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annotate lispref/files.texi @ 55601:f1928468f1fb
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author | Jan Djärv <jan.h.d@swipnet.se> |
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date | Sat, 15 May 2004 10:01:04 +0000 |
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6555 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2004 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6555 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/files | |
7 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top | |
8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
9 @chapter Files | |
10 | |
11 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with | |
12 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the | |
13 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in | |
14 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are | |
15 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}. | |
16 | |
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17 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file |
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18 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions |
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19 expand file name arguments by calling @code{expand-file-name}, so that |
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20 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including |
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21 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable |
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22 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}. |
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23 |
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24 When file I/O functions signal Lisp errors, they usually use the |
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25 condition @code{file-error} (@pxref{Handling Errors}). The error |
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26 message is in most cases obtained from the operating system, according |
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27 to locale @code{system-message-locale}, and decoded using coding system |
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28 @code{locale-coding-system} (@pxref{Locales}). |
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29 |
6555 | 30 @menu |
31 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
32 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
33 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting. | |
34 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
35 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
36 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
37 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
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38 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
6555 | 39 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
40 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
41 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. | |
42 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling | |
43 for certain file names. | |
12067 | 44 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
6555 | 45 @end menu |
46 | |
47 @node Visiting Files | |
48 @section Visiting Files | |
49 @cindex finding files | |
50 @cindex visiting files | |
51 | |
52 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is | |
53 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the | |
54 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer. | |
55 | |
56 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information | |
57 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer, | |
58 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at | |
59 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually, | |
60 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we | |
61 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what | |
62 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not | |
63 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must | |
64 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents | |
65 back into the file. | |
66 | |
67 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often | |
68 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say, | |
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69 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I |
6555 | 70 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need |
71 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program, | |
72 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind. | |
73 | |
74 @menu | |
75 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
76 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
77 @end menu | |
78 | |
79 @node Visiting Functions | |
80 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files | |
81 | |
82 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files. | |
83 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with | |
84 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for | |
85 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or | |
86 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name. | |
87 | |
12098 | 88 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but |
89 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a | |
90 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer. | |
91 @xref{Reading from Files}. | |
92 | |
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93 @deffn Command find-file filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 94 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, |
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95 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a |
6555 | 96 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer. |
97 | |
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98 Aside from some technical details, the body of the @code{find-file} |
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99 function is basically equivalent to: |
6555 | 100 |
101 @example | |
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102 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename nil nil wildcards)) |
6555 | 103 @end example |
104 | |
105 @noindent | |
106 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.) | |
107 | |
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108 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, which is always true in an |
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109 interactive call, then @code{find-file} expands wildcard characters in |
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110 @var{filename} and visits all the matching files. |
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111 |
6555 | 112 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for |
113 @var{filename} in the minibuffer. | |
114 @end deffn | |
115 | |
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116 @defun find-file-noselect filename &optional nowarn rawfile wildcards |
6555 | 117 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds |
118 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it. | |
119 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new | |
120 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or | |
121 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so. | |
122 | |
24952 | 123 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, |
124 then @code{find-file-noselect} expands wildcard | |
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125 characters in @var{filename} and visits all the matching files. |
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126 |
6555 | 127 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first |
128 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or | |
129 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks | |
130 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says | |
131 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost. | |
132 | |
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133 This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar |
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134 cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}. For |
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135 example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named |
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136 @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{(New file)} in the echo |
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137 area, and leaves the buffer empty. |
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138 |
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139 The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls |
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140 @code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of |
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141 Visiting}). That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local |
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142 variables, warns the user if there exists an auto-save file more recent |
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143 than the file just visited, and finishes by running the functions in |
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144 @code{find-file-hook}. |
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145 |
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146 If the optional argument @var{rawfile} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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147 @code{after-find-file} is not called, and the |
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148 @code{find-file-not-found-functions} are not run in case of failure. What's |
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149 more, a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} value suppresses coding system |
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150 conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and format conversion (@pxref{Format |
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151 Conversion}). |
6555 | 152 |
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153 The @code{find-file-noselect} function usually returns the buffer that |
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154 is visiting the file @var{filename}. But, if wildcards are actually |
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155 used and expanded, it returns a list of buffers that are visiting the |
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156 various files. |
6555 | 157 |
158 @example | |
159 @group | |
160 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab") | |
161 @result{} #<buffer fstab> | |
162 @end group | |
163 @end example | |
164 @end defun | |
165 | |
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166 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 167 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but |
168 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another | |
169 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}. | |
170 | |
171 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
172 @var{filename}. | |
173 @end deffn | |
174 | |
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175 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 176 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like |
177 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only | |
178 Buffers}, for related functions and variables. | |
179 | |
180 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
181 @var{filename}. | |
182 @end deffn | |
183 | |
184 @deffn Command view-file filename | |
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185 This command visits @var{filename} using View mode, returning to the |
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186 previous buffer when you exit View mode. View mode is a minor mode that |
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187 provides commands to skim rapidly through the file, but does not let you |
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188 modify the text. Entering View mode runs the normal hook |
12098 | 189 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 190 |
191 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for | |
192 @var{filename}. | |
193 @end deffn | |
194 | |
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195 @tindex find-file-wildcards |
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196 @defopt find-file-wildcards |
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197 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then the various @code{find-file} |
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198 commands check for wildcard characters and visit all the files that |
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199 match them (when invoked interactively or when their @var{wildcards} |
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200 argument is non-@code{nil}). If this option is @code{nil}, then |
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201 the @code{find-file} commands ignore their @var{wildcards} argument |
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202 and never treat wildcard characters specially. |
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203 @end defopt |
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204 |
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205 @defvar find-file-hook |
6555 | 206 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a |
207 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will | |
208 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the | |
209 file is current when the hook functions are run. | |
210 | |
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211 This variable is a normal hook. @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 212 @end defvar |
213 | |
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214 @defvar find-file-not-found-functions |
6555 | 215 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when |
216 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent | |
217 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as | |
218 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list, | |
219 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is | |
220 already set up. | |
221 | |
222 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are | |
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223 used, and in many cases only some of the functions are called. |
6555 | 224 @end defvar |
225 | |
226 @node Subroutines of Visiting | |
227 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
228 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting | |
229 | |
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230 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses two important subroutines |
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231 which are sometimes useful in user Lisp code: @code{create-file-buffer} |
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232 and @code{after-find-file}. This section explains how to use them. |
6555 | 233 |
234 @defun create-file-buffer filename | |
235 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting | |
236 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory) | |
237 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as | |
238 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}. | |
239 | |
240 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not} | |
241 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer. | |
12098 | 242 It also does not use the default major mode. |
6555 | 243 |
244 @example | |
245 @group | |
246 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
247 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
248 @end group | |
249 @group | |
250 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
251 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>> | |
252 @end group | |
253 @group | |
254 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
255 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>> | |
256 @end group | |
257 @end example | |
258 | |
259 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}. | |
260 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}). | |
261 @end defun | |
262 | |
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263 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn noauto after-find-file-from-revert-buffer nomodes |
6555 | 264 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables |
265 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect} | |
266 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}). | |
267 | |
268 @cindex new file message | |
269 @cindex file open error | |
270 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but | |
271 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value | |
272 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning: | |
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273 @samp{(New file)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not |
6555 | 274 call @code{after-find-file}. |
275 | |
276 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning | |
277 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file. | |
278 | |
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279 If @var{noauto} is non-@code{nil}, that says not to enable or disable |
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280 Auto-Save mode. The mode remains enabled if it was enabled before. |
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281 |
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282 If @var{after-find-file-from-revert-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, that |
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283 means this call was from @code{revert-buffer}. This has no direct |
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284 effect, but some mode functions and hook functions check the value |
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285 of this variable. |
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286 |
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287 If @var{nomodes} is non-@code{nil}, that means don't alter the buffer's |
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288 major mode, don't process local variables specifications in the file, |
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289 and don't run @code{find-file-hook}. This feature is used by |
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290 @code{revert-buffer} in some cases. |
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291 |
6555 | 292 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions |
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293 in the list @code{find-file-hook}. |
6555 | 294 @end defun |
295 | |
296 @node Saving Buffers | |
297 @section Saving Buffers | |
298 | |
299 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer | |
300 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are | |
301 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the | |
302 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which | |
303 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file. | |
304 | |
305 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option | |
306 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited | |
307 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved. | |
308 Otherwise it does nothing. | |
309 | |
310 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally, | |
311 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup | |
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312 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other |
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313 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in |
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314 other circumstances: |
6555 | 315 |
316 @itemize @bullet | |
317 @item | |
318 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
319 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be | |
320 backed up when the buffer is next saved. | |
321 | |
322 @item | |
323 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
324 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous | |
325 version of the file before saving it. | |
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326 |
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327 @item |
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328 With an argument of 0, unconditionally do @emph{not} make any backup file. |
6555 | 329 @end itemize |
330 @end deffn | |
331 | |
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332 @anchor{Definition of save-some-buffers} |
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333 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p pred |
6555 | 334 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it |
335 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is | |
336 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying | |
337 the user. | |
338 | |
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339 The optional @var{pred} argument controls which buffers to ask about |
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340 (or to save silently if @var{save-silently-p} is non-@code{nil}). |
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341 If it is @code{nil}, that means to ask only about file-visiting buffers. |
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342 If it is @code{t}, that means also offer to save certain other non-file |
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343 buffers---those that have a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value of |
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344 @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says @samp{yes} to saving a |
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345 non-file buffer is asked to specify the file name to use.) The |
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346 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes the value @code{t} for |
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347 @var{pred}. |
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348 |
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349 If @var{pred} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then it should be |
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350 a function of no arguments. It will be called in each buffer to decide |
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351 whether to offer to save that buffer. If it returns a non-@code{nil} |
