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annotate man/custom.texi @ 68890:f28141279aa2
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 14 Feb 2006 15:32:55 +0000 |
parents | 4ea80a7bd411 |
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rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Customization, Quitting, Amusements, Top | |
6 @chapter Customization | |
7 @cindex customization | |
8 | |
9 This chapter talks about various topics relevant to adapting the | |
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10 behavior of Emacs in minor ways. |
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11 @iftex |
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12 See @cite{The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual} |
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13 @end iftex |
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14 @ifnottex |
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15 @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp, Emacs Lisp, elisp, The Emacs Lisp |
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16 Reference Manual}, |
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17 @end ifnottex |
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18 for how to make more far-reaching changes. @xref{X Resources}, |
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19 for information on using X resources to customize Emacs. |
25829 | 20 |
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21 Customization that you do within Emacs normally affects only the |
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22 particular Emacs session that you do it in---it does not persist |
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23 between sessions unless you save the customization in a file such as |
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24 @file{.emacs} or @file{.Xdefaults} that will affect future sessions. |
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25 @xref{Init File}. In the customization buffer, when you save |
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26 customizations for future sessions, this actually works by editing |
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27 @file{.emacs} for you. |
25829 | 28 |
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29 Another means of customization is the keyboard macro, which is a |
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30 sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
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31 @xref{Keyboard Macros}, for full instruction how to record, manage, and |
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32 replay sequences of keys. |
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33 |
25829 | 34 @menu |
35 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
36 independently of any others. | |
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37 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change settings. |
25829 | 38 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
39 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
40 you can control their functioning. | |
41 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
42 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
43 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
62475 | 44 expressions are parsed. |
25829 | 45 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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46 @file{.emacs} file. |
25829 | 47 @end menu |
48 | |
49 @node Minor Modes | |
50 @section Minor Modes | |
51 @cindex minor modes | |
52 @cindex mode, minor | |
53 | |
54 Minor modes are optional features which you can turn on or off. For | |
55 example, Auto Fill mode is a minor mode in which @key{SPC} breaks lines | |
56 between words as you type. All the minor modes are independent of each | |
57 other and of the selected major mode. Most minor modes say in the mode | |
58 line when they are on; for example, @samp{Fill} in the mode line means | |
59 that Auto Fill mode is on. | |
60 | |
61 Append @code{-mode} to the name of a minor mode to get the name of a | |
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62 command that turns the mode on or off. Thus, the command to |
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63 enable or disable Auto Fill mode is called @code{auto-fill-mode}. These |
25829 | 64 commands are usually invoked with @kbd{M-x}, but you can bind keys to them |
65 if you wish. With no argument, the function turns the mode on if it was | |
66 off and off if it was on. This is known as @dfn{toggling}. A positive | |
67 argument always turns the mode on, and an explicit zero argument or a | |
68 negative argument always turns it off. | |
69 | |
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70 Some minor modes are global: while enabled, they affect everything |
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71 you do in the Emacs session, in all buffers. Other minor modes are |
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72 buffer-local; they apply only to the current buffer, so you can enable |
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73 the mode in certain buffers and not others. |
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74 |
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75 For most minor modes, the command name is also the name of a |
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76 variable. The variable's value is non-@code{nil} if the mode is |
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77 enabled and @code{nil} if it is disabled. Some minor-mode commands |
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78 work by just setting the variable. For example, the command |
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79 @code{abbrev-mode} works by setting the value of @code{abbrev-mode} as |
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80 a variable; it is this variable that directly turns Abbrev mode on and |
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81 off. You can directly set the variable's value instead of calling the |
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82 mode function. For other minor modes, you need to either set the |
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83 variable through the Customize interface or call the mode function to |
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84 correctly enable or disable the mode. To check which of these two |
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85 possibilities applies to a given minor mode, use @kbd{C-h v} to ask |
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86 for documentation on the variable name. |
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87 |
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88 For minor mode commands that work by just setting the minor mode |
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89 variable, that variable provides a good way for Lisp programs to turn |
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90 minor modes on and off; it is also useful in a file's local variables |
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91 list (@pxref{File Variables}). But please think twice before setting |
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92 minor modes with a local variables list, because most minor modes are |
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93 a matter of user preference---other users editing the same file might |
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94 not want the same minor modes you prefer. |
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95 |
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96 The most useful buffer-local minor modes include Abbrev mode, Auto |
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97 Fill mode, Auto Save mode, Font-Lock mode, Glasses mode, ISO Accents |
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98 mode, Outline minor mode, Overwrite mode, and Binary Overwrite mode. |
25829 | 99 |
100 Abbrev mode allows you to define abbreviations that automatically expand | |
101 as you type them. For example, @samp{amd} might expand to @samp{abbrev | |
102 mode}. @xref{Abbrevs}, for full information. | |
103 | |
104 Auto Fill mode allows you to enter filled text without breaking lines | |
105 explicitly. Emacs inserts newlines as necessary to prevent lines from | |
106 becoming too long. @xref{Filling}. | |
107 | |
108 Auto Save mode causes the contents of a buffer to be saved | |
109 periodically to reduce the amount of work you can lose in case of a | |
110 system crash. @xref{Auto Save}. | |
111 | |
112 Enriched mode enables editing and saving of formatted text. | |
113 @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
114 | |
115 Flyspell mode automatically highlights misspelled words. | |
116 @xref{Spelling}. | |
117 | |
118 Font-Lock mode automatically highlights certain textual units found in | |
119 programs, such as comments, strings, and function names being defined. | |
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120 This requires a graphical display that can show multiple fonts. |
25829 | 121 @xref{Faces}. |
122 | |
123 ISO Accents mode makes the characters @samp{`}, @samp{'}, @samp{"}, | |
124 @samp{^}, @samp{/} and @samp{~} combine with the following letter, to | |
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125 produce an accented letter in the ISO Latin-1 character set. The |
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126 newer and more general feature of input methods more or less |
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127 supersedes ISO Accents mode. @xref{Unibyte Mode}. |
25829 | 128 |
129 Outline minor mode provides the same facilities as the major mode | |
130 called Outline mode; but since it is a minor mode instead, you can | |
131 combine it with any major mode. @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
132 | |
133 @cindex Overwrite mode | |
134 @cindex mode, Overwrite | |
135 Overwrite mode causes ordinary printing characters to replace existing | |
136 text instead of shoving it to the right. For example, if point is in | |
137 front of the @samp{B} in @samp{FOOBAR}, then in Overwrite mode typing a | |
138 @kbd{G} changes it to @samp{FOOGAR}, instead of producing @samp{FOOGBAR} | |
139 as usual. In Overwrite mode, the command @kbd{C-q} inserts the next | |
140 character whatever it may be, even if it is a digit---this gives you a | |
141 way to insert a character instead of replacing an existing character. | |
142 | |
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143 @findex overwrite-mode |
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144 @kindex INSERT |
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145 The command @code{overwrite-mode} is an exception to the rule that |
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146 commands which toggle minor modes are normally not bound to keys: it is |
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147 bound to the @key{INSERT} function key. This is because many other |
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148 programs bind @key{INSERT} to similar functions. |
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149 |
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150 @findex binary-overwrite-mode |
25829 | 151 Binary Overwrite mode is a variant of Overwrite mode for editing |
152 binary files; it treats newlines and tabs like other characters, so that | |
153 they overwrite other characters and can be overwritten by them. | |
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154 In Binary Overwrite mode, digits after @kbd{C-q} specify an |
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155 octal character code, as usual. |
25829 | 156 |
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157 Here are some useful minor modes that normally apply to all buffers |
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158 at once. Since Line Number mode and Transient Mark mode can be |
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159 enabled or disabled just by setting the value of the minor mode |
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160 variable, you @emph{can} set them differently for particular buffers, |
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161 by explicitly making the corresponding variable local in those |
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162 buffers. @xref{Locals}. |
25829 | 163 |
164 Icomplete mode displays an indication of available completions when | |
165 you are in the minibuffer and completion is active. @xref{Completion | |
166 Options}. | |
167 | |
168 Line Number mode enables continuous display in the mode line of the | |
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169 line number of point, and Column Number mode enables display of the |
28126 | 170 column number. @xref{Mode Line}. |
25829 | 171 |
172 Scroll Bar mode gives each window a scroll bar (@pxref{Scroll Bars}). | |
173 Menu Bar mode gives each frame a menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bars}). Both of | |
174 these modes are enabled by default when you use the X Window System. | |
175 | |
176 In Transient Mark mode, every change in the buffer contents | |
177 ``deactivates'' the mark, so that commands that operate on the region | |
178 will get an error. This means you must either set the mark, or | |
179 explicitly ``reactivate'' it, before each command that uses the region. | |
180 The advantage of Transient Mark mode is that Emacs can display the | |
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181 region highlighted. @xref{Mark}. |
25829 | 182 |
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183 @node Easy Customization |
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184 @section Easy Customization Interface |
25829 | 185 |
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186 @cindex settings |
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187 Emacs has many @dfn{settings} which have values that you can specify |
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188 in order to customize various commands. Many are documented in this |
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189 manual. Most settings are @dfn{user options}---that is to say, Lisp |
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190 variables (@pxref{Variables})---so their names appear in the Variable |
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191 Index (@pxref{Variable Index}). The other settings are faces and |
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192 their attributes (@pxref{Faces}). |
25829 | 193 |
194 @findex customize | |
195 @cindex customization buffer | |
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196 You can browse interactively through settings and change them using |
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197 @kbd{M-x customize}. This command creates a @dfn{customization |
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198 buffer}, which offers commands to navigate through a logically |
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199 organized structure of the Emacs settings; you can also use it to edit |
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200 and set their values, and to save settings permanently in your |
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201 @file{~/.emacs} file (@pxref{Init File}). |
25829 | 202 |
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203 The appearance of the example buffers in this section is typically |
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204 different under a graphical display, since faces are then used to indicate |
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205 buttons, links and editable fields. |
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206 |
25829 | 207 @menu |
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208 * Groups: Customization Groups. How settings are classified in a structure. |
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209 * Browsing: Browsing Custom. Browsing and searching for settings. |
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210 * Changing a Variable:: How to edit an option's value and set the option. |
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211 * Saving Customizations:: Specifying the file for saving customizations. |
25829 | 212 * Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face. |
213 * Specific Customization:: Making a customization buffer for specific | |
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214 variables, faces, or groups. |
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215 * Custom Themes:: How to define collections of customized options |
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216 that can be loaded and unloaded together. |
25829 | 217 @end menu |
218 | |
219 @node Customization Groups | |
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220 @subsection Customization Groups |
25829 | 221 @cindex customization groups |
222 | |
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223 For customization purposes, settings are organized into @dfn{groups} |
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224 to help you find them. Groups are collected into bigger groups, all |
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225 the way up to a master group called @code{Emacs}. |
25829 | 226 |
227 @kbd{M-x customize} creates a customization buffer that shows the | |
228 top-level @code{Emacs} group and the second-level groups immediately | |
229 under it. It looks like this, in part: | |
230 | |
231 @smallexample | |
232 /- Emacs group: ---------------------------------------------------\ | |
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233 [State]: visible group members are all at standard values. |
25829 | 234 Customization of the One True Editor. |
235 See also [Manual]. | |
236 | |
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237 Editing group: [Go to Group] |
25829 | 238 Basic text editing facilities. |
239 | |
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240 External group: [Go to Group] |
25829 | 241 Interfacing to external utilities. |
242 | |
243 @var{more second-level groups} | |
244 | |
245 \- Emacs group end ------------------------------------------------/ | |
246 | |
247 @end smallexample | |
248 | |
249 @noindent | |
250 This says that the buffer displays the contents of the @code{Emacs} | |
251 group. The other groups are listed because they are its contents. But | |
