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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 09 Apr 2006 18:44:06 +0000 |
parents | dc2d5a6655a3 |
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24095 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24095 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node MS-DOS, Manifesto, Mac OS, Top |
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6 @appendix Emacs and Microsoft Systems |
24095 | 7 @cindex MS-DOG |
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8 @cindex Microsoft Windows |
24095 | 9 @cindex MS-DOS peculiarities |
10 | |
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11 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs on |
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12 the MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG'') and on |
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13 Microsoft Windows. |
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14 |
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15 If you build Emacs for MS-DOS, the binary will also run on Windows |
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16 3.X, Windows NT, Windows 9X/ME, Windows 2000, or OS/2 as a DOS |
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17 application; all the of this chapter applies for all of those systems, |
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18 if you use an Emacs that was built for MS-DOS. |
24095 | 19 |
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20 However, if you want to use Emacs on Windows, you would normally |
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21 build Emacs specifically for Windows. If you do that, most of this |
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22 chapter does not apply; instead, you get behavior much closer to what |
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23 is documented in the rest of the manual, including support for long |
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24 file names, multiple frames, scroll bars, mouse menus, and |
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25 subprocesses. However, the section on text files and binary files |
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26 does still apply. There are also two sections at the end of this |
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27 chapter which apply specifically for the Windows version. |
24095 | 28 |
29 @menu | |
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30 * Keyboard: MS-DOS Keyboard. Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS. |
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31 * Mouse: MS-DOS Mouse. Mouse conventions on MS-DOS. |
24095 | 32 * Display: MS-DOS Display. Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. |
33 * Files: MS-DOS File Names. File name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
34 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
35 * Printing: MS-DOS Printing. How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
36 * I18N: MS-DOS and MULE. Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. | |
37 * Processes: MS-DOS Processes. Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
38 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
39 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
40 @end menu | |
41 | |
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42 @node MS-DOS Keyboard |
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43 @section Keyboard Usage on MS-DOS |
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44 |
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45 @kindex DEL @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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46 @kindex BS @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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47 The key that is called @key{DEL} in Emacs (because that's how it is |
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48 designated on most workstations) is known as @key{BS} (backspace) on a |
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49 PC. That is why the PC-specific terminal initialization remaps the |
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50 @key{BS} key to act as @key{DEL}; the @key{DELETE} key is remapped to act |
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51 as @kbd{C-d} for the same reasons. |
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52 |
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53 @kindex C-g @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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54 @kindex C-BREAK @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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55 @cindex quitting on MS-DOS |
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56 Emacs built for MS-DOS recognizes @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as a quit |
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57 character, just like @kbd{C-g}. This is because Emacs cannot detect |
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58 that you have typed @kbd{C-g} until it is ready for more input. As a |
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59 consequence, you cannot use @kbd{C-g} to stop a running command |
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60 (@pxref{Quitting}). By contrast, @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} @emph{is} detected |
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61 as soon as you type it (as @kbd{C-g} is on other systems), so it can be |
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62 used to stop a running command and for emergency escape |
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63 (@pxref{Emergency Escape}). |
24095 | 64 |
65 @cindex Meta (under MS-DOS) | |
66 @cindex Hyper (under MS-DOS) | |
67 @cindex Super (under MS-DOS) | |
68 @vindex dos-super-key | |
69 @vindex dos-hyper-key | |
70 The PC keyboard maps use the left @key{ALT} key as the @key{META} key. | |
71 You have two choices for emulating the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} keys: | |
72 choose either the right @key{CTRL} key or the right @key{ALT} key by | |
73 setting the variables @code{dos-hyper-key} and @code{dos-super-key} to 1 | |
74 or 2 respectively. If neither @code{dos-super-key} nor | |
75 @code{dos-hyper-key} is 1, then by default the right @key{ALT} key is | |
76 also mapped to the @key{META} key. However, if the MS-DOS international | |
77 keyboard support program @file{KEYB.COM} is installed, Emacs will | |
78 @emph{not} map the right @key{ALT} to @key{META}, since it is used for | |
79 accessing characters like @kbd{~} and @kbd{@@} on non-US keyboard | |
80 layouts; in this case, you may only use the left @key{ALT} as @key{META} | |
81 key. | |
82 | |
83 @kindex C-j @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
84 @vindex dos-keypad-mode | |
85 The variable @code{dos-keypad-mode} is a flag variable that controls | |
86 what key codes are returned by keys in the numeric keypad. You can also | |
87 define the keypad @key{ENTER} key to act like @kbd{C-j}, by putting the | |
88 following line into your @file{_emacs} file: | |
89 | |
90 @smallexample | |
37847 | 91 ;; @r{Make the @key{ENTER} key from the numeric keypad act as @kbd{C-j}.} |
24095 | 92 (define-key function-key-map [kp-enter] [?\C-j]) |
93 @end smallexample | |
94 | |
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95 @node MS-DOS Mouse |
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96 @section Mouse Usage on MS-DOS |
24095 | 97 |
98 @cindex mouse support under MS-DOS | |
99 Emacs on MS-DOS supports a mouse (on the default terminal only). | |
100 The mouse commands work as documented, including those that use menus | |
101 and the menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bar}). Scroll bars don't work in | |
102 MS-DOS Emacs. PC mice usually have only two buttons; these act as | |
103 @kbd{Mouse-1} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, but if you press both of them | |
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104 together, that has the effect of @kbd{Mouse-3}. If the mouse does have |
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105 3 buttons, Emacs detects that at startup, and all the 3 buttons function |
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106 normally, as on X. |
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107 |