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352 value in a certain buffer, that means do offer to save that buffer. |
6555 | 353 @end deffn |
354 | |
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355 @anchor{Definition of write-file} |
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356 @deffn Command write-file filename &optional confirm |
6555 | 357 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes |
358 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames | |
359 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>} | |
360 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by | |
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361 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File Name}) and |
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362 @code{save-buffer}. |
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363 |
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364 If @var{confirm} is non-@code{nil}, that means to ask for confirmation |
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365 before overwriting an existing file. Interactively, confirmation is |
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366 required, unless the user supplies a prefix argument. |
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367 |
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368 If @var{filename} is an existing directory, or a symbolic link to one, |
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369 @code{write-file} uses the name of the visited file, in directory |
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370 @var{filename}. If the buffer is not visiting a file, it uses the |
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371 buffer name instead. |
6555 | 372 @end deffn |
373 | |
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374 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format |
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375 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in |
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376 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}). |
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377 |
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378 @defvar write-file-functions |
6555 | 379 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before |
380 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns | |
381 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of | |
382 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file | |
383 executed. | |
384 | |
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385 If a function in @code{write-file-functions} returns non-@code{nil}, it |
6555 | 386 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate). |
387 To do so, execute the following code: | |
388 | |
389 @example | |
390 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer)) | |
391 @end example | |
392 | |
393 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by | |
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394 @code{backup-buffer} and use that (if non-@code{nil}) to set the mode |
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395 bits of the file that you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} |
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396 normally does. @xref{Making Backups,, Making Backup Files}. |
6555 | 397 |
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398 The hook functions in @code{write-file-functions} are also responsible for |
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399 encoding the data (if desired): they must choose a suitable coding |
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400 system (@pxref{Lisp and Coding Systems}), perform the encoding |
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401 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}), and set @code{last-coding-system-used} to |
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402 the coding system that was used (@pxref{Encoding and I/O}). |
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403 |
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404 If you set this hook locally in a buffer, it is assumed to be |
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405 associated with the file or the way the contents of the buffer were |
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406 obtained. Thus the variable is marked as a permanent local, so that |
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407 changing the major mode does not alter a buffer-local value. On the |
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408 other hand, calling @code{set-visited-file-name} will reset it. |
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409 If this is not what you want, you might like to use |
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410 @code{write-contents-functions} instead. |
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411 |
6555 | 412 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and |
413 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}. | |
414 @end defvar | |
415 | |
416 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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417 @defvar write-contents-functions |
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418 This works just like @code{write-file-functions}, but it is intended for |
6555 | 419 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that |
8364 | 420 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by |
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421 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable. If any of the |
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422 functions in this hook returns non-@code{nil}, @code{write-file-functions} |
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423 is not run. |
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424 |
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425 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set; |
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426 switching to a new major mode always resets this variable, but |
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427 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} does not. |
6555 | 428 @end defvar |
429 | |
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430 @defopt before-save-hook |
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431 This normal hook runs before a buffer is saved in its visited file, |
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432 regardless of whether that is done normally or by one of the hooks |
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433 described above. For instance, the @file{copyright.el} program uses |
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434 this hook to make sure the file you are saving has the current year in |
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435 its copyright notice. |
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436 @end defopt |
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437 |
6555 | 438 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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439 @defopt after-save-hook |
6555 | 440 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file. |
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441 One use of this hook is in Fast Lock mode; it uses this hook to save the |
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442 highlighting information in a cache file. |
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443 @end defopt |
6555 | 444 |
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445 @defopt file-precious-flag |
6555 | 446 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects |
447 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary | |
448 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to | |
449 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure | |
450 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an | |
451 invalid file. | |
452 | |
12226 | 453 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename |
454 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks | |
455 all hard links between the file you save and other file names. | |
6555 | 456 |
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457 Some modes give this variable a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value |
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458 in particular buffers. |
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459 @end defopt |
6555 | 460 |
461 @defopt require-final-newline | |
462 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do | |
463 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is | |
464 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of | |
465 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one. | |
466 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then | |
467 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the | |
468 case arises. | |
469 | |
470 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} | |
471 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few | |
472 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers. | |
473 @end defopt | |
474 | |
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475 See also the function @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File |
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476 Name}). |
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477 |
6555 | 478 @node Reading from Files |
479 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
480 @section Reading from Files | |
481 | |
482 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer | |
483 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level | |
484 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark. | |
485 | |
486 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace | |
487 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the | |
12226 | 488 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name |
6555 | 489 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if |
490 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read. | |
491 | |
12098 | 492 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents |
493 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if | |
494 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in | |
495 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving | |
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496 Properties}. Normally, one of the functions in the |
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497 @code{after-insert-file-functions} list determines the coding system |
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498 (@pxref{Coding Systems}) used for decoding the file's contents. |
6555 | 499 |
500 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the | |
501 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it | |
502 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited | |
503 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by | |
504 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself. | |
505 | |
506 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers | |
507 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit} | |
508 must be @code{nil}. For example, | |
509 | |
510 @example | |
511 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500) | |
512 @end example | |
513 | |
514 @noindent | |
515 inserts the first 500 characters of a file. | |
516 | |
517 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the | |
518 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the | |
519 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer | |
520 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some | |
521 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list. | |
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522 |
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523 It is possible to read a special file (such as a FIFO or an I/O device) |
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524 with @code{insert-file-contents}, as long as @var{replace} and |
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525 @var{visit} are @code{nil}. |
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526 @end defun |
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527 |
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528 @defun insert-file-contents-literally filename &optional visit beg end replace |
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529 This function works like @code{insert-file-contents} except that it does |
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530 not do format decoding (@pxref{Format Conversion}), does not do |
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531 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}), does not run |
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532 @code{find-file-hook}, does not perform automatic uncompression, and so |
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533 on. |
6555 | 534 @end defun |
535 | |
536 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another | |
537 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see | |
538 @ref{Magic File Names}. | |
539 | |
540 @node Writing to Files | |
541 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
542 @section Writing to Files | |
543 | |
544 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly | |
545 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and | |
546 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to | |
547 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the | |
548 mechanisms for visiting. | |
549 | |
550 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename | |
551 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by | |
552 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file | |
553 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This | |
554 function returns @code{nil}. | |
555 | |
556 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file, | |
557 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created. | |
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558 |
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559 When called from Lisp, this function is completely equivalent to: |
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560 |
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561 @example |
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562 (write-region start end filename t) |
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563 @end example |
6555 | 564 @end deffn |
565 | |
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566 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit lockname mustbenew |
6555 | 567 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end} |
568 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}. | |
569 | |
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570 If @var{start} is @code{nil}, then the command writes the entire buffer |
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571 contents (@emph{not} just the accessible portion) to the file and |
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572 ignores @var{end}. |
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573 |
6555 | 574 @c Emacs 19 feature |
575 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends | |
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576 that string, rather than text from the buffer. @var{end} is ignored in |
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577 this case. |
6555 | 578 |
579 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended | |
28853 | 580 to the existing file contents (if any). Starting in Emacs 21, if |
581 @var{append} is an integer, then @code{write-region} seeks to that byte | |
582 offset from the start of the file and writes the data from there. | |
6555 | 583 |
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584 If @var{mustbenew} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{write-region} asks |
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585 for confirmation if @var{filename} names an existing file. |
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586 Starting in Emacs 21, if @var{mustbenew} is the symbol @code{excl}, |
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587 then @code{write-region} does not ask for confirmation, but instead |
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588 it signals an error @code{file-already-exists} if the file already |
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589 exists. |
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590 |
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591 The test for an existing file, when @var{mustbenew} is @code{excl}, uses |
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592 a special system feature. At least for files on a local disk, there is |
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593 no chance that some other program could create a file of the same name |
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594 before Emacs does, without Emacs's noticing. |
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595 |
6555 | 596 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association |
597 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file. | |
598 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to | |
599 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This | |
600 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use | |
601 it yourself. | |
602 | |
603 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
604 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This | |
605 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording | |
606 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument | |
607 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking; | |
608 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used | |
609 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you | |
610 really know what you're doing. | |
611 | |
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612 The optional argument @var{lockname}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the |
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613 file name to use for purposes of locking and unlocking, overriding |
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614 @var{filename} and @var{visit} for that purpose. |
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615 |
12098 | 616 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to |
617 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
618 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list | |
619 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}. | |
6555 | 620 |
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621 Normally, @code{write-region} displays the message @samp{Wrote |
6555 | 622 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t} |
623 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This | |
624 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes, | |
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625 files that the user does not need to know about. |
6555 | 626 @end deffn |
627 | |
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628 @anchor{Definition of with-temp-file} |
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629 @defmac with-temp-file file body... |
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630 The @code{with-temp-file} macro evaluates the @var{body} forms with a |
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631 temporary buffer as the current buffer; then, at the end, it writes the |
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632 buffer contents into file @var{file}. It kills the temporary buffer |
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633 when finished, restoring the buffer that was current before the |
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634 @code{with-temp-file} form. Then it returns the value of the last form |
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635 in @var{body}. |
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636 |
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637 The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal exit via |
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638 @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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639 |
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640 See also @code{with-temp-buffer} in @ref{Definition of |
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641 with-temp-buffer,, The Current Buffer}. |
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642 @end defmac |
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643 |
6555 | 644 @node File Locks |
645 @section File Locks | |
646 @cindex file locks | |
647 | |
648 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to | |
649 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from | |
650 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified. | |
651 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a | |
652 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do. | |
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653 The file lock is really a file, a symbolic link with a special name, |
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654 stored in the same directory as the file you are editing. |
6555 | 655 |
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656 When you access files using NFS, there may be a small probability that |
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657 you and another user will both lock the same file ``simultaneously''. |
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658 If this happens, it is possible for the two users to make changes |
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659 simultaneously, but Emacs will still warn the user who saves second. |
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660 Also, the detection of modification of a buffer visiting a file changed |
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661 on disk catches some cases of simultaneous editing; see |
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662 @ref{Modification Time}. |
6555 | 663 |
664 @defun file-locked-p filename | |
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665 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not |
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666 locked. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by this Emacs process, and |