252 they are listed differently, without indentation and dashes, because | |
253 @emph{their} contents are not included. Each group has a single-line | |
254 documentation string; the @code{Emacs} group also has a @samp{[State]} | |
255 line. | |
256 | |
257 @cindex editable fields (customization buffer) | |
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258 @cindex buttons (customization buffer) |
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259 @cindex links (customization buffer) |
25829 | 260 Most of the text in the customization buffer is read-only, but it |
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261 typically includes some @dfn{editable fields} that you can edit. |
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262 There are also @dfn{buttons} and @dfn{links}, which do something when |
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263 you @dfn{invoke} them. To invoke a button or a link, either click on |
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264 it with @kbd{Mouse-1}, or move point to it and type @key{RET}. |
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265 |
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266 For example, the phrase @samp{[State]} that appears in |
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267 a second-level group is a button. It operates on the same |
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268 customization buffer. The phrase @samp{[Go to Group]} is a kind |
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269 of hypertext link to another group. Invoking it creates a new |
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270 customization buffer, which shows that group and its contents. |
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271 |
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272 The @code{Emacs} group includes a few settings, but mainly it |
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273 contains other groups, which contain more groups, which contain the |
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274 settings. By browsing the hierarchy of groups, you will eventually |
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275 find the feature you are interested in customizing. Then you can use |
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276 the customization buffer to set that feature's settings. You can also |
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277 go straight to a particular group by name, using the command @kbd{M-x |
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278 customize-group}. |
25829 | 279 |
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280 @node Browsing Custom |
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281 @subsection Browsing and Searching for Options and Faces |
25829 | 282 @findex customize-browse |
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283 |
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284 @kbd{M-x customize-browse} is another way to browse the available |
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285 settings. This command creates a special customization buffer which |
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286 shows only the names of groups and settings, and puts them in a |
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287 structure. |
25829 | 288 |
289 In this buffer, you can show the contents of a group by invoking | |
290 @samp{[+]}. When the group contents are visible, this button changes to | |
291 @samp{[-]}; invoking that hides the group contents. | |
292 | |
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293 Each setting in this buffer has a link which says @samp{[Group]}, |
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294 @samp{[Option]} or @samp{[Face]}. Invoking this link creates an |
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295 ordinary customization buffer showing just that group and its |
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296 contents, just that user option, or just that face. This is the way |
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297 to change settings that you find with @kbd{M-x customize-browse}. |
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298 |
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299 If you can guess part of the name of the settings you are interested |
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300 in, @kbd{M-x customize-apropos} is another way to search for settings. |
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301 However, unlike @code{customize} and @code{customize-browse}, |
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302 @code{customize-apropos} can only find groups and settings that are |
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303 loaded in the current Emacs session. @xref{Specific Customization,, |
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304 Customizing Specific Items}. |
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305 |
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306 @node Changing a Variable |
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307 @subsection Changing a Variable |
25829 | 308 |
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309 Here is an example of what a variable (a user option) looks like in |
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310 the customization buffer: |
25829 | 311 |
312 @smallexample | |
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313 Kill Ring Max: [Hide Value] 60 |
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314 [State]: STANDARD. |
25829 | 315 Maximum length of kill ring before oldest elements are thrown away. |
316 @end smallexample | |
317 | |
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318 The text following @samp{[Hide Value]}, @samp{60} in this case, indicates |
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319 the current value of the variable. If you see @samp{[Show Value]} instead of |
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320 @samp{[Hide Value]}, it means that the value is hidden; the customization |
25829 | 321 buffer initially hides values that take up several lines. Invoke |
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322 @samp{[Show Value]} to show the value. |
25829 | 323 |
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324 The line after the variable name indicates the @dfn{customization |
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325 state} of the variable: in the example above, it says you have not |
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326 changed the option yet. The @samp{[State]} button at the beginning of |
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327 this line gives you a menu of various operations for customizing the |
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328 variable. |
25829 | 329 |
330 The line after the @samp{[State]} line displays the beginning of the | |
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331 variable's documentation string. If there are more lines of |
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332 documentation, this line ends with a @samp{[More]} button; invoke that |
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333 to show the full documentation string. |
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334 |
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335 To enter a new value for @samp{Kill Ring Max}, move point to the |
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336 value and edit it textually. For example, you can type @kbd{M-d}, |
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337 then insert another number. As you begin to alter the text, you will |
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338 see the @samp{[State]} line change to say that you have edited the |
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339 value: |
25829 | 340 |
341 @smallexample | |
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342 [State]: EDITED, shown value does not take effect until you set or @r{@dots{}} |
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343 save it. |
25829 | 344 @end smallexample |
345 | |
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346 @cindex settings, how to set |
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347 Editing the value does not actually set the variable. To do that, |
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348 you must @dfn{set} the variable. To do this, invoke the |
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349 @samp{[State]} button and choose @samp{Set for Current Session}. |
25829 | 350 |
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351 The state of the variable changes visibly when you set it: |
25829 | 352 |
353 @smallexample | |
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354 [State]: SET for current session only. |
25829 | 355 @end smallexample |
356 | |
357 You don't have to worry about specifying a value that is not valid; | |
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358 the @samp{Set for Current Session} operation checks for validity and |
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359 will not install an unacceptable value. |
25829 | 360 |
361 @kindex M-TAB @r{(customization buffer)} | |
362 @findex widget-complete | |
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363 While editing a field that is a file name, directory name, |
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364 command name, or anything else for which completion is defined, you |
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365 can type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{widget-complete}) to do completion. |
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366 (@kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} and @kbd{C-M-i} do the same thing.) |
25829 | 367 |
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368 Some variables have a small fixed set of possible legitimate values. |
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369 These variables don't let you edit the value textually. Instead, a |
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370 @samp{[Value Menu]} button appears before the value; invoke this |
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371 button to change the value. For a boolean ``on or off'' value, the |
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372 button says @samp{[Toggle]}, and it changes to the other value. |
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373 @samp{[Value Menu]} and @samp{[Toggle]} simply edit the buffer; the |
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374 changes take real effect when you use the @samp{Set for Current |
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375 Session} operation. |
25829 | 376 |
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377 Some variables have values with complex structure. For example, the |
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378 value of @code{file-coding-system-alist} is an association list. Here |
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379 is how it appears in the customization buffer: |
25829 | 380 |
381 @smallexample | |
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382 File Coding System Alist: [Hide Value] |
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383 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: \.elc\' |
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384 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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385 Decoding: emacs-mule |
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386 Encoding: emacs-mule |
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387 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: \(\`\|/\)loaddefs.el\' |
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388 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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389 Decoding: raw-text |
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390 Encoding: raw-text-unix |
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391 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: \.tar\' |
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392 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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393 Decoding: no-conversion |
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394 Encoding: no-conversion |
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395 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: |
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396 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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397 Decoding: undecided |
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398 Encoding: nil |
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399 [INS] |
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400 [State]: STANDARD. |
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401 Alist to decide a coding system to use for a file I/O @r{@dots{}} |
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402 operation. [Hide Rest] |
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403 The format is ((PATTERN . VAL) ...), |
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404 where PATTERN is a regular expression matching a file name, |
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405 @r{[@dots{}more lines of documentation@dots{}]} |
25829 | 406 @end smallexample |
407 | |
408 @noindent | |
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409 Each association in the list appears on four lines, with several |
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410 editable fields and/or buttons. You can edit the regexps and coding |
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411 systems using ordinary editing commands. You can also invoke |
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412 @samp{[Value Menu]} to switch to a different kind of value---for |
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413 instance, to specify a function instead of a pair of coding systems. |
25829 | 414 |
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415 To delete an association from the list, invoke the @samp{[DEL]} button |
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416 for that item. To add an association, invoke @samp{[INS]} at the |
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417 position where you want to add it. There is an @samp{[INS]} button |
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418 between each pair of association, another at the beginning and another |
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419 at the end, so you can add the new association at any position in the |
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420 list. |
25829 | 421 |
422 @kindex TAB @r{(customization buffer)} | |
423 @kindex S-TAB @r{(customization buffer)} | |
424 @findex widget-forward | |
425 @findex widget-backward | |
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426 Two special commands, @key{TAB} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}}, are useful |
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427 for moving through the customization buffer. @key{TAB} |
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428 (@code{widget-forward}) moves forward to the next button or editable |
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429 field; @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} (@code{widget-backward}) moves backward to |
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430 the previous button or editable field. |
25829 | 431 |
432 Typing @key{RET} on an editable field also moves forward, just like | |
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433 @key{TAB}. We set it up this way because people often type @key{RET} |
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434 when they are finished editing a field. To insert a newline within an |
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435 editable field, use @kbd{C-o} or @kbd{C-q C-j}. |
25829 | 436 |
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437 @cindex saving a setting |
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438 @cindex settings, how to save |
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439 Setting the variable changes its value in the current Emacs session; |
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440 @dfn{saving} the value changes it for future sessions as well. To |
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441 save the variable, invoke @samp{[State]} and select the @samp{Save for |
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442 Future Sessions} operation. This works by writing code so as to set |
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443 the variable again, each time you start Emacs (@pxref{Saving |
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444 Customizations}). |
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445 |
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446 You can also restore the variable to its standard value by invoking |
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447 @samp{[State]} and selecting the @samp{Erase Customization} operation. |
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448 There are actually four reset operations: |
25829 | 449 |
450 @table @samp | |
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451 @item Undo Edits |
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452 If you have made some modifications and not yet set the variable, |
25829 | 453 this restores the text in the customization buffer to match |
454 the actual value. | |
455 | |
456 @item Reset to Saved | |
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457 This restores the value of the variable to the last saved value, |
25829 | 458 and updates the text accordingly. |
459 | |
27218 | 460 @item Erase Customization |
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461 This sets the variable to its standard value, and updates the text |
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462 accordingly. This also eliminates any saved value for the variable, |
25829 | 463 so that you will get the standard value in future Emacs sessions. |
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464 |
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465 @item Set to Backup Value |
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466 This sets the variable to a previous value that was set in the |