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108 Help strings for menu-bar and pop-up menus are displayed in the echo |
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109 area when the mouse pointer moves across the menu items. |
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110 Highlighting of mouse-sensitive text (@pxref{Mouse References}) is also |
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111 supported. |
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112 |
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113 @cindex mouse, set number of buttons |
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114 @findex msdos-set-mouse-buttons |
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115 Some versions of mouse drivers don't report the number of mouse |
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116 buttons correctly. For example, mice with a wheel report that they |
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117 have 3 buttons, but only 2 of them are passed to Emacs; the clicks on |
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118 the wheel, which serves as the middle button, are not passed. In |
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119 these cases, you can use the @kbd{M-x msdos-set-mouse-buttons} command |
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120 to tell Emacs how many mouse buttons to expect. You could make such a |
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121 setting permanent by adding this fragment to your @file{_emacs} init |
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122 file: |
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123 |
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124 @example |
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125 ;; @r{Treat the mouse like a 2-button mouse.} |
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126 (msdos-set-mouse-buttons 2) |
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127 @end example |
24095 | 128 |
129 @cindex Windows clipboard support | |
130 Emacs built for MS-DOS supports clipboard operations when it runs on | |
131 Windows. Commands that put text on the kill ring, or yank text from the | |
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132 ring, check the Windows clipboard first, just as Emacs does on the X |
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133 Window System (@pxref{Mouse Commands}). Only the primary selection and |
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134 the cut buffer are supported by MS-DOS Emacs on Windows; the secondary |
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135 selection always appears as empty. |
24095 | 136 |
137 Due to the way clipboard access is implemented by Windows, the | |
138 length of text you can put into the clipboard is limited by the amount | |
139 of free DOS memory that is available to Emacs. Usually, up to 620KB of | |
140 text can be put into the clipboard, but this limit depends on the system | |
141 configuration and is lower if you run Emacs as a subprocess of | |
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142 another program. If the killed text does not fit, Emacs outputs a |
24095 | 143 message saying so, and does not put the text into the clipboard. |
144 | |
145 Null characters also cannot be put into the Windows clipboard. If the | |
146 killed text includes null characters, Emacs does not put such text into | |
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147 the clipboard, and displays in the echo area a message to that effect. |
24095 | 148 |
149 @vindex dos-display-scancodes | |
150 The variable @code{dos-display-scancodes}, when non-@code{nil}, | |
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151 directs Emacs to display the @acronym{ASCII} value and the keyboard scan code of |
24095 | 152 each keystroke; this feature serves as a complement to the |
153 @code{view-lossage} command, for debugging. | |
154 | |
155 @node MS-DOS Display | |
156 @section Display on MS-DOS | |
157 @cindex faces under MS-DOS | |
158 @cindex fonts, emulating under MS-DOS | |
159 | |
160 Display on MS-DOS cannot use font variants, like bold or italic, | |
161 but it does support | |
162 multiple faces, each of which can specify a foreground and a background | |
163 color. Therefore, you can get the full functionality of Emacs packages | |
164 that use fonts (such as @code{font-lock}, Enriched Text mode, and | |
165 others) by defining the relevant faces to use different colors. Use the | |
166 @code{list-colors-display} command (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) and the | |
167 @code{list-faces-display} command (@pxref{Faces}) to see what colors and | |
168 faces are available and what they look like. | |
169 | |
37847 | 170 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}, later in this chapter, for information on |
171 how Emacs displays glyphs and characters that aren't supported by the | |
24095 | 172 native font built into the DOS display. |
173 | |
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174 @cindex cursor shape on MS-DOS |
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175 When Emacs starts, it changes the cursor shape to a solid box. This |
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176 is for compatibility with other systems, where the box cursor is the |
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177 default in Emacs. This default shape can be changed to a bar by |
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178 specifying the @code{cursor-type} parameter in the variable |
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179 @code{default-frame-alist} (@pxref{Creating Frames}). The MS-DOS |
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180 terminal doesn't support a vertical-bar cursor, so the bar cursor is |
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181 horizontal, and the @code{@var{width}} parameter, if specified by the |
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182 frame parameters, actually determines its height. For this reason, |
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183 the @code{bar} and @code{hbar} cursor types produce the same effect on |
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184 MS-DOS. As an extension, the bar cursor specification can include the |
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185 starting scan line of the cursor as well as its width, like this: |
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186 |
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187 @example |
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188 '(cursor-type bar @var{width} . @var{start}) |
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189 @end example |
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190 |
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191 @noindent |
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192 In addition, if the @var{width} parameter is negative, the cursor bar |
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193 begins at the top of the character cell. |
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194 |
24095 | 195 @cindex frames on MS-DOS |
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196 The MS-DOS terminal can only display a single frame at a time. The |
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197 Emacs frame facilities work on MS-DOS much as they do on text-only |
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198 terminals (@pxref{Frames}). When you run Emacs from a DOS window on |
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199 MS-Windows, you can make the visible frame smaller than the full |
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200 screen, but Emacs still cannot display more than a single frame at a |
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201 time. |
24095 | 202 |
203 @cindex frame size under MS-DOS | |
204 @findex mode4350 | |
205 @findex mode25 | |
206 The @code{mode4350} command switches the display to 43 or 50 | |
207 lines, depending on your hardware; the @code{mode25} command switches | |
208 to the default 80x25 screen size. | |
209 | |
210 By default, Emacs only knows how to set screen sizes of 80 columns by | |
211 25, 28, 35, 40, 43 or 50 rows. However, if your video adapter has | |
212 special video modes that will switch the display to other sizes, you can | |
213 have Emacs support those too. When you ask Emacs to switch the frame to | |
