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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 09 Apr 2006 18:44:06 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @iftex | |
6 @chapter Miscellaneous Commands | |
7 | |
8 This chapter contains several brief topics that do not fit anywhere | |
9 else: reading netnews, running shell commands and shell subprocesses, | |
10 using a single shared Emacs for utilities that expect to run an editor | |
11 as a subprocess, printing hardcopy, sorting text, narrowing display to | |
69737 | 12 part of the buffer, editing double-column files and binary files, |
13 saving an Emacs session for later resumption, following hyperlinks, | |
14 browsing images, emulating other editors, and various diversions and | |
15 amusements. | |
25829 | 16 |
17 @end iftex | |
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18 |
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19 @ifnottex |
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20 @raisesections |
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21 @end ifnottex |
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22 |
25829 | 23 @node Gnus, Shell, Calendar/Diary, Top |
24 @section Gnus | |
25 @cindex Gnus | |
26 @cindex reading netnews | |
27 | |
28 Gnus is an Emacs package primarily designed for reading and posting | |
29 Usenet news. It can also be used to read and respond to messages from a | |
30 number of other sources---mail, remote directories, digests, and so on. | |
31 | |
32 Here we introduce Gnus and describe several basic features. | |
33 @ifinfo | |
34 For full details, see @ref{Top, Gnus,, gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
35 @end ifinfo | |
36 @iftex | |
37 For full details on Gnus, type @kbd{M-x info} and then select the Gnus | |
38 manual. | |
39 @end iftex | |
40 | |
41 @findex gnus | |
42 To start Gnus, type @kbd{M-x gnus @key{RET}}. | |
43 | |
44 @menu | |
45 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
46 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
47 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
48 @end menu | |
49 | |
50 @node Buffers of Gnus | |
51 @subsection Gnus Buffers | |
52 | |
69737 | 53 Unlike most Emacs packages, Gnus uses several buffers to display |
54 information and to receive commands. The three Gnus buffers users use | |
55 most are the @dfn{group buffer}, the @dfn{summary buffer} and the | |
56 @dfn{article buffer}. | |
57 | |
58 The @dfn{group buffer} contains a list of newsgroups. This is the | |
59 first buffer Gnus displays when it starts up. It normally displays | |
60 only the groups to which you subscribe and that contain unread | |
61 articles. Use this buffer to select a specific group. | |
25829 | 62 |
63 The @dfn{summary buffer} lists one line for each article in a single | |
64 group. By default, the author, the subject and the line number are | |
65 displayed for each article, but this is customizable, like most aspects | |
66 of Gnus display. The summary buffer is created when you select a group | |
67 in the group buffer, and is killed when you exit the group. Use this | |
68 buffer to select an article. | |
69 | |
70 The @dfn{article buffer} displays the article. In normal Gnus usage, | |
69737 | 71 you see this buffer but you don't select it---all useful |
72 article-oriented commands work in the summary buffer. But you can | |
73 select the article buffer, and execute all Gnus commands from that | |
74 buffer, if you want to. | |
25829 | 75 |
76 @node Gnus Startup | |
77 @subsection When Gnus Starts Up | |
78 | |
79 At startup, Gnus reads your @file{.newsrc} news initialization file | |
80 and attempts to communicate with the local news server, which is a | |
81 repository of news articles. The news server need not be the same | |
82 computer you are logged in on. | |
83 | |
84 If you start Gnus and connect to the server, but do not see any | |
85 newsgroups listed in the group buffer, type @kbd{L} or @kbd{A k} to get | |
86 a listing of all the groups. Then type @kbd{u} to toggle | |
87 subscription to groups. | |
88 | |
89 The first time you start Gnus, Gnus subscribes you to a few selected | |
90 groups. All other groups start out as @dfn{killed groups} for you; you | |
91 can list them with @kbd{A k}. All new groups that subsequently come to | |
92 exist at the news server become @dfn{zombie groups} for you; type @kbd{A | |
93 z} to list them. You can subscribe to a group shown in these lists | |
94 using the @kbd{u} command. | |
95 | |
96 When you quit Gnus with @kbd{q}, it automatically records in your | |
97 @file{.newsrc} and @file{.newsrc.eld} initialization files the | |
98 subscribed or unsubscribed status of all groups. You should normally | |
99 not edit these files manually, but you may if you know how. | |
100 | |
101 @node Summary of Gnus | |
102 @subsection Summary of Gnus Commands | |
103 | |
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104 Reading news is a two-step process: |
25829 | 105 |
106 @enumerate | |
107 @item | |
108 Choose a group in the group buffer. | |
109 | |
110 @item | |
111 Select articles from the summary buffer. Each article selected is | |
112 displayed in the article buffer in a large window, below the summary | |
113 buffer in its small window. | |
114 @end enumerate | |
115 | |
69737 | 116 Each Gnus buffer has its own special commands; the meanings of any |
117 given key in the various Gnus buffers are usually analogous, even if | |
118 not identical. Here are commands for the group and summary buffers: | |
25829 | 119 |
120 @table @kbd | |
121 @kindex q @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
122 @findex gnus-group-exit | |
123 @item q | |
124 In the group buffer, update your @file{.newsrc} initialization file | |
125 and quit Gnus. | |
126 | |
127 In the summary buffer, exit the current group and return to the | |
128 group buffer. Thus, typing @kbd{q} twice quits Gnus. | |
129 | |
130 @kindex L @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
131 @findex gnus-group-list-all-groups | |
132 @item L | |
133 In the group buffer, list all the groups available on your news | |
134 server (except those you have killed). This may be a long list! | |
135 | |
136 @kindex l @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
137 @findex gnus-group-list-groups | |
138 @item l | |
139 In the group buffer, list only the groups to which you subscribe and | |
140 which contain unread articles. | |
141 | |
142 @kindex u @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
143 @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group | |
144 @cindex subscribe groups | |
145 @cindex unsubscribe groups | |
146 @item u | |
147 In the group buffer, unsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the group listed | |
148 in the line that point is on. When you quit Gnus by typing @kbd{q}, | |
149 Gnus lists in your @file{.newsrc} file which groups you have subscribed | |
150 to. The next time you start Gnus, you won't see this group, | |
151 because Gnus normally displays only subscribed-to groups. | |
152 | |
153 @kindex C-k @r{(Gnus)} | |
154 @findex gnus-group-kill-group | |
155 @item C-k | |
156 In the group buffer, ``kill'' the current line's group---don't | |
157 even list it in @file{.newsrc} from now on. This affects future | |
158 Gnus sessions as well as the present session. | |
159 | |
160 When you quit Gnus by typing @kbd{q}, Gnus writes information | |
161 in the file @file{.newsrc} describing all newsgroups except those you | |
162 have ``killed.'' | |
163 | |
164 @kindex SPC @r{(Gnus)} | |
165 @findex gnus-group-read-group | |
166 @item @key{SPC} | |
167 In the group buffer, select the group on the line under the cursor | |
168 and display the first unread article in that group. | |
169 | |
170 @need 1000 | |
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171 In the summary buffer, |
25829 | 172 |
173 @itemize @bullet | |
174 @item | |
175 Select the article on the line under the cursor if none is selected. | |
176 | |
177 @item | |
178 Scroll the text of the selected article (if there is one). | |
179 | |
180 @item | |
181 Select the next unread article if at the end of the current article. | |
182 @end itemize | |
183 | |
184 Thus, you can move through all the articles by repeatedly typing @key{SPC}. | |
185 | |
186 @kindex DEL @r{(Gnus)} | |
187 @item @key{DEL} | |
188 In the group buffer, move point to the previous group containing | |
189 unread articles. | |
190 | |
191 @findex gnus-summary-prev-page | |
192 In the summary buffer, scroll the text of the article backwards. | |
193 | |
194 @kindex n @r{(Gnus)} | |
195 @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group | |
196 @findex gnus-summary-next-unread-article | |
197 @item n | |
198 Move point to the next unread group, or select the next unread article. | |
199 | |
200 @kindex p @r{(Gnus)} | |
201 @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group | |
202 @findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-article | |
203 @item p | |
204 Move point to the previous unread group, or select the previous | |
205 unread article. | |
206 | |
207 @kindex C-n @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
208 @findex gnus-group-next-group | |
209 @kindex C-p @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
210 @findex gnus-group-prev-group | |
211 @kindex C-n @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
212 @findex gnus-summary-next-subject | |
213 @kindex C-p @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
214 @findex gnus-summary-prev-subject | |
215 @item C-n | |
216 @itemx C-p | |
217 Move point to the next or previous item, even if it is marked as read. | |
218 This does not select the article or group on that line. | |
219 | |
220 @kindex s @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
221 @findex gnus-summary-isearch-article | |
222 @item s | |
223 In the summary buffer, do an incremental search of the current text in | |
224 the article buffer, just as if you switched to the article buffer and | |
225 typed @kbd{C-s}. | |
226 | |
227 @kindex M-s @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
228 @findex gnus-summary-search-article-forward | |
229 @item M-s @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
230 In the summary buffer, search forward for articles containing a match | |
231 for @var{regexp}. | |
232 | |
233 @end table | |
234 | |
235 @ignore | |
236 @node Where to Look | |
237 @subsection Where to Look Further | |
238 | |
239 @c Too many references to the name of the manual if done with xref in TeX! | |
240 Gnus is powerful and customizable. Here are references to a few | |
241 @ifinfo | |
242 additional topics: | |
243 | |
244 @end ifinfo | |
245 @iftex | |
246 additional topics in @cite{The Gnus Manual}: | |
247 | |
248 @itemize @bullet | |
249 @item | |
250 Follow discussions on specific topics.@* | |
251 See section ``Threading.'' | |
252 | |
253 @item | |
254 Read digests. See section ``Document Groups.'' | |
255 | |
256 @item | |
257 Refer to and jump to the parent of the current article.@* | |
258 See section ``Finding the Parent.'' | |
259 | |
260 @item | |
261 Refer to articles by using Message-IDs included in the messages.@* | |
262 See section ``Article Keymap.'' | |
263 | |
264 @item | |
265 Save articles. See section ``Saving Articles.'' | |
266 | |
267 @item | |
268 Have Gnus score articles according to various criteria, like author | |
269 name, subject, or string in the body of the articles.@* | |
270 See section ``Scoring.'' | |
271 | |
272 @item | |
273 Send an article to a newsgroup.@* | |
274 See section ``Composing Messages.'' | |
275 @end itemize | |
276 @end iftex | |
277 @ifinfo | |
278 @itemize @bullet | |
279 @item | |
280 Follow discussions on specific topics.@* | |
281 @xref{Threading, , Reading Based on Conversation Threads, | |
282 gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
283 | |
284 @item | |
285 Read digests. @xref{Document Groups, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
286 | |
287 @item | |
288 Refer to and jump to the parent of the current article.@* | |
289 @xref{Finding the Parent, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
290 | |
291 @item | |
292 Refer to articles by using Message-IDs included in the messages.@* | |
293 @xref{Article Keymap, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
294 | |
295 @item | |
296 Save articles. @xref{Saving Articles, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
297 | |
298 @item | |
299 Have Gnus score articles according to various criteria, like author | |
300 name, subject, or string in the body of the articles.@* | |
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301 @xref{Scoring, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. |
25829 | 302 |
303 @item | |
304 Send an article to a newsgroup.@* | |
305 @xref{Composing Messages, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
306 @end itemize | |
307 @end ifinfo | |
308 @end ignore | |
309 | |
310 @node Shell, Emacs Server, Gnus, Top | |
311 @section Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
312 @cindex subshell | |
313 @cindex shell commands | |
314 | |
315 Emacs has commands for passing single command lines to inferior shell | |
33382 | 316 processes; it can also run a shell interactively with input and output |
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317 to an Emacs buffer named @samp{*shell*} or run a shell inside a terminal |
33382 | 318 emulator window. |
319 | |
25829 | 320 @table @kbd |
321 @item M-! @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
322 Run the shell command line @var{cmd} and display the output | |
323 (@code{shell-command}). | |
324 @item M-| @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
325 Run the shell command line @var{cmd} with region contents as input; | |
326 optionally replace the region with the output | |
327 (@code{shell-command-on-region}). | |
328 @item M-x shell | |
329 Run a subshell with input and output through an Emacs buffer. | |
330 You can then give commands interactively. | |
27210 | 331 @item M-x term |
332 Run a subshell with input and output through an Emacs buffer. | |
333 You can then give commands interactively. | |
334 Full terminal emulation is available. | |
25829 | 335 @end table |
336 | |
69737 | 337 @kbd{M-x eshell} invokes a shell implemented entirely in Emacs. It |
338 is documented in a separate manual. @xref{Top,Eshell,Eshell, eshell, | |
339 Eshell: The Emacs Shell}. | |
340 | |
25829 | 341 @menu |
342 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
343 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
344 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
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345 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
25829 | 346 * History: Shell History. Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
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347 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
25829 | 348 * Options: Shell Options. Options for customizing Shell mode. |
27210 | 349 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
350 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. | |
351 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. | |
25829 | 352 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
353 @end menu | |
354 | |
355 @node Single Shell | |
356 @subsection Single Shell Commands | |
357 | |
358 @kindex M-! | |
359 @findex shell-command | |
360 @kbd{M-!} (@code{shell-command}) reads a line of text using the | |
361 minibuffer and executes it as a shell command in a subshell made just | |
362 for that command. Standard input for the command comes from the null | |
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363 device. If the shell command produces any output, the output appears |
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364 either in the echo area (if it is short), or in an Emacs buffer named |
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365 @samp{*Shell Command Output*}, which is displayed in another window |
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366 but not selected (if the output is long). |
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367 |
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368 For instance, one way to decompress a file @file{foo.gz} from Emacs |
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369 is to type @kbd{M-! gunzip foo.gz @key{RET}}. That shell command |
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370 normally creates the file @file{foo} and produces no terminal output. |
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371 |
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372 A numeric argument, as in @kbd{M-1 M-!}, says to insert terminal |
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373 output into the current buffer instead of a separate buffer. It puts |
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374 point before the output, and sets the mark after the output. For |
38786 | 375 instance, @kbd{M-1 M-! gunzip < foo.gz @key{RET}} would insert the |
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376 uncompressed equivalent of @file{foo.gz} into the current buffer. |
25829 | 377 |
378 If the shell command line ends in @samp{&}, it runs asynchronously. | |
379 For a synchronous shell command, @code{shell-command} returns the | |
380 command's exit status (0 means success), when it is called from a Lisp | |
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381 program. You do not get any status information for an asynchronous |
69737 | 382 command, since it hasn't finished yet when @code{shell-command} returns. |
25829 | 383 |
384 @kindex M-| | |
385 @findex shell-command-on-region | |
386 @kbd{M-|} (@code{shell-command-on-region}) is like @kbd{M-!} but | |
387 passes the contents of the region as the standard input to the shell | |
69737 | 388 command, instead of no input. With a numeric argument, meaning insert |
389 the output in the current buffer, it deletes the old region and the | |
390 output replaces it as the contents of the region. It returns the | |
391 command's exit status, like @kbd{M-!}. | |
25829 | 392 |
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393 One use for @kbd{M-|} is to run @code{gpg} to see what keys are in |
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394 the buffer. For instance, if the buffer contains a GPG key, type |
69737 | 395 @kbd{C-x h M-| gpg @key{RET}} to feed the entire buffer contents to |
396 the @code{gpg} program. That program will ignore everything except | |
397 the encoded keys, and will output a list of the keys the buffer | |
398 contains. | |
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399 |
25829 | 400 @vindex shell-file-name |
69737 | 401 Both @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} use @code{shell-file-name} to specify |
402 the shell to use. This variable is initialized based on your | |
403 @env{SHELL} environment variable when Emacs is started. If the file | |
404 name is relative, Emacs searches the directories in the list | |
405 @code{exec-path}; this list is initialized based on the environment | |
406 variable @env{PATH} when Emacs is started. Your @file{.emacs} file | |
407 can override either or both of these default initializations. | |
25829 | 408 |
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409 Both @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} wait for the shell command to complete, |
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410 unless you end the command with @samp{&} to make it asynchronous. To |
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411 stop waiting, type @kbd{C-g} to quit; that terminates the shell |
25829 | 412 command with the signal @code{SIGINT}---the same signal that @kbd{C-c} |
69737 | 413 normally generates in the shell. Emacs then waits until the command |
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414 actually terminates. If the shell command doesn't stop (because it |
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415 ignores the @code{SIGINT} signal), type @kbd{C-g} again; this sends |
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416 the command a @code{SIGKILL} signal which is impossible to ignore. |
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417 |
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418 Asynchronous commands ending in @samp{&} feed their output into |
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419 the buffer @samp{*Async Shell Command*}. Output arrives in that |
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420 buffer regardless of whether it is visible in a window. |