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467 customization buffer in this session. If you customize a variable |
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468 and then reset it, which discards the customized value, |
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469 you can get the customized value back again with this operation. |
25829 | 470 @end table |
471 | |
27218 | 472 @cindex comments on customized options |
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473 Sometimes it is useful to record a comment about a specific |
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474 customization. Use the @samp{Add Comment} item from the |
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475 @samp{[State]} menu to create a field for entering the comment. The |
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476 comment you enter will be saved, and displayed again if you again view |
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477 the same variable in a customization buffer, even in another session. |
27218 | 478 |
25829 | 479 The state of a group indicates whether anything in that group has been |
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480 edited, set or saved. |
25829 | 481 |
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482 Near the top of the customization buffer there are two lines of buttons: |
25829 | 483 |
484 @smallexample | |
485 [Set for Current Session] [Save for Future Sessions] | |
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486 [Undo Edits] [Reset to Saved] [Erase Customization] [Finish] |
25829 | 487 @end smallexample |
488 | |
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489 @vindex custom-buffer-done-function |
25829 | 490 @noindent |
27218 | 491 Invoking @samp{[Finish]} either buries or kills this customization |
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492 buffer according to the setting of the option |
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493 @code{custom-buffer-done-kill}; the default is to bury the buffer. |
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494 Each of the other buttons performs an operation---set, save or |
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495 reset---on each of the settings in the buffer that could meaningfully |
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496 be set, saved or reset. They do not operate on settings whose values |
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497 are hidden, nor on subgroups not visible in the buffer. |
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499 @node Saving Customizations |
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500 @subsection Saving Customizations |
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501 |
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502 @vindex custom-file |
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503 The customization buffer normally saves customizations in |
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504 @file{~/.emacs}. If you wish, you can save customizations in another |
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505 file instead. To make this work, your @file{~/.emacs} should set |
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506 @code{custom-file} to the name of that file. Then you should load the |
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507 file by calling @code{load}. For example: |
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508 |
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509 @example |
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510 (setq custom-file "~/.emacs-custom.el") |
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511 (load custom-file) |
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512 @end example |
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513 |
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514 You can also use @code{custom-file} to specify different |
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515 customization files for different Emacs versions, like this: |
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516 |
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517 @example |
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518 (cond ((< emacs-major-version 21) |
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519 ;; @r{Emacs 20 customization.} |
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520 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-20.el")) |
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521 ((and (= emacs-major-version 21) (< emacs-minor-version 4)) |
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522 ;; @r{Emacs 21 customization, before version 21.4.} |
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523 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-21.el")) |
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524 ((< emacs-major-version 22) |
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525 ;; @r{Emacs version 21.4 or later.} |
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526 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-21.4.el")) |
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527 (t |
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528 ;; @r{Emacs version 22.1 or later.} |
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529 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-22.el"))) |
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530 |
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531 (load custom-file) |
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532 @end example |
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533 |
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534 If Emacs was invoked with the @option{-q} or @option{--no-init-file} |
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535 options (@pxref{Initial Options}), it will not let you save your |
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536 customizations in your @file{~/.emacs} init file. This is because |
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537 saving customizations from such a session would wipe out all the other |
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538 customizations you might have on your init file. |
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539 |
25829 | 540 @node Face Customization |
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541 @subsection Customizing Faces |
25829 | 542 @cindex customizing faces |
543 @cindex bold font | |
544 @cindex italic font | |
545 @cindex fonts and faces | |
546 | |
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547 In addition to variables, some customization groups also include |
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548 faces. When you show the contents of a group, both the variables and |
25829 | 549 the faces in the group appear in the customization buffer. Here is an |
550 example of how a face looks: | |
551 | |
552 @smallexample | |
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553 Custom Changed Face:(sample) [Hide Face] |
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554 [State]: STANDARD. |
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555 Face used when the customize item has been changed. |
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556 Parent groups: [Custom Magic Faces] |
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557 Attributes: [ ] Font Family: * |
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558 [ ] Width: * |
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559 [ ] Height: * |
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560 [ ] Weight: * |
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561 [ ] Slant: * |
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562 [ ] Underline: * |
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563 [ ] Overline: * |
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564 [ ] Strike-through: * |
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565 [ ] Box around text: * |
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566 [ ] Inverse-video: * |
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567 [X] Foreground: white (sample) |
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568 [X] Background: blue (sample) |
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569 [ ] Stipple: * |
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570 [ ] Inherit: * |
25829 | 571 @end smallexample |
572 | |
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573 Each face attribute has its own line. The @samp{[@var{x}]} button |
25829 | 574 before the attribute name indicates whether the attribute is |
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575 @dfn{enabled}; @samp{[X]} means that it's enabled, and @samp{[ ]} |
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576 means that it's disabled. You can enable or disable the attribute by |
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577 clicking that button. When the attribute is enabled, you can change |
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578 the attribute value in the usual ways. |
25829 | 579 |
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580 For the colors, you can specify a color name (use @kbd{M-x |
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581 list-colors-display} for a list of them) or a hexadecimal color |
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582 specification of the form @samp{#@var{rr}@var{gg}@var{bb}}. |
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583 (@samp{#000000} is black, @samp{#ff0000} is red, @samp{#00ff00} is |
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584 green, @samp{#0000ff} is blue, and @samp{#ffffff} is white.) On a |
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585 black-and-white display, the colors you can use for the background are |
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586 @samp{black}, @samp{white}, @samp{gray}, @samp{gray1}, and |
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587 @samp{gray3}. Emacs supports these shades of gray by using background |
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588 stipple patterns instead of a color. |
25829 | 589 |
590 Setting, saving and resetting a face work like the same operations for | |
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591 variables (@pxref{Changing a Variable}). |
25829 | 592 |
593 A face can specify different appearances for different types of | |
594 display. For example, a face can make text red on a color display, but | |
595 use a bold font on a monochrome display. To specify multiple | |
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596 appearances for a face, select @samp{For All Kinds of Displays} in the |
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597 menu you get from invoking @samp{[State]}. |
25829 | 598 |
599 @findex modify-face | |
600 Another more basic way to set the attributes of a specific face is | |
601 with @kbd{M-x modify-face}. This command reads the name of a face, then | |
602 reads the attributes one by one. For the color and stipple attributes, | |
603 the attribute's current value is the default---type just @key{RET} if | |
604 you don't want to change that attribute. Type @samp{none} if you want | |
605 to clear out the attribute. | |
606 | |
607 @node Specific Customization | |
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608 @subsection Customizing Specific Items |
25829 | 609 |
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610 Instead of finding the setting you want to change by navigating the |
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611 structure of groups, here are other ways to specify the settings that |
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612 you want to customize. |
25829 | 613 |
614 @table @kbd | |
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615 @item M-x customize-variable @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET} |
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616 Set up a customization buffer with just one variable, @var{variable}. |
25829 | 617 @item M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
618 Set up a customization buffer with just one face, @var{face}. | |
619 @item M-x customize-group @key{RET} @var{group} @key{RET} | |
620 Set up a customization buffer with just one group, @var{group}. | |
621 @item M-x customize-apropos @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
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622 Set up a customization buffer with all the settings and groups that |
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623 match @var{regexp}. |
25829 | 624 @item M-x customize-changed-options @key{RET} @var{version} @key{RET} |
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625 Set up a customization buffer with all the settings and groups |
25829 | 626 whose meaning has changed since Emacs version @var{version}. |
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627 @item M-x customize-saved |
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628 Set up a customization buffer containing all settings that you |
25829 | 629 have saved with customization buffers. |
630 @item M-x customize-customized | |
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631 Set up a customization buffer containing all settings that you have |
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632 customized but not saved. |
25829 | 633 @end table |
634 | |
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635 @findex customize-variable |
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636 If you want to alter a particular variable with the customization |
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637 buffer, and you know its name, you can use the command @kbd{M-x |
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638 customize-variable} and specify the variable name. This sets up the |
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639 customization buffer with just one variable---the one that you asked |
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640 for. Editing, setting and saving the value work as described above, |
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641 but only for the specified variable. Minibuffer completion is handy |
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642 if you only know part of the name. However, this command can only see |
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643 options that have been loaded in the current Emacs session. |
25829 | 644 |
645 @findex customize-face | |
646 Likewise, you can modify a specific face, chosen by name, using | |
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647 @kbd{M-x customize-face}. By default it operates on the face used |
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648 on the character after point. |
25829 | 649 |
650 @findex customize-group | |
651 You can also set up the customization buffer with a specific group, | |
652 using @kbd{M-x customize-group}. The immediate contents of the chosen | |
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653 group, including variables, faces, and other groups, all appear |
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654 as well (even if not already loaded). However, the subgroups' own |
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655 contents are not included. |
25829 | 656 |
657 @findex customize-apropos | |
658 To control more precisely what to customize, you can use @kbd{M-x | |
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659 customize-apropos}. You specify a regular expression as argument; |
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660 then all @emph{loaded} settings and groups whose names match this |
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661 regular expression are set up in the customization buffer. If you |
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662 specify an empty regular expression, this includes @emph{all} loaded |
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663 groups and settings---which takes a long time to set up. |
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664 |
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665 @findex customize-changed |
25829 | 666 When you upgrade to a new Emacs version, you might want to customize |
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667 new settings and settings whose meanings or default values have |
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668 changed. To do this, use @kbd{M-x customize-changed} and |
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669 specify a previous Emacs version number using the minibuffer. It |
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670 creates a customization buffer which shows all the settings and groups |
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671 whose definitions have been changed since the specified version, loading |
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672 them if necessary. |
25829 | 673 |
674 @findex customize-saved | |
675 @findex customize-customized | |
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676 If you change settings and then decide the change was a mistake, you |
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677 can use two special commands to revisit your previous changes. Use |
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678 @kbd{M-x customize-saved} to look at the settings that you have saved. |
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679 Use @kbd{M-x customize-customized} to look at the settings that you |
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680 have set but not saved. |
25829 | 681 |
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682 @node Custom Themes |
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683 @subsection Customization Themes |
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684 @cindex custom themes |
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685 |
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686 @dfn{Custom themes} are collections of settings that can be enabled |
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687 or disabled as a unit. You can use Custom themes to switch quickly |
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688 and easily between various collections of settings, and to transfer |
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689 such collections from one computer to another. |
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690 |