214 @var{n} rows by @var{m} columns dimensions, it checks if there is a | |
215 variable called @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}}, and if so, | |
216 uses its value (which must be an integer) as the video mode to switch | |
217 to. (Emacs switches to that video mode by calling the BIOS @code{Set | |
218 Video Mode} function with the value of | |
219 @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} in the @code{AL} register.) | |
220 For example, suppose your adapter will switch to 66x80 dimensions when | |
221 put into video mode 85. Then you can make Emacs support this screen | |
222 size by putting the following into your @file{_emacs} file: | |
223 | |
224 @example | |
225 (setq screen-dimensions-66x80 85) | |
226 @end example | |
227 | |
228 Since Emacs on MS-DOS can only set the frame size to specific | |
229 supported dimensions, it cannot honor every possible frame resizing | |
230 request. When an unsupported size is requested, Emacs chooses the next | |
231 larger supported size beyond the specified size. For example, if you | |
232 ask for 36x80 frame, you will get 40x80 instead. | |
233 | |
234 The variables @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} are used only | |
235 when they exactly match the specified size; the search for the next | |
236 larger supported size ignores them. In the above example, even if your | |
237 VGA supports 38x80 dimensions and you define a variable | |
238 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80} with a suitable value, you will still get | |
239 40x80 screen when you ask for a 36x80 frame. If you want to get the | |
240 38x80 size in this case, you can do it by setting the variable named | |
241 @code{screen-dimensions-36x80} with the same video mode value as | |
242 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80}. | |
243 | |
244 Changing frame dimensions on MS-DOS has the effect of changing all the | |
245 other frames to the new dimensions. | |
246 | |
247 @node MS-DOS File Names | |
248 @section File Names on MS-DOS | |
249 @cindex file names under MS-DOS | |
250 @cindex init file, default name under MS-DOS | |
251 | |
252 MS-DOS normally uses a backslash, @samp{\}, to separate name units | |
253 within a file name, instead of the slash used on other systems. Emacs | |
254 on MS-DOS permits use of either slash or backslash, and also knows | |
255 about drive letters in file names. | |
256 | |
257 On MS-DOS, file names are case-insensitive and limited to eight | |
258 characters, plus optionally a period and three more characters. Emacs | |
259 knows enough about these limitations to handle file names that were | |
260 meant for other operating systems. For instance, leading dots @samp{.} | |
261 in file names are invalid in MS-DOS, so Emacs transparently converts | |
262 them to underscores @samp{_}; thus your default init file (@pxref{Init | |
263 File}) is called @file{_emacs} on MS-DOS. Excess characters before or | |
264 after the period are generally ignored by MS-DOS itself; thus, if you | |
265 visit the file @file{LongFileName.EvenLongerExtension}, you will | |
266 silently get @file{longfile.eve}, but Emacs will still display the long | |
267 file name on the mode line. Other than that, it's up to you to specify | |
268 file names which are valid under MS-DOS; the transparent conversion as | |
269 described above only works on file names built into Emacs. | |
270 | |
271 @cindex backup file names on MS-DOS | |
272 The above restrictions on the file names on MS-DOS make it almost | |
273 impossible to construct the name of a backup file (@pxref{Backup | |
274 Names}) without losing some of the original file name characters. For | |
275 example, the name of a backup file for @file{docs.txt} is | |
276 @file{docs.tx~} even if single backup is used. | |
277 | |
278 @cindex file names under Windows 95/NT | |
279 @cindex long file names in DOS box under Windows 95/NT | |
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280 If you run Emacs as a DOS application under Windows 9X, Windows ME, or |
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281 Windows 2000, you can turn on support for long file names. If you do |
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282 that, Emacs doesn't truncate file names or convert them to lower case; |
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283 instead, it uses the file names that you specify, verbatim. To enable |
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284 long file name support, set the environment variable @env{LFN} to |
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285 @samp{y} before starting Emacs. Unfortunately, Windows NT doesn't allow |
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286 DOS programs to access long file names, so Emacs built for MS-DOS will |
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287 only see their short 8+3 aliases. |
24095 | 288 |
29107 | 289 @cindex @env{HOME} directory under MS-DOS |
24095 | 290 MS-DOS has no notion of home directory, so Emacs on MS-DOS pretends |
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291 that the directory where it is installed is the value of the @env{HOME} |
24095 | 292 environment variable. That is, if your Emacs binary, |
293 @file{emacs.exe}, is in the directory @file{c:/utils/emacs/bin}, then | |
29107 | 294 Emacs acts as if @env{HOME} were set to @samp{c:/utils/emacs}. In |
24095 | 295 particular, that is where Emacs looks for the init file @file{_emacs}. |
296 With this in mind, you can use @samp{~} in file names as an alias for | |
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297 the home directory, as you would on GNU or Unix. You can also set |
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298 @env{HOME} variable in the environment before starting Emacs; its |
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299 value will then override the above default behavior. |
24095 | 300 |
301 Emacs on MS-DOS handles the directory name @file{/dev} specially, | |
302 because of a feature in the emulator libraries of DJGPP that pretends | |
303 I/O devices have names in that directory. We recommend that you avoid | |
304 using an actual directory named @file{/dev} on any disk. | |
305 | |
306 @node Text and Binary | |
307 @section Text Files and Binary Files | |
308 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
309 | |
310 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the | |
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311 convention used on GNU and Unix. |
24095 | 312 |
313 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
314 MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, a | |
315 two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same | |
316 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files | |
317 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences. | |
318 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return | |
319 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into | |
320 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that | |
321 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion | |
322 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}). | |
323 | |
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324 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS |
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325 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS |
24095 | 326 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is |
327 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do | |
328 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system. | |
329 | |
330 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses | |
331 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it | |
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332 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. |
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333 Thus, you can read and edit files from GNU and Unix systems on MS-DOS |
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334 with no special effort, and they will retain their Unix-style |
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335 end-of-line convention after you edit them. |
24095 | 336 |
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337 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for |
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338 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the |
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339 buffer, a backslash @samp{\} is displayed after the coding system |
