annotate lispref/files.texi @ 22041:e977f2414da5

(after-insert-file-set-buffer-file-coding-system): Don't make buffer unibyte unless we seem to be visiting a file.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Tue, 12 May 1998 23:09:35 +0000
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children d4ac295a98b3
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/files
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6 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top
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7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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8 @chapter Files
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9
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10 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with
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11 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the
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12 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in
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13 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are
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14 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}.
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15
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16 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file
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17 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions
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18 expand file name arguments using @code{expand-file-name}, so that
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19 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including
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20 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable
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21 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}.
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22
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23 @menu
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24 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
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25 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
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26 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting.
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27 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
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28 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
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29 simultaneous editing by two people.
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30 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
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31 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
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32 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
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33 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
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34 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
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35 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling
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36 for certain file names.
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37 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
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38 @end menu
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39
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40 @node Visiting Files
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41 @section Visiting Files
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42 @cindex finding files
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43 @cindex visiting files
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44
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45 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is
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46 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the
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47 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer.
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48
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49 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information
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50 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer,
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51 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at
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52 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually,
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53 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we
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54 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what
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55 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not
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56 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must
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57 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents
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58 back into the file.
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59
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60 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often
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61 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say,
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62 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I
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63 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need
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64 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program,
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65 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind.
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66
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67 @menu
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68 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
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69 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
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70 @end menu
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71
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72 @node Visiting Functions
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73 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files
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74
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75 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files.
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76 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with
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77 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for
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78 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or
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79 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name.
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80
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81 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but
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82 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a
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83 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer.
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84 @xref{Reading from Files}.
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85
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86 @deffn Command find-file filename
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87 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename},
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88 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a
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89 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer.
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90
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91 The body of the @code{find-file} function is very simple and looks
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92 like this:
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93
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94 @example
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95 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
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96 @end example
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97
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98 @noindent
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99 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.)
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100
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101 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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102 @var{filename} in the minibuffer.
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103 @end deffn
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104
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105 @defun find-file-noselect filename &optional nowarn rawfile
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106 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds
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107 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it.
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108 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new
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109 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or
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110 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so.
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111
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112 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first
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113 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or
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114 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks
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115 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says
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116 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost.
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117
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118 This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar
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119 cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}. For
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120 example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named
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121 @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{New file} in the echo
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122 area, and leaves the buffer empty.
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123
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124 The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls
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125 @code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of
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126 Visiting}). That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local
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127 variables, warns the user if there exists an auto-save file more recent
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128 than the file just visited, and finishes by running the functions in
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129 @code{find-file-hooks}.
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130
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131 If the optional argument @var{rawfile} is non-@code{nil}, then
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132 @code{after-find-file} is not called, and the
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133 @code{find-file-not-found-hooks} are not run in case of failure. What's
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134 more, a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} value suppresses coding system
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135 conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and format conversion (@pxref{Format
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136 Conversion}).
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137
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138 The @code{find-file-noselect} function returns the buffer that is
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139 visiting the file @var{filename}.
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140
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141 @example
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142 @group
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143 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab")
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144 @result{} #<buffer fstab>
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145 @end group
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146 @end example
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147 @end defun
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148
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149 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename
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150 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but
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151 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another
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152 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}.
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153
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154 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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155 @var{filename}.
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156 @end deffn
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157
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158 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename
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159 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like
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160 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only
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161 Buffers}, for related functions and variables.
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162
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163 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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164 @var{filename}.
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165 @end deffn
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166
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167 @deffn Command view-file filename
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168 This command visits @var{filename} in View mode, and displays it in a
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169 recursive edit, returning to the previous buffer when done. View mode
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170 is a mode that allows you to skim rapidly through the file but does not
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171 let you modify it. Entering View mode runs the normal hook
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172 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}.
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173
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174 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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175 @var{filename}.
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176 @end deffn
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177
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178 @defvar find-file-hooks
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179 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a
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180 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will
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181 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the
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182 file is current when the hook functions are run.
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183
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184 This variable works just like a normal hook, but we think that renaming
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185 it would not be advisable.
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186 @end defvar
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187
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188 @defvar find-file-not-found-hooks
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189 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when
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190 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent
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191 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as
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192 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list,
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193 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is
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194 already set up.
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195
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196 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are
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197 used, and in many cases only some of the functions are called.
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198 @end defvar
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199
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200 @node Subroutines of Visiting
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201 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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202 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting
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203
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204 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses the
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205 @code{create-file-buffer} and @code{after-find-file} functions as
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206 subroutines. Sometimes it is useful to call them directly.
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207
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208 @defun create-file-buffer filename
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209 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting
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210 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory)
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211 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as
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212 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}.
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213
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214 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not}
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215 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer.
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216 It also does not use the default major mode.
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217
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218 @example
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219 @group
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220 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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221 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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222 @end group
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223 @group
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224 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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225 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>>
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226 @end group
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227 @group
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228 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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229 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>>
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230 @end group
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231 @end example
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232
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233 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}.
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234 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}).
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235 @end defun
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236
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237 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn
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238 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables
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239 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect}
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240 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}).
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241
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242 @cindex new file message
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243 @cindex file open error
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244 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but
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245 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value
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246 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning:
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247 @samp{(New File)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not
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248 call @code{after-find-file}.
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249
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250 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning
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251 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file.
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252
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253 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions
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254 in @code{find-file-hooks}.
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255 @end defun
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256
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257 @node Saving Buffers
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258 @section Saving Buffers
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259
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260 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer
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261 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are
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262 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the
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263 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which
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264 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file.