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691 @findex customize-create-theme |
67986 | 692 To define a Custom theme, use @kbd{M-x customize-create-theme}, |
693 which brings up a buffer named @samp{*New Custom Theme*}. At the top | |
694 of the buffer is an editable field where you can specify the name of | |
695 the theme. Click on the button labelled @samp{Insert Variable} to add | |
696 a variable to the theme, and click on @samp{Insert Face} to add a | |
697 face. You can edit these values in the @samp{*New Custom Theme*} | |
698 buffer like in an ordinary Customize buffer. To remove an option from | |
699 the theme, click on its @samp{State} button and select @samp{Delete}. | |
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700 |
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701 @vindex custom-theme-directory |
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702 After adding the desired options, click on @samp{Save Theme} to save |
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|
703 the Custom theme. This writes the theme definition to a file |
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704 @file{@var{foo}-theme.el} (where @var{foo} is the theme name you |
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705 supplied), in the directory @file{~/.emacs.d/}. You can specify the |
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706 directory by setting @code{custom-theme-directory}. |
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707 |
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708 You can view and edit the settings of a previously-defined theme by |
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709 clicking on @samp{Visit Theme} and specifying the theme name. You can |
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710 also import the variables and faces that you have set using Customize |
67987 | 711 by visiting the ``special'' theme named @samp{user}. This theme, which |
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|
712 records all the options that you set in the ordinary customization |
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713 buffer, is always enabled, and always takes precedence over all other |
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|
714 enabled Custom themes. Additionally, the @samp{user} theme is |
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715 recorded in your @file{.emacs} file, rather than a |
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716 @file{user-theme.el} file. |
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717 |
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718 @vindex custom-enabled-themes |
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|
719 Once you have defined a Custom theme, you can use it by customizing |
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720 the variable @code{custom-enabled-themes}. This is a list of Custom |
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721 themes that are @dfn{enabled}, or put into effect. If you set |
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722 @code{custom-enabled-themes} using the Customize interface, the theme |
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|
723 definitions are automatically loaded from the theme files, if they |
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|
724 aren't already. If you save the value of @code{custom-enabled-themes} |
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725 for future Emacs sessions, those Custom themes will be enabled |
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726 whenever Emacs is started up. |
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727 |
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|
728 If two enabled themes specify different values for an option, the |
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|
729 theme occurring earlier in @code{custom-enabled-themes} takes effect. |
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730 |
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731 @findex load-theme |
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732 @findex enable-theme |
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|
733 @findex disable-theme |
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734 You can temporarily enable a Custom theme with @kbd{M-x |
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735 enable-theme}. This prompts for a theme name in the minibuffer, loads |
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736 the theme from the theme file if necessary, and enables the theme. |
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737 You can @dfn{disabled} any enabled theme with the command @kbd{M-x |
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|
738 disable-theme}; this returns the options specified in the theme to |
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|
739 their original values. To re-enable the theme, type @kbd{M-x |
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740 enable-theme} again. If a theme file is changed during your Emacs |
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741 session, you can reload it by typing @kbd{M-x load-theme}. (This also |
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742 enables the theme.) |
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743 |
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744 @node Variables |
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745 @section Variables |
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746 @cindex variable |
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747 @cindex option, user |
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748 @cindex user option |
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749 |
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750 A @dfn{variable} is a Lisp symbol which has a value. The symbol's |
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751 name is also called the name of the variable. A variable name can |
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752 contain any characters that can appear in a file, but conventionally |
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753 variable names consist of words separated by hyphens. A variable can |
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754 have a documentation string which describes what kind of value it should |
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755 have and how the value will be used. |
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756 |
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757 Emacs Lisp allows any variable (with a few exceptions) to have any |
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758 kind of value, but most variables that Emacs uses need a value of a |
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759 certain type. Often the value should always be a string, or should |
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760 always be a number. Sometimes we say that a certain feature is turned |
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761 on if a variable is ``non-@code{nil},'' meaning that if the variable's |
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762 value is @code{nil}, the feature is off, but the feature is on for |
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763 @emph{any} other value. The conventional value to use to turn on the |
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764 feature---since you have to pick one particular value when you set the |
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765 variable---is @code{t}. |
58763
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766 |
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767 Emacs uses many Lisp variables for internal record keeping, but the |
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768 most interesting variables for a non-programmer user are those meant |
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769 for users to change---the @dfn{user options}. |
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770 |
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771 Each user option that you can set with the customization buffer is |
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772 in fact a Lisp variable. Emacs does not (usually) change the values |
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773 of these variables; instead, you set the values, and thereby alter and |
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774 control the behavior of certain Emacs commands. Use of the |
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775 customization buffer is explained above (@pxref{Easy Customization}); |
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|
776 here we describe other aspects of Emacs variables. |
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777 |
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778 @menu |
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779 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. |
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780 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts |
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781 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. |
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782 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. |
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783 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. |
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784 @end menu |
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785 |
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786 @node Examining |
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787 @subsection Examining and Setting Variables |
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788 @cindex setting variables |
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789 |
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790 @table @kbd |
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791 @item C-h v @var{var} @key{RET} |
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792 Display the value and documentation of variable @var{var} |
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793 (@code{describe-variable}). |
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794 @item M-x set-variable @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} @var{value} @key{RET} |
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795 Change the value of variable @var{var} to @var{value}. |
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796 @end table |
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797 |
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798 To examine the value of a single variable, use @kbd{C-h v} |
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799 (@code{describe-variable}), which reads a variable name using the |
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800 minibuffer, with completion. It displays both the value and the |
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801 documentation of the variable. For example, |
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802 |
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803 @example |
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804 C-h v fill-column @key{RET} |
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805 @end example |
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806 |
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807 @noindent |
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808 displays something like this: |
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809 |
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810 @smallexample |
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811 fill-column's value is 70 |
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812 |
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813 Documentation: |
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814 *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen. |
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815 Automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. |
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816 @end smallexample |
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817 |
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818 @noindent |
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819 The star at the beginning of the documentation indicates that this |
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820 variable is a user option. @kbd{C-h v} is not restricted to user |
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821 options; it allows any variable name. |
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822 |
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823 @findex set-variable |
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824 The most convenient way to set a specific user option variable is |
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825 with @kbd{M-x set-variable}. This reads the variable name with the |
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826 minibuffer (with completion), and then reads a Lisp expression for the |
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827 new value using the minibuffer a second time (you can insert the old |
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828 value into the minibuffer for editing via @kbd{M-n}). For example, |
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829 |
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830 @example |
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831 M-x set-variable @key{RET} fill-column @key{RET} 75 @key{RET} |
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832 @end example |
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833 |
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834 @noindent |
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835 sets @code{fill-column} to 75. |
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836 |
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837 @kbd{M-x set-variable} is limited to user option variables, but you can |
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838 set any variable with a Lisp expression, using the function @code{setq}. |
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839 Here is a @code{setq} expression to set @code{fill-column}: |
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840 |
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841 @example |
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842 (setq fill-column 75) |
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843 @end example |
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844 |
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845 To execute an expression like this one, go to the @samp{*scratch*} |
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846 buffer, type in the expression, and then type @kbd{C-j}. @xref{Lisp |
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847 Interaction}. |
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848 |
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849 Setting variables, like all means of customizing Emacs except where |
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850 otherwise stated, affects only the current Emacs session. The only |
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851 way to alter the variable in future sessions is to put something in |
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852 the @file{~/.emacs} file to set it those sessions (@pxref{Init File}). |
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853 |
25829 | 854 @node Hooks |
855 @subsection Hooks | |
856 @cindex hook | |
857 @cindex running a hook | |
858 | |
859 @dfn{Hooks} are an important mechanism for customization of Emacs. A | |
860 hook is a Lisp variable which holds a list of functions, to be called on | |
861 some well-defined occasion. (This is called @dfn{running the hook}.) | |
862 The individual functions in the list are called the @dfn{hook functions} | |
863 of the hook. With rare exceptions, hooks in Emacs are empty when Emacs | |
864 starts up, so the only hook functions in any given hook are the ones you | |
865 explicitly put there as customization. | |
866 | |
867 Most major modes run one or more @dfn{mode hooks} as the last step of | |
868 initialization. This makes it easy for you to customize the behavior of | |
869 the mode, by setting up a hook function to override the local variable | |
870 assignments already made by the mode. But hooks are also used in other | |
871 contexts. For example, the hook @code{suspend-hook} runs just before | |
872 Emacs suspends itself (@pxref{Exiting}). | |
873 | |
874 @cindex normal hook | |
875 Most Emacs hooks are @dfn{normal hooks}. This means that running the | |
876 hook operates by calling all the hook functions, unconditionally, with | |
877 no arguments. We have made an effort to keep most hooks normal so that | |
878 you can use them in a uniform way. Every variable in Emacs whose name | |
879 ends in @samp{-hook} is a normal hook. | |
880 | |
881 @cindex abnormal hook | |
882 There are also a few @dfn{abnormal hooks}. These variables' names end | |
883 in @samp{-hooks} or @samp{-functions}, instead of @samp{-hook}. What | |
884 makes these hooks abnormal is that there is something peculiar about the | |
885 way its functions are called---perhaps they are given arguments, or | |
886 perhaps the values they return are used in some way. For example, | |
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887 @code{find-file-not-found-functions} (@pxref{Visiting}) is abnormal because |
25829 | 888 as soon as one hook function returns a non-@code{nil} value, the rest |
889 are not called at all. The documentation of each abnormal hook variable | |
890 explains in detail what is peculiar about it. | |
891 | |
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892 You can set a hook variable with @code{setq} like any other Lisp |
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893 variable, but the recommended way to add a hook function to a hook |
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894 (either normal or abnormal) is by calling @code{add-hook}. You can |
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895 specify any valid Lisp function as the hook function, provided it can |