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667 it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it is locked by |
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668 some other job. |
6555 | 669 |
670 @example | |
671 @group | |
672 (file-locked-p "foo") | |
673 @result{} nil | |
674 @end group | |
675 @end example | |
676 @end defun | |
677 | |
678 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename | |
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679 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is |
6555 | 680 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's |
681 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a | |
682 file, or is not modified. | |
683 @end defun | |
684 | |
685 @defun unlock-buffer | |
686 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer, | |
687 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then | |
688 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also | |
689 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file. | |
690 @end defun | |
691 | |
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692 File locking is not supported on some systems. On systems that do not |
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693 support it, the functions @code{lock-buffer}, @code{unlock-buffer} and |
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694 @code{file-locked-p} do nothing and return @code{nil}. |
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695 |
6555 | 696 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user |
697 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it | |
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698 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The default |
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699 definition of this function asks the user to say what to do. The value |
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700 this function returns determines what Emacs does next: |
6555 | 701 |
702 @itemize @bullet | |
703 @item | |
704 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then | |
705 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock. | |
706 | |
707 @item | |
708 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this | |
709 user edit the file anyway. | |
710 | |
711 @item | |
712 @kindex file-locked | |
713 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which | |
714 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place. | |
715 | |
716 The error message for this error looks like this: | |
717 | |
718 @example | |
719 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user} | |
720 @end example | |
721 | |
722 @noindent | |
723 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the | |
724 name of the user who has locked the file. | |
725 @end itemize | |
726 | |
21007
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727 If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock} function |
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728 with your own version that makes the decision in another way. The code |
6555 | 729 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}. |
730 @end defun | |
731 | |
732 @node Information about Files | |
733 @section Information about Files | |
734 | |
7735
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735 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that |
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736 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the |
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737 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual |
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738 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files |
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739 or directories unless otherwise noted. |
6555 | 740 |
741 @menu | |
742 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
743 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? | |
744 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. | |
745 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
746 @end menu | |
747 | |
748 @node Testing Accessibility | |
749 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
750 @subsection Testing Accessibility | |
751 @cindex accessibility of a file | |
752 @cindex file accessibility | |
753 | |
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754 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific |
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755 ways. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, they recursively follow |
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756 symbolic links for their file name arguments, at all levels (at the |
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757 level of the file itself and at all levels of parent directories). |
6555 | 758 |
759 @defun file-exists-p filename | |
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760 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears |
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761 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only |
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762 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, this is |
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763 true if the file exists and you have execute permission on the |
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764 containing directories, regardless of the protection of the file |
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765 itself.) |
6555 | 766 |
767 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies | |
768 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function | |
769 returns @code{nil}. | |
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770 |
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771 Directories are files, so @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} when |
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772 given a directory name. However, symbolic links are treated |
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773 specially; @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} for a symbolic link |
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774 name only if the target file exists. |
6555 | 775 @end defun |
776 | |
777 @defun file-readable-p filename | |
778 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists | |
779 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
780 | |
781 @example | |
782 @group | |
783 (file-readable-p "files.texi") | |
784 @result{} t | |
785 @end group | |
786 @group | |
787 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
788 @result{} t | |
789 @end group | |
790 @group | |
791 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
792 @result{} nil | |
793 @end group | |
794 @end example | |
795 @end defun | |
796 | |
797 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
798 @defun file-executable-p filename | |
799 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and | |
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800 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. On Unix and |
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801 GNU/Linux, if the file is a directory, execute permission means you can |
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802 check the existence and attributes of files inside the directory, and |
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803 open those files if their modes permit. |
6555 | 804 @end defun |
805 | |
806 @defun file-writable-p filename | |
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807 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written |
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808 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the |
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809 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist, |
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810 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that |
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811 directory. |
6555 | 812 |
813 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the | |
814 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such | |
815 a directory. | |
816 | |
817 @example | |
818 @group | |
819 (file-writable-p "~/foo") | |
820 @result{} t | |
821 @end group | |
822 @group | |
823 (file-writable-p "/foo") | |
824 @result{} nil | |
825 @end group | |
826 @group | |
827 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo") | |
828 @result{} nil | |
829 @end group | |
830 @end example | |
831 @end defun | |
832 | |
833 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
834 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname | |
835 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing | |
7735
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836 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise |
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837 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value |
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838 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a |
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839 file which is a directory. |
6555 | 840 |
841 Example: after the following, | |
842 | |
843 @example | |
844 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo") | |
845 @result{} nil | |
846 @end example | |
847 | |
848 @noindent | |
849 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will | |
850 give an error. | |
851 @end defun | |
852 | |
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853 @defun access-file filename string |
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854 This function opens file @var{filename} for reading, then closes it and |
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855 returns @code{nil}. However, if the open fails, it signals an error |
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856 using @var{string} as the error message text. |
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857 @end defun |
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858 |
12067 | 859 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename |
860 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and | |
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861 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged. It also |
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862 returns @code{t} for nonexistent files. |
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863 |
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864 If @var{filename} is a symbolic link, then, unlike the other functions |
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865 discussed here, @code{file-ownership-preserved-p} does @emph{not} |
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866 replace @var{filename} with its target. However, it does recursively |
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867 follow symbolic links at all levels of parent directories. |
12067 | 868 @end defun |
869 | |
6555 | 870 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2 |
871 @cindex file age | |
872 @cindex file modification time | |
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873 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is |
6555 | 874 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not |
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875 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename1} does exist, but |
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876 @var{filename2} does not, it returns @code{t}. |
6555 | 877 |
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878 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written |
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879 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file |
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880 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all. |
6555 | 881 |
882 @example | |
883 @group | |
884 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20") | |
885 @result{} nil | |
886 @end group | |
887 @group | |
888 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19") | |
889 @result{} t | |
890 @end group | |
891 @group | |
892 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file") | |
893 @result{} t | |
894 @end group | |
895 @group | |
896 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19") | |
897 @result{} nil | |
898 @end group | |
899 @end example | |
900 | |
901 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification | |
902 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}. | |
903 @end defun | |
904 | |
905 @node Kinds of Files | |
906 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
907 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files | |
908 | |
12098 | 909 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such |
910 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files. | |
6555 | 911 |
912 @defun file-symlink-p filename | |
913 @cindex file symbolic links | |
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914 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the |
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915 @code{file-symlink-p} function returns the (non-recursive) link target |
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916 as a string. (Determining the file name that the link points to from |
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917 the target is nontrivial.) First, this function recursively follows |
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918 symbolic links at all levels of parent directories. |
6555 | 919 |
920 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file), | |
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921 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}. |
6555 | 922 |
923 @example | |
924 @group | |
925 (file-symlink-p "foo") | |
926 @result{} nil | |
927 @end group | |
928 @group | |
929 (file-symlink-p "sym-link") | |
930 @result{} "foo" | |
931 @end group | |
932 @group | |
933 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2") | |
934 @result{} "sym-link" | |
935 @end group | |
936 @group | |
937 (file-symlink-p "/bin") | |
938 @result{} "/pub/bin" | |
939 @end group | |
940 @end example | |
941 | |
942 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison | |
943 @end defun | |
944 | |
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945 The next two functions recursively follow symbolic links at |
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946 all levels for @var{filename}. |
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947 |
6555 | 948 @defun file-directory-p filename |
949 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an | |
950 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
951 | |
952 @example | |
953 @group | |
954 (file-directory-p "~rms") | |
955 @result{} t | |
956 @end group | |
957 @group | |
958 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi") | |
959 @result{} nil | |
960 @end group | |
961 @group | |
962 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file") | |
963 @result{} nil | |
964 @end group | |
965 @group | |
966 (file-directory-p "$HOME") | |
967 @result{} nil | |
968 @end group | |
969 @group | |
970 (file-directory-p | |
971 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME")) | |
972 @result{} t | |
973 @end group | |
974 @end example | |
975 @end defun | |
976 | |
12067 | 977 @defun file-regular-p filename |
978 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is | |
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979 a regular file (not a directory, named pipe, terminal, or |
12067 | 980 other I/O device). |
981 @end defun | |
982 | |
6555 | 983 @node Truenames |
984 @subsection Truenames | |
985 @cindex truename (of file) | |
986 | |
987 @c Emacs 19 features | |
988 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following | |
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989 symbolic links at all levels until none remain, then simplifying away |
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990 @samp{.}@: and @samp{..}@: appearing as name components. This results |
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991 in a sort of canonical name for the file. A file does not always have a |
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992 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to |
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993 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful |
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994 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation. |
6555 | 995 |
996 @defun file-truename filename | |
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997 The function @code{file-truename} returns the truename of the file |
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998 @var{filename}. The argument must be an absolute file name. |
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999 |
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1000 This function does not expand environment variables. Only |
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1001 @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that. @xref{Definition of |
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1002 substitute-in-file-name}. |
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1003 |
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1004 If you may need to follow symbolic links preceding @samp{..}@: |
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1005 appearing as a name component, you should make sure to call |
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1006 @code{file-truename} without prior direct or indirect calls to |
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1007 @code{expand-file-name}, as otherwise the file name component |
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1008 immediately preceding @samp{..} will be ``simplified away'' before |
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1009 @code{file-truename} is called. To eliminate the need for a call to |
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1010 @code{expand-file-name}, @code{file-truename} handles @samp{~} in the |
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1011 same way that @code{expand-file-name} does. @xref{File Name |
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1012 Expansion,, Functions that Expand Filenames}. |
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1013 @end defun |
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1014 |
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1015 @defun file-chase-links filename &optional limit |
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1016 This function follows symbolic links, starting with @var{filename}, |
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1017 until it finds a file name which is not the name of a symbolic link. |
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1018 Then it returns that file name. This function does @emph{not} follow |
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1019 symbolic links at the level of parent directories. |
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1020 |
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1021 If you specify a number for @var{limit}, then after chasing through |
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1022 that many links, the function just returns what it has even if that is |
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1023 still a symbolic link. |
6555 | 1024 @end defun |
1025 | |
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1026 To illustrate the difference between @code{file-chase-links} and |
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1027 @code{file-truename}, suppose that @file{/usr/foo} is a symbolic link to |
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1028 the directory @file{/home/foo}, and @file{/home/foo/hello} is an |
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1029 ordinary file (or at least, not a symbolic link) or nonexistent. Then |
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1030 we would have: |
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1031 |
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1032 @example |
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1033 (file-chase-links "/usr/foo/hello") |
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1034 ;; @r{This does not follow the links in the parent directories.} |
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1035 @result{} "/usr/foo/hello" |
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1036 (file-truename "/usr/foo/hello") |
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1037 ;; @r{Assuming that @file{/home} is not a symbolic link.} |
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1038 @result{} "/home/foo/hello" |
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1039 @end example |
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1040 |
6555 | 1041 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information. |
1042 | |
1043 @node File Attributes | |
1044 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1045 @subsection Other Information about Files | |
1046 | |
1047 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information | |
1048 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the | |
1049 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers, | |
1050 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access | |
1051 and modification. | |
1052 | |
1053 @defun file-modes filename | |
1054 @cindex permission | |
1055 @cindex file attributes | |
1056 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer. | |
1057 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify | |
1058 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1, | |
7735
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1059 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit |
6555 | 1060 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc. |
1061 | |
1062 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that | |
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1063 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @acronym{SUID} bit |
6555 | 1064 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set. |
1065 | |
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1066 If @var{filename} does not exist, @code{file-modes} returns @code{nil}. |
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1067 |