25829 | 421 |
422 To specify a coding system for @kbd{M-!} or @kbd{M-|}, use the command | |
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423 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately beforehand. @xref{Communication Coding}. |
25829 | 424 |
425 @vindex shell-command-default-error-buffer | |
69737 | 426 Error output from these commands is normally intermixed with the |
427 regular output. But if the variable | |
428 @code{shell-command-default-error-buffer} has a string as value, and | |
429 it's the name of a buffer, @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} insert error output | |
430 before point in that buffer. | |
25829 | 431 |
432 @node Interactive Shell | |
433 @subsection Interactive Inferior Shell | |
434 | |
435 @findex shell | |
436 To run a subshell interactively, putting its typescript in an Emacs | |
437 buffer, use @kbd{M-x shell}. This creates (or reuses) a buffer named | |
438 @samp{*shell*} and runs a subshell with input coming from and output going | |
439 to that buffer. That is to say, any ``terminal output'' from the subshell | |
440 goes into the buffer, advancing point, and any ``terminal input'' for | |
441 the subshell comes from text in the buffer. To give input to the subshell, | |
442 go to the end of the buffer and type the input, terminated by @key{RET}. | |
443 | |
444 Emacs does not wait for the subshell to do anything. You can switch | |
445 windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while it is | |
446 running a command. Output from the subshell waits until Emacs has time to | |
447 process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for keyboard input or | |
448 for time to elapse. | |
449 | |
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450 @cindex @code{comint-highlight-input} face |
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451 @cindex @code{comint-highlight-prompt} face |
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452 Input lines, once you submit them, are displayed using the face |
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453 @code{comint-highlight-input}, and prompts are displayed using the |
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454 face @code{comint-highlight-prompt}. This makes it easier to see |
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455 previous input lines in the buffer. @xref{Faces}. |
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456 |
38786 | 457 To make multiple subshells, you can invoke @kbd{M-x shell} with a |
458 prefix argument (e.g. @kbd{C-u M-x shell}), which will read a buffer | |
459 name and create (or reuse) a subshell in that buffer. You can also | |
460 rename the @samp{*shell*} buffer using @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely}, then | |
69737 | 461 create a new @samp{*shell*} buffer using plain @kbd{M-x shell}. |
462 Subshells in different buffers run independently and in parallel. | |
25829 | 463 |
464 @vindex explicit-shell-file-name | |
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465 @cindex environment variables for subshells |
29107 | 466 @cindex @env{ESHELL} environment variable |
467 @cindex @env{SHELL} environment variable | |
25829 | 468 The file name used to load the subshell is the value of the variable |
469 @code{explicit-shell-file-name}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
29107 | 470 the environment variable @env{ESHELL} is used, or the environment |
471 variable @env{SHELL} if there is no @env{ESHELL}. If the file name | |
25829 | 472 specified is relative, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are |
473 searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable | |
29107 | 474 @env{PATH} when Emacs is started. Your @file{.emacs} file can override |
25829 | 475 either or both of these default initializations. |
476 | |
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477 Emacs sends the new shell the contents of the file |
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478 @file{~/.emacs_@var{shellname}} as input, if it exists, where |
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479 @var{shellname} is the name of the file that the shell was loaded |
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480 from. For example, if you use bash, the file sent to it is |
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481 @file{~/.emacs_bash}. |
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482 |
25829 | 483 To specify a coding system for the shell, you can use the command |
69737 | 484 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately before @kbd{M-x shell}. You can |
485 also change the coding system for a running subshell by typing | |
486 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} in the shell buffer. @xref{Communication | |
487 Coding}. | |
25829 | 488 |
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489 @cindex @env{EMACS} environment variable |
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490 Unless the environment variable @env{EMACS} is already defined, |
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491 Emacs defines it in the subshell, with value @code{t}. A shell script |
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492 can check this variable to determine whether it has been run from an |
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493 Emacs subshell. |
25829 | 494 |
495 @node Shell Mode | |
496 @subsection Shell Mode | |
497 @cindex Shell mode | |
498 @cindex mode, Shell | |
499 | |
500 Shell buffers use Shell mode, which defines several special keys | |
501 attached to the @kbd{C-c} prefix. They are chosen to resemble the usual | |
502 editing and job control characters present in shells that are not under | |
503 Emacs, except that you must type @kbd{C-c} first. Here is a complete list | |
504 of the special key bindings of Shell mode: | |
505 | |
506 @table @kbd | |
507 @item @key{RET} | |
508 @kindex RET @r{(Shell mode)} | |
509 @findex comint-send-input | |
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510 At end of buffer send line as input; otherwise, copy current line to |
69737 | 511 end of buffer and send it (@code{comint-send-input}). Copying a line |
512 in this way omits any prompt at the beginning of the line (text output | |
513 by programs preceding your input). @xref{Shell Prompts}, for how | |
514 Shell mode recognizes prompts. | |
25829 | 515 |
516 @item @key{TAB} | |
517 @kindex TAB @r{(Shell mode)} | |
518 @findex comint-dynamic-complete | |
519 Complete the command name or file name before point in the shell buffer | |
520 (@code{comint-dynamic-complete}). @key{TAB} also completes history | |
521 references (@pxref{History References}) and environment variable names. | |
522 | |
523 @vindex shell-completion-fignore | |
524 @vindex comint-completion-fignore | |
525 The variable @code{shell-completion-fignore} specifies a list of file | |
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526 name extensions to ignore in Shell mode completion. The default |
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527 setting is @code{nil}, but some users prefer @code{("~" "#" "%")} to |
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528 ignore file names ending in @samp{~}, @samp{#} or @samp{%}. Other |
25829 | 529 related Comint modes use the variable @code{comint-completion-fignore} |
530 instead. | |
531 | |
532 @item M-? | |
533 @kindex M-? @r{(Shell mode)} | |
534 @findex comint-dynamic-list-filename@dots{} | |
535 Display temporarily a list of the possible completions of the file name | |
536 before point in the shell buffer | |
537 (@code{comint-dynamic-list-filename-completions}). | |
538 | |
539 @item C-d | |
540 @kindex C-d @r{(Shell mode)} | |
541 @findex comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof | |
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542 Either delete a character or send @acronym{EOF} |
25829 | 543 (@code{comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof}). Typed at the end of the shell |
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544 buffer, @kbd{C-d} sends @acronym{EOF} to the subshell. Typed at any other |
25829 | 545 position in the buffer, @kbd{C-d} deletes a character as usual. |
546 | |
547 @item C-c C-a | |
548 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Shell mode)} | |
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549 @findex comint-bol-or-process-mark |
25829 | 550 Move to the beginning of the line, but after the prompt if any |
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551 (@code{comint-bol-or-process-mark}). If you repeat this command twice |
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552 in a row, the second time it moves back to the process mark, which is |
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553 the beginning of the input that you have not yet sent to the subshell. |
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554 (Normally that is the same place---the end of the prompt on this |
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555 line---but after @kbd{C-c @key{SPC}} the process mark may be in a |
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556 previous line.) |
25829 | 557 |
558 @item C-c @key{SPC} | |
559 Accumulate multiple lines of input, then send them together. This | |
560 command inserts a newline before point, but does not send the preceding | |
561 text as input to the subshell---at least, not yet. Both lines, the one | |
562 before this newline and the one after, will be sent together (along with | |
563 the newline that separates them), when you type @key{RET}. | |
564 | |
565 @item C-c C-u | |
566 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Shell mode)} | |
567 @findex comint-kill-input | |
568 Kill all text pending at end of buffer to be sent as input | |
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569 (@code{comint-kill-input}). If point is not at end of buffer, |
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570 this only kills the part of this text that precedes point. |
25829 | 571 |
572 @item C-c C-w | |
573 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Shell mode)} | |
574 Kill a word before point (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
575 | |
576 @item C-c C-c | |
577 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Shell mode)} | |
578 @findex comint-interrupt-subjob | |
579 Interrupt the shell or its current subjob if any | |
580 (@code{comint-interrupt-subjob}). This command also kills | |
581 any shell input pending in the shell buffer and not yet sent. | |
582 | |
583 @item C-c C-z | |
584 @kindex C-c C-z @r{(Shell mode)} | |
585 @findex comint-stop-subjob | |
586 Stop the shell or its current subjob if any (@code{comint-stop-subjob}). | |
587 This command also kills any shell input pending in the shell buffer and | |
588 not yet sent. | |
589 | |
590 @item C-c C-\ | |
591 @findex comint-quit-subjob | |
592 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(Shell mode)} | |
593 Send quit signal to the shell or its current subjob if any | |
594 (@code{comint-quit-subjob}). This command also kills any shell input | |
595 pending in the shell buffer and not yet sent. | |
596 | |
597 @item C-c C-o | |
598 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Shell mode)} | |
32637 | 599 @findex comint-delete-output |
600 Delete the last batch of output from a shell command | |
601 (@code{comint-delete-output}). This is useful if a shell command spews | |
602 out lots of output that just gets in the way. This command used to be | |
603 called @code{comint-kill-output}. | |
604 | |
605 @item C-c C-s | |
606 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Shell mode)} | |
607 @findex comint-write-output | |
608 Write the last batch of output from a shell command to a file | |
609 (@code{comint-write-output}). With a prefix argument, the file is | |
610 appended to instead. Any prompt at the end of the output is not | |
611 written. | |
25829 | 612 |
613 @item C-c C-r | |
614 @itemx C-M-l | |
615 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Shell mode)} | |
616 @kindex C-M-l @r{(Shell mode)} | |
617 @findex comint-show-output | |
618 Scroll to display the beginning of the last batch of output at the top | |
619 of the window; also move the cursor there (@code{comint-show-output}). | |
620 | |
621 @item C-c C-e | |
622 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Shell mode)} | |
623 @findex comint-show-maximum-output | |
624 Scroll to put the end of the buffer at the bottom of the window | |
625 (@code{comint-show-maximum-output}). | |
626 | |
627 @item C-c C-f | |
628 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Shell mode)} | |
629 @findex shell-forward-command | |
630 @vindex shell-command-regexp | |
631 Move forward across one shell command, but not beyond the current line | |
632 (@code{shell-forward-command}). The variable @code{shell-command-regexp} | |
633 specifies how to recognize the end of a command. | |
634 | |
635 @item C-c C-b | |
636 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Shell mode)} | |
637 @findex shell-backward-command | |
638 Move backward across one shell command, but not beyond the current line | |
639 (@code{shell-backward-command}). | |
640 | |
641 @item M-x dirs | |
642 Ask the shell what its current directory is, so that Emacs can agree | |
643 with the shell. | |
644 | |
645 @item M-x send-invisible @key{RET} @var{text} @key{RET} | |
646 @findex send-invisible | |
647 Send @var{text} as input to the shell, after reading it without | |
648 echoing. This is useful when a shell command runs a program that asks | |
649 for a password. | |
650 | |
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651 Please note that Emacs will not echo passwords by default. If you |
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652 really want them to be echoed, evaluate the following Lisp |
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653 expression: |
25829 | 654 |
655 @example | |
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656 (remove-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions |
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657 'comint-watch-for-password-prompt) |
25829 | 658 @end example |
659 | |
660 @item M-x comint-continue-subjob | |
661 @findex comint-continue-subjob | |
662 Continue the shell process. This is useful if you accidentally suspend | |
663 the shell process.@footnote{You should not suspend the shell process. | |
664 Suspending a subjob of the shell is a completely different matter---that | |
665 is normal practice, but you must use the shell to continue the subjob; | |
666 this command won't do it.} | |
667 | |
668 @item M-x comint-strip-ctrl-m | |
669 @findex comint-strip-ctrl-m | |
670 Discard all control-M characters from the current group of shell output. | |
671 The most convenient way to use this command is to make it run | |
672 automatically when you get output from the subshell. To do that, | |
673 evaluate this Lisp expression: | |
674 | |
675 @example | |
676 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
677 'comint-strip-ctrl-m) | |
678 @end example | |
679 | |
680 @item M-x comint-truncate-buffer | |
681 @findex comint-truncate-buffer | |
682 This command truncates the shell buffer to a certain maximum number of | |
683 lines, specified by the variable @code{comint-buffer-maximum-size}. | |
684 Here's how to do this automatically each time you get output from the | |
685 subshell: | |
686 | |
687 @example | |
688 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
689 'comint-truncate-buffer) | |
690 @end example | |
691 @end table | |
692 | |
693 @cindex Comint mode | |
694 @cindex mode, Comint | |
695 Shell mode is a derivative of Comint mode, a general-purpose mode for | |
696 communicating with interactive subprocesses. Most of the features of | |
697 Shell mode actually come from Comint mode, as you can see from the | |
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698 command names listed above. The special features of Shell mode include |
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699 the directory tracking feature, and a few user commands. |
25829 | 700 |
701 Other Emacs features that use variants of Comint mode include GUD | |
702 (@pxref{Debuggers}) and @kbd{M-x run-lisp} (@pxref{External Lisp}). | |
703 | |
704 @findex comint-run | |
705 You can use @kbd{M-x comint-run} to execute any program of your choice | |
706 in a subprocess using unmodified Comint mode---without the | |
707 specializations of Shell mode. | |
708 | |
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709 @node Shell Prompts |
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710 @subsection Shell Prompts |
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711 |
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712 @vindex shell-prompt-pattern |
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713 @vindex comint-prompt-regexp |
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714 @vindex comint-use-prompt-regexp |
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715 @cindex prompt, shell |
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716 A prompt is text output by a program to show that it is ready to |
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717 accept new user input. Normally, Comint mode (and thus Shell mode) |
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718 considers the prompt to be any text output by a program at the |
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719 beginning of an input line. However, if the variable |
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720 @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, then Comint mode |
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721 uses a regular expression to recognize prompts. In Shell mode, |
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722 @code{shell-prompt-pattern} specifies the regular expression. |
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723 |
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724 The value of @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp} also affects many |
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725 motion and paragraph commands. If the value is non-@code{nil}, the |
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726 general Emacs motion commands behave as they normally do in buffers |
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727 without special text properties. However, if the value is @code{nil}, |
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728 the default, then Comint mode divides the buffer into two types of |
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729 ``fields'' (ranges of consecutive characters having the same |
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730 @code{field} text property): input and output. Prompts are part of |
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731 the output. Most Emacs motion commands do not cross field boundaries, |
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732 unless they move over multiple lines. For instance, when point is in |
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733 input on the same line as a prompt, @kbd{C-a} puts point at the |
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734 beginning of the input if @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp} is |
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735 @code{nil} and at the beginning of the line otherwise. |
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736 |
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737 In Shell mode, only shell prompts start new paragraphs. Thus, a |
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738 paragraph consists of a prompt and the input and output that follow |
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739 it. However, if @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp} is @code{nil}, the |
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740 default, most paragraph commands do not cross field boundaries. This |
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741 means that prompts, ranges of input, and ranges of non-prompt output |
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742 behave mostly like separate paragraphs; with this setting, numeric |
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743 arguments to most paragraph commands yield essentially undefined |
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744 behavior. For the purpose of finding paragraph boundaries, Shell mode |