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340 mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no |
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341 EOL translation was performed, the string @samp{(Unix)} is displayed |
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342 instead of the backslash, to alert you that the file's EOL format is not |
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343 the usual carriage-return linefeed. |
24095 | 344 |
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345 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files |
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346 To visit a file and specify whether it uses DOS-style or Unix-style |
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347 end-of-line, specify a coding system (@pxref{Text Coding}). For |
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348 example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} |
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349 visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without converting the EOLs; if some |
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350 line ends with a carriage-return linefeed pair, Emacs will display |
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351 @samp{^M} at the end of that line. Similarly, you can direct Emacs to |
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352 save a buffer in a specified EOL format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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353 command. For example, to save a buffer with Unix EOL format, type |
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354 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET} C-x C-s}. If you visit a file |
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355 with DOS EOL conversion, then save it with Unix EOL format, that |
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356 effectively converts the file to Unix EOL style, like @code{dos2unix}. |
24095 | 357 |
358 @cindex untranslated file system | |
359 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem | |
360 When you use NFS or Samba to access file systems that reside on | |
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361 computers using GNU or Unix systems, Emacs should not perform |
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362 end-of-line translation on any files in these file systems---not even |
24095 | 363 when you create a new file. To request this, designate these file |
364 systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by calling the function | |
365 @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one argument: the file | |
366 system name, including a drive letter and optionally a directory. For | |
367 example, | |
368 | |
369 @example | |
370 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:") | |
371 @end example | |
372 | |
373 @noindent | |
374 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and | |
375 | |
376 @example | |
377 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo") | |
378 @end example | |
379 | |
380 @noindent | |
381 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file | |
382 system. | |
383 | |
384 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your | |
385 @file{_emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at | |
386 your site get the benefit of it. | |
387 | |
388 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem | |
389 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use | |
390 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes | |
391 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used | |
392 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. | |
393 | |
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394 Designating a file system as untranslated does not affect character |
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395 set conversion, only end-of-line conversion. Essentially, it directs |
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396 Emacs to create new files with the Unix-style convention of using |
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397 newline at the end of a line. @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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398 |
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399 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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400 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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401 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their |
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402 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-DOS distinguishes |
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403 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of |
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404 MS-DOS; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable |
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405 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide |
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406 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable |
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407 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns |
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408 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns |
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409 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type |
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410 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the |
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411 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns |
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412 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion. |
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413 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns |
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414 for files which are known to be DOS-style text files with |
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415 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs |
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416 always writes those files with DOS-style EOLs. |
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417 |
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418 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of |
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419 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the |
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420 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}. |
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421 |
24095 | 422 @node MS-DOS Printing |
423 @section Printing and MS-DOS | |
424 | |
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425 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and |
27213 | 426 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) can work in MS-DOS and |
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427 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a |
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428 Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs |
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429 variables control printing on all systems, but in some cases they have |
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430 different default values on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. |
24095 | 431 |
24723 | 432 @vindex printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
24095 | 433 If you want to use your local printer, printing on it in the usual DOS |
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434 manner, then set the Lisp variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its |
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435 default value) and @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer |
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436 port---for example, @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port (that's |
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437 the default), or @code{"LPT2"}, or @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. |
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438 You can also set @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case |