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896 handle the proper number of arguments (zero arguments, in the case of |
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897 a normal hook). Of course, not every Lisp function is @emph{useful} |
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898 in any particular hook. |
25829 | 899 |
900 For example, here's how to set up a hook to turn on Auto Fill mode | |
901 when entering Text mode and other modes based on Text mode: | |
902 | |
903 @example | |
904 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
905 @end example | |
906 | |
907 The next example shows how to use a hook to customize the indentation | |
908 of C code. (People often have strong personal preferences for one | |
909 format compared to another.) Here the hook function is an anonymous | |
910 lambda expression. | |
911 | |
912 @example | |
913 @group | |
914 (setq my-c-style | |
915 '((c-comment-only-line-offset . 4) | |
916 @end group | |
917 @group | |
918 (c-cleanup-list . (scope-operator | |
919 empty-defun-braces | |
920 defun-close-semi)) | |
921 @end group | |
922 @group | |
923 (c-offsets-alist . ((arglist-close . c-lineup-arglist) | |
924 (substatement-open . 0))))) | |
925 @end group | |
926 | |
927 @group | |
928 (add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook | |
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929 '(lambda () |
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930 (c-add-style "my-style" my-c-style t))) |
25829 | 931 @end group |
932 @end example | |
933 | |
934 It is best to design your hook functions so that the order in which | |
935 they are executed does not matter. Any dependence on the order is | |
936 ``asking for trouble.'' However, the order is predictable: the most | |
937 recently added hook functions are executed first. | |
938 | |
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939 If you play with adding various different versions of a hook |
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940 function by calling @code{add-hook} over and over, remember that all |
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941 the versions you added will remain in the hook variable together. You |
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942 can clear out individual functions with @code{remove-hook}, or do |
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943 @code{(setq @var{hook-variable} nil)} to remove everything. |
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944 |
25829 | 945 @node Locals |
946 @subsection Local Variables | |
947 | |
948 @table @kbd | |
949 @item M-x make-local-variable @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} | |
950 Make variable @var{var} have a local value in the current buffer. | |
951 @item M-x kill-local-variable @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} | |
952 Make variable @var{var} use its global value in the current buffer. | |
953 @item M-x make-variable-buffer-local @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} | |
954 Mark variable @var{var} so that setting it will make it local to the | |
955 buffer that is current at that time. | |
956 @end table | |
957 | |
958 @cindex local variables | |
959 Almost any variable can be made @dfn{local} to a specific Emacs | |
960 buffer. This means that its value in that buffer is independent of its | |
961 value in other buffers. A few variables are always local in every | |
962 buffer. Every other Emacs variable has a @dfn{global} value which is in | |
963 effect in all buffers that have not made the variable local. | |
964 | |
965 @findex make-local-variable | |
966 @kbd{M-x make-local-variable} reads the name of a variable and makes it | |
967 local to the current buffer. Further changes in this buffer will not | |
968 affect others, and further changes in the global value will not affect this | |
969 buffer. | |
970 | |
971 @findex make-variable-buffer-local | |
972 @cindex per-buffer variables | |
973 @kbd{M-x make-variable-buffer-local} reads the name of a variable and | |
974 changes the future behavior of the variable so that it will become local | |
975 automatically when it is set. More precisely, once a variable has been | |
976 marked in this way, the usual ways of setting the variable automatically | |
977 do @code{make-local-variable} first. We call such variables | |
978 @dfn{per-buffer} variables. | |
979 | |
980 Major modes (@pxref{Major Modes}) always make variables local to the | |
981 buffer before setting the variables. This is why changing major modes | |
982 in one buffer has no effect on other buffers. Minor modes also work by | |
983 setting variables---normally, each minor mode has one controlling | |
984 variable which is non-@code{nil} when the mode is enabled (@pxref{Minor | |
985 Modes}). For most minor modes, the controlling variable is per buffer. | |
986 | |
987 Emacs contains a number of variables that are always per-buffer. | |
988 These include @code{abbrev-mode}, @code{auto-fill-function}, | |
989 @code{case-fold-search}, @code{comment-column}, @code{ctl-arrow}, | |
990 @code{fill-column}, @code{fill-prefix}, @code{indent-tabs-mode}, | |
991 @code{left-margin}, @code{mode-line-format}, @code{overwrite-mode}, | |
992 @code{selective-display-ellipses}, @code{selective-display}, | |
993 @code{tab-width}, and @code{truncate-lines}. Some other variables are | |
994 always local in every buffer, but they are used for internal | |
995 purposes.@refill | |
996 | |
997 A few variables cannot be local to a buffer because they are always | |
998 local to each display instead (@pxref{Multiple Displays}). If you try to | |
999 make one of these variables buffer-local, you'll get an error message. | |
1000 | |
1001 @findex kill-local-variable | |
1002 @kbd{M-x kill-local-variable} reads the name of a variable and makes | |
1003 it cease to be local to the current buffer. The global value of the | |
1004 variable henceforth is in effect in this buffer. Setting the major mode | |
1005 kills all the local variables of the buffer except for a few variables | |
1006 specially marked as @dfn{permanent locals}. | |
1007 | |
1008 @findex setq-default | |
1009 To set the global value of a variable, regardless of whether the | |
1010 variable has a local value in the current buffer, you can use the Lisp | |
1011 construct @code{setq-default}. This construct is used just like | |
1012 @code{setq}, but it sets variables' global values instead of their local | |
1013 values (if any). When the current buffer does have a local value, the | |
1014 new global value may not be visible until you switch to another buffer. | |
1015 Here is an example: | |
1016 | |
1017 @example | |
1018 (setq-default fill-column 75) | |
1019 @end example | |
1020 | |
1021 @noindent | |
1022 @code{setq-default} is the only way to set the global value of a variable | |
1023 that has been marked with @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. | |
1024 | |
1025 @findex default-value | |
1026 Lisp programs can use @code{default-value} to look at a variable's | |
1027 default value. This function takes a symbol as argument and returns its | |
1028 default value. The argument is evaluated; usually you must quote it | |
1029 explicitly. For example, here's how to obtain the default value of | |
1030 @code{fill-column}: | |
1031 | |
1032 @example | |
1033 (default-value 'fill-column) | |
1034 @end example | |
1035 | |
1036 @node File Variables | |
1037 @subsection Local Variables in Files | |
1038 @cindex local variables in files | |
1039 @cindex file local variables | |
1040 | |
1041 A file can specify local variable values for use when you edit the | |
1042 file with Emacs. Visiting the file checks for local variable | |
1043 specifications; it automatically makes these variables local to the | |
1044 buffer, and sets them to the values specified in the file. | |
1045 | |
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1046 @menu |
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1047 * Specifying File Variables:: Specifying file local variables. |
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1048 * Unsafe File Variables:: Handling local variables that may not |
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1049 be safe. |
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1050 @end menu |
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1051 |
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1052 @node Specifying File Variables |
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1053 @subsubsection Specifying File Variables |
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1054 |
25829 | 1055 There are two ways to specify local variable values: in the first |
1056 line, or with a local variables list. Here's how to specify them in the | |
1057 first line: | |
1058 | |
1059 @example | |
1060 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*- | |
1061 @end example | |
1062 | |
1063 @noindent | |
1064 You can specify any number of variables/value pairs in this way, each | |
1065 pair with a colon and semicolon as shown above. @code{mode: | |
1066 @var{modename};} specifies the major mode; this should come first in the | |
1067 line. The @var{value}s are not evaluated; they are used literally. | |
1068 Here is an example that specifies Lisp mode and sets two variables with | |
1069 numeric values: | |
1070 | |
1071 @smallexample | |
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1072 ;; -*- mode: Lisp; fill-column: 75; comment-column: 50; -*- |
25829 | 1073 @end smallexample |
1074 | |
1075 You can also specify the coding system for a file in this way: just | |
1076 specify a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. The ``value'' | |
1077 must be a coding system name that Emacs recognizes. @xref{Coding | |
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1078 Systems}. @w{@samp{unibyte: t}} specifies unibyte loading for a |
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1079 particular Lisp file. @xref{Enabling Multibyte}. |
25829 | 1080 |
34116
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1081 The @code{eval} pseudo-variable, described below, can be specified in |
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1082 the first line as well. |
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1083 |
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1084 @cindex shell scripts, and local file variables |
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1085 In shell scripts, the first line is used to identify the script |
39263 | 1086 interpreter, so you cannot put any local variables there. To accommodate |
34116
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1087 for this, when Emacs visits a shell script, it looks for local variable |
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1088 specifications in the @emph{second} line. |
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1089 |
25829 | 1090 A @dfn{local variables list} goes near the end of the file, in the |
1091 last page. (It is often best to put it on a page by itself.) The local | |
1092 variables list starts with a line containing the string @samp{Local | |
1093 Variables:}, and ends with a line containing the string @samp{End:}. In | |
1094 between come the variable names and values, one set per line, as | |
1095 @samp{@var{variable}:@: @var{value}}. The @var{value}s are not | |
1096 evaluated; they are used literally. If a file has both a local | |
1097 variables list and a @samp{-*-} line, Emacs processes @emph{everything} | |
1098 in the @samp{-*-} line first, and @emph{everything} in the local | |
1099 variables list afterward. | |
1100 | |
1101 Here is an example of a local variables list: | |
1102 | |
1103 @example | |
1104 ;;; Local Variables: *** | |
1105 ;;; mode:lisp *** | |
1106 ;;; comment-column:0 *** | |
1107 ;;; comment-start: ";;; " *** | |
1108 ;;; comment-end:"***" *** | |
1109 ;;; End: *** | |
1110 @end example | |
1111 | |
1112 As you see, each line starts with the prefix @samp{;;; } and each line | |
1113 ends with the suffix @samp{ ***}. Emacs recognizes these as the prefix | |
1114 and suffix based on the first line of the list, by finding them | |
1115 surrounding the magic string @samp{Local Variables:}; then it | |
1116 automatically discards them from the other lines of the list. | |
1117 | |
1118 The usual reason for using a prefix and/or suffix is to embed the | |
1119 local variables list in a comment, so it won't confuse other programs | |
1120 that the file is intended as input for. The example above is for a | |
1121 language where comment lines start with @samp{;;; } and end with | |
1122 @samp{***}; the local values for @code{comment-start} and | |
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1123 @code{comment-end} customize the rest of Emacs for this unusual |
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1124 syntax. Don't use a prefix (or a suffix) if you don't need one. |
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1125 |
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1126 If you write a multi-line string value, you should put the prefix |
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1127 and suffix on each line, even lines that start or end within the |
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1128 string. They will be stripped off for processing the list. If you |
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1129 want to split a long string across multiple lines of the file, you can |
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1130 use backslash-newline, which is ignored in Lisp string constants. |
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1131 Here's an example of doing this: |
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1132 |
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1133 @example |
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1134 # Local Variables: |
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1135 # compile-command: "cc foo.c -Dfoo=bar -Dhack=whatever \ |
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1136 # -Dmumble=blaah" |
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1137 # End: |
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1138 @end example |
25829 | 1139 |
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1140 Some ``variable names'' have special meanings in a local variables |
59192
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1141 list. Specifying the ``variable'' @code{mode} really sets the major |
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1142 mode, while any value specified for the ``variable'' @code{eval} is |
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1143 simply evaluated as an expression (its value is ignored). A value for |
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1144 @code{coding} specifies the coding system for character code |
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1145 conversion of this file, and a value of @code{t} for @code{unibyte} |
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1146 says to visit the file in a unibyte buffer. These four ``variables'' |
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1147 are not really variables; setting them in any other context has no |
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1148 special meaning. |
25829 | 1149 |
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1150 @emph{If @code{mode} is used to set a major mode, it should be the |
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1151 first ``variable'' in the list.} Otherwise, the entries that precede |
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1152 it will usually be ignored, since most modes kill all local variables |
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1153 as part of their initialization. |
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1154 |
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1155 You can use the @code{mode} ``variable'' to set minor modes as well |
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1156 as the major modes; in fact, you can use it more than once, first to |
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1157 set the major mode and then to set minor modes which are specific to |
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1158 particular buffers. But most minor modes should not be specified in |
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1159 the file at all, regardless of how, because they represent user |
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1160 preferences. |
25829 | 1161 |
1162 For example, you may be tempted to try to turn on Auto Fill mode with | |
1163 a local variable list. That is a mistake. The choice of Auto Fill mode | |
1164 or not is a matter of individual taste, not a matter of the contents of | |
1165 particular files. If you want to use Auto Fill, set up major mode hooks | |
1166 with your @file{.emacs} file to turn it on (when appropriate) for you | |
1167 alone (@pxref{Init File}). Don't use a local variable list to impose | |
1168 your taste on everyone. | |
1169 | |
1170 The start of the local variables list must be no more than 3000 | |
1171 characters from the end of the file, and must be in the last page if the | |
1172 file is divided into pages. Otherwise, Emacs will not notice it is | |
1173 there. The purpose of this rule is so that a stray @samp{Local | |
1174 Variables:}@: not in the last page does not confuse Emacs, and so that | |
1175 visiting a long file that is all one page and has no local variables | |
1176 list need not take the time to search the whole file. | |
1177 | |
1178 Use the command @code{normal-mode} to reset the local variables and | |
1179 major mode of a buffer according to the file name and contents, | |
1180 including the local variables list if any. @xref{Choosing Modes}. | |
1181 | |
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1182 @node Unsafe File Variables |
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1183 @subsubsection Unsafe File Variables |
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1184 |
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1185 File variables create a certain amount of risk; when you visit |
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1186 someone else's file, its variables could affect your Emacs in |
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1187 arbitrary ways. A special risk is posed by the @code{eval} |
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1188 ``variable,'' which can potentially execute arbitrary code, and |
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1189 certain actual variables such as @code{load-path}. |