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745 uses @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, regardless of |
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746 @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp}. |
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747 |
25829 | 748 @node Shell History |
749 @subsection Shell Command History | |
750 | |
751 Shell buffers support three ways of repeating earlier commands. You | |
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752 can use keys like those used for the minibuffer history; these work |
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753 much as they do in the minibuffer, inserting text from prior commands |
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754 while point remains always at the end of the buffer. You can move |
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755 through the buffer to previous inputs in their original place, then |
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756 resubmit them or copy them to the end. Or you can use a |
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757 @samp{!}-style history reference. |
25829 | 758 |
759 @menu | |
760 * Ring: Shell Ring. Fetching commands from the history list. | |
761 * Copy: Shell History Copying. Moving to a command and then copying it. | |
762 * History References:: Expanding @samp{!}-style history references. | |
763 @end menu | |
764 | |
765 @node Shell Ring | |
766 @subsubsection Shell History Ring | |
767 | |
768 @table @kbd | |
769 @findex comint-previous-input | |
770 @kindex M-p @r{(Shell mode)} | |
771 @item M-p | |
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772 @itemx C-@key{UP} |
25829 | 773 Fetch the next earlier old shell command. |
774 | |
775 @kindex M-n @r{(Shell mode)} | |
776 @findex comint-next-input | |
777 @item M-n | |
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778 @itemx C-@key{DOWN} |
25829 | 779 Fetch the next later old shell command. |
780 | |
781 @kindex M-r @r{(Shell mode)} | |
782 @kindex M-s @r{(Shell mode)} | |
783 @findex comint-previous-matching-input | |
784 @findex comint-next-matching-input | |
785 @item M-r @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
786 @itemx M-s @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
787 Search backwards or forwards for old shell commands that match @var{regexp}. | |
788 | |
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789 @item C-c C-x |
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790 @kindex C-c C-x @r{(Shell mode)} |
25829 | 791 @findex comint-get-next-from-history |
792 Fetch the next subsequent command from the history. | |
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793 |
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794 @item C-c . |
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795 @kindex C-c . @r{(Shell mode)} |
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796 @findex comint-input-previous-argument |
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797 Fetch one argument from an old shell command. |
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798 |
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799 @item C-c C-l |
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800 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Shell mode)} |
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801 @findex comint-dynamic-list-input-ring |
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802 Display the buffer's history of shell commands in another window |
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803 (@code{comint-dynamic-list-input-ring}). |
25829 | 804 @end table |
805 | |
806 Shell buffers provide a history of previously entered shell commands. To | |
807 reuse shell commands from the history, use the editing commands @kbd{M-p}, | |
808 @kbd{M-n}, @kbd{M-r} and @kbd{M-s}. These work just like the minibuffer | |
809 history commands except that they operate on the text at the end of the | |
810 shell buffer, where you would normally insert text to send to the shell. | |
811 | |
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812 @kbd{M-p} fetches an earlier shell command to the end of the shell |
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813 buffer. Successive use of @kbd{M-p} fetches successively earlier |
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814 shell commands, each replacing any text that was already present as |
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815 potential shell input. @kbd{M-n} does likewise except that it finds |
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816 successively more recent shell commands from the buffer. |
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817 @kbd{C-@key{UP}} works like @kbd{M-p}, and @kbd{C-@key{DOWN}} like |
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818 @kbd{M-n}. |
25829 | 819 |
820 The history search commands @kbd{M-r} and @kbd{M-s} read a regular | |
821 expression and search through the history for a matching command. Aside | |
822 from the choice of which command to fetch, they work just like @kbd{M-p} | |
38740 | 823 and @kbd{M-n}. If you enter an empty regexp, these commands reuse the |
25829 | 824 same regexp used last time. |
825 | |
826 When you find the previous input you want, you can resubmit it by | |
827 typing @key{RET}, or you can edit it first and then resubmit it if you | |
828 wish. | |
829 | |
830 Often it is useful to reexecute several successive shell commands that | |
831 were previously executed in sequence. To do this, first find and | |
832 reexecute the first command of the sequence. Then type @kbd{C-c C-x}; | |
833 that will fetch the following command---the one that follows the command | |
834 you just repeated. Then type @key{RET} to reexecute this command. You | |
835 can reexecute several successive commands by typing @kbd{C-c C-x | |
836 @key{RET}} over and over. | |
837 | |
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838 The command @kbd{C-c .}@: (@code{comint-input-previous-argument}) |
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839 copies an individual argument from a previous command, like @kbd{ESC |
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840 .} in Bash. The simplest use copies the last argument from the |
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841 previous shell command. With a prefix argument @var{n}, it copies the |
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842 @var{n}th argument instead. Repeating @kbd{C-c .} copies from an |
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843 earlier shell command instead, always using the same value of @var{n} |
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844 (don't give a prefix argument when you repeat the @kbd{C-c .} |
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845 command). |
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846 |
25829 | 847 These commands get the text of previous shell commands from a special |
848 history list, not from the shell buffer itself. Thus, editing the shell | |
849 buffer, or even killing large parts of it, does not affect the history | |
850 that these commands access. | |
851 | |
852 @vindex shell-input-ring-file-name | |
853 Some shells store their command histories in files so that you can | |
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854 refer to commands from previous shell sessions. Emacs reads |
25829 | 855 the command history file for your chosen shell, to initialize its own |
856 command history. The file name is @file{~/.bash_history} for bash, | |
857 @file{~/.sh_history} for ksh, and @file{~/.history} for other shells. | |
858 | |
859 @node Shell History Copying | |
860 @subsubsection Shell History Copying | |
861 | |
862 @table @kbd | |
863 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Shell mode)} | |
864 @findex comint-previous-prompt | |
865 @item C-c C-p | |
866 Move point to the previous prompt (@code{comint-previous-prompt}). | |
867 | |
868 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Shell mode)} | |
869 @findex comint-next-prompt | |
870 @item C-c C-n | |
871 Move point to the following prompt (@code{comint-next-prompt}). | |
872 | |
873 @kindex C-c RET @r{(Shell mode)} | |
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874 @findex comint-insert-input |
25829 | 875 @item C-c @key{RET} |
876 Copy the input command which point is in, inserting the copy at the end | |
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877 of the buffer (@code{comint-insert-input}). This is useful if you |
25829 | 878 move point back to a previous command. After you copy the command, you |
879 can submit the copy as input with @key{RET}. If you wish, you can | |
880 edit the copy before resubmitting it. | |
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881 |
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882 @item Mouse-2 |
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883 Copy the input command that you click on, inserting the copy at the end |
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884 of the buffer. |
25829 | 885 @end table |
886 | |
887 Moving to a previous input and then copying it with @kbd{C-c | |
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888 @key{RET}} or @kbd{Mouse-2} produces the same results---the same |
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889 buffer contents---that you would get by using @kbd{M-p} enough times |
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890 to fetch that previous input from the history list. However, @kbd{C-c |
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891 @key{RET}} copies the text from the buffer, which can be different |
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892 from what is in the history list if you edit the input text in the |
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893 buffer after it has been sent. |
25829 | 894 |
895 @node History References | |
896 @subsubsection Shell History References | |
897 @cindex history reference | |
898 | |
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899 Various shells including csh and bash support @dfn{history |
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900 references} that begin with @samp{!} and @samp{^}. Shell mode |
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901 recognizes these constructs, and can perform the history substitution |
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902 for you. |
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903 |
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904 If you insert a history reference and type @key{TAB}, this searches |
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905 the input history for a matching command, performs substitution if |
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|
906 necessary, and places the result in the buffer in place of the history |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
changeset
|
907 reference. For example, you can fetch the most recent command |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
changeset
|
908 beginning with @samp{mv} with @kbd{! m v @key{TAB}}. You can edit the |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
909 command if you wish, and then resubmit the command to the shell by |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
910 typing @key{RET}. |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
911 |
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Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
912 @vindex comint-input-autoexpand |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
913 @findex comint-magic-space |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
914 Shell mode can optionally expand history references in the buffer |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
915 when you send them to the shell. To request this, set the variable |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
916 @code{comint-input-autoexpand} to @code{input}. You can make |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
917 @key{SPC} perform history expansion by binding @key{SPC} to the |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
918 command @code{comint-magic-space}. |
25829 | 919 |
36168
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Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
920 Shell mode recognizes history references when they follow a prompt. |
61880
661ef1edb844
(Shell): Add `Shell Prompts' to menu.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61639
diff
changeset
|
921 @xref{Shell Prompts}, for how Shell mode recognizes prompts. |
36168
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
922 |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
923 @node Directory Tracking |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
924 @subsection Directory Tracking |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
925 @cindex directory tracking |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
926 |
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Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
927 @vindex shell-pushd-regexp |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
928 @vindex shell-popd-regexp |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
929 @vindex shell-cd-regexp |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
930 Shell mode keeps track of @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} and @samp{popd} |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
931 commands given to the inferior shell, so it can keep the |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
932 @samp{*shell*} buffer's default directory the same as the shell's |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
933 working directory. It recognizes these commands syntactically, by |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
934 examining lines of input that are sent. |
25829 | 935 |
36168
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
936 If you use aliases for these commands, you can tell Emacs to |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
937 recognize them also. For example, if the value of the variable |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
938 @code{shell-pushd-regexp} matches the beginning of a shell command |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
939 line, that line is regarded as a @code{pushd} command. Change this |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
940 variable when you add aliases for @samp{pushd}. Likewise, |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
941 @code{shell-popd-regexp} and @code{shell-cd-regexp} are used to |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
942 recognize commands with the meaning of @samp{popd} and @samp{cd}. |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
943 These commands are recognized only at the beginning of a shell command |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
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diff
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|
944 line. |
25829 | 945 |
37846
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
946 @ignore @c This seems to have been deleted long ago. |
36168
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Clean up close-quote punctuation.
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diff
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|
947 @vindex shell-set-directory-error-hook |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
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diff
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|
948 If Emacs gets an error while trying to handle what it believes is a |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
949 @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} or @samp{popd} command, it runs the hook |
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Clean up close-quote punctuation.
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|
950 @code{shell-set-directory-error-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). |
37846
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Explain M-! output can go in echo area.
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|
951 @end ignore |
36168
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|
952 |
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|
953 @findex dirs |
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|
954 If Emacs gets confused about changes in the current directory of the |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
955 subshell, use the command @kbd{M-x dirs} to ask the shell what its |
df827c1def99
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diff
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|
956 current directory is. This command works for shells that support the |
df827c1def99
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|
957 most common command syntax; it may not work for unusual shells. |
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|
958 |
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|
959 @findex dirtrack-mode |
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|
960 You can also use @kbd{M-x dirtrack-mode} to enable (or disable) an |
df827c1def99
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diff
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|
961 alternative and more aggressive method of tracking changes in the |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
962 current directory. |
25829 | 963 |
964 @node Shell Options | |
965 @subsection Shell Mode Options | |
966 | |
967 @vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input | |
968 If the variable @code{comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input} is | |
969 non-@code{nil}, insertion and yank commands scroll the selected window | |
970 to the bottom before inserting. | |
971 | |
972 @vindex comint-scroll-show-maximum-output | |
973 If @code{comint-scroll-show-maximum-output} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
51450
676ec3dcee9d
(Shell Options): Clarify comint-scroll-show-maximum-output.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
974 arrival of output when point is at the end tries to place the last line of |
38599
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Proofreading changes from JDonner <jdonner0@earthlink.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
975 text at the bottom line of the window, so as to show as much useful |
29e540f10e62
Proofreading changes from JDonner <jdonner0@earthlink.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
976 text as possible. (This mimics the scrolling behavior of many |
29e540f10e62
Proofreading changes from JDonner <jdonner0@earthlink.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
977 terminals.) The default is @code{nil}. |
25829 | 978 |
51450
676ec3dcee9d
(Shell Options): Clarify comint-scroll-show-maximum-output.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
979 @vindex comint-move-point-for-output |
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(Shell Options): Clarify comint-scroll-show-maximum-output.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
980 By setting @code{comint-move-point-for-output}, you can opt for |
25829 | 981 having point jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives---no |
982 matter where in the buffer point was before. If the value is | |
983 @code{this}, point jumps in the selected window. If the value is | |
38599
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Proofreading changes from JDonner <jdonner0@earthlink.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
984 @code{all}, point jumps in each window that shows the Comint buffer. If |
25829 | 985 the value is @code{other}, point jumps in all nonselected windows that |
986 show the current buffer. The default value is @code{nil}, which means | |
987 point does not jump to the end. | |
988 | |
60432
1dd713cadb8a
(Single Shell): Replace uudecode example with gpg example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
989 @vindex comint-prompt-read-only |
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(Single Shell): Replace uudecode example with gpg example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
990 If you set @code{comint-prompt-read-only}, the prompts in the Comint |
60496
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(Single Shell, Shell Options): Fix previous change.