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1068 This function recursively follows symbolic links at all levels. |
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1069 |
6555 | 1070 @example |
1071 @group | |
1072 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs") | |
1073 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.} | |
1074 @end group | |
1075 @group | |
1076 (format "%o" 492) | |
1077 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
1078 @end group | |
1079 | |
1080 @group | |
1081 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438) | |
1082 @result{} nil | |
1083 @end group | |
1084 | |
1085 @group | |
1086 (format "%o" 438) | |
1087 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
1088 @end group | |
1089 | |
1090 @group | |
1091 % ls -l diffs | |
1092 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs | |
1093 @end group | |
1094 @end example | |
1095 @end defun | |
1096 | |
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1097 If the @var{filename} argument to the next two functions is a symbolic |
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1098 link, then these function do @emph{not} replace it with its target. |
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1099 However, they both recursively follow symbolic links at all levels of |
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1100 parent directories. |
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1101 |
6555 | 1102 @defun file-nlinks filename |
1103 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that | |
1104 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function | |
1105 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this | |
1106 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they | |
1107 link to. | |
1108 | |
1109 @example | |
1110 @group | |
1111 % ls -l foo* | |
1112 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo | |
1113 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1 | |
1114 @end group | |
1115 | |
1116 @group | |
1117 (file-nlinks "foo") | |
1118 @result{} 2 | |
1119 @end group | |
1120 @group | |
1121 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist") | |
1122 @result{} nil | |
1123 @end group | |
1124 @end example | |
1125 @end defun | |
1126 | |
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1127 @anchor{Definition of file-attributes} |
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1128 @defun file-attributes filename &optional id-format |
6555 | 1129 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If |
1130 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}. | |
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1131 The optional parameter @var{id-format} specifies the preferred format |
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1132 of attributes @acronym{UID} and @acronym{GID} (see below)---the |
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1133 valid values are @code{'string} and @code{'integer}. The latter is |
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1134 the default, but we plan to change that, so you should specify a |
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1135 non-@code{nil} value for @var{id-format} if you use the returned |
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1136 @acronym{UID} or @acronym{GID}. |
6555 | 1137 |
1138 The elements of the list, in order, are: | |
1139 | |
1140 @enumerate 0 | |
1141 @item | |
1142 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name | |
1143 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file. | |
1144 | |
1145 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
1146 @item | |
1147 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard | |
1148 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function | |
21007
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1149 (@pxref{Changing Files}). |
6555 | 1150 |
1151 @item | |
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1152 The file's @acronym{UID} as a string or an integer. If a string |
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1153 value cannot be looked up, the integer value is returned. |
6555 | 1154 |
1155 @item | |
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1156 The file's @acronym{GID} likewise. |
6555 | 1157 |
1158 @item | |
1159 The time of last access, as a list of two integers. | |
1160 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time, | |
1161 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the | |
1162 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.) | |
1163 | |
1164 @item | |
1165 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above). | |
1166 | |
1167 @item | |
1168 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above). | |
1169 | |
1170 @item | |
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1171 The size of the file in bytes. If the size is too large to fit in a |
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1172 Lisp integer, this is a floating point number. |
6555 | 1173 |
1174 @item | |
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1175 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes, |
6555 | 1176 as in @samp{ls -l}. |
1177 | |
1178 @item | |
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1179 @code{t} if the file's @acronym{GID} would change if file were |
6555 | 1180 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise. |
1181 | |
1182 @item | |
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1183 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode |
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1184 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then |
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1185 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low} |
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1186 holds the low 16 bits. |
6555 | 1187 |
1188 @item | |
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1189 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. |
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1190 Depending on the magnitude of the value, this can be either an integer |
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1191 or a cons cell, in the same manner as the inode number. This element |
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1192 and the file's inode number together give enough information to |
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1193 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same |
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1194 values for both of these numbers. |
6555 | 1195 @end enumerate |
1196 | |
1197 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}: | |
1198 | |
1199 @example | |
1200 @group | |
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1201 (file-attributes "files.texi" 'string) |
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1202 @result{} (nil 1 "lh" "users" |
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1203 (8489 20284) |
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1204 (8489 20284) |
6555 | 1205 (8489 20285) |
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1206 14906 "-rw-rw-rw-" |
21682
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1207 nil 129500 -32252) |
6555 | 1208 @end group |
1209 @end example | |
1210 | |
1211 @noindent | |
1212 and here is how the result is interpreted: | |
1213 | |
1214 @table @code | |
1215 @item nil | |
1216 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link. | |
1217 | |
1218 @item 1 | |
1219 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default | |
1220 directory). | |
1221 | |
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1222 @item "lh" |
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1223 is owned by the user with name "lh". |
420dc7ac8867
(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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parents:
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|
1224 |
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(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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|
1225 @item "users" |
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(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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|
1226 is in the group with name "users". |
6555 | 1227 |
1228 @item (8489 20284) | |
12522 | 1229 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09. |
6555 | 1230 |
1231 @item (8489 20284) | |
1232 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1233 | |
1234 @item (8489 20285) | |
1235 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1236 | |
1237 @item 14906 | |
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|
1238 is 14906 bytes long. (It may not contain 14906 characters, though, |
467b88fab665
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|
1239 if some of the bytes belong to multibyte sequences.) |
6555 | 1240 |
1241 @item "-rw-rw-rw-" | |
1242 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world. | |
1243 | |
1244 @item nil | |
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Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
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|
1245 would retain the same @acronym{GID} if it were recreated. |
6555 | 1246 |
1247 @item 129500 | |
1248 has an inode number of 129500. | |
1249 @item -32252 | |
1250 is on file system number -32252. | |
1251 @end table | |
1252 @end defun | |
1253 | |
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|
1254 @node Changing Files |
6555 | 1255 @section Changing File Names and Attributes |
1256 @cindex renaming files | |
1257 @cindex copying files | |
1258 @cindex deleting files | |
1259 @cindex linking files | |
1260 @cindex setting modes of files | |
1261 | |
1262 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the | |
1263 modes of files. | |
1264 | |
1265 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the | |
1266 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the | |
1267 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}: | |
1268 | |
1269 @itemize @bullet | |
1270 @item | |
1271 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if | |
1272 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}. | |
1273 | |
1274 @item | |
1275 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number. | |
1276 | |
1277 @item | |
1278 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} | |
1279 is any other value. | |
1280 @end itemize | |
1281 | |
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|
1282 The next four commands all recursively follow symbolic links at all |
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1283 levels of parent directories for their first argument, but, if that |
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|
1284 argument is itself a symbolic link, then only @code{copy-file} |
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|
1285 replaces it with its (recursive) target. |
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1286 |
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|
1287 @deffn Command add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists |
6555 | 1288 @cindex file with multiple names |
1289 @cindex file hard link | |
1290 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name | |
1291 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard | |
1292 link'' to @var{oldname}. | |
1293 | |
1294 In the first part of the following example, we list two files, | |
1295 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}. | |
1296 | |
1297 @example | |
1298 @group | |
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|
1299 % ls -li fo* |
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1300 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1301 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 |
6555 | 1302 @end group |
1303 @end example | |
1304 | |
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Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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|
1305 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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|
1306 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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|
1307 @file{foo2}. |
6555 | 1308 |
1309 @example | |
1310 @group | |
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1311 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo2") |
6555 | 1312 @result{} nil |
1313 @end group | |
1314 | |
1315 @group | |
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1316 % ls -li fo* |
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1317 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1318 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 |
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1319 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 |
6555 | 1320 @end group |
1321 @end example | |
1322 | |
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1323 Finally, we evaluate the following: |
6555 | 1324 |
1325 @example | |
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1326 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo3" t) |
6555 | 1327 @end example |
1328 | |
1329 @noindent | |
1330 and list the files again. Now there are three names | |
1331 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old | |
1332 contents of @file{foo3} are lost. | |
1333 | |
1334 @example | |
1335 @group | |
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1336 (add-name-to-file "foo1" "foo3") |
6555 | 1337 @result{} nil |
1338 @end group | |
1339 | |
1340 @group | |
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1341 % ls -li fo* |
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1342 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1343 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 |
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1344 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3 |
6555 | 1345 @end group |
1346 @end example | |
1347 | |
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1348 This function is meaningless on operating systems where multiple names |
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1349 for one file are not allowed. Some systems implement multiple names |
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|
1350 by copying the file instead. |
6555 | 1351 |
22138
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1352 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}. |
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|
1353 @end deffn |
6555 | 1354 |
1355 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists | |
1356 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}. | |
1357 | |
1358 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it | |
1359 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname} | |
1360 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the | |
1361 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states. | |
1362 @end deffn | |
1363 | |
1364 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time | |
1365 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An | |
51913
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1366 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist. If @var{newname} |
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(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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parents:
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|
1367 names a directory, it copies @var{oldname} into that directory, |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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parents:
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|
1368 preserving its final name component. |
6555 | 1369 |
22138
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1370 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this function gives the new file |
21007
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1371 the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on only |
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|
1372 some operating systems.) If setting the time gets an error, |
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|
1373 @code{copy-file} signals a @code{file-date-error} error. |
6555 | 1374 |
51558
5a85c7c1d3ab
(Changing Files): copy-file copies file modes, too.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1375 This function copies the file modes, too. |
5a85c7c1d3ab
(Changing Files): copy-file copies file modes, too.
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|
1376 |
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|
1377 In an interactive call, a prefix argument specifies a non-@code{nil} |
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|
1378 value for @var{time}. |
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|
1379 @end deffn |
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|
1380 |
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|
1381 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists |
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|
1382 @pindex ln |
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|
1383 @kindex file-already-exists |
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|
1384 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named |
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|
1385 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s |
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|
1386 @var{filename} @var{newname}}. |
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|
1387 |
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|
1388 This function is not available on systems that don't support symbolic |
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|
1389 links. |
6555 | 1390 @end deffn |
1391 | |
1392 @deffn Command delete-file filename | |
1393 @pindex rm | |
1394 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command | |
1395 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues | |
1396 to exist under the other names. | |
1397 | |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1398 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file does |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1399 not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, a file is |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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|
1400 deletable if its directory is writable.) |
6555 | 1401 |
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|
1402 If @var{filename} is a symbolic link, @code{delete-file} does not |
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|
1403 replace it with its target, but it does follow symbolic links at all |
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|
1404 levels of parent directories. |
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|
1405 |
6555 | 1406 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}. |
1407 @end deffn | |
1408 | |
1409 @defun define-logical-name varname string | |
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(Changing Files): Fix argname.
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|
1410 This function defines the logical name @var{varname} to have the value |
6555 | 1411 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS. |
1412 @end defun | |
1413 | |
1414 @defun set-file-modes filename mode | |
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|
1415 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which |
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|
1416 must be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used. |
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|
1417 This function recursively follows symbolic links at all levels for |
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|
1418 @var{filename}. |
6555 | 1419 @end defun |
1420 | |
1421 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1422 @defun set-default-file-modes mode | |
47514
e0d6f0b369d1
Add `umask' to the concept index.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
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diff
changeset
|
1423 @cindex umask |
6555 | 1424 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by |
1425 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has | |
28074
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|
1426 this protection, or a subset of it (@code{write-region} will not give a |
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|
1427 file execute permission even if the default file protection allows |
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|
1428 execute permission). On Unix and GNU/Linux, the default protection is |
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|
1429 the bitwise complement of the ``umask'' value. |
6555 | 1430 |
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1431 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. On most systems, only the |
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|
1432 low 9 bits of @var{mode} are meaningful. You can use the Lisp construct |
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|
1433 for octal character codes to enter @var{mode}; for example, |
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|
1434 |
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|
1435 @example |
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|
1436 (set-default-file-modes ?\644) |
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|
1437 @end example |
6555 | 1438 |
1439 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating | |
28074
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|
1440 the file; it preserves the existing file's mode, whatever that is. So |
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|
1441 the default file protection has no effect. |
6555 | 1442 @end defun |
1443 | |
1444 @defun default-file-modes | |
1445 This function returns the current default protection value. | |
1446 @end defun | |
1447 | |
55192
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(Changing Files): Document set-file-times.
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|
1448 @defun set-file-times filename &optional time |
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|
1449 This function sets the access and modification times of @var{filename} |
dd5538a91d27
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54861
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|
1450 to @var{time}. The return value is @code{t} if the times are successfully |
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(Changing Files): Document set-file-times.