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265
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266 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option
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267 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited
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268 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved.
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269 Otherwise it does nothing.
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270
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271 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally,
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272 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup
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273 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other
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274 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in
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275 other circumstances:
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276
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277 @itemize @bullet
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278 @item
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279 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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280 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be
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281 backed up when the buffer is next saved.
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282
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283 @item
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284 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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285 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous
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286 version of the file before saving it.
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287 @end itemize
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288 @end deffn
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289
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290 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p exiting
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291 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it
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292 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is
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293 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying
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294 the user.
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295
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296 The optional @var{exiting} argument, if non-@code{nil}, requests this
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297 function to offer also to save certain other buffers that are not
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298 visiting files. These are buffers that have a non-@code{nil}
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299 buffer-local value of @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says yes to
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300 saving one of these is asked to specify a file name to use.) The
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301 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes a non-@code{nil} value
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302 for this argument.
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303 @end deffn
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304
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305 @deffn Command write-file filename
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306 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes
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307 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames
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308 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>}
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309 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by
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310 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File Name}) and
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311 @code{save-buffer}.
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312 @end deffn
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313
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314 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format
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315 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in
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316 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}).
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317
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318 @defvar write-file-hooks
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319 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before
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320 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns
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321 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of
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322 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file
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323 executed.
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324
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325 If a function in @code{write-file-hooks} returns non-@code{nil}, it
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326 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate).
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327 To do so, execute the following code:
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328
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329 @example
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330 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))
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331 @end example
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332
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333 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by
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334 @code{backup-buffer} and use that to set the mode bits of the file that
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335 you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} normally does.
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336
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337 Do not make this variable buffer-local. To set up buffer-specific hook
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338 functions, use @code{write-contents-hooks} instead.
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339
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340 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and
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341 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}.
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342 @end defvar
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343
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344 @c Emacs 19 feature
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345 @defvar local-write-file-hooks
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346 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended to be
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347 made buffer-local in particular buffers, and used for hooks that pertain
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348 to the file name or the way the buffer contents were obtained.
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349
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350 The variable is marked as a permanent local, so that changing the major
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351 mode does not alter a buffer-local value. This is convenient for
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352 packages that read ``file'' contents in special ways, and set up hooks
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353 to save the data in a corresponding way.
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354 @end defvar
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355
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356 @c Emacs 19 feature
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357 @defvar write-contents-hooks
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358 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended for
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359 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that
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360 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by
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361 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable.
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362
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363 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set;
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364 switching to a new major mode always resets this variable. When you use
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365 @code{add-hooks} to add an element to this hook, you should @emph{not}
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366 specify a non-@code{nil} @var{local} argument, since this variable is
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367 used @emph{only} buffer-locally.
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368 @end defvar
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369
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370 @c Emacs 19 feature
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371 @defvar after-save-hook
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372 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file.
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373 @end defvar
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374
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375 @defvar file-precious-flag
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376 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects
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377 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary
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378 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to
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379 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure
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380 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an
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381 invalid file.
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382
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383 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename
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384 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks
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385 all hard links between the file you save and other file names.
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386
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387 Some modes give this variable non-@code{nil} buffer-local value
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388 in particular buffers.
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389 @end defvar
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390
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391 @defopt require-final-newline
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392 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do
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393 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is
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394 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of
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395 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one.
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396 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then
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397 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the
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398 case arises.
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399
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400 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer}
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401 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few
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402 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers.
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403 @end defopt
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404
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405 See also the function @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File
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406 Name}).
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407
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408 @node Reading from Files
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409 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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410 @section Reading from Files
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411
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412 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer
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413 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level
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414 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark.
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415
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416 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace
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417 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the
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418 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name
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419 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if
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420 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read.
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421
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422 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents
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423 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if
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424 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in
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425 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving
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426 Properties}.
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427
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428 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the
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429 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it
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430 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited
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431 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by
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432 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself.
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433
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434 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers
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435 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit}
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436 must be @code{nil}. For example,
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437
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438 @example
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439 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500)
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440 @end example
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441
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442 @noindent
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443 inserts the first 500 characters of a file.
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444
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445 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the
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446 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the
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447 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer
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448 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some
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449 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list.
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450
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451 It works to read a special file with @code{insert-file-contents}
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452 as long as @var{replace} and @var{visit} are @code{nil}.
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453 @end defun
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454
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455 @tindex insert-file-contents-literally
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456 @defun insert-file-contents-literally filename &optional visit beg end replace
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457 This function works like @code{insert-file-contents} except that it does
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458 not do format decoding (@pxref{Format Conversion}), does not do
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459 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}), does not run
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460 @code{find-file-hooks}, does not perform automatic uncompression, and so
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461 on.
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462 @end defun
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463
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464 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another
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465 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see
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466 @ref{Magic File Names}.
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467
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468 @node Writing to Files
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469 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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470 @section Writing to Files
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471
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472 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly
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473 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and
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474 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to
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475 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the
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476 mechanisms for visiting.
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477
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478 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename
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479 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by
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480 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file
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481 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This
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482 function returns @code{nil}.
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483
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484 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file,
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485 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created.
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486 @end deffn
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487
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488 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit
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489 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end}
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490 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}.
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491
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492 @c Emacs 19 feature
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493 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends
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494 that string, rather than text from the buffer.
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495
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496 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended
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497 to the existing file contents (if any).
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498
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499 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association
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500 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file.
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501 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to
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502 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This
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503 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use
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504 it yourself.