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diff
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|
991 buffer are read-only. |
60432
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(Single Shell): Replace uudecode example with gpg example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
992 |
25829 | 993 @vindex comint-input-ignoredups |
994 The variable @code{comint-input-ignoredups} controls whether successive | |
995 identical inputs are stored in the input history. A non-@code{nil} | |
996 value means to omit an input that is the same as the previous input. | |
997 The default is @code{nil}, which means to store each input even if it is | |
998 equal to the previous input. | |
999 | |
1000 @vindex comint-completion-addsuffix | |
1001 @vindex comint-completion-recexact | |
1002 @vindex comint-completion-autolist | |
1003 Three variables customize file name completion. The variable | |
1004 @code{comint-completion-addsuffix} controls whether completion inserts a | |
1005 space or a slash to indicate a fully completed file or directory name | |
1006 (non-@code{nil} means do insert a space or slash). | |
1007 @code{comint-completion-recexact}, if non-@code{nil}, directs @key{TAB} | |
1008 to choose the shortest possible completion if the usual Emacs completion | |
1009 algorithm cannot add even a single character. | |
1010 @code{comint-completion-autolist}, if non-@code{nil}, says to list all | |
1011 the possible completions whenever completion is not exact. | |
1012 | |
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Explain M-! output can go in echo area.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1013 @vindex shell-completion-execonly |
25829 | 1014 Command completion normally considers only executable files. |
37846
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Explain M-! output can go in echo area.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1015 If you set @code{shell-completion-execonly} to @code{nil}, |
25829 | 1016 it considers nonexecutable files as well. |
1017 | |
1018 @findex shell-pushd-tohome | |
1019 @findex shell-pushd-dextract | |
1020 @findex shell-pushd-dunique | |
1021 You can configure the behavior of @samp{pushd}. Variables control | |
1022 whether @samp{pushd} behaves like @samp{cd} if no argument is given | |
1023 (@code{shell-pushd-tohome}), pop rather than rotate with a numeric | |
1024 argument (@code{shell-pushd-dextract}), and only add directories to the | |
1025 directory stack if they are not already on it | |
1026 (@code{shell-pushd-dunique}). The values you choose should match the | |
1027 underlying shell, of course. | |
1028 | |
40930
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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39263
diff
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|
1029 If you want Shell mode to handle color output from shell commands, |
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
39263
diff
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|
1030 you can enable ANSI Color mode. Here is how to do this: |
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1031 |
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1032 @example |
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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39263
diff
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|
1033 (add-hook 'shell-mode-hook 'ansi-color-for-comint-mode-on) |
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
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diff
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|
1034 @end example |
60252111f80c
(Shell Options): Add brief mention of ansi-color.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1035 |
27210 | 1036 @node Terminal emulator |
36168
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|
1037 @subsection Emacs Terminal Emulator |
27210 | 1038 @findex term |
1039 | |
36168
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|
1040 To run a subshell in a terminal emulator, putting its typescript in |
df827c1def99
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|
1041 an Emacs buffer, use @kbd{M-x term}. This creates (or reuses) a |
37846
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1042 buffer named @samp{*terminal*}, and runs a subshell with input coming |
d8b197c6f26d
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1043 from your keyboard, and output going to that buffer. |
27210 | 1044 |
36168
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|
1045 The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes. In |
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diff
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|
1046 line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}. |
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|
1047 |
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diff
changeset
|
1048 In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior |
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diff
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|
1049 subshell, as ``terminal input.'' Any ``echoing'' of your input is the |
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|
1050 responsibility of the subshell. The sole exception is the terminal |
df827c1def99
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|
1051 escape character, which by default is @kbd{C-c} (@pxref{Term Mode}). |
27210 | 1052 Any ``terminal output'' from the subshell goes into the buffer, |
1053 advancing point. | |
1054 | |
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|
1055 Some programs (such as Emacs itself) need to control the appearance |
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|
1056 on the terminal screen in detail. They do this by sending special |
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|
1057 control codes. The exact control codes needed vary from terminal to |
df827c1def99
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|
1058 terminal, but nowadays most terminals and terminal emulators |
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|
1059 (including @code{xterm}) understand the ANSI-standard (VT100-style) |
df827c1def99
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|
1060 escape sequences. Term mode recognizes these escape sequences, and |
df827c1def99
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|
1061 handles each one appropriately, changing the buffer so that the |
df827c1def99
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|
1062 appearance of the window matches what it would be on a real terminal. |
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diff
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|
1063 You can actually run Emacs inside an Emacs Term window. |
27210 | 1064 |
36168
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|
1065 The file name used to load the subshell is determined the same way |
df827c1def99
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diff
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|
1066 as for Shell mode. To make multiple terminal emulators, rename the |
37846
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1067 buffer @samp{*terminal*} to something different using @kbd{M-x |
36168
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|
1068 rename-uniquely}, just as with Shell mode. |
27210 | 1069 |
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1070 Unlike Shell mode, Term mode does not track the current directory by |
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|
1071 examining your input. But some shells can tell Term what the current |
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|
1072 directory is. This is done automatically by @code{bash} version 1.15 |
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1073 and later. |
27210 | 1074 |
1075 @node Term Mode | |
1076 @subsection Term Mode | |
1077 @cindex Term mode | |
1078 @cindex mode, Term | |
1079 | |
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1080 The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes. In |
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|
1081 line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}. |
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1082 In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior |
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1083 subshell, except for the Term escape character, normally @kbd{C-c}. |
27210 | 1084 |
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1085 To switch between line and char mode, use these commands: |
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1086 |
27210 | 1087 @table @kbd |
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1088 @kindex C-c C-j @r{(Term mode)} |
27210 | 1089 @findex term-char-mode |
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1090 @item C-c C-j |
27210 | 1091 Switch to line mode. Do nothing if already in line mode. |
1092 | |
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1093 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Term mode)} |
27210 | 1094 @findex term-line-mode |
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1095 @item C-c C-k |
27210 | 1096 Switch to char mode. Do nothing if already in char mode. |
1097 @end table | |
1098 | |
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1099 The following commands are only available in char mode: |
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1100 |
27210 | 1101 @table @kbd |
1102 @item C-c C-c | |
1103 Send a literal @key{C-c} to the sub-shell. | |
1104 | |
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1105 @item C-c @var{char} |
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1106 This is equivalent to @kbd{C-x @var{char}} in normal Emacs. For |
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1107 example, @kbd{C-c o} invokes the global binding of @kbd{C-x o}, which |
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1108 is normally @samp{other-window}. |
27210 | 1109 @end table |
1110 | |
1111 @node Paging in Term | |
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1112 @subsection Page-At-A-Time Output |
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1113 @cindex page-at-a-time |
27210 | 1114 |
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1115 Term mode has a page-at-a-time feature. When enabled it makes |
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1116 output pause at the end of each screenful. |
27210 | 1117 |
1118 @table @kbd | |
1119 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Term mode)} | |
1120 @findex term-pager-toggle | |
1121 @item C-c C-q | |
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1122 Toggle the page-at-a-time feature. This command works in both line |
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1123 and char modes. When page-at-a-time is enabled, the mode-line |
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1124 displays the word @samp{page}. |
27210 | 1125 @end table |
1126 | |
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1127 With page-at-a-time enabled, whenever Term receives more than a |
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1128 screenful of output since your last input, it pauses, displaying |
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1129 @samp{**MORE**} in the mode-line. Type @key{SPC} to display the next |
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1130 screenful of output. Type @kbd{?} to see your other options. The |
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1131 interface is similar to the @code{more} program. |
27210 | 1132 |
25829 | 1133 @node Remote Host |
1134 @subsection Remote Host Shell | |
1135 @cindex remote host | |
1136 @cindex connecting to remote host | |
1137 @cindex Telnet | |
1138 @cindex Rlogin | |
1139 | |
27210 | 1140 You can login to a remote computer, using whatever commands you |
1141 would from a regular terminal (e.g.@: using the @code{telnet} or | |
1142 @code{rlogin} commands), from a Term window. | |
1143 | |
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1144 A program that asks you for a password will normally suppress |
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|
1145 echoing of the password, so the password will not show up in the |
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1146 buffer. This will happen just as if you were using a real terminal, |
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1147 if the buffer is in char mode. If it is in line mode, the password is |
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1148 temporarily visible, but will be erased when you hit return. (This |
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|
1149 happens automatically; there is no special password processing.) |
27210 | 1150 |
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1151 When you log in to a different machine, you need to specify the type |
61880
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|
1152 of terminal you're using, by setting the @env{TERM} environment |
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|
1153 variable in the environment for the remote login command. (If you use |
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|
1154 bash, you do that by writing the variable assignment before the remote |
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1155 login command, without separating comma.) Terminal types @samp{ansi} |
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1156 or @samp{vt100} will work on most systems. |
27210 | 1157 |
1158 @c If you are talking to a Bourne-compatible | |
29107 | 1159 @c shell, and your system understands the @env{TERMCAP} variable, |
27210 | 1160 @c you can use the command @kbd{M-x shell-send-termcap}, which |
1161 @c sends a string specifying the terminal type and size. | |
1162 @c (This command is also useful after the window has changed size.) | |
1163 | |
1164 @c You can of course run @samp{gdb} on that remote computer. One useful | |
1165 @c trick: If you invoke gdb with the @code{--fullname} option, | |
1166 @c it will send special commands to Emacs that will cause Emacs to | |
1167 @c pop up the source files you're debugging. This will work | |
1168 @c whether or not gdb is running on a different computer than Emacs, | |
1169 @c as long as Emacs can access the source files specified by gdb. | |
1170 | |
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|
1171 @ignore |
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|
1172 You cannot log in to a remote computer using the Shell mode. |
27210 | 1173 @c (This will change when Shell is re-written to use Term.) |
1174 Instead, Emacs provides two commands for logging in to another computer | |
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1175 and communicating with it through an Emacs buffer using Comint mode: |
25829 | 1176 |
1177 @table @kbd | |
1178 @item M-x telnet @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET} | |
1179 Set up a Telnet connection to the computer named @var{hostname}. | |
1180 @item M-x rlogin @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET} | |
1181 Set up an Rlogin connection to the computer named @var{hostname}. | |
1182 @end table | |
1183 | |
1184 @findex telnet | |
1185 Use @kbd{M-x telnet} to set up a Telnet connection to another | |
1186 computer. (Telnet is the standard Internet protocol for remote login.) | |
1187 It reads the host name of the other computer as an argument with the | |
1188 minibuffer. Once the connection is established, talking to the other | |
1189 computer works like talking to a subshell: you can edit input with the | |
1190 usual Emacs commands, and send it a line at a time by typing @key{RET}. | |
1191 The output is inserted in the Telnet buffer interspersed with the input. | |
1192 | |
1193 @findex rlogin | |
1194 @vindex rlogin-explicit-args | |
1195 Use @kbd{M-x rlogin} to set up an Rlogin connection. Rlogin is | |
1196 another remote login communication protocol, essentially much like the | |
1197 Telnet protocol but incompatible with it, and supported only by certain | |
1198 systems. Rlogin's advantages are that you can arrange not to have to | |
1199 give your user name and password when communicating between two machines | |
1200 you frequently use, and that you can make an 8-bit-clean connection. | |
1201 (To do that in Emacs, set @code{rlogin-explicit-args} to @code{("-8")} | |
1202 before you run Rlogin.) | |
1203 | |
1204 @kbd{M-x rlogin} sets up the default file directory of the Emacs | |
1205 buffer to access the remote host via FTP (@pxref{File Names}), and it | |
1206 tracks the shell commands that change the current directory, just like | |
1207 Shell mode. | |
1208 | |
1209 @findex rlogin-directory-tracking-mode | |
1210 There are two ways of doing directory tracking in an Rlogin | |
1211 buffer---either with remote directory names | |
1212 @file{/@var{host}:@var{dir}/} or with local names (that works if the | |
1213 ``remote'' machine shares file systems with your machine of origin). | |
1214 You can use the command @code{rlogin-directory-tracking-mode} to switch | |
1215 modes. No argument means use remote directory names, a positive | |
1216 argument means use local names, and a negative argument means turn | |
1217 off directory tracking. | |
1218 | |
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|
1219 @end ignore |
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|
1220 |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1221 @node Emacs Server, Printing, Shell, Top |
25829 | 1222 @section Using Emacs as a Server |
1223 @pindex emacsclient | |
1224 @cindex Emacs as a server | |
1225 @cindex server, using Emacs as | |
29107 | 1226 @cindex @env{EDITOR} environment variable |
25829 | 1227 |
1228 Various programs such as @code{mail} can invoke your choice of editor | |
1229 to edit a particular piece of text, such as a message that you are | |
1230 sending. By convention, most of these programs use the environment | |
29107 | 1231 variable @env{EDITOR} to specify which editor to run. If you set |
1232 @env{EDITOR} to @samp{emacs}, they invoke Emacs---but in an | |
25829 | 1233 inconvenient fashion, by starting a new, separate Emacs process. This |
1234 is inconvenient because it takes time and because the new Emacs process | |
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|
1235 doesn't share the buffers in any existing Emacs process. |
25829 | 1236 |
1237 You can arrange to use your existing Emacs process as the editor for | |
1238 programs like @code{mail} by using the Emacs client and Emacs server | |
1239 programs. Here is how. | |
1240 | |
29107 | 1241 @cindex @env{TEXEDIT} environment variable |
25829 | 1242 First, the preparation. Within Emacs, call the function |
1243 @code{server-start}. (Your @file{.emacs} file can do this automatically | |
1244 if you add the expression @code{(server-start)} to it.) Then, outside | |
29107 | 1245 Emacs, set the @env{EDITOR} environment variable to @samp{emacsclient}. |
25829 | 1246 (Note that some programs use a different environment variable; for |
1247 example, to make @TeX{} use @samp{emacsclient}, you should set the | |
29107 | 1248 @env{TEXEDIT} environment variable to @samp{emacsclient +%d %s}.) |
25829 | 1249 |
1250 @kindex C-x # | |
1251 @findex server-edit | |
29107 | 1252 Then, whenever any program invokes your specified @env{EDITOR} |
25829 | 1253 program, the effect is to send a message to your principal Emacs telling |
1254 it to visit a file. (That's what the program @code{emacsclient} does.) | |
1255 Emacs displays the buffer immediately and you can immediately begin | |
1256 editing it. | |
1257 | |
1258 When you've finished editing that buffer, type @kbd{C-x #} | |
1259 (@code{server-edit}). This saves the file and sends a message back to | |
1260 the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to exit. The programs that | |
29107 | 1261 use @env{EDITOR} wait for the ``editor'' (actually, @code{emacsclient}) |
25829 | 1262 to exit. @kbd{C-x #} also checks for other pending external requests |
1263 to edit various files, and selects the next such file. | |
1264 | |
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|
1265 You can switch to a server buffer manually if you wish; you don't |
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|
1266 have to arrive at it with @kbd{C-x #}. But @kbd{C-x #} is the way to |
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|
1267 say that you are finished with one. |
25829 | 1268 |
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|
1269 @vindex server-kill-new-buffers |
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|
1270 @vindex server-temp-file-regexp |
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1271 Finishing with a server buffer also kills the buffer, unless it |
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|
1272 already existed in the Emacs session before the server asked to create |
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|
1273 it. However, if you set @code{server-kill-new-buffers} to @code{nil}, |
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1274 then a different criterion is used: finishing with a server buffer |
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|
1275 kills it if the file name matches the regular expression |
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|
1276 @code{server-temp-file-regexp}. This is set up to distinguish certain |
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|
1277 ``temporary'' files. |
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|
1278 |
25829 | 1279 @vindex server-window |
1280 If you set the variable @code{server-window} to a window or a frame, | |
1281 @kbd{C-x #} displays the server buffer in that window or in that frame. | |
1282 | |
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|
1283 @vindex server-name |
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|
1284 You can run multiple Emacs servers on the same machine by giving |
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|
1285 each one a unique ``server name'', using the variable |
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|
1286 @code{server-name}. For example, @kbd{M-x set-variable @key{RET} |
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|
1287 server-name @key{RET} foo @key{RET}} sets the server name to |
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|
1288 @samp{foo}. The @code{emacsclient} program can visit a server by name |
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|
1289 using the @samp{-s} option. @xref{Invoking emacsclient}. |