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439 ``printed'' output is actually appended to that file. If you set |
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440 @code{printer-name} to @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently |
24095 | 441 discarded (sent to the system null device). |
442 | |
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443 On MS-Windows, when the Windows network software is installed, you can |
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444 also use a printer shared by another machine by setting |
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* msdog.texi (Text and Binary, MS-DOS Printing): Use m-dash.
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445 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer---for example, |
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446 @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use forward |
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447 slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared printers, |
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448 run the command @samp{net view} at a DOS command prompt to obtain a list |
24731 | 449 of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see the names of printers |
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450 (and directories) shared by that server. Alternatively, click the |
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451 @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your desktop, and look for machines |
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452 which share their printers via the network. |
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453 |
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454 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows |
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455 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) |
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456 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or |
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457 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a |
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458 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to |
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459 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked |
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460 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: |
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461 \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ |
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462 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be |
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463 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of |
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464 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} |
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465 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the LPT2 port and redirect the printed |
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466 material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. |
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467 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} |
37081 | 468 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. |
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469 |
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470 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct |
38788 | 471 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and |
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472 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control |
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473 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. |
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474 |
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475 Some printers expect DOS codepage encoding of non-@acronym{ASCII} text, even |
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476 though they are connected to a Windows machine which uses a different |
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477 encoding for the same locale. For example, in the Latin-1 locale, DOS |
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478 uses codepage 850 whereas Windows uses codepage 1252. @xref{MS-DOS and |
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479 MULE}. When you print to such printers from Windows, you can use the |
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480 @kbd{C-x RET c} (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) command before |
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481 @kbd{M-x lpr-buffer}; Emacs will then convert the text to the DOS |
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482 codepage that you specify. For example, @kbd{C-x RET c cp850-dos RET |
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483 M-x lpr-region RET} will print the region while converting it to the |
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484 codepage 850 encoding. You may need to create the @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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485 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. |
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486 |
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487 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an |
24095 | 488 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to |
489 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in | |
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490 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such |
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491 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing |
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492 was done. |
24095 | 493 |
494 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
495 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
496 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
497 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the | |
498 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to | |
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499 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't |
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500 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable |
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501 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page |
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502 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and |
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503 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and |
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504 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} |
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505 program (for example, from GNU Textutils), set |
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506 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call |
24095 | 507 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as |
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508 specified by @code{printer-name}. |
24095 | 509 |
510 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
511 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS | |
512 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
513 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
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514 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the |
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515 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use |
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516 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the |
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517 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to |
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518 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning |
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519 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable |
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520 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the |
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521 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. |