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505
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506 @c Emacs 19 feature
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507 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This
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508 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording
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509 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument
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510 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking;
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511 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used
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512 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you
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513 really know what you're doing.
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514
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515 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to
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516 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}.
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517 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list
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518 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}.
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519
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520 Normally, @code{write-region} displays a message @samp{Wrote file
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521 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t}
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522 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This
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523 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes,
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524 files that the user does not need to know about.
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525 @end deffn
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526
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527 @tindex with-temp-file
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528 @defmac with-temp-file file body...
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529 The @code{with-temp-file} macro evaluates the @var{body} forms with a
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530 temporary buffer as the current buffer; then, at the end, it writes the
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531 buffer contents into file @var{file}. It kills the temporary buffer
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532 when finished, restoring the buffer that was current before the
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533 @code{with-temp-file} form. Then it returns the value of the last form
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534 in @var{body}.
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535
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536 The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal exit via
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537 @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}).
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538
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539 See also @code{with-temp-buffer} in @ref{Current Buffer}.
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540 @end defmac
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541
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542 @node File Locks
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543 @section File Locks
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544 @cindex file locks
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545
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546 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to
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547 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from
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548 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified.
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549 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a
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550 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do.
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551
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552 File locks are not completely reliable when multiple machines can
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553 share file systems. When file locks do not work, it is possible for two
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554 users to make changes simultaneously, but Emacs can still warn the user
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555 who saves second. Also, the detection of modification of a buffer
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556 visiting a file changed on disk catches some cases of simultaneous
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557 editing; see @ref{Modification Time}.
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558
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559 @defun file-locked-p filename
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560 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not
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561 locked by this Emacs process. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by
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562 this Emacs, and it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it
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563 is locked by someone else.
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564
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565 @example
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566 @group
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567 (file-locked-p "foo")
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568 @result{} nil
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569 @end group
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570 @end example
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571 @end defun
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572
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573 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename
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574 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is
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575 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's
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576 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a
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577 file, or is not modified.
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578 @end defun
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579
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580 @defun unlock-buffer
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581 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer,
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582 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then
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583 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also
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584 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file.
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585 @end defun
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586
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587 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user
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588 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it
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589 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The default
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590 definition of this function asks the user to say what to do. The value
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591 this function returns determines what Emacs does next:
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592
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593 @itemize @bullet
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594 @item
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595 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then
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596 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock.
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597
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598 @item
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599 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this
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600 user edit the file anyway.
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601
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602 @item
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603 @kindex file-locked
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604 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which
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diff changeset
605 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place.
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diff changeset
606
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607 The error message for this error looks like this:
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608
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diff changeset
609 @example
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610 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user}
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611 @end example
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612
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diff changeset
613 @noindent
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614 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the
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615 name of the user who has locked the file.
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616 @end itemize
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diff changeset
617
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618 If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock} function
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diff changeset
619 with your own version that makes the decision in another way. The code
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620 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}.
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621 @end defun
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622
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623 @node Information about Files
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diff changeset
624 @section Information about Files
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diff changeset
625
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626 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that
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627 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the
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628 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual
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629 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files
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630 or directories unless otherwise noted.
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631
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632 @menu
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633 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
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634 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
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635 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
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diff changeset
636 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
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637 @end menu
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638
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639 @node Testing Accessibility
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diff changeset
640 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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diff changeset
641 @subsection Testing Accessibility
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642 @cindex accessibility of a file
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643 @cindex file accessibility
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644
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645 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific ways.
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646
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647 @defun file-exists-p filename
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648 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears
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649 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only
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diff changeset
650 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix, this is true if the
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651 file exists and you have execute permission on the containing
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parents:
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652 directories, regardless of the protection of the file itself.)
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parents:
diff changeset
653
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diff changeset
654 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies
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parents:
diff changeset
655 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function
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parents:
diff changeset
656 returns @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
657 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
658
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parents:
diff changeset
659 @defun file-readable-p filename
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parents:
diff changeset
660 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists
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parents:
diff changeset
661 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise.
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parents:
diff changeset
662
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diff changeset
663 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
664 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
665 (file-readable-p "files.texi")
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parents:
diff changeset
666 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
667 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
668 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
669 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
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parents:
diff changeset
670 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
671 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
672 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
673 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
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parents:
diff changeset
674 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
675 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
676 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
677 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
678
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parents:
diff changeset
679 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
680 @defun file-executable-p filename
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parents:
diff changeset
681 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and
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parents:
diff changeset
682 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. If the file is a
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parents:
diff changeset
683 directory, execute permission means you can check the existence and
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parents:
diff changeset
684 attributes of files inside the directory, and open those files if their
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parents:
diff changeset
685 modes permit.
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parents:
diff changeset
686 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
687
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parents:
diff changeset
688 @defun file-writable-p filename
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
689 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
690 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
691 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
692 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
693 directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
694
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parents:
diff changeset
695 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the
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parents:
diff changeset
696 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such
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parents:
diff changeset
697 a directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
698
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diff changeset
699 @example
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diff changeset
700 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
701 (file-writable-p "~/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
702 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
703 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
704 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
705 (file-writable-p "/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
706 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
707 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
708 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
709 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
710 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
711 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
712 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
713 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
714
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parents:
diff changeset
715 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
716 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
717 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
718 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
719 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
720 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
721 file which is a directory.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
722
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parents:
diff changeset
723 Example: after the following,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
724
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parents:
diff changeset
725 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
726 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
727 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
728 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
729
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parents:
diff changeset
730 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
731 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will
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parents:
diff changeset
732 give an error.