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|
1451 set, otherwise it is @code{nil}. @var{time} defaults to the current |
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1452 time and must be in the format returned by @code{current-time} |
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1453 (@pxref{Time of Day}). |
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1454 @end defun |
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1455 |
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1456 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes |
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1457 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS |
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1458 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit. |
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1459 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in one of the |
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1460 standard executable extensions, such as @file{.com}, @file{.bat}, |
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1461 @file{.exe}, and some others. Files that begin with the Unix-standard |
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1462 @samp{#!} signature, such as shell and Perl scripts, are also considered |
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1463 as executable files. This is reflected in the values returned by |
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1464 @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}. Directories are also |
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1465 reported with executable bit set, for compatibility with Unix. |
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1466 |
6555 | 1467 @node File Names |
1468 @section File Names | |
1469 @cindex file names | |
1470 | |
1471 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere. | |
1472 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that | |
1473 operate on a file all expect a file name argument. | |
1474 | |
1475 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs | |
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1476 often need to operate on file names; i.e., to take them apart and to use |
6555 | 1477 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes |
1478 how to manipulate file names. | |
1479 | |
1480 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they | |
1481 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or | |
1482 directory. | |
1483 | |
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1484 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these functions (like the function that |
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1485 actually operate on files) accept MS-DOS or MS-Windows file-name syntax, |
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1486 where backslashes separate the components, as well as Unix syntax; but |
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1487 they always return Unix syntax. On VMS, these functions (and the ones |
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1488 that operate on files) understand both VMS file-name syntax and Unix |
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1489 syntax. This enables Lisp programs to specify file names in Unix syntax |
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1490 and work properly on all systems without change. |
6555 | 1491 |
1492 @menu | |
1493 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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1494 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory. |
6555 | 1495 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
1496 is different from its name as a file. | |
1497 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
1498 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
1499 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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1500 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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1501 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6555 | 1502 @end menu |
1503 | |
1504 @node File Name Components | |
1505 @subsection File Name Components | |
1506 @cindex directory part (of file name) | |
1507 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name) | |
1508 @cindex version number (in file name) | |
1509 | |
1510 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a | |
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1511 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that |
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1512 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main |
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1513 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part |
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1514 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty. |
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1515 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name. |
6555 | 1516 |
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1517 On most systems, the directory part is everything up to and including |
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1518 the last slash (backslash is also allowed in input on MS-DOS or |
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1519 MS-Windows); the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax |
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1520 are complicated. |
6555 | 1521 |
1522 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into | |
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1523 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On most systems, only |
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1524 backup files have version numbers in their names. On VMS, every file |
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1525 has a version number, but most of the time the file name actually used |
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1526 in Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are |
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1527 found mostly in directory lists. |
6555 | 1528 |
1529 @defun file-name-directory filename | |
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1530 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename}, as a |
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1531 directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), or @code{nil} if |
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1532 @var{filename} does not include a directory part. |
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1533 |
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1534 On GNU and Unix systems, a string returned by this function always |
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1535 ends in a slash. On MSDOS it can also end in a colon. On VMS, it |
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1536 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:}, |
6555 | 1537 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}. |
1538 | |
1539 @example | |
1540 @group | |
1541 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1542 @result{} "lewis/" | |
1543 @end group | |
1544 @group | |
1545 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1546 @result{} nil | |
1547 @end group | |
1548 @group | |
1549 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example} | |
1550 @result{} "[X]" | |
1551 @end group | |
1552 @end example | |
1553 @end defun | |
1554 | |
1555 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename | |
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1556 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}. |
6555 | 1557 |
1558 @example | |
1559 @group | |
1560 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo") | |
1561 @result{} "foo" | |
1562 @end group | |
1563 @group | |
1564 (file-name-nondirectory "foo") | |
1565 @result{} "foo" | |
1566 @end group | |
1567 @group | |
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1568 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/") |
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1569 @result{} "" |
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1570 @end group |
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1571 @group |
6555 | 1572 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.} |
1573 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP") | |
1574 @result{} "FOO.TMP" | |
1575 @end group | |
1576 @end example | |
1577 @end defun | |
1578 | |
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1579 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename &optional keep-backup-version |
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1580 This function returns @var{filename} with any file version numbers, |
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1581 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes discarded. |
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1582 |
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1583 If @var{keep-backup-version} is non-@code{nil}, then true file version |
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1584 numbers understood as such by the file system are discarded from the |
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1585 return value, but backup version numbers are kept. |
6555 | 1586 |
1587 @example | |
1588 @group | |
1589 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~") | |
1590 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1591 @end group | |
1592 @group | |
1593 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~") | |
1594 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1595 @end group | |
1596 @group | |
1597 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo") | |
1598 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1599 @end group | |
1600 @group | |
1601 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.} | |
1602 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23") | |
1603 @result{} "foo" | |
1604 @end group | |
1605 @end example | |
1606 @end defun | |
1607 | |
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1608 @defun file-name-extension filename &optional period |
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1609 This function returns @var{filename}'s final ``extension'', if any, |
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1610 after applying @code{file-name-sans-versions} to remove any |
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1611 version/backup part. The extension, in a file name, is the part that |
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1612 starts with the last @samp{.} in the last name component (minus |
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1613 any version/backup part). |
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1614 |
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1615 This function returns @code{nil} for extensionless file names such as |
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1616 @file{foo}. It returns @code{""} for null extensions, as in |
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1617 @file{foo.}. If the last component of a file name begins with a |
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1618 @samp{.}, that @samp{.} doesn't count as the beginning of an |
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1619 extension. Thus, @file{.emacs}'s ``extension'' is @code{nil}, not |
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1620 @samp{.emacs}. |
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1621 |
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1622 If @var{period} is non-@code{nil}, then the returned value includes |
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1623 the period that delimits the extension, and if @var{filename} has no |
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1624 extension, the value is @code{""}. |
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1625 @end defun |
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1626 |
12067 | 1627 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename |
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1628 This function returns @var{filename} minus its extension, if any. The |
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1629 version/backup part, if present, is only removed if the file has an |
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1630 extension. For example, |
12098 | 1631 |
1632 @example | |
1633 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c") | |
1634 @result{} "foo.lose" | |
1635 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo") | |
1636 @result{} "big.hack/foo" | |
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1637 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs") |
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1638 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs" |
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1639 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs.el") |
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1640 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs" |
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1641 (file-name-sans-extension "~/foo.el.~3~") |
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1642 @result{} "~/foo" |
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1643 (file-name-sans-extension "~/foo.~3~") |
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1644 @result{} "~/foo.~3~" |
12098 | 1645 @end example |
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1646 |
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1647 Note that the @samp{.~3~} in the two last examples is the backup part, |
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1648 not an extension. |
12067 | 1649 @end defun |
1650 | |
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1651 @ignore |
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1652 Andrew Innes says that this |
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1653 |
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1654 @c @defvar directory-sep-char |
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1655 @c @tindex directory-sep-char |
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1656 This variable holds the character that Emacs normally uses to separate |
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1657 file name components. The default value is @code{?/}, but on MS-Windows |
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1658 you can set it to @code{?\\}; then the functions that transform file names |
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1659 use backslashes in their output. |
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1660 |
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1661 File names using backslashes work as input to Lisp primitives even on |
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1662 MS-DOS and MS-Windows, even if @code{directory-sep-char} has its default |
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1663 value of @code{?/}. |
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1664 @end defvar |
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1665 @end ignore |
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1666 |
6555 | 1667 @node Relative File Names |
1668 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names | |
1669 @cindex absolute file name | |
1670 @cindex relative file name | |
1671 | |
1672 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the | |
1673 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names | |
1674 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute} | |
1675 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree | |
26696
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1676 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative} file |
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1677 name. On Unix and GNU/Linux, an absolute file name starts with a slash |
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1678 or a tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. On MS-DOS and |
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1679 MS-Windows, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a backslash, or |
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1680 with a drive specification @samp{@var{x}:/}, where @var{x} is the |
26696
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1681 @dfn{drive letter}. The rules on VMS are complicated. |
6555 | 1682 |
1683 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename | |
1684 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute | |
1685 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both | |
1686 Unix syntax and VMS syntax. | |
1687 | |
1688 @example | |
1689 @group | |
1690 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo") | |
1691 @result{} t | |
1692 @end group | |
1693 @group | |
1694 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo") | |
1695 @result{} nil | |
1696 @end group | |
1697 @group | |
1698 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo") | |
1699 @result{} t | |
1700 @end group | |
1701 @end example | |
1702 @end defun | |
1703 | |
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1704 @node Directory Names |
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1705 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1706 @subsection Directory Names |
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1707 @cindex directory name |
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1708 @cindex file name of directory |
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1709 |
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1710 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is |
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1711 actually a kind of file, so it has a file name, which is related to |
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1712 the directory name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the |
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1713 same as the usual Unix terminology.) These two different names for |
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1714 the same entity are related by a syntactic transformation. On GNU and |
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1715 Unix systems, this is simple: a directory name ends in a slash, |
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1716 whereas the directory's name as a file lacks that slash. On MSDOS and |
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1717 VMS, the relationship is more complicated. |
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1718 |
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1719 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is |
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1720 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is |
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1721 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not |
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1722 acceptable. When @code{file-name-directory} returns a string, that is |
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1723 always a directory name. |
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1724 |
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1725 The following two functions convert between directory names and file |
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1726 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions |
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1727 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, @samp{.} and @samp{..}. |
46956
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1728 |
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1729 @defun file-name-as-directory filename |
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1730 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form |
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1731 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. On |
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1732 most systems, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not |
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1733 already end in one). On VMS, the function converts a string of the form |
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1734 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}. |
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1735 |
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1736 @example |
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1737 @group |
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1738 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis") |
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1739 @result{} "~rms/lewis/" |
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1740 @end group |
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1741 @end example |
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1742 @end defun |
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1743 |
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1744 @defun directory-file-name dirname |
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1745 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that |
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1746 the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On most |
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1747 systems, this means removing the final slash (or backslash) from the |
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1748 string. On VMS, the function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} |
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1749 to @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}. |
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1750 |
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1751 @example |
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1752 @group |
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1753 (directory-file-name "~lewis/") |
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1754 @result{} "~lewis" |
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1755 @end group |
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1756 @end example |
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1757 @end defun |
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1758 |
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1759 Given a directory name, you can combine it with a relative file name |
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1760 using @code{concat}: |
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1761 |
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1762 @example |
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1763 (concat @var{dirname} @var{relfile}) |
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1764 @end example |
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1765 |
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1766 @noindent |
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1767 Be sure to verify that the file name is relative before doing that. |
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1768 If you use an absolute file name, the results could be syntactically |
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1769 invalid or refer to the wrong file. |
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1770 |
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1771 If you want to use a directory file name in making such a |
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1772 combination, you must first convert it to a directory name using |
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1773 @code{file-name-as-directory}: |
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1774 |
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1775 @example |
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1776 (concat (file-name-as-directory @var{dirfile}) @var{relfile}) |
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1777 @end example |
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1778 |
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1779 @noindent |
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1780 Don't try concatenating a slash by hand, as in |
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1781 |
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1782 @example |
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1783 ;;; @r{Wrong!} |
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1784 (concat @var{dirfile} "/" @var{relfile}) |
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1785 @end example |
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1786 |
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1787 @noindent |
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1788 because this is not portable. Always use |
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1789 @code{file-name-as-directory}. |
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1790 |
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1791 @cindex directory name abbreviation |
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1792 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are |
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1793 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize |
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1794 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it |
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1795 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link |
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1796 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the |
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1797 abbreviation instead. |
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1798 |
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1799 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist |