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1290 |
25829 | 1291 While @code{mail} or another application is waiting for |
1292 @code{emacsclient} to finish, @code{emacsclient} does not read terminal | |
1293 input. So the terminal that @code{mail} was using is effectively | |
1294 blocked for the duration. In order to edit with your principal Emacs, | |
1295 you need to be able to use it without using that terminal. There are | |
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|
1296 three ways to do this: |
25829 | 1297 |
1298 @itemize @bullet | |
1299 @item | |
1300 Using a window system, run @code{mail} and the principal Emacs in two | |
1301 separate windows. While @code{mail} is waiting for @code{emacsclient}, | |
1302 the window where it was running is blocked, but you can use Emacs by | |
1303 switching windows. | |
1304 | |
1305 @item | |
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1306 Using virtual terminals, run @code{mail} in one virtual terminal |
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1307 and run Emacs in another. |
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1308 |
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1309 @item |
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1310 Use Shell mode or Term mode in Emacs to run the other program such as |
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1311 @code{mail}; then, @code{emacsclient} blocks only the subshell under |
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1312 Emacs, and you can still use Emacs to edit the file. |
25829 | 1313 @end itemize |
1314 | |
1315 If you run @code{emacsclient} with the option @samp{--no-wait}, it | |
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1316 returns immediately without waiting for you to ``finish'' the buffer |
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1317 in Emacs. Note that server buffers created in this way are not killed |
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1318 automatically when you finish with them. |
30856 | 1319 |
25829 | 1320 @menu |
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1321 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. |
25829 | 1322 @end menu |
1323 | |
1324 @node Invoking emacsclient,, Emacs Server, Emacs Server | |
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1325 @subsection Invoking @code{emacsclient} |
25829 | 1326 |
1327 To run the @code{emacsclient} program, specify file names as arguments, | |
1328 and optionally line numbers as well. Do it like this: | |
1329 | |
1330 @example | |
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1331 emacsclient @r{@{}@r{[}+@var{line}@r{[}@var{column}@r{]}@r{]} @var{filename}@r{@}}@dots{} |
25829 | 1332 @end example |
1333 | |
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1334 @noindent |
25829 | 1335 This tells Emacs to visit each of the specified files; if you specify a |
1336 line number for a certain file, Emacs moves to that line in the file. | |
38786 | 1337 If you specify a column number as well, Emacs puts point on that column |
1338 in the line. | |
25829 | 1339 |
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1340 Ordinarily, @code{emacsclient} does not return until you use the |
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1341 @kbd{C-x #} command on each of these buffers. When that happens, |
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1342 Emacs sends a message to the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to |
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1343 return. |
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1344 |
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1345 But if you use the option @samp{-n} or @samp{--no-wait} when running |
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1346 @code{emacsclient}, then it returns immediately. (You can take as |
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1347 long as you like to edit the files in Emacs.) |
25829 | 1348 |
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1349 The option @samp{--alternate-editor=@var{command}} is useful when |
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1350 running @code{emacsclient} in a script. It specifies a command to run |
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1351 if @code{emacsclient} fails to contact Emacs. For example, the |
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1352 following setting for the @var{EDITOR} environment variable will |
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1353 always give you an editor, even if no Emacs server is running: |
25829 | 1354 |
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1355 @example |
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1356 EDITOR="emacsclient --alternate-editor emacs +%d %s" |
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1357 @end example |
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1358 |
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1359 @noindent |
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1360 The environment variable @var{ALTERNATE_EDITOR} has the same effect, but |
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1361 the value of the @samp{--alternate-editor} takes precedence. |
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1362 |
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1363 @pindex emacs.bash |
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1364 Alternatively, the file @file{etc/emacs.bash} defines a bash |
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1365 function which will communicate with a running Emacs server, or start |
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1366 one if none exists. |
25829 | 1367 |
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1368 If you use several displays, you can tell Emacs on which display to |
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1369 open the given files with the option @samp{--display=@var{DISPLAY}}. |
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1370 This can be used typically when connecting from home to an Emacs |
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1371 server running on your machine at your workplace. |
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1372 |
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1373 If there is more than one Emacs server running, you can specify a |
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1374 server name with the option @samp{-s @var{name}}. |
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1375 |
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1376 You can also use @code{emacsclient} to execute any piece of Emacs Lisp |
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1377 code, using the option @samp{--eval}. When this option is given, the |
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1378 rest of the arguments is not taken as a list of files to visit but as |
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1379 a list of expressions to evaluate. |
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1380 |
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1381 @node Printing, Sorting, Emacs Server, Top |
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1382 @section Printing Hard Copies |
25829 | 1383 @cindex hardcopy |
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1384 @cindex printing |
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1385 |
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1386 Emacs provides commands for printing hard copies of either an entire |
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1387 buffer or just part of one, with or without page headers. You can |
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1388 invoke the printing commands directly, as detailed in the following |
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1389 section, or using the @samp{File} menu on the menu bar. See also the |
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|
1390 hardcopy commands of Dired (@pxref{Misc File Ops}) and the diary |
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1391 (@pxref{Displaying the Diary}). |
25829 | 1392 |
1393 @table @kbd | |
1394 @item M-x print-buffer | |
1395 Print hardcopy of current buffer with page headings containing the file | |
1396 name and page number. | |
1397 @item M-x lpr-buffer | |
1398 Print hardcopy of current buffer without page headings. | |
1399 @item M-x print-region | |
1400 Like @code{print-buffer} but print only the current region. | |
1401 @item M-x lpr-region | |
1402 Like @code{lpr-buffer} but print only the current region. | |
1403 @end table | |
1404 | |
1405 @findex print-buffer | |
1406 @findex print-region | |
1407 @findex lpr-buffer | |
1408 @findex lpr-region | |
1409 @vindex lpr-switches | |
1410 The hardcopy commands (aside from the Postscript commands) pass extra | |
1411 switches to the @code{lpr} program based on the value of the variable | |
1412 @code{lpr-switches}. Its value should be a list of strings, each string | |
1413 an option starting with @samp{-}. For example, to specify a line width | |
1414 of 80 columns for all the printing you do in Emacs, set | |
1415 @code{lpr-switches} like this: | |
1416 | |
1417 @example | |
1418 (setq lpr-switches '("-w80")) | |
1419 @end example | |
1420 | |
1421 @vindex printer-name | |
1422 You can specify the printer to use by setting the variable | |
1423 @code{printer-name}. | |
1424 | |
1425 @vindex lpr-headers-switches | |
1426 @vindex lpr-commands | |
1427 @vindex lpr-add-switches | |
1428 The variable @code{lpr-command} specifies the name of the printer | |
1429 program to run; the default value depends on your operating system type. | |
1430 On most systems, the default is @code{"lpr"}. The variable | |
1431 @code{lpr-headers-switches} similarly specifies the extra switches to | |
1432 use to make page headers. The variable @code{lpr-add-switches} controls | |
1433 whether to supply @samp{-T} and @samp{-J} options (suitable for | |
1434 @code{lpr}) to the printer program: @code{nil} means don't add them. | |
1435 @code{lpr-add-switches} should be @code{nil} if your printer program is | |
1436 not compatible with @code{lpr}. | |
1437 | |
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1438 @menu |
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1439 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
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1440 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands. |
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1441 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface. |
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1442 @end menu |
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1443 |
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1444 @node PostScript, PostScript Variables,, Printing |
27210 | 1445 @section PostScript Hardcopy |
25829 | 1446 |
27210 | 1447 These commands convert buffer contents to PostScript, |
25829 | 1448 either printing it or leaving it in another Emacs buffer. |
1449 | |
1450 @table @kbd | |
1451 @item M-x ps-print-buffer | |
27210 | 1452 Print hardcopy of the current buffer in PostScript form. |
25829 | 1453 @item M-x ps-print-region |
27210 | 1454 Print hardcopy of the current region in PostScript form. |
25829 | 1455 @item M-x ps-print-buffer-with-faces |
27210 | 1456 Print hardcopy of the current buffer in PostScript form, showing the |
1457 faces used in the text by means of PostScript features. | |
25829 | 1458 @item M-x ps-print-region-with-faces |
27210 | 1459 Print hardcopy of the current region in PostScript form, showing the |
25829 | 1460 faces used in the text. |
1461 @item M-x ps-spool-buffer | |
27210 | 1462 Generate PostScript for the current buffer text. |
25829 | 1463 @item M-x ps-spool-region |
27210 | 1464 Generate PostScript for the current region. |
25829 | 1465 @item M-x ps-spool-buffer-with-faces |
27210 | 1466 Generate PostScript for the current buffer, showing the faces used. |
25829 | 1467 @item M-x ps-spool-region-with-faces |
27210 | 1468 Generate PostScript for the current region, showing the faces used. |
1469 @item M-x handwrite | |
1470 Generates/prints PostScript for the current buffer as if handwritten. | |
25829 | 1471 @end table |
1472 | |
1473 @findex ps-print-region | |
1474 @findex ps-print-buffer | |
1475 @findex ps-print-region-with-faces | |
1476 @findex ps-print-buffer-with-faces | |
27210 | 1477 The PostScript commands, @code{ps-print-buffer} and |
1478 @code{ps-print-region}, print buffer contents in PostScript form. One | |
25829 | 1479 command prints the entire buffer; the other, just the region. The |
1480 corresponding @samp{-with-faces} commands, | |
1481 @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} and @code{ps-print-region-with-faces}, | |
27210 | 1482 use PostScript features to show the faces (fonts and colors) in the text |
25829 | 1483 properties of the text being printed. |
1484 | |
1485 If you are using a color display, you can print a buffer of program | |
1486 code with color highlighting by turning on Font-Lock mode in that | |
1487 buffer, and using @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. | |
1488 | |
1489 @findex ps-spool-region | |
1490 @findex ps-spool-buffer | |
1491 @findex ps-spool-region-with-faces | |
1492 @findex ps-spool-buffer-with-faces | |
1493 The commands whose names have @samp{spool} instead of @samp{print} | |
27210 | 1494 generate the PostScript output in an Emacs buffer instead of sending |
25829 | 1495 it to the printer. |
1496 | |
27210 | 1497 @findex handwrite |
1498 @cindex handwriting | |
1499 @kbd{M-x handwrite} is more frivolous. It generates a PostScript | |
1500 rendition of the current buffer as a cursive handwritten document. It | |
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1501 can be customized in group @code{handwrite}. This function only |
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1502 supports ISO 8859-1 characters. |
27210 | 1503 |
25829 | 1504 @ifinfo |
1505 The following section describes variables for customizing these commands. | |
1506 @end ifinfo | |
1507 | |
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1508 @node PostScript Variables, Printing Package, PostScript, Printing |
27210 | 1509 @section Variables for PostScript Hardcopy |
25829 | 1510 |
1511 @vindex ps-lpr-command | |
1512 @vindex ps-lpr-switches | |
1513 @vindex ps-printer-name | |
27210 | 1514 All the PostScript hardcopy commands use the variables |
25829 | 1515 @code{ps-lpr-command} and @code{ps-lpr-switches} to specify how to print |
1516 the output. @code{ps-lpr-command} specifies the command name to run, | |
1517 @code{ps-lpr-switches} specifies command line options to use, and | |
1518 @code{ps-printer-name} specifies the printer. If you don't set the | |
1519 first two variables yourself, they take their initial values from | |
1520 @code{lpr-command} and @code{lpr-switches}. If @code{ps-printer-name} | |
1521 is @code{nil}, @code{printer-name} is used. | |
1522 | |
1523 @vindex ps-print-header | |
1524 The variable @code{ps-print-header} controls whether these commands | |
1525 add header lines to each page---set it to @code{nil} to turn headers | |
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1526 off. |
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1527 |
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1528 @cindex color emulation on black-and-white printers |
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1529 @vindex ps-print-color-p |
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1530 If your printer doesn't support colors, you should turn off color |
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1531 processing by setting @code{ps-print-color-p} to @code{nil}. By |
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1532 default, if the display supports colors, Emacs produces hardcopy output |
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|
1533 with color information; on black-and-white printers, colors are emulated |
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|
1534 with shades of gray. This might produce illegible output, even if your |
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|
1535 screen colors only use shades of gray. |
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|
1536 |
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|
1537 @vindex ps-use-face-background |
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1538 By default, PostScript printing ignores the background colors of the |
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|
1539 faces, unless the variable @code{ps-use-face-background} is |
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1540 non-@code{nil}. This is to avoid unwanted interference with the zebra |
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1541 stripes and background image/text. |
25829 | 1542 |
1543 @vindex ps-paper-type | |
1544 @vindex ps-page-dimensions-database | |
1545 The variable @code{ps-paper-type} specifies which size of paper to | |
1546 format for; legitimate values include @code{a4}, @code{a3}, | |
1547 @code{a4small}, @code{b4}, @code{b5}, @code{executive}, @code{ledger}, | |
1548 @code{legal}, @code{letter}, @code{letter-small}, @code{statement}, | |
1549 @code{tabloid}. The default is @code{letter}. You can define | |
1550 additional paper sizes by changing the variable | |
1551 @code{ps-page-dimensions-database}. | |
1552 | |
1553 @vindex ps-landscape-mode | |
1554 The variable @code{ps-landscape-mode} specifies the orientation of | |
1555 printing on the page. The default is @code{nil}, which stands for | |
1556 ``portrait'' mode. Any non-@code{nil} value specifies ``landscape'' | |
1557 mode. | |
1558 | |
1559 @vindex ps-number-of-columns | |
1560 The variable @code{ps-number-of-columns} specifies the number of | |
1561 columns; it takes effect in both landscape and portrait mode. The | |
1562 default is 1. | |
1563 | |
1564 @vindex ps-font-family | |
1565 @vindex ps-font-size | |
1566 @vindex ps-font-info-database | |
1567 The variable @code{ps-font-family} specifies which font family to use | |
1568 for printing ordinary text. Legitimate values include @code{Courier}, | |
1569 @code{Helvetica}, @code{NewCenturySchlbk}, @code{Palatino} and | |
1570 @code{Times}. The variable @code{ps-font-size} specifies the size of | |
1571 the font for ordinary text. It defaults to 8.5 points. | |
1572 | |
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1573 @vindex ps-multibyte-buffer |
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1574 @cindex Intlfonts for PostScript printing |
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1575 @cindex fonts for PostScript printing |
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1576 Emacs supports more scripts and characters than a typical PostScript |
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|
1577 printer. Thus, some of the characters in your buffer might not be |
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1578 printable using the fonts built into your printer. You can augment |
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1579 the fonts supplied with the printer with those from the GNU Intlfonts |
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|
1580 package, or you can instruct Emacs to use Intlfonts exclusively. The |
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1581 variable @code{ps-multibyte-buffer} controls this: the default value, |
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1582 @code{nil}, is appropriate for printing @acronym{ASCII} and Latin-1 |
37018
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1583 characters; a value of @code{non-latin-printer} is for printers which |
52979
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|
1584 have the fonts for @acronym{ASCII}, Latin-1, Japanese, and Korean |
37018
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1585 characters built into them. A value of @code{bdf-font} arranges for |
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|
1586 the BDF fonts from the Intlfonts package to be used for @emph{all} |
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|
1587 characters. Finally, a value of @code{bdf-font-except-latin} |
52979
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|
1588 instructs the printer to use built-in fonts for @acronym{ASCII} and Latin-1 |
37018
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1589 characters, and Intlfonts BDF fonts for the rest. |
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1590 |
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|
1591 @vindex bdf-directory-list |
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1592 To be able to use the BDF fonts, Emacs needs to know where to find |
37018
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|
1593 them. The variable @code{bdf-directory-list} holds the list of |
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|
1594 directories where Emacs should look for the fonts; the default value |
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|
1595 includes a single directory @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/fonts/bdf}. |
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1596 |
25829 | 1597 Many other customization variables for these commands are defined and |
37018
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|
1598 described in the Lisp files @file{ps-print.el} and @file{ps-mule.el}. |
25829 | 1599 |
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|
1600 @node Printing Package,, PostScript Variables, Printing |
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|
1601 @section Printing Package |
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1602 @cindex Printing package |
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1603 |
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1604 The basic Emacs facilities for printing hardcopy can be extended |
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|
1605 using the Printing package. This provides an easy-to-use interface |
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|
1606 for choosing what to print, previewing PostScript files before |
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|
1607 printing, and setting various printing options such as print headers, |
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|
1608 landscape or portrait modes, duplex modes, and so forth. On GNU/Linux |
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|