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parents:
diff changeset
733 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
734
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
735 @tindex access-file
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
736 @defun access-file filename string
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
737 This function opens file @var{filename} for reading, then closes it and
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
738 returns @code{nil}. However, if the open fails, it signals an error
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
739 using @var{string} as the error message text.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
740 @end defun
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
741
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
742 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
743 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
744 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
745 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
746
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
747 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2
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parents:
diff changeset
748 @cindex file age
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @cindex file modification time
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
750 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename2} does not exist,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 it returns @code{t}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
755 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
756 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
757 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
758
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parents:
diff changeset
759 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
760 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
761 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20")
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parents:
diff changeset
762 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
763 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
764 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
765 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19")
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parents:
diff changeset
766 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
771 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
773 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19")
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parents:
diff changeset
774 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
778 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
780 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
781
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parents:
diff changeset
782 @node Kinds of Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
783 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
786 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
787 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
788
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parents:
diff changeset
789 @defun file-symlink-p filename
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parents:
diff changeset
790 @cindex file symbolic links
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the @code{file-symlink-p}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 function returns the file name to which it is linked. This may be the
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
793 name of a text file, a directory, or even another symbolic link, or it
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
794 may be a nonexistent file name.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
795
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
796 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file),
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
797 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
798
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
799 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
800 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
801 (file-symlink-p "foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
802 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
803 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
804 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
805 (file-symlink-p "sym-link")
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parents:
diff changeset
806 @result{} "foo"
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parents:
diff changeset
807 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
809 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2")
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parents:
diff changeset
810 @result{} "sym-link"
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parents:
diff changeset
811 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
812 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
813 (file-symlink-p "/bin")
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parents:
diff changeset
814 @result{} "/pub/bin"
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parents:
diff changeset
815 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
817
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
818 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison
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parents:
diff changeset
819 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
820
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
821 @defun file-directory-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise.
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parents:
diff changeset
824
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
825 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 (file-directory-p "~rms")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 @result{} t
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 (file-directory-p "$HOME")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 (file-directory-p
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME"))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
850 @defun file-regular-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
851 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
852 a regular file (not a directory, symbolic link, named pipe, terminal, or
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
853 other I/O device).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
854 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
855
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 @node Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 @subsection Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 @cindex truename (of file)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 @c Emacs 19 features
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 symbolic links until none remain, then expanding to get rid of @samp{.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 and @samp{..} as components. Strictly speaking, a file need not have a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @defun file-truename filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 The function @code{file-truename} returns the true name of the file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 @var{filename}. This is the name that you get by following symbolic
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 links until none remain. The argument must be an absolute file name.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 @node File Attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 @subsection Other Information about Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 and modification.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 @defun file-modes filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 @cindex permission
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 @cindex file attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1,
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
892 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @sc{suid} bit
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 (format "%o" 492)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 (format "%o" 438)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 % ls -l diffs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 @defun file-nlinks filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 link to.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 % ls -l foo*
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 (file-nlinks "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 @result{} 2
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 @defun file-attributes filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 The elements of the list, in order, are:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 @enumerate 0
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
966 (@pxref{Changing Files}).
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 The file's @sc{uid}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 The file's @sc{gid}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 The time of last access, as a list of two integers.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 The size of the file in bytes.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 @item
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
990 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 as in @samp{ls -l}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 @code{t} if the file's @sc{gid} would change if file were
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @item
17919
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
998 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
999 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
1000 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low}
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
1001 holds the low 16 bits.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1002
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. This
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1005 element and the file's inode number together give enough information to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1006 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1007 values for both of these numbers.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 @end enumerate
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1013 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1014 (file-attributes "files.texi")
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1015 @result{} (nil 1 2235 75
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parents:
diff changeset
1016 (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 (8489 20285)
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1019 14906 "-rw-rw-rw-"
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1020 nil 129500 -32252)
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1021 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023
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parents:
diff changeset
1024 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 and here is how the result is interpreted:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026
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parents:
diff changeset
1027 @table @code
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parents:
diff changeset
1028 @item nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 @item 1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 directory).
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 @item 2235
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 is owned by the user with @sc{uid} 2235.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 @item 75
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 is in the group with @sc{gid} 75.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040
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parents:
diff changeset
1041 @item (8489 20284)
12522
75d5cd591947 Fix minor error.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12226
diff changeset
1042 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1043
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 @item (8489 20284)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09.
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parents:
diff changeset
1046
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parents:
diff changeset
1047 @item (8489 20285)
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parents:
diff changeset
1048 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049
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parents:
diff changeset
1050 @item 14906
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parents:
diff changeset
1051 is 14906 characters long.
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parents:
diff changeset
1052
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parents:
diff changeset
1053 @item "-rw-rw-rw-"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055
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parents:
diff changeset
1056 @item nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1057 would retain the same @sc{gid} if it were recreated.
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parents:
diff changeset
1058
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parents:
diff changeset
1059 @item 129500
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parents:
diff changeset
1060 has an inode number of 129500.
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parents:
diff changeset
1061 @item -32252
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parents:
diff changeset
1062 is on file system number -32252.
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parents:
diff changeset
1063 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
1064 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1065
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17919
diff changeset
1066 @node Changing Files
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1067 @section Changing File Names and Attributes
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parents:
diff changeset
1068 @cindex renaming files
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parents:
diff changeset
1069 @cindex copying files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 @cindex deleting files
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parents:
diff changeset
1071 @cindex linking files
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parents:
diff changeset
1072 @cindex setting modes of files
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parents:
diff changeset
1073
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 modes of files.