24095 | 522 |
523 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
524 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
24715 | 525 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
24095 | 526 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
527 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
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528 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, |
27213 | 529 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript |
24564 | 530 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These |
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531 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables |
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532 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of |
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533 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to |
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534 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used for |
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535 non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of variables in |
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536 case you have two printers attached to two different ports, and only one |
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537 of them is a PostScript printer.) |
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538 |
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539 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
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540 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified |
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541 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to |
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542 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you |
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543 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of |
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544 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches |
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545 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using |
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546 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a |
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547 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the |
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548 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using |
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549 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set |
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550 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is |
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551 ignored.) |
24095 | 552 |
553 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on an Epson printer | |
24715 | 554 connected to the @samp{LPT2} port, put this in your @file{_emacs} file: |
24095 | 555 |
556 @example | |
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557 (setq ps-printer-name t) ; Ghostscript doesn't understand -P |
24095 | 558 (setq ps-lpr-command "c:/gs/gs386") |
559 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" | |
560 "-sDEVICE=epson" | |
561 "-r240x72" | |
562 "-sOutputFile=LPT2" | |
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563 "-Ic:/gs")) |
24095 | 564 @end example |
565 | |
566 @noindent | |
567 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the @file{"c:/gs"} | |
568 directory.) | |
569 | |
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570 @vindex dos-printer |
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571 @vindex dos-ps-printer |
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572 For backwards compatibility, the value of @code{dos-printer} |
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573 (@code{dos-ps-printer}), if it has a value, overrides the value of |
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574 @code{printer-name} (@code{ps-printer-name}), on MS-DOS and MS-Windows |
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575 only. |
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576 |
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577 |
24095 | 578 @node MS-DOS and MULE |
579 @section International Support on MS-DOS | |
580 @cindex international support @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
581 | |
582 Emacs on MS-DOS supports the same international character sets as it | |
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583 does on GNU, Unix and other platforms (@pxref{International}), including |
24095 | 584 coding systems for converting between the different character sets. |
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585 However, due to incompatibilities between MS-DOS/MS-Windows and other systems, |
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586 there are several DOS-specific aspects of this support that you should |
24095 | 587 be aware of. This section describes these aspects. |
588 | |
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589 The description below is largely specific to the MS-DOS port of |
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590 Emacs, especially where it talks about practical implications for |
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591 Emacs users. For other operating systems, see the @file{code-pages.el} |
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592 package, which implements support for MS-DOS- and MS-Windows-specific |
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593 encodings for all platforms other than MS-DOS. |
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594 |
24095 | 595 @table @kbd |
596 @item M-x dos-codepage-setup | |
597 Set up Emacs display and coding systems as appropriate for the current | |
598 DOS codepage. | |
599 | |
600 @item M-x codepage-setup | |
601 Create a coding system for a certain DOS codepage. | |
602 @end table | |
603 | |
604 @cindex codepage, MS-DOS | |
605 @cindex DOS codepages | |
606 MS-DOS is designed to support one character set of 256 characters at | |
607 any given time, but gives you a variety of character sets to choose | |
608 from. The alternative character sets are known as @dfn{DOS codepages}. | |
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609 Each codepage includes all 128 @acronym{ASCII} characters, but the other 128 |
24095 | 610 characters (codes 128 through 255) vary from one codepage to another. |
611 Each DOS codepage is identified by a 3-digit number, such as 850, 862, | |
612 etc. | |
613 | |
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614 In contrast to X, which lets you use several fonts at the same time, |
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615 MS-DOS normally doesn't allow use of several codepages in a single |
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616 session. MS-DOS was designed to load a single codepage at system |
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617 startup, and require you to reboot in order to change |
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618 it@footnote{Normally, one particular codepage is burnt into the |
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619 display memory, while other codepages can be installed by modifying |
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620 system configuration files, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}, and rebooting. |
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621 While there is third-party software that allows changing the codepage |
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622 without rebooting, we describe here how a stock MS-DOS system |
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623 behaves.}. Much the same limitation applies when you run DOS |
24095 | 624 executables on other systems such as MS-Windows. |
625 | |
626 @cindex unibyte operation @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
627 If you invoke Emacs on MS-DOS with the @samp{--unibyte} option | |
628 (@pxref{Initial Options}), Emacs does not perform any conversion of | |
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629 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Instead, it reads and writes any non-@acronym{ASCII} |
24095 | 630 characters verbatim, and sends their 8-bit codes to the display |
631 verbatim. Thus, unibyte Emacs on MS-DOS supports the current codepage, | |
