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
667 @deffn Command end-of-defun arg
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
668 This function moves forward to the @var{arg}th end of a defun. If
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
669 @var{arg} is negative, this actually moves backward, but it still moves
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
670 to the end of a defun, not to the beginning of one.
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
671 @end deffn
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
672
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
673 @defopt defun-prompt-regexp
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
674 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a regular expression that
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
675 specifies what text can appear before the open-parenthesis that starts a
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
676 defun. That is to say, a defun begins on a line that starts with a
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
677 match for this regular expression, followed by a character with
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
678 open-parenthesis syntax.
7086
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
679 @end defopt
075343a6b32b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6552
diff changeset
680
27385
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
681 @defvar beginning-of-defun-function
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
682 @tindex beginning-of-defun-function
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
683 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a function for finding the
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
684 beginning of a defun. The function @code{beginning-of-defun}
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
685 calls this function instead of using its normal method.
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
686 @end defvar
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
687
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
688 @defvar end-of-defun-function
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
689 @tindex end-of-defun-function
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
690 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a function for finding the end of
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
691 a defun. The function @code{end-of-defun} calls this function instead
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
692 of using its normal method.
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
693 @end defvar
f7b7fdb0f3f4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
694
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 @node Skipping Characters
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 @subsection Skipping Characters
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 @cindex skipping characters
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 The following two functions move point over a specified set of
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 characters. For example, they are often used to skip whitespace. For
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 related functions, see @ref{Motion and Syntax}.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 @defun skip-chars-forward character-set &optional limit
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 This function moves point in the current buffer forward, skipping over a
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 given set of characters. It examines the character following point,
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 then advances point if the character matches @var{character-set}. This
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 continues until it reaches a character that does not match. The
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
709 function returns the number of characters moved over.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 The argument @var{character-set} is like the inside of a
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 @samp{[@dots{}]} in a regular expression except that @samp{]} is never
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 special and @samp{\} quotes @samp{^}, @samp{-} or @samp{\}. Thus,
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 @code{"a-zA-Z"} skips over all letters, stopping before the first
13074
c361ef50ec0f Fix typo.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
715 nonletter, and @code{"^a-zA-Z"} skips nonletters stopping before the
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 first letter. @xref{Regular Expressions}.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 If @var{limit} is supplied (it must be a number or a marker), it
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 specifies the maximum position in the buffer that point can be skipped
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 to. Point will stop at or before @var{limit}.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 In the following example, point is initially located directly before the
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @samp{T}. After the form is evaluated, point is located at the end of
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 that line (between the @samp{t} of @samp{hat} and the newline). The
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 function skips all letters and spaces, but not newlines.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 @example
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 @group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 I read "@point{}The cat in the hat
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 comes back" twice.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 @end group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 (skip-chars-forward "a-zA-Z ")
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @result{} nil
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 I read "The cat in the hat@point{}
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 comes back" twice.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 @end group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 @end example
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 @end defun
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @defun skip-chars-backward character-set &optional limit
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 This function moves point backward, skipping characters that match
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14504
diff changeset
749 @var{character-set}, until @var{limit}. It is just like
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 @code{skip-chars-forward} except for the direction of motion.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
751
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
752 The return value indicates the distance traveled. It is an integer that
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
753 is zero or less.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 @end defun
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 @node Excursions
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 @section Excursions
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 @cindex excursion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 It is often useful to move point ``temporarily'' within a localized
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 portion of the program, or to switch buffers temporarily. This is
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 called an @dfn{excursion}, and it is done with the @code{save-excursion}
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
763 special form. This construct initially remembers the identity of the
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
764 current buffer, and its values of point and the mark, and restores them
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
765 after the completion of the excursion.
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 The forms for saving and restoring the configuration of windows are
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 described elsewhere (see @ref{Window Configurations}, and @pxref{Frame
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 Configurations}).