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parents:
diff changeset
1076
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parents:
diff changeset
1077 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080
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parents:
diff changeset
1081 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
1082 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1083 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1086 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1087 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1089 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1090 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 is any other value.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
1093
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parents:
diff changeset
1094 @defun add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 @cindex file with multiple names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 @cindex file hard link
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 link'' to @var{oldname}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1100
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parents:
diff changeset
1101 In the first part of the following example, we list two files,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1103
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parents:
diff changeset
1104 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 % ls -l fo*
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parents:
diff changeset
1107 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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parents:
diff changeset
1108 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
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parents:
diff changeset
1109 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1110 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1111
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1112 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1113 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1114 @file{foo2}.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1115
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1116 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 @group
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1118 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo" "~/lewis/foo2")
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1119 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1120 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1121
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1122 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 % ls -l fo*
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1128 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1129
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parents:
diff changeset
1130 @c !!! Check whether this set of examples is consistent. --rjc 15mar92
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parents:
diff changeset
1131 Finally, we evaluate the following:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1132
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo" "~/lewis/foo3" t)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1136
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1137 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 and list the files again. Now there are three names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 contents of @file{foo3} are lost.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1143 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo3")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1147
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1148 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1149 % ls -l fo*
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
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parents:
diff changeset
1152 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3
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parents:
diff changeset
1153 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1154 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 This function is meaningless on VMS, where multiple names for one file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 are not allowed.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1158
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1159 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1161
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1162 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 @var{newname} already exists.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 @end deffn
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174
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parents:
diff changeset
1175 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time
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parents:
diff changeset
1176 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An
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parents:
diff changeset
1177 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist.
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parents:
diff changeset
1178
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1179 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this functions gives the new file
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1180 the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on only
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1181 some operating systems.) If setting the time gets an error,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1182 @code{copy-file} signals a @code{file-date-error} error.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1183
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parents:
diff changeset
1184 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
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parents:
diff changeset
1186 @var{newname} already exists.
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parents:
diff changeset
1187 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1188
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parents:
diff changeset
1189 @deffn Command delete-file filename
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parents:
diff changeset
1190 @pindex rm
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parents:
diff changeset
1191 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 to exist under the other names.
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parents:
diff changeset
1194
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parents:
diff changeset
1195 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1196 does not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix, a file is deletable if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197 its directory is writable.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1198
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parents:
diff changeset
1199 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1200 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1201
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parents:
diff changeset
1202 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @pindex ln
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204 @kindex file-already-exists
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 @var{filename} @var{newname}}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1208
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1209 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1210 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1211 @var{newname} already exists.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1212 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1213
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parents:
diff changeset
1214 @defun define-logical-name varname string
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parents:
diff changeset
1215 This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value
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parents:
diff changeset
1216 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS.
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parents:
diff changeset
1217 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1218
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parents:
diff changeset
1219 @defun set-file-modes filename mode
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parents:
diff changeset
1220 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which must
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1221 be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used.
6555
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diff changeset
1222 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1223
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parents:
diff changeset
1224 @c Emacs 19 feature
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 @defun set-default-file-modes mode
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 this protection. On Unix, the default protection is the bitwise
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229 complement of the ``umask'' value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1230
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1231 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. On most systems, only the
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1232 low 9 bits of @var{mode} are meaningful.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1233
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parents:
diff changeset
1234 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1235 the file; it does not change the file's mode, and does not use the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236 default file protection.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 @defun default-file-modes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240 This function returns the current default protection value.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1241 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1243 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1244 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1245 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1246 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in @samp{.com},
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1247 @samp{.bat} or @samp{.exe}. This is reflected in the values returned
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1248 by @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1249
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 @node File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251 @section File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252 @cindex file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 operate on a file all expect a file name argument.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1259 often need to operate on file names; i.e., to take them apart and to use
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261 how to manipulate file names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1267 On VMS, all these functions understand both VMS file-name syntax and
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 Unix syntax. This is so that all the standard Lisp libraries can
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 specify file names in Unix syntax and work properly on VMS without
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1270 change. On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these functions understand MS-DOS or
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1271 MS-Windows file-name syntax as well as Unix syntax.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 @menu
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 is different from its name as a file.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1281 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1282 how to handle various operating systems simply.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 @end menu
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 @node File Name Components
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 @subsection File Name Components
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 @cindex directory part (of file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 @cindex version number (in file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1292 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1293 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1294 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1295 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1296 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 On Unix, the directory part is everything up to and including the last
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 slash; the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On Unix, only backup
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1304 files have version numbers in their names. On VMS, every file has a
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305 version number, but most of the time the file name actually used in
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1306 Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1307 found mostly in directory lists.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 @defun file-name-directory filename
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1310 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename} (or
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 @code{nil} if @var{filename} does not include a directory part). On
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 Unix, the function returns a string ending in a slash. On VMS, it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:},
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 @result{} "lewis/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327 @result{} "[X]"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1328 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1329 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1332 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1333 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1334
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1335 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1336 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1337 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1338 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1339 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341 (file-name-nondirectory "foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347 @result{} "FOO.TMP"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1353 This function returns @var{filename} with any file version numbers,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1354 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes deleted.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1359 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1361 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1362 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1369 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1370 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1372 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1373 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1377 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1378 This function returns @var{filename} minus its ``extension,'' if any.