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1190 |
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1191 Therefore, whenever Emacs encounters file variables that are not |
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1192 known to be safe, it displays the entire list of variables defined in |
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1193 that file, and asks you for confirmation before setting them. You can |
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1194 type @samp{y} or @samp{SPC} to apply the local variables list, or |
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1195 @samp{n} to ignore it. |
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1196 |
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1197 There is a set of file variables and values that are known to be |
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1198 safe. For instance, it is safe to give @code{comment-column} or |
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1199 @code{fill-column} any integer value. If a file specifies only safe |
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1200 variable-value pairs, Emacs will not ask for confirmation before |
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1201 setting them. You can also tell Emacs that a set of variable-value |
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1202 pairs is safe, by entering @samp{!} at the file variables confirmation |
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1203 prompt. In that case, Emacs will not ask for confirmation if it |
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1204 encounters these variable-value pairs in the future. You can directly |
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1205 edit the list of safe variable-value pairs by customizing |
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1206 @samp{safe-local-variable-values} (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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1207 |
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1208 Some variables, such as @code{load-path}, are considered |
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1209 @dfn{risky}: there is seldom any reason to specify them as file |
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1210 variables, and changing them can be dangerous. Even if you enter |
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1211 @samp{!} at the confirmation prompt, Emacs will not save these values |
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1212 for the future. Therefore, you will be prompted each time the |
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1213 variable is encountered. If you really want to allow such a variable, |
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1214 you can avoid the prompt by editing @samp{safe-local-variable-values}. |
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1215 |
25829 | 1216 @findex enable-local-variables |
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1217 The variable @code{enable-local-variables} allows you to change the |
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1218 way Emacs processes local variables. Its default value is @code{t}, |
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1219 which means the behavior described above. If you set the value to |
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1220 @code{nil}, Emacs simply ignores local variables in files. Any other |
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1221 value says to query you about each file that has local variables, even |
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1222 if the variables are known to be safe. |
25829 | 1223 |
1224 @findex enable-local-eval | |
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1225 The variable @code{enable-local-eval} controls whether Emacs |
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1226 processes @code{eval} variables. The three possibilities for the |
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1227 variable's value are @code{t}, @code{nil}, and anything else, just as |
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1228 for @code{enable-local-variables}. The default is @code{maybe}, which |
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1229 is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, so normally Emacs does ask for |
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1230 confirmation about processes @code{eval} variables. |
25829 | 1231 |
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1232 @findex safe-local-eval-forms |
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1233 The @code{safe-local-eval-forms} is a customizable list of eval |
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1234 forms which are safe to eval, so Emacs should not ask for |
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1235 confirmation to evaluate these forms. |
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1236 |
25829 | 1237 @node Key Bindings |
1238 @section Customizing Key Bindings | |
1239 @cindex key bindings | |
1240 | |
1241 This section describes @dfn{key bindings}, which map keys to commands, | |
1242 and @dfn{keymaps}, which record key bindings. It also explains how | |
1243 to customize key bindings. | |
1244 | |
1245 Recall that a command is a Lisp function whose definition provides for | |
1246 interactive use. Like every Lisp function, a command has a function | |
1247 name which usually consists of lower-case letters and hyphens. | |
1248 | |
1249 @menu | |
1250 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
1251 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
1252 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
1253 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
1254 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
1255 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
1256 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
1257 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
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1258 * Non-ASCII Rebinding:: Rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as Latin-1. |
25829 | 1259 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. |
1260 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
1261 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
1262 beginners from surprises. | |
1263 @end menu | |
1264 | |
1265 @node Keymaps | |
1266 @subsection Keymaps | |
1267 @cindex keymap | |
1268 | |
1269 The bindings between key sequences and command functions are recorded | |
1270 in data structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Emacs has many of these, each | |
1271 used on particular occasions. | |
1272 | |
1273 Recall that a @dfn{key sequence} (@dfn{key}, for short) is a sequence | |
1274 of @dfn{input events} that have a meaning as a unit. Input events | |
1275 include characters, function keys and mouse buttons---all the inputs | |
1276 that you can send to the computer with your terminal. A key sequence | |
1277 gets its meaning from its @dfn{binding}, which says what command it | |
1278 runs. The function of keymaps is to record these bindings. | |
1279 | |
1280 @cindex global keymap | |
1281 The @dfn{global} keymap is the most important keymap because it is | |
1282 always in effect. The global keymap defines keys for Fundamental mode; | |
1283 most of these definitions are common to most or all major modes. Each | |
1284 major or minor mode can have its own keymap which overrides the global | |
1285 definitions of some keys. | |
1286 | |
1287 For example, a self-inserting character such as @kbd{g} is | |
1288 self-inserting because the global keymap binds it to the command | |
1289 @code{self-insert-command}. The standard Emacs editing characters such | |
1290 as @kbd{C-a} also get their standard meanings from the global keymap. | |
1291 Commands to rebind keys, such as @kbd{M-x global-set-key}, actually work | |
1292 by storing the new binding in the proper place in the global map. | |
1293 @xref{Rebinding}. | |
1294 | |
1295 Meta characters work differently; Emacs translates each Meta | |
1296 character into a pair of characters starting with @key{ESC}. When you | |
1297 type the character @kbd{M-a} in a key sequence, Emacs replaces it with | |
1298 @kbd{@key{ESC} a}. A meta key comes in as a single input event, but | |
1299 becomes two events for purposes of key bindings. The reason for this is | |
1300 historical, and we might change it someday. | |
1301 | |
1302 @cindex function key | |
1303 Most modern keyboards have function keys as well as character keys. | |
1304 Function keys send input events just as character keys do, and keymaps | |
1305 can have bindings for them. | |
1306 | |
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1307 On text terminals, typing a function key actually sends the computer a |
25829 | 1308 sequence of characters; the precise details of the sequence depends on |
1309 which function key and on the model of terminal you are using. (Often | |
1310 the sequence starts with @kbd{@key{ESC} [}.) If Emacs understands your | |
1311 terminal type properly, it recognizes the character sequences forming | |
1312 function keys wherever they occur in a key sequence (not just at the | |
1313 beginning). Thus, for most purposes, you can pretend the function keys | |
1314 reach Emacs directly and ignore their encoding as character sequences. | |
1315 | |
1316 @cindex mouse | |
1317 Mouse buttons also produce input events. These events come with other | |
1318 data---the window and position where you pressed or released the button, | |
1319 and a time stamp. But only the choice of button matters for key | |
1320 bindings; the other data matters only if a command looks at it. | |
1321 (Commands designed for mouse invocation usually do look at the other | |
1322 data.) | |
1323 | |
1324 A keymap records definitions for single events. Interpreting a key | |
1325 sequence of multiple events involves a chain of keymaps. The first | |
1326 keymap gives a definition for the first event; this definition is | |
1327 another keymap, which is used to look up the second event in the | |
1328 sequence, and so on. | |
1329 | |
1330 Key sequences can mix function keys and characters. For example, | |
1331 @kbd{C-x @key{SELECT}} is meaningful. If you make @key{SELECT} a prefix | |
1332 key, then @kbd{@key{SELECT} C-n} makes sense. You can even mix mouse | |
1333 events with keyboard events, but we recommend against it, because such | |
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1334 key sequences are inconvenient to use. |
25829 | 1335 |
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1336 As a user, you can redefine any key; but it is usually best to stick |
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1337 to key sequences that consist of @kbd{C-c} followed by a letter (upper |
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1338 or lower case). These keys are ``reserved for users,'' so they won't |
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1339 conflict with any properly designed Emacs extension. The function |
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1340 keys @key{F5} through @key{F9} are also reserved for users. If you |
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1341 redefine some other key, your definition may be overridden by certain |
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1342 extensions or major modes which redefine the same key. |
25829 | 1343 |
1344 @node Prefix Keymaps | |
1345 @subsection Prefix Keymaps | |
1346 | |
1347 A prefix key such as @kbd{C-x} or @key{ESC} has its own keymap, | |
1348 which holds the definition for the event that immediately follows | |
1349 that prefix. | |
1350 | |
1351 The definition of a prefix key is usually the keymap to use for | |
1352 looking up the following event. The definition can also be a Lisp | |
1353 symbol whose function definition is the following keymap; the effect is | |
1354 the same, but it provides a command name for the prefix key that can be | |
1355 used as a description of what the prefix key is for. Thus, the binding | |
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1356 of @kbd{C-x} is the symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function |
25829 | 1357 definition is the keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands. The definitions of |
1358 @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix keys appear in | |
1359 the global map, so these prefix keys are always available. | |
1360 | |
1361 Aside from ordinary prefix keys, there is a fictitious ``prefix key'' | |
1362 which represents the menu bar; see @ref{Menu Bar,,,elisp, The Emacs Lisp | |
1363 Reference Manual}, for special information about menu bar key bindings. | |
1364 Mouse button events that invoke pop-up menus are also prefix keys; see | |
1365 @ref{Menu Keymaps,,,elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more | |
1366 details. | |
1367 | |
1368 Some prefix keymaps are stored in variables with names: | |
1369 | |
1370 @itemize @bullet | |
1371 @item | |
1372 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
1373 @code{ctl-x-map} is the variable name for the map used for characters that | |
1374 follow @kbd{C-x}. | |
1375 @item | |
1376 @vindex help-map | |
1377 @code{help-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-h}. | |
1378 @item | |
1379 @vindex esc-map | |
1380 @code{esc-map} is for characters that follow @key{ESC}. Thus, all Meta | |
1381 characters are actually defined by this map. | |
1382 @item | |
1383 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
1384 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-x 4}. | |
1385 @item | |
1386 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
1387 @code{mode-specific-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-c}. | |
1388 @end itemize | |
1389 | |
1390 @node Local Keymaps | |
1391 @subsection Local Keymaps | |
1392 | |
1393 @cindex local keymap | |
1394 So far we have explained the ins and outs of the global map. Major | |
1395 modes customize Emacs by providing their own key bindings in @dfn{local | |
1396 keymaps}. For example, C mode overrides @key{TAB} to make it indent the | |
1397 current line for C code. Portions of text in the buffer can specify | |
1398 their own keymaps to substitute for the keymap of the buffer's major | |
1399 mode. | |
1400 | |
1401 @cindex minor mode keymap | |
1402 Minor modes can also have local keymaps. Whenever a minor mode is | |
1403 in effect, the definitions in its keymap override both the major | |
1404 mode's local keymap and the global keymap. | |
1405 | |
1406 @vindex c-mode-map | |
1407 @vindex lisp-mode-map | |
1408 The local keymaps for Lisp mode and several other major modes always | |
1409 exist even when not in use. These are kept in variables named | |
1410 @code{lisp-mode-map} and so on. For major modes less often used, the | |
1411 local keymap is normally constructed only when the mode is used for the | |
1412 first time in a session. This is to save space. If you wish to change | |
1413 one of these keymaps, you must use the major mode's @dfn{mode | |
1414 hook}---see below. | |
1415 | |
1416 All minor mode keymaps are created in advance. There is no way to | |
1417 defer their creation until the first time the minor mode is enabled. | |
1418 | |
1419 A local keymap can locally redefine a key as a prefix key by defining | |
1420 it as a prefix keymap. If the key is also defined globally as a prefix, | |
1421 then its local and global definitions (both keymaps) effectively | |
1422 combine: both of them are used to look up the event that follows the | |
1423 prefix key. Thus, if the mode's local keymap defines @kbd{C-c} as | |
1424 another keymap, and that keymap defines @kbd{C-z} as a command, this | |
1425 provides a local meaning for @kbd{C-c C-z}. This does not affect other | |
1426 sequences that start with @kbd{C-c}; if those sequences don't have their | |
1427 own local bindings, their global bindings remain in effect. | |
1428 | |
1429 Another way to think of this is that Emacs handles a multi-event key | |
1430 sequence by looking in several keymaps, one by one, for a binding of the | |
1431 whole key sequence. First it checks the minor mode keymaps for minor | |
1432 modes that are enabled, then it checks the major mode's keymap, and then | |
1433 it checks the global keymap. This is not precisely how key lookup | |
1434 works, but it's good enough for understanding ordinary circumstances. | |
1435 | |
1436 @cindex rebinding major mode keys | |
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1437 @findex define-key |
25829 | 1438 To change the local bindings of a major mode, you must change the |
1439 mode's local keymap. Normally you must wait until the first time the | |
1440 mode is used, because most major modes don't create their keymaps until | |
1441 then. If you want to specify something in your @file{~/.emacs} file to | |
1442 change a major mode's bindings, you must use the mode's mode hook to | |
1443 delay the change until the mode is first used. | |
1444 | |
1445 For example, the command @code{texinfo-mode} to select Texinfo mode | |
1446 runs the hook @code{texinfo-mode-hook}. Here's how you can use the hook | |
1447 to add local bindings (not very useful, we admit) for @kbd{C-c n} and | |
1448 @kbd{C-c p} in Texinfo mode: | |
1449 | |
1450 @example | |
1451 (add-hook 'texinfo-mode-hook | |
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1452 '(lambda () |
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1453 (define-key texinfo-mode-map "\C-cp" |
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1454 'backward-paragraph) |
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1455 (define-key texinfo-mode-map "\C-cn" |
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1456 'forward-paragraph))) |
25829 | 1457 @end example |
1458 | |
1459 @xref{Hooks}. | |
1460 | |
1461 @node Minibuffer Maps | |
1462 @subsection Minibuffer Keymaps | |
1463 | |
1464 @cindex minibuffer keymaps | |
1465 @vindex minibuffer-local-map | |
1466 @vindex minibuffer-local-ns-map | |
1467 @vindex minibuffer-local-completion-map | |
1468 @vindex minibuffer-local-must-match-map | |
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1469 @vindex minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map |
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1470 @vindex minibuffer-local-must-match-filename-map |
25829 | 1471 The minibuffer has its own set of local keymaps; they contain various |
1472 completion and exit commands. | |
1473 | |
1474 @itemize @bullet | |
1475 @item | |
1476 @code{minibuffer-local-map} is used for ordinary input (no completion). | |