632 whatever it may be, but cannot even represent any other characters. | |
633 | |
634 @vindex dos-codepage | |
635 For multibyte operation on MS-DOS, Emacs needs to know which | |
636 characters the chosen DOS codepage can display. So it queries the | |
637 system shortly after startup to get the chosen codepage number, and | |
638 stores the number in the variable @code{dos-codepage}. Some systems | |
639 return the default value 437 for the current codepage, even though the | |
640 actual codepage is different. (This typically happens when you use the | |
641 codepage built into the display hardware.) You can specify a different | |
642 codepage for Emacs to use by setting the variable @code{dos-codepage} in | |
643 your init file. | |
644 | |
645 @cindex language environment, automatic selection on @r{MS-DOS} | |
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646 Multibyte Emacs supports only certain DOS codepages: those which can |
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647 display Far-Eastern scripts, like the Japanese codepage 932, and those |
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648 that encode a single ISO 8859 character set. |
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649 |
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650 The Far-Eastern codepages can directly display one of the MULE |
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651 character sets for these countries, so Emacs simply sets up to use the |
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652 appropriate terminal coding system that is supported by the codepage. |
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653 The special features described in the rest of this section mostly |
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654 pertain to codepages that encode ISO 8859 character sets. |
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655 |
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656 For the codepages which correspond to one of the ISO character sets, |
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657 Emacs knows the character set name based on the codepage number. Emacs |
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658 automatically creates a coding system to support reading and writing |
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659 files that use the current codepage, and uses this coding system by |
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660 default. The name of this coding system is @code{cp@var{nnn}}, where |
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661 @var{nnn} is the codepage number.@footnote{The standard Emacs coding |
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662 systems for ISO 8859 are not quite right for the purpose, because |
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663 typically the DOS codepage does not match the standard ISO character |
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664 codes. For example, the letter @samp{@,{c}} (@samp{c} with cedilla) has |
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665 code 231 in the standard Latin-1 character set, but the corresponding |
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666 DOS codepage 850 uses code 135 for this glyph.} |
24095 | 667 |
668 @cindex mode line @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
669 All the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems use the letter @samp{D} (for | |
670 ``DOS'') as their mode-line mnemonic. Since both the terminal coding | |
671 system and the default coding system for file I/O are set to the proper | |
672 @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding system at startup, it is normal for the mode | |
673 line on MS-DOS to begin with @samp{-DD\-}. @xref{Mode Line}. | |
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674 Far-Eastern DOS terminals do not use the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding |
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675 systems, and thus their initial mode line looks like the Emacs default. |
24095 | 676 |
677 Since the codepage number also indicates which script you are using, | |
678 Emacs automatically runs @code{set-language-environment} to select the | |
679 language environment for that script (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
680 | |
681 If a buffer contains a character belonging to some other ISO 8859 | |
682 character set, not the one that the chosen DOS codepage supports, Emacs | |
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683 displays it using a sequence of @acronym{ASCII} characters. For example, if the |
24095 | 684 current codepage doesn't have a glyph for the letter @samp{@`o} (small |
685 @samp{o} with a grave accent), it is displayed as @samp{@{`o@}}, where | |
686 the braces serve as a visual indication that this is a single character. | |
687 (This may look awkward for some non-Latin characters, such as those from | |
688 Greek or Hebrew alphabets, but it is still readable by a person who | |
689 knows the language.) Even though the character may occupy several | |
690 columns on the screen, it is really still just a single character, and | |
691 all Emacs commands treat it as one. | |
692 | |
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693 @cindex IBM graphics characters (MS-DOS) |
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694 @cindex box-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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695 @cindex line-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
24095 | 696 Not all characters in DOS codepages correspond to ISO 8859 |
697 characters---some are used for other purposes, such as box-drawing | |
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698 characters and other graphics. Emacs maps these characters to two |
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699 special character sets called @code{eight-bit-control} and |
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700 @code{eight-bit-graphic}, and displays them as their IBM glyphs. |
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701 However, you should be aware that other systems might display these |
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702 characters differently, so you should avoid them in text that might be |
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703 copied to a different operating system, or even to another DOS machine |
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704 that uses a different codepage. |
24095 | 705 |
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706 @vindex dos-unsupported-character-glyph |
24095 | 707 Emacs supports many other characters sets aside from ISO 8859, but it |
708 cannot display them on MS-DOS. So if one of these multibyte characters | |
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709 appears in a buffer, Emacs on MS-DOS displays them as specified by the |
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710 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph} variable; by default, this glyph |
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711 is an empty triangle. Use the @kbd{C-u C-x =} command to display the |
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712 actual code and character set of such characters. @xref{Position Info}. |
24095 | 713 |
714 @findex codepage-setup | |
715 By default, Emacs defines a coding system to support the current | |
716 codepage. To define a coding system for some other codepage (e.g., to | |
717 visit a file written on a DOS machine in another country), use the | |
718 @kbd{M-x codepage-setup} command. It prompts for the 3-digit code of | |
719 the codepage, with completion, then creates the coding system for the | |
720 specified codepage. You can then use the new coding system to read and | |
721 write files, but you must specify it explicitly for the file command | |
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722 when you want to use it (@pxref{Text Coding}). |
24095 | 723 |
724 These coding systems are also useful for visiting a file encoded using | |
725 a DOS codepage, using Emacs running on some other operating system. | |
726 | |
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727 @cindex MS-Windows codepages |
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728 MS-Windows provides its own codepages, which are different from the |