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1379 The extension, in a file name, is the part that starts with the last
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1380 @samp{.} in the last name component. For example,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1381
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1382 @example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1383 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1384 @result{} "foo.lose"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1385 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1386 @result{} "big.hack/foo"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1387 @end example
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1388 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1389
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1390 @node Directory Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1392 @subsection Directory Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1393 @cindex directory name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1394 @cindex file name of directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1395
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1396 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1397 kind of file, and it has a file name, which is related to the directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398 name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the same as the usual
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 Unix terminology.) These two different names for the same entity are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400 related by a syntactic transformation. On Unix, this is simple: a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1401 directory name ends in a slash, whereas the directory's name as a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402 lacks that slash. On VMS, the relationship is more complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1407 acceptable.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1409 The following two functions convert between directory names and file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1410 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1411 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413 @defun file-name-as-directory filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. In
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1416 Unix, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not already
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1417 end in one). On VMS, the function converts a string of the form
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1418 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 @result{} "~rms/lewis/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428 @defun directory-file-name dirname
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1429 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1430 the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On Unix,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1431 this means removing the final slash from the string. On VMS, the
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432 function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437 (directory-file-name "~lewis/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 @result{} "~lewis"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443 @cindex directory name abbreviation
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 abbreviation instead.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 The function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 abbreviations appropriate for your site.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 and so on.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd"))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1474 function:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1475
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1476 @defun abbreviate-file-name dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1477 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1478 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1479 directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1480 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1481
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1482 @node Relative File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1483 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1484 @cindex absolute file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1485 @cindex relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1487 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1490 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 file name. On Unix, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493 tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. The rules on VMS are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494 complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1498 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1499 Unix syntax and VMS syntax.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1500
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1501 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1502 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1503 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1504 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1505 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1506 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1507 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1508 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1509 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1510 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1511 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1512 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1513 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1514 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1515 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1516
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1517 @node File Name Expansion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1518 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1519 @cindex expansion of file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1520
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1521 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1522 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1523 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1524 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1525 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1526
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1527 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1528 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1529 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the default directory to start with
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1530 if @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1531 itself be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1532 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1533 used. For example:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1534
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1535 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1536 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1537 (expand-file-name "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1538 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1539 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1540 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1541 (expand-file-name "../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1542 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1543 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1544 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1545 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1546 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1547 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1548 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1549 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1550 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1551 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1552 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1553
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1554 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1555 canonical form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1556
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1557 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1558 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1559 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1560 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1561 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1562 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1563
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1564 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1565 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1566 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1567
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1568 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1569 @defun file-relative-name filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1570 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1571 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted
17398
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1572 relative to @var{directory}.
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1573
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1574 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1575 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1576 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1577 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1578 form.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1579
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1580 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1581 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1582 @result{} "bar")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1583 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1584 @result{} "/foo/bar")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1585 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1586 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1587
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1588 @defvar default-directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1589 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1590 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1591 with @samp{~}. This variable is buffer-local in every buffer.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1592
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1593 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1594 argument is @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1595
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1596 On Unix systems, the value is always a string ending with a slash.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1597
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1598 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1599 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1600 default-directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1601 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1602 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1603 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1604 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1605
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1606 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1607 This function replaces environment variables references in
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1608 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following standard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1609 Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an environment
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1610 variable value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1611
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1612 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1613 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1614 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1615 matching @samp{@}}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1616
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1617 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1618 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1619 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1620
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1621 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1622 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1623 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1624 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1625 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1626 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1627
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1628 After substitution, if a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears following a
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1629 @samp{/}, everything before the following @samp{/} is discarded:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1630
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1631 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1632 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1633 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1634 @result{} "~/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1635 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1636 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1637 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1638 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1639 ;; @r{@file{/usr/local/} has been discarded.}
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1640 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1641 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1642
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1643 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1644 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1645 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1646
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1647 @node Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1648 @subsection Generating Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1649
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1650 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1651 construct a name for such a file:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1652
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1653 @example
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1654 (make-temp-name
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1655 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application}
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1656 (or (getenv "TMPDIR")
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1657 "/tmp/")))
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1658 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1659
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1660 @cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1661 @noindent
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1662 The job of @code{make-temp-name} is to prevent two different users or
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1663 two different jobs from trying to use the same name.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1664
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1665 This example uses the environment variable @code{TMPDIR} to specify the
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1666 directory, and if that is not specified, we use the directory
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1667 @file{/tmp/}. This is the standard way to choose the directory, and all
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1668 Emacs Lisp programs should use it.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1669
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1670 @defun make-temp-name string
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1671 This function generates string that can be used as a unique name. The
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1672 name starts with @var{string}, and ends with a number that is different
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1673 in each Emacs job.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1674
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1675 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1676 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1677 (make-temp-name "/tmp/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1678 @result{} "/tmp/foo021304"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1679 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1680 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1681
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1682 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1683 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-name} should have its
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1684 own @var{string}. The number added to the end of the name distinguishes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1685 between the same application running in different Emacs jobs.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1686 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1687
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1688 @node File Name Completion
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1689 @subsection File Name Completion
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1690 @cindex file name completion subroutines
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1691 @cindex completion, file name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1692
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1693 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1694 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1695
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1696 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1697 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1698 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1699 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1700 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1701 information.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1702
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1703 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1704 directory part and no slash. The current buffer's default directory is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1705 prepended to @var{directory}, if @var{directory} is not absolute.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1706
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1707 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1708 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1709 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1710 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1711
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1712 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1713 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1714 (file-name-all-completions "f" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1715 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1716 "file.c.~1~" "file.c")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1717 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1718
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1719 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1720 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1721 @result{} ("foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1722 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1723 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1724 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1725
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1726 @defun file-name-completion filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1727 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1728 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1729 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1730
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1731 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1732 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1733 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1734
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1735 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1736 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo},
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1737 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1738 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1739
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1740 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1741 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1742 (file-name-completion "fi" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1743 @result{} "file"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1744 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1745
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1746 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1747 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1748 @result{} "file.c.~1~"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1749 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1750
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1751 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1752 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1753 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1754 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1755
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1756 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1757 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1758 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1759 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1760 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1761 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1762
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1763 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1764 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1765 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1766 completions end in one of these suffixes or when a buffer showing all
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1767 possible completions is displayed.@refill
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1768
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1769 A typical value might look like this:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1770
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1771 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1772 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1773 completion-ignored-extensions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1774 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1775 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1776 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1777 @end defopt
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1778
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1779 @node Standard File Names
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1780 @subsection Standard File Names
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1781
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1782 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1783 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1784 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1785 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1786 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion}
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1787 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1788 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1789 purposes.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1790
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1791 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1792 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1793 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1794 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1795 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1796
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1797 @defun convert-standard-filename filename
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1798 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1799 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1800 @end defun
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1801
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1802 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1803 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1804 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1805 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1806 is an example from the @code{completion} package:
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1807
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1808 @example
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1809 (defvar save-completions-file-name
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1810 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions")
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1811 "*The file name to save completions to.")