1477 @item | |
1478 @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} is similar, except that @key{SPC} exits | |
1479 just like @key{RET}. This is used mainly for Mocklisp compatibility. | |
1480 @item | |
1481 @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} is for permissive completion. | |
1482 @item | |
1483 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} is for strict completion and | |
1484 for cautious completion. | |
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1485 @item |
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1486 @code{minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map} and |
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1487 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-filename-map} are like the two |
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1488 previous ones, but they are specifically for file name completion. |
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1489 They do not bind @key{SPC}. |
25829 | 1490 @end itemize |
1491 | |
1492 @node Rebinding | |
1493 @subsection Changing Key Bindings Interactively | |
1494 @cindex key rebinding, this session | |
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1495 @cindex redefining keys, this session |
25829 | 1496 |
1497 The way to redefine an Emacs key is to change its entry in a keymap. | |
1498 You can change the global keymap, in which case the change is effective in | |
1499 all major modes (except those that have their own overriding local | |
1500 definitions for the same key). Or you can change the current buffer's | |
1501 local map, which affects all buffers using the same major mode. | |
1502 | |
1503 @findex global-set-key | |
1504 @findex local-set-key | |
1505 @findex global-unset-key | |
1506 @findex local-unset-key | |
1507 @table @kbd | |
1508 @item M-x global-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
1509 Define @var{key} globally to run @var{cmd}. | |
1510 @item M-x local-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
1511 Define @var{key} locally (in the major mode now in effect) to run | |
1512 @var{cmd}. | |
1513 @item M-x global-unset-key @key{RET} @var{key} | |
1514 Make @var{key} undefined in the global map. | |
1515 @item M-x local-unset-key @key{RET} @var{key} | |
1516 Make @var{key} undefined locally (in the major mode now in effect). | |
1517 @end table | |
1518 | |
1519 For example, suppose you like to execute commands in a subshell within | |
1520 an Emacs buffer, instead of suspending Emacs and executing commands in | |
1521 your login shell. Normally, @kbd{C-z} is bound to the function | |
1522 @code{suspend-emacs} (when not using the X Window System), but you can | |
1523 change @kbd{C-z} to invoke an interactive subshell within Emacs, by | |
1524 binding it to @code{shell} as follows: | |
1525 | |
1526 @example | |
1527 M-x global-set-key @key{RET} C-z shell @key{RET} | |
1528 @end example | |
1529 | |
1530 @noindent | |
1531 @code{global-set-key} reads the command name after the key. After you | |
1532 press the key, a message like this appears so that you can confirm that | |
1533 you are binding the key you want: | |
1534 | |
1535 @example | |
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1536 Set key C-z to command: |
25829 | 1537 @end example |
1538 | |
1539 You can redefine function keys and mouse events in the same way; just | |
1540 type the function key or click the mouse when it's time to specify the | |
1541 key to rebind. | |
1542 | |
1543 You can rebind a key that contains more than one event in the same | |
1544 way. Emacs keeps reading the key to rebind until it is a complete key | |
1545 (that is, not a prefix key). Thus, if you type @kbd{C-f} for | |
1546 @var{key}, that's the end; the minibuffer is entered immediately to | |
1547 read @var{cmd}. But if you type @kbd{C-x}, another character is read; | |
1548 if that is @kbd{4}, another character is read, and so on. For | |
1549 example, | |
1550 | |
1551 @example | |
1552 M-x global-set-key @key{RET} C-x 4 $ spell-other-window @key{RET} | |
1553 @end example | |
1554 | |
1555 @noindent | |
1556 redefines @kbd{C-x 4 $} to run the (fictitious) command | |
1557 @code{spell-other-window}. | |
1558 | |
1559 The two-character keys consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by a letter | |
1560 are reserved for user customizations. Lisp programs are not supposed to | |
1561 define these keys, so the bindings you make for them will be available | |
1562 in all major modes and will never get in the way of anything. | |
1563 | |
1564 You can remove the global definition of a key with | |
1565 @code{global-unset-key}. This makes the key @dfn{undefined}; if you | |
1566 type it, Emacs will just beep. Similarly, @code{local-unset-key} makes | |
1567 a key undefined in the current major mode keymap, which makes the global | |
1568 definition (or lack of one) come back into effect in that major mode. | |
1569 | |
1570 If you have redefined (or undefined) a key and you subsequently wish | |
1571 to retract the change, undefining the key will not do the job---you need | |
1572 to redefine the key with its standard definition. To find the name of | |
1573 the standard definition of a key, go to a Fundamental mode buffer and | |
1574 use @kbd{C-h c}. The documentation of keys in this manual also lists | |
1575 their command names. | |
1576 | |
1577 If you want to prevent yourself from invoking a command by mistake, it | |
1578 is better to disable the command than to undefine the key. A disabled | |
1579 command is less work to invoke when you really want to. | |
1580 @xref{Disabling}. | |
1581 | |
1582 @node Init Rebinding | |
1583 @subsection Rebinding Keys in Your Init File | |
1584 | |
1585 If you have a set of key bindings that you like to use all the time, | |
1586 you can specify them in your @file{.emacs} file by using their Lisp | |
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1587 syntax. (@xref{Init File}.) |
25829 | 1588 |
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1589 The simplest method for doing this works for @acronym{ASCII} characters and |
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1590 Meta-modified @acronym{ASCII} characters only. This method uses a string to |
25829 | 1591 represent the key sequence you want to rebind. For example, here's how |
1592 to bind @kbd{C-z} to @code{shell}: | |
1593 | |
1594 @example | |
1595 (global-set-key "\C-z" 'shell) | |
1596 @end example | |
1597 | |
1598 @noindent | |
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1599 This example uses a string constant containing one character, |
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1600 @kbd{C-z}. (@samp{\C-} is string syntax for a control character.) The |
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1601 single-quote before the command name, @code{shell}, marks it as a |
25829 | 1602 constant symbol rather than a variable. If you omit the quote, Emacs |
1603 would try to evaluate @code{shell} immediately as a variable. This | |
1604 probably causes an error; it certainly isn't what you want. | |
1605 | |
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1606 Here is another example that binds the key sequence @kbd{C-x M-l}: |
25829 | 1607 |
1608 @example | |
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1609 (global-set-key "\C-x\M-l" 'make-symbolic-link) |
25829 | 1610 @end example |
1611 | |
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1612 To put @key{TAB}, @key{RET}, @key{ESC}, or @key{DEL} in the |
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1613 string, you can use the Emacs Lisp escape sequences, @samp{\t}, |
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1614 @samp{\r}, @samp{\e}, and @samp{\d}. Here is an example which binds |
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1615 @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}: |
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1616 |
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1617 @example |
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1618 (global-set-key "\C-x\t" 'indent-rigidly) |
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1619 @end example |
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1620 |
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1621 These examples show how to write some other special @acronym{ASCII} characters |
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1622 in strings for key bindings: |
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1623 |
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1624 @example |
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1625 (global-set-key "\r" 'newline) ;; @key{RET} |
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1626 (global-set-key "\d" 'delete-backward-char) ;; @key{DEL} |
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1627 (global-set-key "\C-x\e\e" 'repeat-complex-command) ;; @key{ESC} |
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1628 @end example |
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1629 |
25829 | 1630 When the key sequence includes function keys or mouse button events, |
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1631 or non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as @code{C-=} or @code{H-a}, you must use |
25829 | 1632 the more general method of rebinding, which uses a vector to specify the |
1633 key sequence. | |
1634 | |
1635 The way to write a vector in Emacs Lisp is with square brackets around | |
1636 the vector elements. Use spaces to separate the elements. If an | |
1637 element is a symbol, simply write the symbol's name---no other | |
1638 delimiters or punctuation are needed. If a vector element is a | |
1639 character, write it as a Lisp character constant: @samp{?} followed by | |
1640 the character as it would appear in a string. | |
1641 | |
1642 Here are examples of using vectors to rebind @kbd{C-=} (a control | |
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1643 character not in @acronym{ASCII}), @kbd{C-M-=} (not in @acronym{ASCII} because @kbd{C-=} |
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1644 is not), @kbd{H-a} (a Hyper character; @acronym{ASCII} doesn't have Hyper at |
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1645 all), @key{F7} (a function key), and @kbd{C-Mouse-1} (a |
25829 | 1646 keyboard-modified mouse button): |
1647 | |
1648 @example | |
1649 (global-set-key [?\C-=] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
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1650 (global-set-key [?\M-\C-=] 'make-symbolic-link) |
25829 | 1651 (global-set-key [?\H-a] 'make-symbolic-link) |
1652 (global-set-key [f7] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
1653 (global-set-key [C-mouse-1] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
1654 @end example | |
1655 | |
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1656 You can use a vector for the simple cases too. Here's how to |
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1657 rewrite the first six examples above to use vectors: |
25829 | 1658 |
1659 @example | |
1660 (global-set-key [?\C-z] 'shell) | |
1661 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?l] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
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1662 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\t] 'indent-rigidly) |
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1663 (global-set-key [?\r] 'newline) |
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1664 (global-set-key [?\d] 'delete-backward-char) |
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1665 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\e ?\e] 'repeat-complex-command) |
25829 | 1666 @end example |
1667 | |
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1668 @noindent |
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1669 As you see, you represent a multi-character key sequence with a vector |
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1670 by listing all of the characters in order within the square brackets that |
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1671 delimit the vector. |
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1672 |
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1673 Language and coding systems can cause problems with key bindings |
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1674 for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. @xref{Non-ASCII Rebinding}. |
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1675 |
25829 | 1676 @node Function Keys |
1677 @subsection Rebinding Function Keys | |
1678 | |
1679 Key sequences can contain function keys as well as ordinary | |
1680 characters. Just as Lisp characters (actually integers) represent | |
1681 keyboard characters, Lisp symbols represent function keys. If the | |
1682 function key has a word as its label, then that word is also the name of | |
1683 the corresponding Lisp symbol. Here are the conventional Lisp names for | |
1684 common function keys: | |
1685 | |
1686 @table @asis | |
1687 @item @code{left}, @code{up}, @code{right}, @code{down} | |
1688 Cursor arrow keys. | |
1689 | |
1690 @item @code{begin}, @code{end}, @code{home}, @code{next}, @code{prior} | |
1691 Other cursor repositioning keys. | |
1692 | |
1693 @item @code{select}, @code{print}, @code{execute}, @code{backtab} | |
1694 @itemx @code{insert}, @code{undo}, @code{redo}, @code{clearline} | |
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1695 @itemx @code{insertline}, @code{deleteline}, @code{insertchar}, @code{deletechar} |
25829 | 1696 Miscellaneous function keys. |
1697 | |
1698 @item @code{f1}, @code{f2}, @dots{} @code{f35} | |
1699 Numbered function keys (across the top of the keyboard). | |
1700 | |
1701 @item @code{kp-add}, @code{kp-subtract}, @code{kp-multiply}, @code{kp-divide} | |
1702 @itemx @code{kp-backtab}, @code{kp-space}, @code{kp-tab}, @code{kp-enter} | |
1703 @itemx @code{kp-separator}, @code{kp-decimal}, @code{kp-equal} | |
1704 Keypad keys (to the right of the regular keyboard), with names or punctuation. | |
1705 | |
1706 @item @code{kp-0}, @code{kp-1}, @dots{} @code{kp-9} | |
1707 Keypad keys with digits. | |
1708 | |
1709 @item @code{kp-f1}, @code{kp-f2}, @code{kp-f3}, @code{kp-f4} | |
1710 Keypad PF keys. | |
1711 @end table | |
1712 | |
1713 These names are conventional, but some systems (especially when using | |
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1714 X) may use different names. To make certain what symbol is used for a |
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1715 given function key on your terminal, type @kbd{C-h c} followed by that |
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1716 key. |
25829 | 1717 |
1718 A key sequence which contains function key symbols (or anything but | |
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1719 @acronym{ASCII} characters) must be a vector rather than a string. |
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1720 Thus, to bind function key @samp{f1} to the command @code{rmail}, |
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1721 write the following: |
25829 | 1722 |
1723 @example | |
1724 (global-set-key [f1] 'rmail) | |
1725 @end example | |
1726 | |
1727 @noindent | |
1728 To bind the right-arrow key to the command @code{forward-char}, you can | |
1729 use this expression: | |
1730 | |
1731 @example | |
1732 (global-set-key [right] 'forward-char) | |
1733 @end example | |
1734 | |
1735 @noindent | |
1736 This uses the Lisp syntax for a vector containing the symbol | |
1737 @code{right}. (This binding is present in Emacs by default.) | |
1738 | |
1739 @xref{Init Rebinding}, for more information about using vectors for | |
1740 rebinding. | |
1741 | |
1742 You can mix function keys and characters in a key sequence. This | |
1743 example binds @kbd{C-x @key{NEXT}} to the command @code{forward-page}. | |
1744 | |
1745 @example | |
1746 (global-set-key [?\C-x next] 'forward-page) | |
1747 @end example | |
1748 | |
1749 @noindent | |
1750 where @code{?\C-x} is the Lisp character constant for the character | |
1751 @kbd{C-x}. The vector element @code{next} is a symbol and therefore | |
1752 does not take a question mark. | |
1753 | |
1754 You can use the modifier keys @key{CTRL}, @key{META}, @key{HYPER}, | |
1755 @key{SUPER}, @key{ALT} and @key{SHIFT} with function keys. To represent | |
1756 these modifiers, add the strings @samp{C-}, @samp{M-}, @samp{H-}, | |
1757 @samp{s-}, @samp{A-} and @samp{S-} at the front of the symbol name. | |
1758 Thus, here is how to make @kbd{Hyper-Meta-@key{RIGHT}} move forward a | |
1759 word: | |
1760 | |
1761 @example | |
1762 (global-set-key [H-M-right] 'forward-word) | |
1763 @end example | |
1764 | |
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1765 @cindex keypad |
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1766 Many keyboards have a ``numeric keypad'' on the right hand side. |
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1767 The numeric keys in the keypad double up as cursor motion keys, |
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1768 toggled by a key labeled @samp{Num Lock}. By default, Emacs |
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1769 translates these keys to the corresponding keys in the main keyboard. |
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1770 For example, when @samp{Num Lock} is on, the key labeled @samp{8} on |
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1771 the numeric keypad produces @code{kp-8}, which is translated to |
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1772 @kbd{8}; when @samp{Num Lock} is off, the same key produces |
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1773 @code{kp-up}, which is translated to @key{UP}. If you rebind a key |
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1774 such as @kbd{8} or @key{UP}, it affects the equivalent keypad key too. |
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1775 However, if you rebind a @samp{kp-} key directly, that won't affect |
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|
1776 its non-keypad equivalent. |
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1777 |
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1778 Emacs provides a convenient method for binding the numeric keypad |
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1779 keys, using the variables @code{keypad-setup}, |
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1780 @code{keypad-numlock-setup}, @code{keypad-shifted-setup}, and |
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1781 @code{keypad-numlock-shifted-setup}. These can be found in the |