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1800 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of |
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1801 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form |
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1802 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with |
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1803 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is |
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1804 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}. |
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1805 The @var{to} string should be an ordinary absolute directory name. Do |
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1806 not use @samp{~} to stand for a home directory in that string. The |
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1807 function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions. |
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1808 |
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1809 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the |
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1810 abbreviations appropriate for your site. |
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1811 |
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1812 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf} |
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1813 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf} |
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1814 and so on. |
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1815 |
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1816 @example |
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1817 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf") |
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1818 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp") |
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1819 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd")) |
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1820 @end example |
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1821 @end defvar |
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1822 |
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1823 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this |
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1824 function: |
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1825 |
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1826 @anchor{Definition of abbreviate-file-name} |
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1827 @defun abbreviate-file-name filename |
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1828 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist} |
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1829 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home |
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1830 directory. You can use it for directory names and for file names, |
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1831 because it recognizes abbreviations even as part of the name. |
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1832 @end defun |
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1833 |
6555 | 1834 @node File Name Expansion |
1835 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames | |
1836 @cindex expansion of file names | |
1837 | |
1838 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name | |
1839 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory, | |
1840 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to | |
1841 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating | |
1842 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}. | |
1843 | |
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1844 In the next two functions, the @var{directory} argument can be either |
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1845 a directory name or a directory file name. @xref{Directory Names}. |
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1846 |
6555 | 1847 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory |
1848 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If | |
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1849 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the default directory to start with |
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1850 if @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should |
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1851 itself be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.) |
6555 | 1852 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is |
1853 used. For example: | |
1854 | |
1855 @example | |
1856 @group | |
1857 (expand-file-name "foo") | |
1858 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1859 @end group | |
1860 @group | |
1861 (expand-file-name "../foo") | |
1862 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1863 @end group | |
1864 @group | |
1865 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/") | |
1866 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo" | |
1867 @end group | |
1868 @group | |
1869 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1870 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo" | |
1871 @end group | |
1872 @end example | |
1873 | |
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1874 If the part of the combined file name before the first slash is |
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1875 @samp{~}, it expands to the value of the @env{HOME} environment |
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1876 variable (usually your home directory). If the part before the first |
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1877 slash is @samp{~@var{user}} and if @var{user} is a valid login name, |
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1878 it expands to @var{user}'s home directory. |
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1879 |
6555 | 1880 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their |
1881 canonical form: | |
1882 | |
1883 @example | |
1884 @group | |
1885 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo") | |
1886 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1887 @end group | |
1888 @end example | |
1889 | |
1890 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment | |
1891 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that. | |
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1892 |
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1893 Note also that @code{expand-file-name} does not follow symbolic links |
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1894 at any level. This results in a difference between the way |
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1895 @code{file-truename} and @code{expand-file-name} treat @samp{..}. |
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1896 Assuming that @samp{/tmp/bar} is a symbolic link to the directory |
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1897 @samp{/tmp/foo/bar} we get: |
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1898 |
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1899 @example |
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1900 @group |
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1901 (file-truename "/tmp/bar/../myfile") |
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1902 @result{} "/tmp/foo/myfile" |
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1903 @end group |
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1904 @group |
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1905 (expand-file-name "/tmp/bar/../myfile") |
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1906 @result{} "/tmp/myfile" |
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1907 @end group |
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1908 @end example |
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1909 |
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1910 If you may need to follow symbolic links preceding @samp{..}, you |
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1911 should make sure to call @code{file-truename} without prior direct or |
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1912 indirect calls to @code{expand-file-name}. @xref{Truenames}. |
6555 | 1913 @end defun |
1914 | |
1915 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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1916 @defun file-relative-name filename &optional directory |
6555 | 1917 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a |
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1918 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted |
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1919 relative to @var{directory}. If @var{directory} is omitted or |
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1920 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer's default directory. |
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1921 |
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1922 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device |
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1923 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based |
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1924 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In |
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1925 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute |
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1926 form. |
6555 | 1927 |
1928 @example | |
1929 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/") | |
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1930 @result{} "bar" |
6555 | 1931 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/") |
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1932 @result{} "../foo/bar" |
6555 | 1933 @end example |
1934 @end defun | |
1935 | |
1936 @defvar default-directory | |
1937 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the | |
1938 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start | |
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1939 with @samp{~}. This variable is buffer-local in every buffer. |
6555 | 1940 |
1941 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second | |
1942 argument is @code{nil}. | |
1943 | |
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1944 Aside from VMS, the value is always a string ending with a slash. |
6555 | 1945 |
1946 @example | |
1947 @group | |
1948 default-directory | |
1949 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/" | |
1950 @end group | |
1951 @end example | |
1952 @end defvar | |
1953 | |
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1954 @anchor{Definition of substitute-in-file-name} |
6555 | 1955 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename |
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1956 This function replaces environment variable references in |
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1957 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following |
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1958 standard Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an |
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1959 environment variable value. If the input contains @samp{$$}, that is |
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1960 converted to @samp{$}; this gives the user a way to ``quote'' a |
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1961 @samp{$}. |
6555 | 1962 |
1963 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters | |
1964 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following | |
1965 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the | |
1966 matching @samp{@}}. | |
1967 | |
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1968 Calling @code{substitute-in-file-name} on output produced by |
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1969 @code{substitute-in-file-name} tends to give incorrect results. For |
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1970 instance, use of @samp{$$} to quote a single @samp{$} won't work |
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1971 properly, and @samp{$} in an environment variable's value could lead |
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1972 to repeated substitution. Therefore, programs that call this function |
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1973 and put the output where it will be passed to this function need to |
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1974 double all @samp{$} characters to prevent subsequent incorrect |
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1975 results. |
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1976 |
6555 | 1977 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 |
1978 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds | |
1979 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}. | |
1980 | |
1981 @example | |
1982 @group | |
1983 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1984 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1985 @end group | |
1986 @end example | |
1987 | |
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1988 After substitution, if a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears immediately |
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1989 after another @samp{/}, the function discards everything before it (up |
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1990 through the immediately preceding @samp{/}). |
6555 | 1991 |
1992 @example | |
1993 @group | |
1994 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo") | |
1995 @result{} "~/foo" | |
1996 @end group | |
1997 @group | |
1998 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo") | |
1999 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
21007
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2000 ;; @r{@file{/usr/local/} has been discarded.} |
6555 | 2001 @end group |
2002 @end example | |
2003 | |
2004 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing | |
2005 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above. | |
2006 @end defun | |
2007 | |
2008 @node Unique File Names | |
2009 @subsection Generating Unique File Names | |
2010 | |
2011 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to | |
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2012 construct a name for such a file, starting in Emacs 21: |
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2013 |
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2014 @example |
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2015 (make-temp-file @var{name-of-application}) |
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2016 @end example |
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2017 |
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2018 @noindent |
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2019 The job of @code{make-temp-file} is to prevent two different users or |
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2020 two different jobs from trying to use the exact same file name. |
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2021 |
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2022 @defun make-temp-file prefix &optional dir-flag suffix |
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2023 @tindex make-temp-file |
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2024 This function creates a temporary file and returns its name. |
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2025 The name starts with @var{prefix}; it also contains a number that is |
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2026 different in each Emacs job. If @var{prefix} is a relative file name, |
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2027 it is expanded against @code{temporary-file-directory}. |
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2028 |
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2029 @example |
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2030 @group |
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2031 (make-temp-file "foo") |
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2032 @result{} "/tmp/foo232J6v" |
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2033 @end group |
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2034 @end example |
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2035 |
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2036 When @code{make-temp-file} returns, the file has been created and is |
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2037 empty. At that point, you should write the intended contents into the |
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2038 file. |
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2039 |
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2040 If @var{dir-flag} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} creates an |
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2041 empty directory instead of an empty file. It returns the file name, |
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2042 not the directory name, of that directory. @xref{Directory Names}. |
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2043 |
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2044 If @var{suffix} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} adds it at |
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|
2045 the end of the file name. |
25751
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2046 |
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2047 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same |
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2048 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-file} should have its |
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2049 own @var{prefix}. The number added to the end of @var{prefix} |
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2050 distinguishes between the same application running in different Emacs |
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2051 jobs. Additional added characters permit a large number of distinct |
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2052 names even in one Emacs job. |
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2053 @end defun |
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2054 |
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2055 The default directory for temporary files is controlled by the |
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2056 variable @code{temporary-file-directory}. This variable gives the user |
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2057 a uniform way to specify the directory for all temporary files. Some |
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2058 programs use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} instead, if that is |
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2059 non-@code{nil}. To use it, you should expand the prefix against |
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2060 the proper directory before calling @code{make-temp-file}. |
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2061 |
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2062 In older Emacs versions where @code{make-temp-file} does not exist, |
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2063 you should use @code{make-temp-name} instead: |
6555 | 2064 |
2065 @example | |
21007
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2066 (make-temp-name |
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2067 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application} |
22138
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2068 temporary-file-directory)) |
6555 | 2069 @end example |
2070 | |
2071 @defun make-temp-name string | |
22271
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2072 This function generates a string that can be used as a unique file name. |
22138
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2073 The name starts with @var{string}, and contains a number that is |
25751
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2074 different in each Emacs job. It is like @code{make-temp-file} except |
54861
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|
2075 that it just constructs a name, and does not create a file. Another |
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|
2076 difference is that @var{string} should be an absolute file name. On |
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2077 MS-DOS, this function can truncate the @var{string} prefix to fit into |
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2078 the 8+3 file-name limits. |
6555 | 2079 @end defun |
2080 | |
22138
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2081 @defvar temporary-file-directory |
25751
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2082 @cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable |
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2083 @cindex @code{TMP} environment variable |
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2084 @cindex @code{TEMP} environment variable |
22138
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2085 This variable specifies the directory name for creating temporary files. |
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2086 Its value should be a directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), but it |
22271
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2087 is good for Lisp programs to cope if the value is a directory's file |
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2088 name instead. Using the value as the second argument to |
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2089 @code{expand-file-name} is a good way to achieve that. |
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2090 |
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2091 The default value is determined in a reasonable way for your operating |
25751
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2092 system; it is based on the @code{TMPDIR}, @code{TMP} and @code{TEMP} |
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2093 environment variables, with a fall-back to a system-dependent name if |
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2094 none of these variables is defined. |
22138
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2095 |
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2096 Even if you do not use @code{make-temp-file} to create the temporary |
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|
2097 file, you should still use this variable to decide which directory to |
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|
2098 put the file in. However, if you expect the file to be small, you |
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|
2099 should use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} first if that is |
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|
2100 non-@code{nil}. |
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2101 @end defvar |
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2102 |
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2103 @tindex small-temporary-file-directory |
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2104 @defvar small-temporary-file-directory |
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2105 This variable (new in Emacs 21) specifies the directory name for |
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2106 creating certain temporary files, which are likely to be small. |
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2107 |
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|
2108 If you want to write a temporary file which is likely to be small, you |
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2109 should compute the directory like this: |
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2110 |
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2111 @example |
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2112 (make-temp-file |
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2113 (expand-file-name @var{prefix} |
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2114 (or small-temporary-file-directory |
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|
2115 temporary-file-directory))) |
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2116 @end example |
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2117 @end defvar |
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2118 |
6555 | 2119 @node File Name Completion |
2120 @subsection File Name Completion | |
2121 @cindex file name completion subroutines | |
2122 @cindex completion, file name | |
2123 | |
2124 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file | |
2125 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}. | |
2126 | |
2127 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory | |
2128 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file | |
2129 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory | |
2130 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files | |
2131 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful | |
2132 information. | |
2133 | |
2134 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no | |
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2135 directory part and no slash (or backslash on some systems). The current |
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|
2136 buffer's default directory is prepended to @var{directory}, if |
cda2b6ed6aec
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
28608
diff
changeset
|
2137 @var{directory} is not absolute. |
6555 | 2138 |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2139 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2140 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: |
6555 | 2141 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and |
2142 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
2143 | |
2144 @example | |
2145 @group | |