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1812 @end example
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1813
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1814 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1815 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1816 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the systems's conventions.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1817
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1818 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1819 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1820 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1821 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1822 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.)
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1823 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1824 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1825
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1826 @node Contents of Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1827 @section Contents of Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1828 @cindex directory-oriented functions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1829 @cindex file names in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1830
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diff changeset
1831 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under
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parents:
diff changeset
1832 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system.
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parents:
diff changeset
1833
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diff changeset
1834 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list,
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parents:
diff changeset
1835 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In
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parents:
diff changeset
1836 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file,
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parents:
diff changeset
1837 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command.
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parents:
diff changeset
1838
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diff changeset
1839 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort
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parents:
diff changeset
1840 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory
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parents:
diff changeset
1841 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order.
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parents:
diff changeset
1842
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1843 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files'
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parents:
diff changeset
1844 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to
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parents:
diff changeset
1845 the specified directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
1846
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parents:
diff changeset
1847 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only
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parents:
diff changeset
1848 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the
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parents:
diff changeset
1849 other file names are excluded from the list.
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parents:
diff changeset
1850
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parents:
diff changeset
1851 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
1852 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort
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parents:
diff changeset
1853 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if
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parents:
diff changeset
1854 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files
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parents:
diff changeset
1855 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user,
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parents:
diff changeset
1856 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names.
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parents:
diff changeset
1857
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diff changeset
1858 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1859 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1860 (directory-files "~lewis")
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parents:
diff changeset
1861 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".."
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parents:
diff changeset
1862 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi"
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parents:
diff changeset
1863 "files.texi.~1~")
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parents:
diff changeset
1864 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1865 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1866
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diff changeset
1867 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory
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parents:
diff changeset
1868 that can be read.
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parents:
diff changeset
1869 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1870
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parents:
diff changeset
1871 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
1872 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named
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parents:
diff changeset
1873 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1874 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1875
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diff changeset
1876 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1877 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1878 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1879 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1880
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1881 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1882 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1883 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1884 wildcards.
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parents:
diff changeset
1885
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1886 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that the directory listing
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1887 is expected to show a complete directory. You should specify @code{t}
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1888 when @var{file} is a directory and switches do not contain @samp{-d}.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1889 (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to describe a directory itself
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1890 as a file, rather than showing its contents.)
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1891
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parents:
diff changeset
1892 This function works by running a directory listing program whose name is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1893 in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. If @var{wildcard} is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1894 non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1895 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards.
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parents:
diff changeset
1896 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1897
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parents:
diff changeset
1898 @defvar insert-directory-program
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parents:
diff changeset
1899 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1900 for the function @code{insert-directory}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1901 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
1902
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parents:
diff changeset
1903 @node Create/Delete Dirs
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1904 @section Creating and Deleting Directories
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parents:
diff changeset
1905 @c Emacs 19 features
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parents:
diff changeset
1906
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1907 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1908 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1909 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1910 delete directories.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1911
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1912 @defun make-directory dirname
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1913 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1914 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1915
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parents:
diff changeset
1916 @defun delete-directory dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
1917 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function
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parents:
diff changeset
1918 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1919 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1920 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1921 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1922
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parents:
diff changeset
1923 @node Magic File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1924 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic''
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1925 @cindex magic file names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1926
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1927 @c Emacs 19 feature
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1928 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1929 called making those names @dfn{magic}. The principal use for this
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1930 feature is in implementing remote file names (@pxref{Remote Files,,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1931 Remote Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1932
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1933 To define a kind of magic file name, you must supply a regular
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1934 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1935 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1936 Emacs file operations for file names that do match.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1937
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1938 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1939 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1940 handler. Each element has this form:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1941
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1942 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1943 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1944 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1945
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1946 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1947 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1948 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1949 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1950 calling @var{handler}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1951
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1952 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the primitive;
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1953 the remaining arguments are the arguments that were passed to that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1954 operation. (The first of these arguments is typically the file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1955 itself.) For example, if you do this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1956
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1957 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1958 (file-exists-p @var{filename})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1959 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1960
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1961 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1962 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1963 called like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1964
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1965 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1966 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1967 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1968
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1969 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1970
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1971 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1972 @code{add-name-to-file}, @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1973 @code{delete-file},
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
1974 @code{diff-latest-backup-file},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1975 @code{directory-file-name},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1976 @code{directory-files},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1977 @code{dired-call-process},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1978 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1979 @code{expand-file-name},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1980 @code{file-accessible-directory-p},@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1981 @code{file-attributes},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1982 @code{file-directory-p},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1983 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p},@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1984 @code{file-local-copy},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1985 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions},@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1986 @code{file-name-as-directory},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1987 @code{file-name-completion},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1988 @code{file-name-directory},
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1989 @code{file-name-nondirectory},
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1990 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1991 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p},
11626
0b86aef0c387 Mention file-regular-p operation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8364
diff changeset
1992 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p},
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
1993 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1994 @code{find-backup-file-name},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1995 @code{get-file-buffer},@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1996 @code{insert-directory},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1997 @code{insert-file-contents},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1998 @code{load}, @code{make-directory},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1999 @code{make-symbolic-link}, @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2000 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}.@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2001 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
2002 @code{vc-registered},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2003 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2004 @code{write-region}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2005
8118
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2006 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2007 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2008 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2009 unlocking the buffer if it is locked.