1609 or Unix systems, the Printing package relies on the @file{gs} and |
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|
1610 @file{gv} utilities, which are distributed as part of the GhostScript |
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|
1611 program. On MS-Windows, the @file{gstools} port of Ghostscript can be |
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|
1612 used. |
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|
1613 |
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|
1614 @findex pr-interface |
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|
1615 To use the Printing package, add @code{(require 'printing)} to your |
63069
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|
1616 init file (@pxref{Init File}), followed by @code{(pr-update-menus)}. |
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|
1617 This function replaces the usual printing commands in the menu bar |
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|
1618 with a @samp{Printing} submenu that contains various printing options. |
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|
1619 You can also type @kbd{M-x pr-interface RET}; this creates a |
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|
1620 @samp{*Printing Interface*} buffer, similar to a customization buffer, |
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|
1621 where you can set the printing options. After selecting what and how |
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|
1622 to print, you start the print job using the @samp{Print} button (click |
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|
1623 @kbd{mouse-2} on it, or move point over it and type @kbd{RET}). For |
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|
1624 further information on the various options, use the @samp{Interface |
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|
1625 Help} button. |
63004
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|
1626 |
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|
1627 @node Sorting, Narrowing, Printing, Top |
25829 | 1628 @section Sorting Text |
1629 @cindex sorting | |
1630 | |
1631 Emacs provides several commands for sorting text in the buffer. All | |
60432
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|
1632 operate on the contents of the region. |
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|
1633 They divide the text of the region into many @dfn{sort records}, |
25829 | 1634 identify a @dfn{sort key} for each record, and then reorder the records |
1635 into the order determined by the sort keys. The records are ordered so | |
1636 that their keys are in alphabetical order, or, for numeric sorting, in | |
1637 numeric order. In alphabetic sorting, all upper-case letters `A' through | |
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|
1638 `Z' come before lower-case `a', in accord with the @acronym{ASCII} character |
25829 | 1639 sequence. |
1640 | |
1641 The various sort commands differ in how they divide the text into sort | |
1642 records and in which part of each record is used as the sort key. Most of | |
1643 the commands make each line a separate sort record, but some commands use | |
1644 paragraphs or pages as sort records. Most of the sort commands use each | |
1645 entire sort record as its own sort key, but some use only a portion of the | |
1646 record as the sort key. | |
1647 | |
1648 @findex sort-lines | |
1649 @findex sort-paragraphs | |
1650 @findex sort-pages | |
1651 @findex sort-fields | |
1652 @findex sort-numeric-fields | |
27469 | 1653 @vindex sort-numeric-base |
25829 | 1654 @table @kbd |
1655 @item M-x sort-lines | |
1656 Divide the region into lines, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1657 text of a line. A numeric argument means sort into descending order. | |
1658 | |
1659 @item M-x sort-paragraphs | |
1660 Divide the region into paragraphs, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1661 text of a paragraph (except for leading blank lines). A numeric | |
1662 argument means sort into descending order. | |
1663 | |
1664 @item M-x sort-pages | |
1665 Divide the region into pages, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1666 text of a page (except for leading blank lines). A numeric | |
1667 argument means sort into descending order. | |
1668 | |
1669 @item M-x sort-fields | |
1670 Divide the region into lines, and sort by comparing the contents of | |
1671 one field in each line. Fields are defined as separated by | |
1672 whitespace, so the first run of consecutive non-whitespace characters | |
1673 in a line constitutes field 1, the second such run constitutes field | |
1674 2, etc. | |
1675 | |
1676 Specify which field to sort by with a numeric argument: 1 to sort by | |
1677 field 1, etc. A negative argument means count fields from the right | |
1678 instead of from the left; thus, minus 1 means sort by the last field. | |
1679 If several lines have identical contents in the field being sorted, they | |
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|
1680 keep the same relative order that they had in the original buffer. |
25829 | 1681 |
1682 @item M-x sort-numeric-fields | |
1683 Like @kbd{M-x sort-fields} except the specified field is converted | |
1684 to an integer for each line, and the numbers are compared. @samp{10} | |
1685 comes before @samp{2} when considered as text, but after it when | |
27469 | 1686 considered as a number. By default, numbers are interpreted according |
1687 to @code{sort-numeric-base}, but numbers beginning with @samp{0x} or | |
1688 @samp{0} are interpreted as hexadecimal and octal, respectively. | |
25829 | 1689 |
1690 @item M-x sort-columns | |
1691 Like @kbd{M-x sort-fields} except that the text within each line | |
1692 used for comparison comes from a fixed range of columns. See below | |
1693 for an explanation. | |
1694 | |
1695 @item M-x reverse-region | |
1696 Reverse the order of the lines in the region. This is useful for | |
1697 sorting into descending order by fields or columns, since those sort | |
1698 commands do not have a feature for doing that. | |
1699 @end table | |
1700 | |
1701 For example, if the buffer contains this: | |
1702 | |
1703 @smallexample | |
1704 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1705 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1706 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1707 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1708 the buffer. | |
1709 @end smallexample | |
1710 | |
1711 @noindent | |
1712 applying @kbd{M-x sort-lines} to the entire buffer produces this: | |
1713 | |
1714 @smallexample | |
1715 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1716 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1717 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1718 the buffer. | |
1719 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1720 @end smallexample | |
1721 | |
1722 @noindent | |
1723 where the upper-case @samp{O} sorts before all lower-case letters. If | |
1724 you use @kbd{C-u 2 M-x sort-fields} instead, you get this: | |
1725 | |
1726 @smallexample | |
1727 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1728 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1729 the buffer. | |
1730 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1731 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1732 @end smallexample | |
1733 | |
1734 @noindent | |
1735 where the sort keys were @samp{Emacs}, @samp{If}, @samp{buffer}, | |
1736 @samp{systems} and @samp{the}. | |
1737 | |
1738 @findex sort-columns | |
1739 @kbd{M-x sort-columns} requires more explanation. You specify the | |
1740 columns by putting point at one of the columns and the mark at the other | |
1741 column. Because this means you cannot put point or the mark at the | |
1742 beginning of the first line of the text you want to sort, this command | |
36185 | 1743 uses an unusual definition of ``region'': all of the line point is in is |
25829 | 1744 considered part of the region, and so is all of the line the mark is in, |
1745 as well as all the lines in between. | |
1746 | |
1747 For example, to sort a table by information found in columns 10 to 15, | |
1748 you could put the mark on column 10 in the first line of the table, and | |
1749 point on column 15 in the last line of the table, and then run | |
1750 @code{sort-columns}. Equivalently, you could run it with the mark on | |
1751 column 15 in the first line and point on column 10 in the last line. | |
1752 | |
1753 This can be thought of as sorting the rectangle specified by point and | |
1754 the mark, except that the text on each line to the left or right of the | |
1755 rectangle moves along with the text inside the rectangle. | |
1756 @xref{Rectangles}. | |
1757 | |
1758 @vindex sort-fold-case | |
1759 Many of the sort commands ignore case differences when comparing, if | |
1760 @code{sort-fold-case} is non-@code{nil}. | |
1761 | |
1762 @node Narrowing, Two-Column, Sorting, Top | |
1763 @section Narrowing | |
1764 @cindex widening | |
1765 @cindex restriction | |
1766 @cindex narrowing | |
1767 @cindex accessible portion | |
1768 | |
1769 @dfn{Narrowing} means focusing in on some portion of the buffer, | |
1770 making the rest temporarily inaccessible. The portion which you can | |
1771 still get to is called the @dfn{accessible portion}. Canceling the | |
1772 narrowing, which makes the entire buffer once again accessible, is | |
1773 called @dfn{widening}. The amount of narrowing in effect in a buffer at | |
1774 any time is called the buffer's @dfn{restriction}. | |
1775 | |
1776 Narrowing can make it easier to concentrate on a single subroutine or | |
1777 paragraph by eliminating clutter. It can also be used to restrict the | |
1778 range of operation of a replace command or repeating keyboard macro. | |
1779 | |
1780 @table @kbd | |
1781 @item C-x n n | |
1782 Narrow down to between point and mark (@code{narrow-to-region}). | |
1783 @item C-x n w | |
1784 Widen to make the entire buffer accessible again (@code{widen}). | |
1785 @item C-x n p | |
1786 Narrow down to the current page (@code{narrow-to-page}). | |
1787 @item C-x n d | |
1788 Narrow down to the current defun (@code{narrow-to-defun}). | |
1789 @end table | |
1790 | |
1791 When you have narrowed down to a part of the buffer, that part appears | |
1792 to be all there is. You can't see the rest, you can't move into it | |
1793 (motion commands won't go outside the accessible part), you can't change | |
1794 it in any way. However, it is not gone, and if you save the file all | |
1795 the inaccessible text will be saved. The word @samp{Narrow} appears in | |
1796 the mode line whenever narrowing is in effect. | |
1797 | |
1798 @kindex C-x n n | |
1799 @findex narrow-to-region | |
1800 The primary narrowing command is @kbd{C-x n n} (@code{narrow-to-region}). | |
1801 It sets the current buffer's restrictions so that the text in the current | |
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1802 region remains accessible, but all text before the region or after the |
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1803 region is inaccessible. Point and mark do not change. |
25829 | 1804 |
1805 @kindex C-x n p | |
1806 @findex narrow-to-page | |
1807 @kindex C-x n d | |
1808 @findex narrow-to-defun | |
1809 Alternatively, use @kbd{C-x n p} (@code{narrow-to-page}) to narrow | |
1810 down to the current page. @xref{Pages}, for the definition of a page. | |
1811 @kbd{C-x n d} (@code{narrow-to-defun}) narrows down to the defun | |
1812 containing point (@pxref{Defuns}). | |
1813 | |
1814 @kindex C-x n w | |
1815 @findex widen | |
1816 The way to cancel narrowing is to widen with @kbd{C-x n w} | |
1817 (@code{widen}). This makes all text in the buffer accessible again. | |
1818 | |
1819 You can get information on what part of the buffer you are narrowed down | |
1820 to using the @kbd{C-x =} command. @xref{Position Info}. | |
1821 | |
1822 Because narrowing can easily confuse users who do not understand it, | |
1823 @code{narrow-to-region} is normally a disabled command. Attempting to use | |
1824 this command asks for confirmation and gives you the option of enabling it; | |
1825 if you enable the command, confirmation will no longer be required for | |
1826 it. @xref{Disabling}. | |
1827 | |
1828 @node Two-Column, Editing Binary Files, Narrowing, Top | |
1829 @section Two-Column Editing | |
1830 @cindex two-column editing | |
1831 @cindex splitting columns | |
1832 @cindex columns, splitting | |
1833 | |
1834 Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columns of | |
1835 text. It uses two side-by-side windows, each showing its own | |
1836 buffer. | |
1837 | |
1838 There are three ways to enter two-column mode: | |
1839 | |
1840 @table @asis | |
1841 @item @kbd{@key{F2} 2} or @kbd{C-x 6 2} | |
1842 @kindex F2 2 | |
1843 @kindex C-x 6 2 | |
1844 @findex 2C-two-columns | |
1845 Enter two-column mode with the current buffer on the left, and on the | |
1846 right, a buffer whose name is based on the current buffer's name | |
1847 (@code{2C-two-columns}). If the right-hand buffer doesn't already | |
1848 exist, it starts out empty; the current buffer's contents are not | |
1849 changed. | |
1850 | |
1851 This command is appropriate when the current buffer is empty or contains | |
1852 just one column and you want to add another column. | |
1853 | |
1854 @item @kbd{@key{F2} s} or @kbd{C-x 6 s} | |
1855 @kindex F2 s | |
1856 @kindex C-x 6 s | |
1857 @findex 2C-split | |
1858 Split the current buffer, which contains two-column text, into two | |
1859 buffers, and display them side by side (@code{2C-split}). The current | |
1860 buffer becomes the left-hand buffer, but the text in the right-hand | |
1861 column is moved into the right-hand buffer. The current column | |
1862 specifies the split point. Splitting starts with the current line and | |
1863 continues to the end of the buffer. | |
1864 | |
1865 This command is appropriate when you have a buffer that already contains | |
1866 two-column text, and you wish to separate the columns temporarily. | |
1867 | |
1868 @item @kbd{@key{F2} b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} | |
1869 @itemx @kbd{C-x 6 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} | |
1870 @kindex F2 b | |
1871 @kindex C-x 6 b | |
1872 @findex 2C-associate-buffer | |
1873 Enter two-column mode using the current buffer as the left-hand buffer, | |
1874 and using buffer @var{buffer} as the right-hand buffer | |
1875 (@code{2C-associate-buffer}). | |
1876 @end table | |
1877 | |
1878 @kbd{@key{F2} s} or @kbd{C-x 6 s} looks for a column separator, which | |
1879 is a string that appears on each line between the two columns. You can | |
1880 specify the width of the separator with a numeric argument to | |
1881 @kbd{@key{F2} s}; that many characters, before point, constitute the | |
1882 separator string. By default, the width is 1, so the column separator | |
1883 is the character before point. | |
1884 | |
1885 When a line has the separator at the proper place, @kbd{@key{F2} s} | |
1886 puts the text after the separator into the right-hand buffer, and | |
1887 deletes the separator. Lines that don't have the column separator at | |
1888 the proper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, and | |
1889 the right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond. (This is the | |
1890 way to write a line that ``spans both columns while in two-column | |
1891 mode'': write it in the left-hand buffer, and put an empty line in the | |
1892 right-hand buffer.) | |
1893 | |
1894 @kindex F2 RET | |
1895 @kindex C-x 6 RET | |
1896 @findex 2C-newline | |
1897 The command @kbd{C-x 6 @key{RET}} or @kbd{@key{F2} @key{RET}} | |
1898 (@code{2C-newline}) inserts a newline in each of the two buffers at | |
1899 corresponding positions. This is the easiest way to add a new line to | |
1900 the two-column text while editing it in split buffers. | |
1901 | |
1902 @kindex F2 1 | |
1903 @kindex C-x 6 1 | |
1904 @findex 2C-merge | |
1905 When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with | |
1906 @kbd{@key{F2} 1} or @kbd{C-x 6 1} (@code{2C-merge}). This copies the | |
1907 text from the right-hand buffer as a second column in the other buffer. | |
1908 To go back to two-column editing, use @kbd{@key{F2} s}. | |
1909 | |
1910 @kindex F2 d | |
1911 @kindex C-x 6 d | |
1912 @findex 2C-dissociate | |
1913 Use @kbd{@key{F2} d} or @kbd{C-x 6 d} to dissociate the two buffers, | |
1914 leaving each as it stands (@code{2C-dissociate}). If the other buffer, | |
1915 the one not current when you type @kbd{@key{F2} d}, is empty, | |
1916 @kbd{@key{F2} d} kills it. | |
1917 | |
1918 @node Editing Binary Files, Saving Emacs Sessions, Two-Column, Top | |
1919 @section Editing Binary Files | |
1920 | |
1921 @cindex Hexl mode | |
1922 @cindex mode, Hexl | |
1923 @cindex editing binary files | |
31029 | 1924 @cindex hex editing |
25829 | 1925 There is a special major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode. To |
1926 use it, use @kbd{M-x hexl-find-file} instead of @kbd{C-x C-f} to visit | |
1927 the file. This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and | |
1928 lets you edit the translation. When you save the file, it is converted | |
1929 automatically back to binary. | |
1930 | |
1931 You can also use @kbd{M-x hexl-mode} to translate an existing buffer | |
1932 into hex. This is useful if you visit a file normally and then discover | |
1933 it is a binary file. | |
1934 | |
1935 Ordinary text characters overwrite in Hexl mode. This is to reduce | |
1936 the risk of accidentally spoiling the alignment of data in the file. | |
1937 There are special commands for insertion. Here is a list of the | |
1938 commands of Hexl mode: | |
1939 | |
1940 @c I don't think individual index entries for these commands are useful--RMS. | |
1941 @table @kbd | |
1942 @item C-M-d | |
1943 Insert a byte with a code typed in decimal. | |
1944 | |
1945 @item C-M-o | |
1946 Insert a byte with a code typed in octal. | |
1947 | |
1948 @item C-M-x | |
1949 Insert a byte with a code typed in hex. | |
1950 | |
1951 @item C-x [ | |
1952 Move to the beginning of a 1k-byte ``page.'' | |
1953 | |
1954 @item C-x ] | |
1955 Move to the end of a 1k-byte ``page.'' | |
1956 | |
1957 @item M-g | |
1958 Move to an address specified in hex. | |
1959 | |
1960 @item M-j | |
1961 Move to an address specified in decimal. | |
1962 | |
1963 @item C-c C-c | |
1964 Leave Hexl mode, going back to the major mode this buffer had before you | |
1965 invoked @code{hexl-mode}. | |
1966 @end table | |
1967 | |
31029 | 1968 @noindent |
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1969 Other Hexl commands let you insert strings (sequences) of binary |
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1970 bytes, move by @code{short}s or @code{int}s, etc.; type @kbd{C-h a |
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1971 hexl-@key{RET}} for details. |
31029 | 1972 |
1973 | |
25829 | 1974 @node Saving Emacs Sessions, Recursive Edit, Editing Binary Files, Top |
1975 @section Saving Emacs Sessions | |
1976 @cindex saving sessions | |
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1977 @cindex restore session |
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1978 @cindex remember editing session |
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1979 @cindex reload files |
25829 | 1980 @cindex desktop |
1981 | |
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1982 Use the desktop library to save the state of Emacs from one session |
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1983 to another. Once you save the Emacs @dfn{desktop}---the buffers, |
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1984 their file names, major modes, buffer positions, and so on---then |
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1985 subsequent Emacs sessions reload the saved desktop. |
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1986 |
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1987 @findex desktop-save |
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1988 @vindex desktop-save-mode |
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1989 You can save the desktop manually with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1990 desktop-save}. You can also enable automatic desktop saving when |
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1991 you exit Emacs: use the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy |
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1992 Customization}) to set @code{desktop-save-mode} to @code{t} for future |
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1993 sessions, or add this line in your @file{~/.emacs} file: |
25829 | 1994 |
1995 @example | |
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1996 (desktop-save-mode 1) |
25829 | 1997 @end example |
1998 | |
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1999 @findex desktop-change-dir |
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2000 @findex desktop-revert |
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2001 When Emacs starts, it looks for a saved desktop in the current |
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2002 directory. Thus, you can have separate saved desktops in different |
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2003 directories, and the starting directory determines which one Emacs |
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2004 reloads. You can save the current desktop and reload one saved in |
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2005 another directory by typing @kbd{M-x desktop-change-dir}. Typing |
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2006 @kbd{M-x desktop-revert} reverts to the desktop previously reloaded. |
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2007 |
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2008 Specify the option @samp{--no-desktop} on the command line when you |
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2009 don't want it to reload any saved desktop. This turns off |
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2010 @code{desktop-save-mode} for the current session. |
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2011 |
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2012 @vindex desktop-restore-eager |
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2013 By default, all the buffers in the desktop are restored at one go. |
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2014 However, this may be slow if there are a lot of buffers in the |