2146 (file-name-all-completions "f" "") | |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2147 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~" |
6555 | 2148 "file.c.~1~" "file.c") |
2149 @end group | |
2150 | |
2151 @group | |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
47980
diff
changeset
|
2152 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "") |
6555 | 2153 @result{} ("foo") |
2154 @end group | |
2155 @end example | |
2156 @end defun | |
2157 | |
2158 @defun file-name-completion filename directory | |
2159 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory | |
2160 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names | |
2161 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}. | |
2162 | |
2163 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the | |
2164 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory | |
2165 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}. | |
2166 | |
2167 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory | |
2168 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo}, | |
2169 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and | |
2170 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
2171 | |
2172 @example | |
2173 @group | |
2174 (file-name-completion "fi" "") | |
2175 @result{} "file" | |
2176 @end group | |
2177 | |
2178 @group | |
2179 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "") | |
2180 @result{} "file.c.~1~" | |
2181 @end group | |
2182 | |
2183 @group | |
2184 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "") | |
2185 @result{} t | |
2186 @end group | |
2187 | |
2188 @group | |
2189 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "") | |
2190 @result{} nil | |
2191 @end group | |
2192 @end example | |
2193 @end defun | |
2194 | |
2195 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions | |
2196 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any | |
2197 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible | |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2198 completions end in one of these suffixes. This variable has no effect |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2199 on @code{file-name-all-completions}.@refill |
6555 | 2200 |
2201 A typical value might look like this: | |
2202 | |
2203 @example | |
2204 @group | |
2205 completion-ignored-extensions | |
2206 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi") | |
2207 @end group | |
2208 @end example | |
39883
416c492df7c3
(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39296
diff
changeset
|
2209 |
416c492df7c3
(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39296
diff
changeset
|
2210 If an element of @code{completion-ignored-extensions} ends in a slash |
416c492df7c3
(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39296
diff
changeset
|
2211 @samp{/}, it signals a directory. The elements which do @emph{not} end |
416c492df7c3
(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39296
diff
changeset
|
2212 in a slash will never match a directory; thus, the above value will not |
416c492df7c3
(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39296
diff
changeset
|
2213 filter out a directory named @file{foo.elc}. |
6555 | 2214 @end defopt |
2215 | |
15765
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New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2216 @node Standard File Names |
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New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2217 @subsection Standard File Names |
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New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2218 |
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New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2219 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user. |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2220 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2221 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2222 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2223 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion} |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2224 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2225 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2226 purposes. |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2227 |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2228 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2229 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2230 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2231 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2232 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do. |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2233 |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2234 @defun convert-standard-filename filename |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2235 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2236 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string. |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2237 @end defun |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2238 |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2239 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2240 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems, |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2241 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2242 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2243 is an example from the @code{completion} package: |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2244 |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2245 @example |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2246 (defvar save-completions-file-name |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2247 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2248 "*The file name to save completions to.") |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2249 @end example |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2250 |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2251 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well, |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2252 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On |
22138
d4ac295a98b3
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21682
diff
changeset
|
2253 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the system's conventions. |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2254 |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2255 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2256 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2257 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2258 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2259 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.) |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2260 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2261 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}. |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2262 |
6555 | 2263 @node Contents of Directories |
2264 @section Contents of Directories | |
2265 @cindex directory-oriented functions | |
2266 @cindex file names in directory | |
2267 | |
2268 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under | |
2269 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system. | |
2270 | |
2271 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list, | |
2272 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In | |
2273 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file, | |
2274 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command. | |
2275 | |
2276 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort | |
2277 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory | |
2278 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order. | |
2279 | |
2280 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files' | |
2281 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to | |
2282 the specified directory. | |
2283 | |
2284 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only | |
2285 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the | |
2286 other file names are excluded from the list. | |
2287 | |
2288 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
2289 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort | |
2290 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if | |
2291 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files | |
2292 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user, | |
2293 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names. | |
2294 | |
2295 @example | |
2296 @group | |
2297 (directory-files "~lewis") | |
2298 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".." | |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
47980
diff
changeset
|
2299 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi" |
6555 | 2300 "files.texi.~1~") |
2301 @end group | |
2302 @end example | |
2303 | |
2304 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory | |
2305 that can be read. | |
2306 @end defun | |
2307 | |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2308 @defun directory-files-and-attributes directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort id-format |
53425
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2309 This is similar to @code{directory-files} in deciding which files |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2310 to report on and how to report their names. However, instead |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2311 of returning a list of file names, it returns for each file a |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2312 list @code{(@var{filename} . @var{attributes})}, where @var{attributes} |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2313 is what @code{file-attributes} would return for that file. |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2314 The optional argument @var{id-format} has the same meaning as the |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2315 corresponding argument to @code{file-attributes} (@pxref{Definition |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2316 of file-attributes}). |
53425
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2317 @end defun |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
53109
diff
changeset
|
2318 |
6555 | 2319 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname |
2320 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named | |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2321 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}. It is only available on VMS. |
6555 | 2322 @end defun |
2323 | |
24951
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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22271
diff
changeset
|
2324 @tindex file-expand-wildcards |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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22271
diff
changeset
|
2325 @defun file-expand-wildcards pattern &optional full |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2326 This function expands the wildcard pattern @var{pattern}, returning |
24952 | 2327 a list of file names that match it. |
24951
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2328 |
24952 | 2329 If @var{pattern} is written as an absolute file name, |
24951
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2330 the values are absolute also. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2331 |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2332 If @var{pattern} is written as a relative file name, it is interpreted |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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22271
diff
changeset
|
2333 relative to the current default directory. The file names returned are |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2334 normally also relative to the current default directory. However, if |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2335 @var{full} is non-@code{nil}, they are absolute. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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22271
diff
changeset
|
2336 @end defun |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22271
diff
changeset
|
2337 |
6555 | 2338 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p |
7735
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2339 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for |
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2340 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to |
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2341 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text. |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2342 @var{switches} may be a string of options, or a list of strings |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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54025
diff
changeset
|
2343 representing individual options. |
6555 | 2344 |
7735
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2345 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file |
6555 | 2346 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is |
2347 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with | |
2348 wildcards. | |
2349 | |
22138
d4ac295a98b3
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21682
diff
changeset
|
2350 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means the directory |
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parents:
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|
2351 listing is expected to show the full contents of a directory. You |
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|
2352 should specify @code{t} when @var{file} is a directory and switches do |
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|
2353 not contain @samp{-d}. (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to |
d4ac295a98b3
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|
2354 describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its |
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|
2355 contents.) |
6555 | 2356 |
25751
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parents:
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diff
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|
2357 On most systems, this function works by running a directory listing |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2358 program whose name is in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. |
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parents:
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|
2359 If @var{wildcard} is non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by |
6555 | 2360 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards. |
25751
467b88fab665
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|
2361 |
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|
2362 MS-DOS and MS-Windows systems usually lack the standard Unix program |
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parents:
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diff
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|
2363 @code{ls}, so this function emulates the standard Unix program @code{ls} |
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parents:
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diff
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|
2364 with Lisp code. |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2365 |
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Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2366 As a technical detail, when @var{switches} contains the long |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2367 @samp{--dired} option, @code{insert-directory} treats it specially, |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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diff
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|
2368 for the sake of dired. However, the normally equivalent short |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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diff
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|
2369 @samp{-D} option is just passed on to @code{insert-directory-program}, |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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diff
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|
2370 as any other option. |
6555 | 2371 @end defun |
2372 | |
2373 @defvar insert-directory-program | |
2374 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing | |
25751
467b88fab665
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|
2375 for the function @code{insert-directory}. It is ignored on systems |
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parents:
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|
2376 which generate the listing with Lisp code. |
6555 | 2377 @end defvar |
2378 | |
2379 @node Create/Delete Dirs | |
2380 @section Creating and Deleting Directories | |
2381 @c Emacs 19 features | |
2382 | |
7735
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|
2383 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on |
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|
2384 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory |
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|
2385 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and |
7db892210924
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|
2386 delete directories. |
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parents:
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|
2387 |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25751
diff
changeset
|
2388 @defun make-directory dirname &optional parents |
6555 | 2389 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}. |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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|
2390 If @var{parents} is non-@code{nil}, as is always the case in an |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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|
2391 interactive call, that means to create the parent directories first, |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2392 if they don't already exist. |
6555 | 2393 @end defun |
2394 | |
2395 @defun delete-directory dirname | |
2396 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function | |
2397 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you | |
12098 | 2398 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains |
2399 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error. | |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2400 |
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Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2401 This function only follows symbolic links at the level of parent |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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|
2402 directories. |
6555 | 2403 @end defun |
2404 | |
2405 @node Magic File Names | |
2406 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic'' | |
2407 @cindex magic file names | |
2408 | |
2409 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
21007
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|
2410 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2411 called making those names @dfn{magic}. The principal use for this |
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|
2412 feature is in implementing remote file names (@pxref{Remote Files,, |
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parents:
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|
2413 Remote Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2414 |
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|
2415 To define a kind of magic file name, you must supply a regular |
7735
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|
2416 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the |
6555 | 2417 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive |
2418 Emacs file operations for file names that do match. | |
2419 | |
21007
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|
2420 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers, |
6555 | 2421 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each |
2422 handler. Each element has this form: | |
2423 | |
2424 @example | |
2425 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler}) | |
2426 @end example | |
2427 | |
2428 @noindent | |
2429 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation | |
2430 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If | |
2431 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by | |
2432 calling @var{handler}. | |
2433 | |
54861
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Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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|
2434 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2435 primitive, as a symbol; the remaining arguments are the arguments that |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2436 were passed to that primitive. (The first of these arguments is most |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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|
2437 often the file name itself.) For example, if you do this: |
6555 | 2438 |
2439 @example | |
2440 (file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
2441 @end example | |
2442 | |
2443 @noindent | |
2444 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is | |
2445 called like this: | |
2446 | |
2447 @example | |
2448 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
2449 @end example | |
2450 | |
37582
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2451 When a function takes two or more arguments that must be file names, |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2452 it checks each of those names for a handler. For example, if you do |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2453 this: |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2454 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2455 @example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2456 (expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname}) |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2457 @end example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2458 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2459 @noindent |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2460 then it checks for a handler for @var{filename} and then for a handler |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2461 for @var{dirname}. In either case, the @var{handler} is called like |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2462 this: |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2463 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2464 @example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2465 (funcall @var{handler} 'expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname}) |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2466 @end example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2467 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2468 @noindent |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2469 The @var{handler} then needs to figure out whether to handle |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2470 @var{filename} or @var{dirname}. |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2471 |
51913
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51793
diff
changeset
|
2472 If the specified file name matches more than one handler, the one |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51793
diff
changeset
|
2473 whose match starts last in the file name gets precedence. This rule |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51793
diff
changeset
|
2474 is chosen so that handlers for jobs such as uncompression are handled |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51793
diff
changeset
|
2475 first, before handlers for jobs such as remote file access. |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51793
diff
changeset
|
2476 |
7735
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changeset
|
2477 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle: |
6555 | 2478 |
27193 | 2479 @ifnottex |
6555 | 2480 @noindent |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2481 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2482 @code{byte-compiler-base-file-name},@* |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2483 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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|
2484 @code{delete-file}, |
12226 | 2485 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
6555 | 2486 @code{directory-file-name}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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changeset
|
2487 @code{directory-files}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2488 @code{directory-files-and-attributes}, |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2489 @code{dired-call-process}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2490 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},@* |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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|
2491 @code{expand-file-name}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
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parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2492 @code{file-accessible-directory-p}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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|
2493 @code{file-attributes}, |
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parents:
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|
2494 @code{file-directory-p}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2495 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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|
2496 @code{file-local-copy}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2497 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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|