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 @defspec save-excursion forms@dots{}
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @cindex mark excursion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 @cindex point excursion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @cindex current buffer excursion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 The @code{save-excursion} special form saves the identity of the current
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
776 buffer and the values of point and the mark in it, evaluates
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
777 @var{forms}, and finally restores the buffer and its saved values of
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
778 point and the mark. All three saved values are restored even in case of
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7086
diff changeset
779 an abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}).
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 The @code{save-excursion} special form is the standard way to switch
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 buffers or move point within one part of a program and avoid affecting
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
783 the rest of the program. It is used more than 4000 times in the Lisp
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 sources of Emacs.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @code{save-excursion} does not save the values of point and the mark for
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 other buffers, so changes in other buffers remain in effect after
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 @code{save-excursion} exits.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @cindex window excursions
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 Likewise, @code{save-excursion} does not restore window-buffer
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 correspondences altered by functions such as @code{switch-to-buffer}.
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parents:
diff changeset
793 One way to restore these correspondences, and the selected window, is to
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
794 use @code{save-window-excursion} inside @code{save-excursion}
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parents:
diff changeset
795 (@pxref{Window Configurations}).
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
796
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parents:
diff changeset
797 The value returned by @code{save-excursion} is the result of the last of
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parents:
diff changeset
798 @var{forms}, or @code{nil} if no @var{forms} are given.
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parents:
diff changeset
799
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parents:
diff changeset
800 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
801 @group
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802 (save-excursion @var{forms})
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
803 @equiv{}
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parents:
diff changeset
804 (let ((old-buf (current-buffer))
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parents:
diff changeset
805 (old-pnt (point-marker))
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806 @end group
6552
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parents:
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807 (old-mark (copy-marker (mark-marker))))
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parents:
diff changeset
808 (unwind-protect
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parents:
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809 (progn @var{forms})
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parents:
diff changeset
810 (set-buffer old-buf)
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diff changeset
811 @group
6552
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parents:
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812 (goto-char old-pnt)
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parents:
diff changeset
813 (set-marker (mark-marker) old-mark)))
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814 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
815 @end example
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816 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
817
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
818 @strong{Warning:} Ordinary insertion of text adjacent to the saved
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
819 point value relocates the saved value, just as it relocates all markers.
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
820 Therefore, when the saved point value is restored, it normally comes
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821 before the inserted text.
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822
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823 Although @code{save-excursion} saves the location of the mark, it does
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
824 not prevent functions which modify the buffer from setting
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parents: 21007
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825 @code{deactivate-mark}, and thus causing the deactivation of the mark
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
826 after the command finishes. @xref{The Mark}.
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
827
6552
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828 @node Narrowing
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829 @section Narrowing
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parents:
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830 @cindex narrowing
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parents:
diff changeset
831 @cindex restriction (in a buffer)
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parents:
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832 @cindex accessible portion (of a buffer)
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833
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834 @dfn{Narrowing} means limiting the text addressable by Emacs editing
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parents:
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835 commands to a limited range of characters in a buffer. The text that
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diff changeset
836 remains addressable is called the @dfn{accessible portion} of the
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837 buffer.
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parents:
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838
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diff changeset
839 Narrowing is specified with two buffer positions which become the
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parents:
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840 beginning and end of the accessible portion. For most editing commands
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
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841 and most Emacs primitives, these positions replace the values of the
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
842 beginning and end of the buffer. While narrowing is in effect, no text
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
843 outside the accessible portion is displayed, and point cannot move
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
844 outside the accessible portion.
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parents:
diff changeset
845
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
846 Values such as positions or line numbers, which usually count from the
6552
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847 beginning of the buffer, do so despite narrowing, but the functions
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parents:
diff changeset
848 which use them refuse to operate on text that is inaccessible.
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parents:
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849
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diff changeset
850 The commands for saving buffers are unaffected by narrowing; they save
7729
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
851 the entire buffer regardless of any narrowing.