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2015 desktop. You can specify the maximum number of buffers to restore |
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2016 immediately with the variable @code{desktop-restore-eager}; the |
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2017 remaining buffers are restored ``lazily,'' when Emacs is idle. |
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2018 |
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2019 @findex desktop-clear |
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2020 @vindex desktop-globals-to-clear |
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2021 @vindex desktop-clear-preserve-buffers-regexp |
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2022 Type @kbd{M-x desktop-clear} to empty the Emacs desktop. This kills |
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2023 all buffers except for internal ones, and clears the global variables |
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2024 listed in @code{desktop-globals-to-clear}. If you want this to |
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2025 preserve certain buffers, customize the variable |
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2026 @code{desktop-clear-preserve-buffers-regexp}, whose value is a regular |
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2027 expression matching the names of buffers not to kill. |
29083 | 2028 |
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2029 If you want to save minibuffer history from one session to |
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2030 another, use the @code{savehist} library. |
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2031 |
25829 | 2032 @node Recursive Edit, Emulation, Saving Emacs Sessions, Top |
2033 @section Recursive Editing Levels | |
2034 @cindex recursive editing level | |
2035 @cindex editing level, recursive | |
2036 | |
2037 A @dfn{recursive edit} is a situation in which you are using Emacs | |
2038 commands to perform arbitrary editing while in the middle of another | |
2039 Emacs command. For example, when you type @kbd{C-r} inside of a | |
2040 @code{query-replace}, you enter a recursive edit in which you can change | |
2041 the current buffer. On exiting from the recursive edit, you go back to | |
2042 the @code{query-replace}. | |
2043 | |
2044 @kindex C-M-c | |
2045 @findex exit-recursive-edit | |
2046 @cindex exiting recursive edit | |
2047 @dfn{Exiting} the recursive edit means returning to the unfinished | |
2048 command, which continues execution. The command to exit is @kbd{C-M-c} | |
2049 (@code{exit-recursive-edit}). | |
2050 | |
2051 You can also @dfn{abort} the recursive edit. This is like exiting, | |
2052 but also quits the unfinished command immediately. Use the command | |
2053 @kbd{C-]} (@code{abort-recursive-edit}) to do this. @xref{Quitting}. | |
2054 | |
2055 The mode line shows you when you are in a recursive edit by displaying | |
2056 square brackets around the parentheses that always surround the major and | |
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2057 minor mode names. Every window's mode line shows this in the same way, |
25829 | 2058 since being in a recursive edit is true of Emacs as a whole rather than |
2059 any particular window or buffer. | |
2060 | |
2061 It is possible to be in recursive edits within recursive edits. For | |
2062 example, after typing @kbd{C-r} in a @code{query-replace}, you may type a | |
2063 command that enters the debugger. This begins a recursive editing level | |
2064 for the debugger, within the recursive editing level for @kbd{C-r}. | |
2065 Mode lines display a pair of square brackets for each recursive editing | |
2066 level currently in progress. | |
2067 | |
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2068 Exiting the inner recursive edit (such as with the debugger @kbd{c} |
25829 | 2069 command) resumes the command running in the next level up. When that |
2070 command finishes, you can then use @kbd{C-M-c} to exit another recursive | |
2071 editing level, and so on. Exiting applies to the innermost level only. | |
2072 Aborting also gets out of only one level of recursive edit; it returns | |
2073 immediately to the command level of the previous recursive edit. If you | |
2074 wish, you can then abort the next recursive editing level. | |
2075 | |
2076 Alternatively, the command @kbd{M-x top-level} aborts all levels of | |
2077 recursive edits, returning immediately to the top-level command reader. | |
2078 | |
2079 The text being edited inside the recursive edit need not be the same text | |
2080 that you were editing at top level. It depends on what the recursive edit | |
2081 is for. If the command that invokes the recursive edit selects a different | |
2082 buffer first, that is the buffer you will edit recursively. In any case, | |
2083 you can switch buffers within the recursive edit in the normal manner (as | |
2084 long as the buffer-switching keys have not been rebound). You could | |
2085 probably do all the rest of your editing inside the recursive edit, | |
2086 visiting files and all. But this could have surprising effects (such as | |
2087 stack overflow) from time to time. So remember to exit or abort the | |
2088 recursive edit when you no longer need it. | |
2089 | |
2090 In general, we try to minimize the use of recursive editing levels in | |
2091 GNU Emacs. This is because they constrain you to ``go back'' in a | |
2092 particular order---from the innermost level toward the top level. When | |
2093 possible, we present different activities in separate buffers so that | |
2094 you can switch between them as you please. Some commands switch to a | |
2095 new major mode which provides a command to switch back. These | |
2096 approaches give you more flexibility to go back to unfinished tasks in | |
2097 the order you choose. | |
2098 | |
28448 | 2099 @node Emulation, Hyperlinking, Recursive Edit, Top |
25829 | 2100 @section Emulation |
2101 @cindex emulating other editors | |
2102 @cindex other editors | |
2103 @cindex EDT | |
2104 @cindex vi | |
39263 | 2105 @cindex PC key bindings |
27210 | 2106 @cindex scrolling all windows |
39263 | 2107 @cindex PC selection |
2108 @cindex Motif key bindings | |
2109 @cindex Macintosh key bindings | |
27210 | 2110 @cindex WordStar |
25829 | 2111 |
2112 GNU Emacs can be programmed to emulate (more or less) most other | |
2113 editors. Standard facilities can emulate these: | |
2114 | |
2115 @table @asis | |
27210 | 2116 @item CRiSP/Brief (PC editor) |
2117 @findex crisp-mode | |
2118 @vindex crisp-override-meta-x | |
2119 @findex scroll-all-mode | |
30856 | 2120 @cindex CRiSP mode |
2121 @cindex Brief emulation | |
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2122 @cindex emulation of Brief |
30856 | 2123 @cindex mode, CRiSP |
39263 | 2124 You can turn on key bindings to emulate the CRiSP/Brief editor with |
30856 | 2125 @kbd{M-x crisp-mode}. Note that this rebinds @kbd{M-x} to exit Emacs |
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2126 unless you set the variable @code{crisp-override-meta-x}. You can |
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2127 also use the command @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} or set the variable |
30856 | 2128 @code{crisp-load-scroll-all} to emulate CRiSP's scroll-all feature |
2129 (scrolling all windows together). | |
27210 | 2130 |
25829 | 2131 @item EDT (DEC VMS editor) |
2132 @findex edt-emulation-on | |
2133 @findex edt-emulation-off | |
2134 Turn on EDT emulation with @kbd{M-x edt-emulation-on}. @kbd{M-x | |
2135 edt-emulation-off} restores normal Emacs command bindings. | |
2136 | |
2137 Most of the EDT emulation commands are keypad keys, and most standard | |
2138 Emacs key bindings are still available. The EDT emulation rebindings | |
2139 are done in the global keymap, so there is no problem switching | |
2140 buffers or major modes while in EDT emulation. | |
2141 | |
28448 | 2142 @item TPU (DEC VMS editor) |
2143 @findex tpu-edt-on | |
2144 @cindex TPU | |
2145 @kbd{M-x tpu-edt-on} turns on emulation of the TPU editor emulating EDT. | |
2146 | |
25829 | 2147 @item vi (Berkeley editor) |
2148 @findex viper-mode | |
2149 Viper is the newest emulator for vi. It implements several levels of | |
2150 emulation; level 1 is closest to vi itself, while level 5 departs | |
2151 somewhat from strict emulation to take advantage of the capabilities of | |
2152 Emacs. To invoke Viper, type @kbd{M-x viper-mode}; it will guide you | |
2153 the rest of the way and ask for the emulation level. @inforef{Top, | |
2154 Viper, viper}. | |
2155 | |
2156 @item vi (another emulator) | |
2157 @findex vi-mode | |
2158 @kbd{M-x vi-mode} enters a major mode that replaces the previously | |
2159 established major mode. All of the vi commands that, in real vi, enter | |
2160 ``input'' mode are programmed instead to return to the previous major | |
2161 mode. Thus, ordinary Emacs serves as vi's ``input'' mode. | |
2162 | |
2163 Because vi emulation works through major modes, it does not work | |
2164 to switch buffers during emulation. Return to normal Emacs first. | |
2165 | |
2166 If you plan to use vi emulation much, you probably want to bind a key | |
2167 to the @code{vi-mode} command. | |
2168 | |
2169 @item vi (alternate emulator) | |
2170 @findex vip-mode | |
2171 @kbd{M-x vip-mode} invokes another vi emulator, said to resemble real vi | |
2172 more thoroughly than @kbd{M-x vi-mode}. ``Input'' mode in this emulator | |
2173 is changed from ordinary Emacs so you can use @key{ESC} to go back to | |
2174 emulated vi command mode. To get from emulated vi command mode back to | |
2175 ordinary Emacs, type @kbd{C-z}. | |
2176 | |
2177 This emulation does not work through major modes, and it is possible | |
2178 to switch buffers in various ways within the emulator. It is not | |
2179 so necessary to assign a key to the command @code{vip-mode} as | |
2180 it is with @code{vi-mode} because terminating insert mode does | |
2181 not use it. | |
2182 | |
2183 @inforef{Top, VIP, vip}, for full information. | |
27210 | 2184 |
2185 @item WordStar (old wordprocessor) | |
2186 @findex wordstar-mode | |
2187 @kbd{M-x wordstar-mode} provides a major mode with WordStar-like | |
39263 | 2188 key bindings. |
25829 | 2189 @end table |
2190 | |
69737 | 2191 @node Hyperlinking, Thumbnails, Emulation, Top |
28448 | 2192 @section Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
2193 | |
2194 @cindex hyperlinking | |
2195 @cindex navigation | |
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2196 Various modes documented elsewhere have hypertext features so that |
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2197 you can follow links, usually by clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on the link or |
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2198 typing @key{RET} while point is on the link. Clicking @kbd{Mouse-1} |
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2199 quickly on the link also follows it. (Hold @kbd{Mouse-1} for longer |
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2200 if you want to set point instead.) |
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2201 |
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2202 Info mode, Help mode and the Dired-like modes are examples of modes |
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2203 that have links in the buffer. The Tags facility links between uses |
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2204 and definitions in source files, see @ref{Tags}. Imenu provides |
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2205 navigation amongst items indexed in the current buffer, see |
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2206 @ref{Imenu}. Info-lookup provides mode-specific lookup of definitions |
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2207 in Info indexes, see @ref{Documentation}. Speedbar maintains a frame |
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2208 in which links to files, and locations in files are displayed, see |
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2209 @ref{Speedbar}. |
30856 | 2210 |
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2211 Other non-mode-specific facilities described in this section enable |
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2212 following links from the current buffer in a context-sensitive |
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2213 fashion. |
28448 | 2214 |
30856 | 2215 @menu |
2216 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. | |
2217 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. | |
2218 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. | |
2219 @end menu | |
28448 | 2220 |
30856 | 2221 @node Browse-URL |
2222 @subsection Following URLs | |
28448 | 2223 @cindex World Wide Web |
30856 | 2224 @cindex Web |
28448 | 2225 @findex browse-url |
2226 @findex browse-url-at-point | |
2227 @findex browse-url-at-mouse | |
2228 @cindex Browse-URL | |
2229 @cindex URLs | |
30856 | 2230 |
2231 @table @kbd | |
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2232 @item M-x browse-url @key{RET} @var{url} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2233 Load a URL into a Web browser. |
2234 @end table | |
2235 | |
28448 | 2236 The Browse-URL package provides facilities for following URLs specifying |
2237 links on the World Wide Web. Usually this works by invoking a web | |
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2238 browser, but you can, for instance, arrange to invoke @code{compose-mail} |
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2239 from @samp{mailto:} URLs. |
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2240 |
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2241 The general way to use this feature is to type @kbd{M-x browse-url}, |
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2242 which displays a specified URL. If point is located near a plausible |
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2243 URL, that URL is used as the default. Other commands are available |
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2244 which you might like to bind to keys, such as |
30856 | 2245 @code{browse-url-at-point} and @code{browse-url-at-mouse}. |
28448 | 2246 |
30856 | 2247 @vindex browse-url-browser-function |
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2248 You can customize Browse-URL's behavior via various options in the |
30856 | 2249 @code{browse-url} Customize group, particularly |
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2250 @code{browse-url-browser-function}. You can invoke actions dependent |
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2251 on the type of URL by defining @code{browse-url-browser-function} as |
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2252 an association list. The package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h |
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2253 p} under the @samp{hypermedia} keyword provides more information. |
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2254 Packages with facilities for following URLs should always go through |
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2255 Browse-URL, so that the customization options for Browse-URL will |
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2256 affect all browsing in Emacs. |
28448 | 2257 |
30856 | 2258 @node Goto-address |
2259 @subsection Activating URLs | |
28448 | 2260 @findex goto-address |
2261 @cindex Goto-address | |
2262 @cindex URLs, activating | |
30856 | 2263 |
2264 @table @kbd | |
2265 @item M-x goto-address | |
2266 Activate URLs and e-mail addresses in the current buffer. | |
2267 @end table | |
2268 | |
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2269 You can make URLs in the current buffer active with @kbd{M-x |
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2270 goto-address}. This finds all the URLs in the buffer, and establishes |
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2271 bindings for @kbd{Mouse-2} and @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} on them. After |
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2272 activation, if you click on a URL with @kbd{Mouse-2}, or move to a URL |
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2273 and type @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}, that will display the web page that the URL |
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2274 specifies. For a @samp{mailto} URL, it sends mail instead, using your |
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2275 selected mail-composition method (@pxref{Mail Methods}). |
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2276 |
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2277 It can be useful to add @code{goto-address} to mode hooks and the |
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2278 hooks used to display an incoming message. |
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2279 @code{rmail-show-message-hook} is the appropriate hook for Rmail, and |
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2280 @code{mh-show-mode-hook} for MH-E. This is not needed for Gnus, |
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2281 which has a similar feature of its own. |
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2282 |
28448 | 2283 |
30856 | 2284 @node FFAP |
2285 @subsection Finding Files and URLs at Point | |
28448 | 2286 @findex find-file-at-point |
2287 @findex ffap | |
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2288 @findex dired-at-point |
30856 | 2289 @findex ffap-next |
2290 @findex ffap-menu | |
2291 @cindex finding file at point | |
2292 | |
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2293 FFAP mode replaces certain key bindings for finding files, including |
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2294 @kbd{C-x C-f}, with commands that provide more sensitive defaults. |
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2295 These commands behave like the ordinary ones when given a prefix |
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2296 argument. Otherwise, they get the default file name or URL from the |
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2297 text around point. If what is found in the buffer has the form of a |
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2298 URL rather than a file name, the commands use @code{browse-url} to |
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2299 view it. |
30856 | 2300 |
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2301 This feature is useful for following references in mail or news |
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2302 buffers, @file{README} files, @file{MANIFEST} files, and so on. The |
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2303 @samp{ffap} package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h p} under the |
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2304 @samp{files} keyword and the @code{ffap} Custom group provide details. |
28448 | 2305 |
30856 | 2306 @cindex FFAP minor mode |
2307 @findex ffap-mode | |
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2308 You can turn on FFAP minor mode by calling @code{ffap-bindings} to |
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2309 make the following key bindings and to install hooks for using |
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2310 @code{ffap} in Rmail, Gnus and VM article buffers. |
30856 | 2311 |
2312 @table @kbd | |
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2313 @item C-x C-f @var{filename} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2314 @kindex C-x C-f @r{(FFAP)} |
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2315 Find @var{filename}, guessing a default from text around point |
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2316 (@code{find-file-at-point}). |
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2317 @item C-x C-r |
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2318 @kindex C-x C-r @r{(FFAP)} |
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2319 @code{ffap-read-only}, analogous to @code{find-file-read-only}. |
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2320 @item C-x C-v |
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2321 @kindex C-x C-v @r{(FFAP)} |
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2322 @code{ffap-alternate-file}, analogous to @code{find-alternate-file}. |
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2323 @item C-x d @var{directory} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2324 @kindex C-x d @r{(FFAP)} |
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2325 Start Dired on @var{directory}, defaulting to the directory name at |
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2326 point (@code{dired-at-point}). |
58925
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2327 @item C-x C-d |
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2328 @code{ffap-list-directory}, analogous to @code{list-directory}. |
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2329 @item C-x 4 f |
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2330 @kindex C-x 4 f @r{(FFAP)} |
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2331 @code{ffap-other-window}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-window}. |
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2332 @item C-x 4 r |
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2333 @code{ffap-read-only-other-window}, analogous to |
564c48d59721
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2334 @code{find-file-read-only-other-window}. |
564c48d59721
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2335 @item C-x 4 d |
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2336 @code{ffap-dired-other-window}, analogous to @code{dired-other-window}. |
564c48d59721
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2337 @item C-x 5 f |
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2338 @kindex C-x 5 f @r{(FFAP)} |
564c48d59721
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2339 @code{ffap-other-frame}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-frame}. |
564c48d59721
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2340 @item C-x 5 r |
564c48d59721
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2341 @code{ffap-read-only-other-frame}, analogous to |
564c48d59721
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2342 @code{find-file-read-only-other-frame}. |
564c48d59721
(FFAP): Add C-x C-r, C-x C-v, C-x C-d, C-x 4 r, C-x 4 d, C-x 5 r, C-x 5 d.