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729 DOS codepages for the same locale. For example, DOS codepage 850 |
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730 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1252; DOS codepage |
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731 855 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1251, etc. |
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732 The MS-Windows version of Emacs uses the current codepage for display |
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733 when invoked with the @samp{-nw} option. Support for codepages in the |
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734 Windows port of Emacs is part of the @file{code-pages.el} package. |
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735 |
24095 | 736 @node MS-DOS Processes |
737 @section Subprocesses on MS-DOS | |
738 | |
739 @cindex compilation under MS-DOS | |
740 @cindex inferior processes under MS-DOS | |
741 @findex compile @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
742 @findex grep @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
743 Because MS-DOS is a single-process ``operating system,'' | |
744 asynchronous subprocesses are not available. In particular, Shell | |
745 mode and its variants do not work. Most Emacs features that use | |
746 asynchronous subprocesses also don't work on MS-DOS, including | |
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747 Shell mode and GUD. When in doubt, try and see; commands that |
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748 don't work output an error message saying that asynchronous processes |
24095 | 749 aren't supported. |
750 | |
751 Compilation under Emacs with @kbd{M-x compile}, searching files with | |
752 @kbd{M-x grep} and displaying differences between files with @kbd{M-x | |
753 diff} do work, by running the inferior processes synchronously. This | |
754 means you cannot do any more editing until the inferior process | |
755 finishes. | |
756 | |
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757 Spell checking also works, by means of special support for synchronous |
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758 invocation of the @code{ispell} program. This is slower than the |
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759 asynchronous invocation on other platforms |
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760 |
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761 Instead of the Shell mode, which doesn't work on MS-DOS, you can use |
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762 the @kbd{M-x eshell} command. This invokes the Eshell package that |
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763 implements a Posix-like shell entirely in Emacs Lisp. |
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764 |
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765 By contrast, Emacs compiled as a native Windows application |
24095 | 766 @strong{does} support asynchronous subprocesses. @xref{Windows |
767 Processes}. | |
768 | |
769 @cindex printing under MS-DOS | |
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770 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and |
27213 | 771 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}), work in MS-DOS by sending |
24095 | 772 the output to one of the printer ports. @xref{MS-DOS Printing}. |
773 | |
774 When you run a subprocess synchronously on MS-DOS, make sure the | |
775 program terminates and does not try to read keyboard input. If the | |
776 program does not terminate on its own, you will be unable to terminate | |
777 it, because MS-DOS provides no general way to terminate a process. | |
778 Pressing @kbd{C-c} or @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} might sometimes help in these | |
779 cases. | |
780 | |
781 Accessing files on other machines is not supported on MS-DOS. Other | |
782 network-oriented commands such as sending mail, Web browsing, remote | |
783 login, etc., don't work either, unless network access is built into | |
784 MS-DOS with some network redirector. | |
785 | |
786 @cindex directory listing on MS-DOS | |
787 @vindex dired-listing-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
788 Dired on MS-DOS uses the @code{ls-lisp} package where other | |
789 platforms use the system @code{ls} command. Therefore, Dired on | |
790 MS-DOS supports only some of the possible options you can mention in | |
791 the @code{dired-listing-switches} variable. The options that work are | |
792 @samp{-A}, @samp{-a}, @samp{-c}, @samp{-i}, @samp{-r}, @samp{-S}, | |
793 @samp{-s}, @samp{-t}, and @samp{-u}. | |
794 | |
795 @node Windows Processes | |
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796 @section Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K |
24095 | 797 |
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798 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS |
24095 | 799 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses. |
800 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work | |
801 fine on both | |
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802 Windows 9X and Windows NT/2K as long as you run only 32-bit Windows |
24095 | 803 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess, |
804 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all; | |
805 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two | |
806 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system. | |
807 | |
808 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities) | |
809 on Windows 95 are DOS applications, these problems are significant when | |
810 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only | |
811 Microsoft can fix them. | |
812 | |
813 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should | |
814 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform | |
815 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU | |
816 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when | |
817 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU | |
818 monitors measure processor load. | |
819 | |
820 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS | |
821 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or | |
822 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a | |
823 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit. | |
824 | |
825 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate | |
826 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the | |
827 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous. | |
828 | |
829 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second | |
830 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess | |
831 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess | |
832 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no | |
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833 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 9X. If you are |
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834 running on Windows NT/2K, you can use a process viewer application to kill |
24095 | 835 the appropriate instance of ntvdm instead (this will terminate both DOS |
836 subprocesses). | |
837 | |
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838 If you have to reboot Windows 9X in this situation, do not use the |
24095 | 839 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the |
840 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose | |
841 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes | |
842 to do its job. | |
843 | |
844 @node Windows System Menu | |
845 @section Using the System Menu on Windows | |
846 | |
847 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off the | |
848 Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT} | |
849 key invokes the Windows menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} also | |
850 serves as @key{META} in Emacs. When using Emacs, users often press the | |
851 @key{META} key temporarily and then change their minds; if this has the | |
852 effect of bringing up the Windows menu, it alters the meaning of | |
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853 subsequent commands. Many users find this frustrating. |
24095 | 854 |
855 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system | |
57368 | 856 You can re-enable Windows' default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} key |
24095 | 857 by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
858 | |
52401 | 859 @ignore |
860 arch-tag: f39d2590-5dcc-4318-88d9-0eb73ca10fa2 | |
861 @end ignore |