6552
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parents:
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852
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diff changeset
853 @deffn Command narrow-to-region start end
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parents:
diff changeset
854 This function sets the accessible portion of the current buffer to start
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parents:
diff changeset
855 at @var{start} and end at @var{end}. Both arguments should be character
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parents:
diff changeset
856 positions.
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parents:
diff changeset
857
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parents:
diff changeset
858 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are set to the bounds
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parents:
diff changeset
859 of the current region (point and the mark, with the smallest first).
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parents:
diff changeset
860 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
861
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parents:
diff changeset
862 @deffn Command narrow-to-page move-count
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
863 This function sets the accessible portion of the current buffer to
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parents:
diff changeset
864 include just the current page. An optional first argument
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
865 @var{move-count} non-@code{nil} means to move forward or backward by
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 14504
diff changeset
866 @var{move-count} pages and then narrow to one page. The variable
6552
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
867 @code{page-delimiter} specifies where pages start and end
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
868 (@pxref{Standard Regexps}).
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
869
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
870 In an interactive call, @var{move-count} is set to the numeric prefix
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
871 argument.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @end deffn
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
873
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
874 @deffn Command widen
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @cindex widening
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
876 This function cancels any narrowing in the current buffer, so that the
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 entire contents are accessible. This is called @dfn{widening}.
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parents:
diff changeset
878 It is equivalent to the following expression:
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parents:
diff changeset
879
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parents:
diff changeset
880 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
881 (narrow-to-region 1 (1+ (buffer-size)))
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
882 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
883 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
884
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
885 @defspec save-restriction body@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
886 This special form saves the current bounds of the accessible portion,
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parents:
diff changeset
887 evaluates the @var{body} forms, and finally restores the saved bounds,
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
888 thus restoring the same state of narrowing (or absence thereof) formerly
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parents:
diff changeset
889 in effect. The state of narrowing is restored even in the event of an
7729
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
890 abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}).
a1c07008521d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
891 Therefore, this construct is a clean way to narrow a buffer temporarily.
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
892
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
893 The value returned by @code{save-restriction} is that returned by the
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
894 last form in @var{body}, or @code{nil} if no body forms were given.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
895
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
896 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 16mar92
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
897 @strong{Caution:} it is easy to make a mistake when using the
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @code{save-restriction} construct. Read the entire description here
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
899 before you try it.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
900
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
901 If @var{body} changes the current buffer, @code{save-restriction} still
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parents:
diff changeset
902 restores the restrictions on the original buffer (the buffer whose
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 14504
diff changeset
903 restrictions it saved from), but it does not restore the identity of the
6552
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parents:
diff changeset
904 current buffer.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
905
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
906 @code{save-restriction} does @emph{not} restore point and the mark; use
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
907 @code{save-excursion} for that. If you use both @code{save-restriction}
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
908 and @code{save-excursion} together, @code{save-excursion} should come
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
909 first (on the outside). Otherwise, the old point value would be
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
910 restored with temporary narrowing still in effect. If the old point
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
911 value were outside the limits of the temporary narrowing, this would
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parents:
diff changeset
912 fail to restore it accurately.
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
913
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parents:
diff changeset
914 Here is a simple example of correct use of @code{save-restriction}:
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parents:
diff changeset
915
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parents:
diff changeset
916 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
917 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
918 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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parents:
diff changeset
919 This is the contents of foo
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parents:
diff changeset
920 This is the contents of foo
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
921 This is the contents of foo@point{}
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
922 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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parents:
diff changeset
923 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
924
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parents:
diff changeset
925 @group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
926 (save-excursion
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
927 (save-restriction
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
928 (goto-char 1)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
929 (forward-line 2)
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
930 (narrow-to-region 1 (point))
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
931 (goto-char (point-min))
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
932 (replace-string "foo" "bar")))
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
933
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parents:
diff changeset
934 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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parents:
diff changeset
935 This is the contents of bar
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
936 This is the contents of bar
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
937 This is the contents of foo@point{}
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
938 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
939 @end group
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
940 @end example
3b84ed22f747 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
941 @end defspec