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2343 @item C-x 5 d |
564c48d59721
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2344 @code{ffap-dired-other-frame}, analogous to @code{dired-other-frame}. |
564c48d59721
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2345 @item M-x ffap-next |
564c48d59721
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2346 Search buffer for next file name or URL, then find that file or URL. |
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2347 @item S-Mouse-3 |
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2348 @kindex S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)} |
30856 | 2349 @code{ffap-at-mouse} finds the file guessed from text around the position |
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2350 of a mouse click. |
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2351 @item C-S-Mouse-3 |
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2352 @kindex C-S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)} |
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2353 Display a menu of files and URLs mentioned in current buffer, then |
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2354 find the one you select (@code{ffap-menu}). |
30856 | 2355 @end table |
2356 | |
69737 | 2357 @node Thumbnails, Dissociated Press, Hyperlinking, Top |
2358 @section Viewing Images as Thumbnails | |
2359 @cindex tumme mode | |
2360 @cindex thumbnails | |
2361 | |
2362 Tumme is a facility for browsing image files. It provides viewing | |
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2363 the images either as thumbnails or in full size, either inside Emacs |
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2364 or through an external viewer. |
69737 | 2365 |
2366 To enter Tumme, type @kbd{M-x tumme}. It prompts for a directory; | |
2367 specify one that has images files. This creates thumbnails for all | |
2368 the images in that directory, and displays them all in the ``thumbnail | |
2369 buffer''. This takes a long time if the directory contains many image | |
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2370 files, and it asks for confirmation if the number of image files |
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2371 exceeds @code{tumme-show-all-from-dir-max-files}. |
69737 | 2372 |
2373 @kindex C-t d @r{(Tumme)} | |
2374 @findex tumme-display-thumbs | |
2375 You can also enter Tumme through Dired. Mark the image files you | |
2376 want to look at, using @kbd{m} as usual, then type @kbd{C-t d} | |
2377 (@code{tumme-display-thumbs}). This too creates and switches to | |
2378 a buffer containing thumbnails, corresponding to the marked files. | |
2379 | |
2380 With point in the thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{RET} | |
2381 (@code{tumme-display-thumbnail-original-image}) to display a sized | |
2382 version of it in another window. This sizes the image to fit the | |
2383 window. Use the arrow keys to move around in the buffer. For easy | |
2384 browing, type @kbd{SPC} (@code{tumme-display-next-thumbnail-original}) | |
2385 to advance and display the next image. Typing @kbd{DEL} | |
2386 (@code{tumme-display-previous-thumbnail-original}) backs up to the | |
2387 previous thumbnail and displays that instead. | |
2388 | |
2389 @vindex tumme-external-viewer | |
2390 To view and the image in its original size, either provide a prefix | |
2391 argument (@kbd{C-u}) before pressing @kbd{RET}, or type @kbd{C-@key{RET}} | |
2392 (@code{tumme-thumbnail-display-external}) to display the image in an | |
2393 external viewer. You must first configure | |
2394 @code{tumme-external-viewer}. | |
2395 | |
2396 You can delete images through Tumme also. Type @kbd{d} | |
2397 (@code{tumme-flag-thumb-original-file}) to flag the image file for | |
2398 deletion in the Dired buffer. You can also delete the thumbnail image | |
2399 from the thumbnail buffer with @kbd{C-d} (@code{tumme-delete-char}). | |
2400 | |
2401 More advanced features include @dfn{image tags}, which are metadata | |
2402 used to categorize image files. The tags are stored in a plain text | |
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2403 file configured by @code{tumme-db-file}. |
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2404 |
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2405 To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer (you can also mark |
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2406 files in Dired from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{m}) and type |
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2407 @kbd{C-t t} (@code{tumme-tag-files}). You will be prompted for a tag. |
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2408 To mark files having a certain tag, type @kbd{C-t f} |
69737 | 2409 (@code{tumme-mark-tagged-files}). After marking image files with a |
2410 certain tag, you can use @kbd{C-t d} to view them. | |
2411 | |
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2412 You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing |
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2413 @kbd{t t} and you can remove a tag by typing @kbd{t r}. There is also |
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2414 a special ``tag'' called ``comment'' for each file (it is not a tag in |
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2415 the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly |
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2416 different). That is used to enter a comment or description about the |
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2417 image. You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing |
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2418 @kbd{c}. You will be prompted for a comment. Type @kbd{C-t c} to add |
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2419 a comment from Dired (@code{tumme-dired-comment-files}). |
69737 | 2420 |
2421 Tumme also provides simple image manipulation. In the thumbnail | |
2422 buffer, type @kbd{L} to rotate the original image 90 degrees anti | |
2423 clockwise, and @kbd{R} to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This | |
2424 rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN. | |
2425 | |
2426 @node Dissociated Press, Amusements, Thumbnails, Top | |
25829 | 2427 @section Dissociated Press |
2428 | |
2429 @findex dissociated-press | |
2430 @kbd{M-x dissociated-press} is a command for scrambling a file of text | |
2431 either word by word or character by character. Starting from a buffer of | |
2432 straight English, it produces extremely amusing output. The input comes | |
2433 from the current Emacs buffer. Dissociated Press writes its output in a | |
2434 buffer named @samp{*Dissociation*}, and redisplays that buffer after every | |
2435 couple of lines (approximately) so you can read the output as it comes out. | |
2436 | |
2437 Dissociated Press asks every so often whether to continue generating | |
2438 output. Answer @kbd{n} to stop it. You can also stop at any time by | |
2439 typing @kbd{C-g}. The dissociation output remains in the | |
2440 @samp{*Dissociation*} buffer for you to copy elsewhere if you wish. | |
2441 | |
2442 @cindex presidentagon | |
2443 Dissociated Press operates by jumping at random from one point in the | |
2444 buffer to another. In order to produce plausible output rather than | |
2445 gibberish, it insists on a certain amount of overlap between the end of | |
2446 one run of consecutive words or characters and the start of the next. | |
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2447 That is, if it has just output `president' and then decides to jump |
25829 | 2448 to a different point in the file, it might spot the `ent' in `pentagon' |
2449 and continue from there, producing `presidentagon'.@footnote{This | |
2450 dissociword actually appeared during the Vietnam War, when it was very | |
69737 | 2451 appropriate. Bush has made it appropriate again.} Long sample texts |
2452 produce the best results. | |
25829 | 2453 |
2454 @cindex againformation | |
2455 A positive argument to @kbd{M-x dissociated-press} tells it to operate | |
2456 character by character, and specifies the number of overlap characters. A | |
69737 | 2457 negative argument tells it to operate word by word, and specifies the number |
25829 | 2458 of overlap words. In this mode, whole words are treated as the elements to |
2459 be permuted, rather than characters. No argument is equivalent to an | |
2460 argument of two. For your againformation, the output goes only into the | |
2461 buffer @samp{*Dissociation*}. The buffer you start with is not changed. | |
2462 | |
2463 @cindex Markov chain | |
2464 @cindex ignoriginal | |
2465 @cindex techniquitous | |
69737 | 2466 Dissociated Press produces results fairly like those of a Markov |
2467 chain based on a frequency table constructed from the sample text. It | |
2468 is, however, an independent, ignoriginal invention. Dissociated Press | |
25829 | 2469 techniquitously copies several consecutive characters from the sample |
69737 | 2470 between random choices, whereas a Markov chain would choose randomly |
2471 for each word or character. This makes for more plausible sounding | |
2472 results, and runs faster. | |
25829 | 2473 |
2474 @cindex outragedy | |
2475 @cindex buggestion | |
2476 @cindex properbose | |
2477 @cindex mustatement | |
2478 @cindex developediment | |
2479 @cindex userenced | |
2480 It is a mustatement that too much use of Dissociated Press can be a | |
69737 | 2481 developediment to your real work, sometimes to the point of outragedy. |
25829 | 2482 And keep dissociwords out of your documentation, if you want it to be well |
2483 userenced and properbose. Have fun. Your buggestions are welcome. | |
2484 | |
2485 @node Amusements, Customization, Dissociated Press, Top | |
2486 @section Other Amusements | |
2487 @cindex boredom | |
2488 @findex hanoi | |
2489 @findex yow | |
2490 @findex gomoku | |
2491 @cindex tower of Hanoi | |
2492 | |
2493 If you are a little bit bored, you can try @kbd{M-x hanoi}. If you are | |
38740 | 2494 considerably bored, give it a numeric argument. If you are very, very |
25829 | 2495 bored, try an argument of 9. Sit back and watch. |
2496 | |
2497 @cindex Go Moku | |
2498 If you want a little more personal involvement, try @kbd{M-x gomoku}, | |
2499 which plays the game Go Moku with you. | |
2500 | |
2501 @findex blackbox | |
2502 @findex mpuz | |
27210 | 2503 @findex 5x5 |
25829 | 2504 @cindex puzzles |
69737 | 2505 @kbd{M-x blackbox}, @kbd{M-x mpuz} and @kbd{M-x 5x5} are puzzles. |
25829 | 2506 @code{blackbox} challenges you to determine the location of objects |
2507 inside a box by tomography. @code{mpuz} displays a multiplication | |
2508 puzzle with letters standing for digits in a code that you must | |
2509 guess---to guess a value, type a letter and then the digit you think it | |
27210 | 2510 stands for. The aim of @code{5x5} is to fill in all the squares. |
25829 | 2511 |
30856 | 2512 @findex decipher |
2513 @cindex ciphers | |
2514 @cindex cryptanalysis | |
2515 @kbd{M-x decipher} helps you to cryptanalyze a buffer which is encrypted | |
2516 in a simple monoalphabetic substitution cipher. | |
2517 | |
25829 | 2518 @findex dunnet |
2519 @kbd{M-x dunnet} runs an adventure-style exploration game, which is | |
2520 a bigger sort of puzzle. | |
2521 | |
27210 | 2522 @findex lm |
2523 @cindex landmark game | |
2524 @kbd{M-x lm} runs a relatively non-participatory game in which a robot | |
2525 attempts to maneuver towards a tree at the center of the window based on | |
2526 unique olfactory cues from each of the four directions. | |
2527 | |
2528 @findex life | |
2529 @cindex Life | |
36185 | 2530 @kbd{M-x life} runs Conway's ``Life'' cellular automaton. |
27210 | 2531 |
30856 | 2532 @findex morse-region |
2533 @findex unmorse-region | |
2534 @cindex Morse code | |
2535 @cindex --/---/.-./.../. | |
2536 @kbd{M-x morse-region} converts text in a region to Morse code and | |
2537 @kbd{M-x unmorse-region} converts it back. No cause for remorse. | |
2538 | |
2539 @findex pong | |
2540 @cindex Pong game | |
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2541 @kbd{M-x pong} plays a Pong-like game, bouncing the ball off opposing |
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2542 bats. |
30856 | 2543 |
27210 | 2544 @findex solitaire |
2545 @cindex solitaire | |
2546 @kbd{M-x solitaire} plays a game of solitaire in which you jump pegs | |
2547 across other pegs. | |
2548 | |
30856 | 2549 @findex studlify-region |
2550 @cindex StudlyCaps | |
36168
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
changeset
|
2551 @kbd{M-x studlify-region} studlify-cases the region, producing |
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
changeset
|
2552 text like this: |
30856 | 2553 |
2554 @example | |
2555 M-x stUdlIfY-RegioN stUdlIfY-CaSeS thE region. | |
2556 @end example | |
2557 | |
27210 | 2558 @findex tetris |
2559 @cindex Tetris | |
2560 @findex snake | |
2561 @cindex Snake | |
36168
df827c1def99
Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
changeset
|
2562 @kbd{M-x tetris} runs an implementation of the well-known Tetris game. |
27210 | 2563 Likewise, @kbd{M-x snake} provides an implementation of Snake. |
2564 | |
25829 | 2565 When you are frustrated, try the famous Eliza program. Just do |
2566 @kbd{M-x doctor}. End each input by typing @key{RET} twice. | |
2567 | |
2568 @cindex Zippy | |
2569 When you are feeling strange, type @kbd{M-x yow}. | |
30862 | 2570 |
2571 @findex zone | |
2572 The command @kbd{M-x zone} plays games with the display when Emacs is | |
2573 idle. | |
52401 | 2574 |
56807
d2c0e48f4d5a
Adapt sectioning in Info to the node structure.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
56222
diff
changeset
|
2575 @ifnottex |
d2c0e48f4d5a
Adapt sectioning in Info to the node structure.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
56222
diff
changeset
|
2576 @lowersections |
d2c0e48f4d5a
Adapt sectioning in Info to the node structure.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
56222
diff
changeset
|
2577 @end ifnottex |
d2c0e48f4d5a
Adapt sectioning in Info to the node structure.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
56222
diff
changeset
|
2578 |
52401 | 2579 @ignore |
2580 arch-tag: 8f094220-c0d5-4e9e-af7d-3e0da8187474 | |
2581 @end ignore |