2498 @code{file-name-as-directory}, |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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|
2499 @code{file-name-completion}, |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2500 @code{file-name-directory}, |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2501 @code{file-name-nondirectory}, |
6555 | 2502 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2503 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p}, |
11626
0b86aef0c387
Mention file-regular-p operation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
8364
diff
changeset
|
2504 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
12226 | 2505 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2506 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2507 @code{find-file-noselect},@* |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2508 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
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|
2509 @code{insert-directory}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2510 @code{insert-file-contents},@* |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2511 @code{load}, @code{make-directory}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2512 @code{make-directory-internal}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2513 @code{make-symbolic-link},@* |
55192
dd5538a91d27
(Changing Files): Document set-file-times.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
54861
diff
changeset
|
2514 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, @code{set-file-times}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2515 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2516 @code{substitute-in-file-name},@* |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2517 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory}, |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2518 @code{vc-registered}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2519 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@* |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2520 @code{write-region}. |
27193 | 2521 @end ifnottex |
22271
71f954d59214
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2522 @iftex |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2523 @noindent |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2524 @flushleft |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2525 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2526 @code{byte-com@discretionary{}{}{}piler-base-file-name}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2527 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2528 @code{delete-file}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2529 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2530 @code{directory-file-name}, |
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*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2531 @code{directory-files}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2532 @code{directory-files-and-at@discretionary{}{}{}tributes}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2533 @code{dired-call-process}, |
71f954d59214
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
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|
2534 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2535 @code{expand-file-name}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2536 @code{file-accessible-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2537 @code{file-attributes}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2538 @code{file-direct@discretionary{}{}{}ory-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2539 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2540 @code{file-local-copy}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2541 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2542 @code{file-name-as-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2543 @code{file-name-completion}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2544 @code{file-name-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2545 @code{file-name-nondirec@discretionary{}{}{}tory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2546 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2547 @code{file-ownership-pre@discretionary{}{}{}served-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
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|
2548 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2549 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2550 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2551 @code{find-file-noselect}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
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|
2552 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
71f954d59214
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parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2553 @code{insert-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2554 @code{insert-file-contents}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2555 @code{load}, @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2556 @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-internal}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2557 @code{make-symbolic-link}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2558 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
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|
2559 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2560 @code{substitute-in-file-name}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2561 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2562 @code{vc-regis@discretionary{}{}{}tered}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2563 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2564 @code{write-region}. |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
24952
diff
changeset
|
2565 @end flushleft |
22271
71f954d59214
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parents:
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changeset
|
2566 @end iftex |
6555 | 2567 |
8118
56b5ed321f8d
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parents:
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|
2568 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the |
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7735
diff
changeset
|
2569 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the |
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7735
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|
2570 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of |
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2571 unlocking the buffer if it is locked. |
56b5ed321f8d
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parents:
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|
2572 |
6555 | 2573 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and |
7735
7db892210924
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parents:
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|
2574 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all |
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parents:
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|
2575 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a |
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parents:
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|
2576 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the |
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parents:
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|
2577 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive |
7db892210924
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2578 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this: |
6555 | 2579 |
7088
5a93e6fb43a4
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parents:
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diff
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|
2580 @smallexample |
6555 | 2581 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args) |
2582 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations} | |
2583 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.} | |
2584 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{}) | |
2585 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{}) | |
2586 @dots{} | |
2587 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.} | |
7088
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parents:
6555
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|
2588 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2589 (cons 'my-file-handler |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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|
2590 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation) |
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|
2591 inhibit-file-name-handlers))) |
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parents:
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|
2592 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation)) |
6555 | 2593 (apply operation args))))) |
7088
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parents:
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|
2594 @end smallexample |
6555 | 2595 |
7088
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|
2596 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for |
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parents:
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|
2597 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling |
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parents:
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|
2598 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The |
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parents:
6555
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|
2599 example above shows how to do this, with the variables |
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parents:
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|
2600 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and |
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parents:
6555
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|
2601 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as |
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parents:
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|
2602 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of |
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parents:
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|
2603 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may |
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|
2604 each have handlers. |
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|
2605 |
51020
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
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|
2606 @kindex safe-magic (@r{property}) |
53531
5bd5de5e98c2
(Saving Buffers): Clarify descriptions of `write-contents-functions'
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
53505
diff
changeset
|
2607 Handlers that don't really do anything special for actual access to the |
51020
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2608 file---such as the ones that implement completion of host names for |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
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|
2609 remote file names---should have a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic} |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
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|
2610 property. For instance, Emacs normally ``protects'' directory names |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
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|
2611 it finds in @code{PATH} from becoming magic, if they look like magic |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
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|
2612 file names, by prefixing them with @samp{/:}. But if the handler that |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2613 would be used for them has a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic} |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
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|
2614 property, the @samp{/:} is not added. |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
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parents:
50501
diff
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|
2615 |
7088
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|
2616 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers |
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|
2617 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited |
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|
2618 for a certain operation. |
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|
2619 @end defvar |
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|
2620 |
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|
2621 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation |
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|
2622 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited. |
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|
2623 @end defvar |
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|
2624 |
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|
2625 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation |
6555 | 2626 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or |
7088
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2627 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the |
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|
2628 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the |
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|
2629 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed |
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diff
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|
2630 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. |
6555 | 2631 @end defun |
2632 | |
2633 @defun file-local-copy filename | |
52143
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2634 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2635 on the local machine, if it isn't on the local machine already. Magic |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2636 file names should handle the @code{file-local-copy} operation if they |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2637 refer to files on other machines. A magic file name that is used for |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2638 other purposes than remote file access should not handle |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2639 @code{file-local-copy}; then this function will treat the file as |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2640 local. |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2641 |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2642 If @var{filename} is local, whether magic or not, this function does |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
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2643 nothing and returns @code{nil}. Otherwise it returns the file name |
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2644 of the local copy file. |
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2645 @end defun |
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2646 |
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2647 @defun file-remote-p filename |
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2648 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is a remote file---that is, |
52143
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2649 a magic file name that handles @code{file-local-copy}. |
6555 | 2650 @end defun |
2651 | |
2652 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename | |
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2653 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic. It |
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2654 uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic. For a |
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2655 magic file name, it invokes the file name handler, which therefore |
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2656 decides what value to return. |
6555 | 2657 |
2658 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a | |
2659 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function | |
2660 is a good way to come up with one. | |
2661 @end defun | |
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2662 |
12067 | 2663 @node Format Conversion |
2664 @section File Format Conversion | |
2665 | |
2666 @cindex file format conversion | |
2667 @cindex encoding file formats | |
2668 @cindex decoding file formats | |
2669 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats}, | |
12098 | 2670 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text, |
12067 | 2671 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer. |
12098 | 2672 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing |
2673 files. | |
12067 | 2674 |
2675 @defvar format-alist | |
2676 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format. | |
2677 @end defvar | |
2678 | |
2679 @cindex format definition | |
2680 Each format definition is a list of this form: | |
2681 | |
2682 @example | |
2683 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn}) | |
2684 @end example | |
2685 | |
2686 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean: | |
2687 | |
2688 @table @var | |
2689 @item name | |
2690 The name of this format. | |
2691 | |
2692 @item doc-string | |
2693 A documentation string for the format. | |
2694 | |
2695 @item regexp | |
2696 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in | |
2697 this format. | |
2698 | |
2699 @item from-fn | |
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2700 A shell command or function to decode data in this format (to convert |
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2701 file data into the usual Emacs data representation). |
12067 | 2702 |
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2703 A shell command is represented as a string; Emacs runs the command as a |
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2704 filter to perform the conversion. |
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2705 |
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2706 If @var{from-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin} |
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2707 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. |
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2708 It should convert the text by editing it in place. Since this can |
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2709 change the length of the text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified |
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2710 end position. |
12067 | 2711 |
12098 | 2712 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning |
12067 | 2713 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to |
2714 get called again. | |
2715 | |
2716 @item to-fn | |
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2717 A shell command or function to encode data in this format---that is, to |
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2718 convert the usual Emacs data representation into this format. |
12067 | 2719 |
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2720 If @var{to-fn} is a string, it is a shell command; Emacs runs the |
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2721 command as a filter to perform the conversion. |
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2722 |
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2723 If @var{to-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin} |
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2724 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. |
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2725 There are two ways it can do the conversion: |
12067 | 2726 |
2727 @itemize @bullet | |
2728 @item | |
2729 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should | |
2730 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified. | |
2731 | |
2732 @item | |
2733 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the | |
2734 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
2735 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and | |
2736 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in | |
2737 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it. | |
2738 | |
2739 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
2740 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
2741 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
2742 @end itemize | |
2743 | |
2744 @item modify | |
2745 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and | |
2746 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations. | |
2747 | |
27259
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2748 @item mode-fn |
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2749 A minor-mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this |
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2750 format. The function is called with one argument, the integer 1; |
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2751 that tells a minor-mode function to enable the mode. |
12067 | 2752 @end table |
2753 | |
2754 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file | |
2755 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the | |
2756 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format | |
2757 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for | |
2758 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again. | |
2759 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable. | |
2760 | |
2761 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use | |
2762 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls | |
12098 | 2763 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each |
2764 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the | |
2765 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
12067 | 2766 |
2767 @defvar buffer-file-format | |
12098 | 2768 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely, |
2769 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course | |
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2770 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always buffer-local in all |
12067 | 2771 buffers. |
2772 @end defvar | |
2773 | |
2774 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the | |
12098 | 2775 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format}, |
2776 in the order of appearance in the list. | |
12067 | 2777 |
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2778 @deffn Command format-write-file file format &optional confirm |
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2779 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file |
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2780 @var{file} in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default |
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2781 for future saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list |
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2782 of format names. Except for the @var{format} argument, this command |
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2783 is similar to @code{write-file}. In particular, @var{confirm} has the |
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2784 same meaning and interactive treatment as the corresponding argument |
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2785 to @code{write-file}. @xref{Definition of write-file}. |
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2786 @end deffn |
12067 | 2787 |
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2788 @deffn Command format-find-file file format |
12226 | 2789 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to |
2790 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the | |
2791 buffer is saved later. | |
2792 | |
2793 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2794 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2795 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
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2796 @end deffn |
12226 | 2797 |
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2798 @deffn Command format-insert-file file format &optional beg end |
12226 | 2799 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it |
2800 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are | |
2801 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in | |
2802 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}). | |
2803 | |
2804 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a | |
2805 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted | |
2806 (after conversion). | |
2807 | |
2808 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2809 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2810 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
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2811 @end deffn |
12226 | 2812 |
12067 | 2813 @defvar auto-save-file-format |
2814 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is | |
2815 a list of format names, just like the value of | |
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2816 @code{buffer-file-format}; however, it is used instead of |
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2817 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. If the value |
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2818 is @code{t}, the default, auto-saving uses the same format as a |
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2819 regular save in the same buffer. This variable is always buffer-local |
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2820 in all buffers. |
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2821 @end defvar |
52401 | 2822 |
2823 @ignore | |
2824 arch-tag: 141f74ce-6ae3-40dc-a6c4-ef83fc4ec35c | |
2825 @end ignore |