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2010
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2011 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2012 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2013 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2014 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2015 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2016 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2017
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2018 @smallexample
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2019 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2020 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2021 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2022 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2023 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2024 @dots{}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2025 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.}
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2026 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2027 (cons 'my-file-handler
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2028 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2029 inhibit-file-name-handlers)))
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2030 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation))
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2031 (apply operation args)))))
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2032 @end smallexample
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2033
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2034 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2035 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2036 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2037 example above shows how to do this, with the variables
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2038 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2039 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2040 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2041 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2042 each have handlers.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2043
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2044 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2045 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2046 for a certain operation.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2047 @end defvar
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2048
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2049 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2050 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2051 @end defvar
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2052
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2053 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2054 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2055 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2056 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2057 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2058 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2059 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2060
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2061 @defun file-local-copy filename
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2062 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2063 if it isn't one already.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2064
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2065 If @var{filename} specifies a ``magic'' file name, which programs
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2066 outside Emacs cannot directly read or write, this copies the contents to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2067 an ordinary file and returns that file's name.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2068
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2069 If @var{filename} is an ordinary file name, not magic, then this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2070 does nothing and returns @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2071 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2072
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2073 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2074 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic. It
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2075 uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic. For a
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2076 magic file name, it invokes the file name handler, which therefore
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2077 decides what value to return.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2078
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2079 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2080 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2081 is a good way to come up with one.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2082 @end defun
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2083
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2084 @node Format Conversion
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2085 @section File Format Conversion
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2086
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2087 @cindex file format conversion
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2088 @cindex encoding file formats
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2089 @cindex decoding file formats
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2090 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats},
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2091 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text,
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2092 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer.
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2093 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2094 files.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2095
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2096 @defvar format-alist
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2097 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2098 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2099
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2100 @cindex format definition
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2101 Each format definition is a list of this form:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2102
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2103 @example
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2104 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn})
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2105 @end example
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2106
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2107 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2108
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2109 @table @var
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2110 @item name
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2111 The name of this format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2112
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2113 @item doc-string
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2114 A documentation string for the format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2115
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2116 @item regexp
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2117 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2118 this format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2119
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2120 @item from-fn
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2121 A shell command or function to decode data in this format (to convert
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2122 file data into the usual Emacs data representation).
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2123
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2124 A shell command is represented as a string; Emacs runs the command as a
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2125 filter to perform the conversion.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2126
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2127 If @var{from-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin}
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2128 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2129 It should convert the text by editing it in place. Since this can
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2130 change the length of the text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2131 end position.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2132
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2133 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2134 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2135 get called again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2136
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2137 @item to-fn
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2138 A shell command or function to encode data in this format---that is, to
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2139 convert the usual Emacs data representation into this format.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2140
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2141 If @var{to-fn} is a string, it is a shell command; Emacs runs the
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2142 command as a filter to perform the conversion.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2143
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2144 If @var{to-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin}
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2145 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2146 There are two ways it can do the conversion:
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2147
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2148 @itemize @bullet
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2149 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2150 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2151 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2152
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2153 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2154 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2155 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2156 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2157 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2158 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2159
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2160 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2161 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2162 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2163 @end itemize
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2164
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2165 @item modify
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2166 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2167 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2168
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2169 @item mode
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2170 A mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2171 format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2172 @end table
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2173
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2174 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2175 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2176 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2177 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2178 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2179 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2180
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2181 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2182 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2183 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2184 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2185 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2186
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2187 @defvar buffer-file-format
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2188 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2189 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2190 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always buffer-local in all
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2191 buffers.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2192 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2193
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2194 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2195 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format},
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2196 in the order of appearance in the list.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2197
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2198 @deffn Command format-write-file file format
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2199 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file @var{file}
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2200 in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default for future
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2201 saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list of format
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2202 names.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2203 @end deffn
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2204
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2205 @deffn Command format-find-file file format
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2206 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2207 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2208 buffer is saved later.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2209
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2210 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2211 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2212 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2213 @end deffn
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2214
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2215 @deffn Command format-insert-file file format &optional beg end
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2216 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2217 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2218 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2219 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2220
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2221 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2222 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2223 (after conversion).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2224
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2225 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2226 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2227 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2228 @end deffn
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2229
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2230 @defvar auto-save-file-format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2231 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2232 a list of format names, just like the value of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2233 @code{buffer-file-format}; but it is used instead of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2234 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. This variable
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2235 is always buffer-local in all buffers.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2236 @end defvar