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1782 @samp{keyboard} customization group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). You |
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1783 can rebind the keys to perform other tasks, such as issuing numeric |
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1784 prefix arguments. |
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1785 |
25829 | 1786 @node Named ASCII Chars |
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1787 @subsection Named @acronym{ASCII} Control Characters |
25829 | 1788 |
1789 @key{TAB}, @key{RET}, @key{BS}, @key{LFD}, @key{ESC} and @key{DEL} | |
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1790 started out as names for certain @acronym{ASCII} control characters, |
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1791 used so often that they have special keys of their own. For instance, |
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1792 @key{TAB} was another name for @kbd{C-i}. Later, users found it |
25829 | 1793 convenient to distinguish in Emacs between these keys and the ``same'' |
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1794 control characters typed with the @key{CTRL} key. Therefore, on most |
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1795 modern terminals, they are no longer the same, and @key{TAB} is |
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1796 distinguishable from @kbd{C-i}. |
25829 | 1797 |
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1798 Emacs can distinguish these two kinds of input if the keyboard does. |
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1799 It treats the ``special'' keys as function keys named @code{tab}, |
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1800 @code{return}, @code{backspace}, @code{linefeed}, @code{escape}, and |
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1801 @code{delete}. These function keys translate automatically into the |
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1802 corresponding @acronym{ASCII} characters @emph{if} they have no |
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1803 bindings of their own. As a result, neither users nor Lisp programs |
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1804 need to pay attention to the distinction unless they care to. |
25829 | 1805 |
1806 If you do not want to distinguish between (for example) @key{TAB} and | |
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1807 @kbd{C-i}, make just one binding, for the @acronym{ASCII} character @key{TAB} |
25829 | 1808 (octal code 011). If you do want to distinguish, make one binding for |
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1809 this @acronym{ASCII} character, and another for the ``function key'' @code{tab}. |
25829 | 1810 |
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1811 With an ordinary @acronym{ASCII} terminal, there is no way to distinguish |
25829 | 1812 between @key{TAB} and @kbd{C-i} (and likewise for other such pairs), |
1813 because the terminal sends the same character in both cases. | |
1814 | |
1815 @node Non-ASCII Rebinding | |
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1816 @subsection Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters on the Keyboard |
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1817 @cindex rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} keys |
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1818 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} keys, binding |
25829 | 1819 |
56690 | 1820 If your keyboard has keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII} |
1821 characters, such as accented letters, rebinding these keys | |
1822 must be done by using a vector like this@footnote{Note that | |
1823 you should avoid the string syntax for binding | |
1824 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, since they will be | |
1825 interpreted as meta keys. @xref{Strings of Events,,,elisp, | |
1826 The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.}: | |
25829 | 1827 |
1828 @example | |
1829 (global-set-key [?@var{char}] 'some-function) | |
1830 @end example | |
1831 | |
1832 @noindent | |
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1833 Type @kbd{C-q} followed by the key you want to bind, to insert @var{char}. |
25829 | 1834 |
56690 | 1835 Since this puts a non-@acronym{ASCII} character in the @file{.emacs}, |
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1836 you should specify a coding system for that file that supports the |
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1837 character in question. @xref{Init Syntax}. |
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1838 |
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1839 @strong{Warning:} if you change the keyboard encoding, or change |
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1840 between multibyte and unibyte mode, or anything that would alter which |
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1841 code @kbd{C-q} would insert for that character, you'll need to edit |
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1842 the Lisp expression accordingly, to use the character code generated |
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1843 by @kbd{C-q} in the new mode. |
27218 | 1844 |
25829 | 1845 @node Mouse Buttons |
1846 @subsection Rebinding Mouse Buttons | |
1847 @cindex mouse button events | |
1848 @cindex rebinding mouse buttons | |
1849 @cindex click events | |
1850 @cindex drag events | |
1851 @cindex down events | |
1852 @cindex button down events | |
1853 | |
1854 Emacs uses Lisp symbols to designate mouse buttons, too. The ordinary | |
1855 mouse events in Emacs are @dfn{click} events; these happen when you | |
1856 press a button and release it without moving the mouse. You can also | |
1857 get @dfn{drag} events, when you move the mouse while holding the button | |
1858 down. Drag events happen when you finally let go of the button. | |
1859 | |
1860 The symbols for basic click events are @code{mouse-1} for the leftmost | |
1861 button, @code{mouse-2} for the next, and so on. Here is how you can | |
1862 redefine the second mouse button to split the current window: | |
1863 | |
1864 @example | |
1865 (global-set-key [mouse-2] 'split-window-vertically) | |
1866 @end example | |
1867 | |
1868 The symbols for drag events are similar, but have the prefix | |
1869 @samp{drag-} before the word @samp{mouse}. For example, dragging the | |
1870 first button generates a @code{drag-mouse-1} event. | |
1871 | |
1872 You can also define bindings for events that occur when a mouse button | |
1873 is pressed down. These events start with @samp{down-} instead of | |
1874 @samp{drag-}. Such events are generated only if they have key bindings. | |
1875 When you get a button-down event, a corresponding click or drag event | |
1876 will always follow. | |
1877 | |
1878 @cindex double clicks | |
1879 @cindex triple clicks | |
1880 If you wish, you can distinguish single, double, and triple clicks. A | |
1881 double click means clicking a mouse button twice in approximately the | |
1882 same place. The first click generates an ordinary click event. The | |
1883 second click, if it comes soon enough, generates a double-click event | |
1884 instead. The event type for a double-click event starts with | |
1885 @samp{double-}: for example, @code{double-mouse-3}. | |
1886 | |
1887 This means that you can give a special meaning to the second click at | |
1888 the same place, but it must act on the assumption that the ordinary | |
1889 single click definition has run when the first click was received. | |
1890 | |
1891 This constrains what you can do with double clicks, but user interface | |
1892 designers say that this constraint ought to be followed in any case. A | |
1893 double click should do something similar to the single click, only | |
1894 ``more so.'' The command for the double-click event should perform the | |
1895 extra work for the double click. | |
1896 | |
1897 If a double-click event has no binding, it changes to the | |
1898 corresponding single-click event. Thus, if you don't define a | |
1899 particular double click specially, it executes the single-click command | |
1900 twice. | |
1901 | |
1902 Emacs also supports triple-click events whose names start with | |
1903 @samp{triple-}. Emacs does not distinguish quadruple clicks as event | |
1904 types; clicks beyond the third generate additional triple-click events. | |
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1905 However, the full number of clicks is recorded in the event list, so |
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1906 if you know Emacs Lisp you can distinguish if you really want to |
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1907 (@pxref{Accessing Events,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). |
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1908 We don't recommend distinct meanings for more than three clicks, but |
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|
1909 sometimes it is useful for subsequent clicks to cycle through the same |
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1910 set of three meanings, so that four clicks are equivalent to one |
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1911 click, five are equivalent to two, and six are equivalent to three. |
25829 | 1912 |
1913 Emacs also records multiple presses in drag and button-down events. | |
1914 For example, when you press a button twice, then move the mouse while | |
1915 holding the button, Emacs gets a @samp{double-drag-} event. And at the | |
1916 moment when you press it down for the second time, Emacs gets a | |
1917 @samp{double-down-} event (which is ignored, like all button-down | |
1918 events, if it has no binding). | |
1919 | |
1920 @vindex double-click-time | |
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1921 The variable @code{double-click-time} specifies how much time can |
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1922 elapse between clicks and still allow them to be grouped as a multiple |
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1923 click. Its value is in units of milliseconds. If the value is |
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1924 @code{nil}, double clicks are not detected at all. If the value is |
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1925 @code{t}, then there is no time limit. The default is 500. |
25829 | 1926 |
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1927 @vindex double-click-fuzz |
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1928 The variable @code{double-click-fuzz} specifies how much the mouse |
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1929 can move between clicks and still allow them to be grouped as a multiple |
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1930 click. Its value is in units of pixels on windowed displays and in |
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1931 units of 1/8 of a character cell on text-mode terminals; the default is |
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1932 3. |
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1933 |
25829 | 1934 The symbols for mouse events also indicate the status of the modifier |
1935 keys, with the usual prefixes @samp{C-}, @samp{M-}, @samp{H-}, | |
1936 @samp{s-}, @samp{A-} and @samp{S-}. These always precede @samp{double-} | |
1937 or @samp{triple-}, which always precede @samp{drag-} or @samp{down-}. | |
1938 | |
1939 A frame includes areas that don't show text from the buffer, such as | |
1940 the mode line and the scroll bar. You can tell whether a mouse button | |
1941 comes from a special area of the screen by means of dummy ``prefix | |
1942 keys.'' For example, if you click the mouse in the mode line, you get | |
1943 the prefix key @code{mode-line} before the ordinary mouse-button symbol. | |
1944 Thus, here is how to define the command for clicking the first button in | |
1945 a mode line to run @code{scroll-up}: | |
1946 | |
1947 @example | |
1948 (global-set-key [mode-line mouse-1] 'scroll-up) | |
1949 @end example | |
1950 | |
1951 Here is the complete list of these dummy prefix keys and their | |
1952 meanings: | |
1953 | |
1954 @table @code | |
1955 @item mode-line | |
1956 The mouse was in the mode line of a window. | |
1957 @item vertical-line | |
1958 The mouse was in the vertical line separating side-by-side windows. (If | |
1959 you use scroll bars, they appear in place of these vertical lines.) | |
1960 @item vertical-scroll-bar | |
1961 The mouse was in a vertical scroll bar. (This is the only kind of | |
1962 scroll bar Emacs currently supports.) | |
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1963 @item menu-bar |
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1964 The mouse was in the menu bar. |
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1965 @item header-line |
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1966 The mouse was in a header line. |
25829 | 1967 @ignore |
1968 @item horizontal-scroll-bar | |
1969 The mouse was in a horizontal scroll bar. Horizontal scroll bars do | |
1970 horizontal scrolling, and people don't use them often. | |
1971 @end ignore | |
1972 @end table | |
1973 | |
1974 You can put more than one mouse button in a key sequence, but it isn't | |
1975 usual to do so. | |
1976 | |
1977 @node Disabling | |
1978 @subsection Disabling Commands | |
1979 @cindex disabled command | |
1980 | |
1981 Disabling a command marks the command as requiring confirmation before it | |
1982 can be executed. The purpose of disabling a command is to prevent | |
1983 beginning users from executing it by accident and being confused. | |
1984 | |
1985 An attempt to invoke a disabled command interactively in Emacs | |
1986 displays a window containing the command's name, its documentation, and | |
1987 some instructions on what to do immediately; then Emacs asks for input | |
1988 saying whether to execute the command as requested, enable it and | |
1989 execute it, or cancel. If you decide to enable the command, you are | |
1990 asked whether to do this permanently or just for the current session. | |
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1991 (Enabling permanently works by automatically editing your @file{.emacs} |
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1992 file.) You can also type @kbd{!} to enable @emph{all} commands, |
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1993 for the current session only. |
25829 | 1994 |
1995 The direct mechanism for disabling a command is to put a | |
1996 non-@code{nil} @code{disabled} property on the Lisp symbol for the | |
1997 command. Here is the Lisp program to do this: | |
1998 | |
1999 @example | |
2000 (put 'delete-region 'disabled t) | |
2001 @end example | |
2002 | |
2003 If the value of the @code{disabled} property is a string, that string | |
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2004 is included in the message displayed when the command is used: |
25829 | 2005 |
2006 @example | |
2007 (put 'delete-region 'disabled | |
2008 "It's better to use `kill-region' instead.\n") | |
2009 @end example | |
2010 | |
2011 @findex disable-command | |
2012 @findex enable-command | |
2013 You can make a command disabled either by editing the @file{.emacs} | |
2014 file directly or with the command @kbd{M-x disable-command}, which edits | |
2015 the @file{.emacs} file for you. Likewise, @kbd{M-x enable-command} | |
2016 edits @file{.emacs} to enable a command permanently. @xref{Init File}. | |
2017 | |
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2018 If Emacs was invoked with the @option{-q} or @option{--no-init-file} |
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2019 options (@pxref{Initial Options}), it will not edit your |
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2020 @file{~/.emacs} init file. This is because editing the init file from |
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2021 such a session might overwrite the lines you might have on your init |
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2022 file which enable and disable commands. |
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2023 |
25829 | 2024 Whether a command is disabled is independent of what key is used to |
2025 invoke it; disabling also applies if the command is invoked using | |
2026 @kbd{M-x}. Disabling a command has no effect on calling it as a | |
2027 function from Lisp programs. | |
2028 | |
2029 @node Syntax | |
2030 @section The Syntax Table | |
2031 @cindex syntax table | |
2032 | |
2033 All the Emacs commands which parse words or balance parentheses are | |
2034 controlled by the @dfn{syntax table}. The syntax table says which | |
2035 characters are opening delimiters, which are parts of words, which are | |
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2036 string quotes, and so on. It does this by assigning each character to |
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2037 one of fifteen-odd @dfn{syntax classes}. In some cases it specifies |
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2038 some additional information also. |
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2039 |
38114 | 2040 Each major mode has its own syntax table (though related major modes |
2041 sometimes share one syntax table) which it installs in each buffer | |
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2042 that uses the mode. The syntax table installed in the current buffer |
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2043 is the one that all commands use, so we call it ``the'' syntax table. |
25829 | 2044 |
2045 @kindex C-h s | |
2046 @findex describe-syntax | |
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2047 To display a description of the contents of the current syntax |
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2048 table, type @kbd{C-h s} (@code{describe-syntax}). The description of |
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2049 each character includes both the string you would have to give to |
25829 | 2050 @code{modify-syntax-entry} to set up that character's current syntax, |
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2051 starting with the character which designates its syntax class, plus |
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2052 some English text to explain its meaning. |
25829 | 2053 |
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2054 A syntax table is actually a Lisp object, a char-table, whose |
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2055 elements are cons cells. For full information on the syntax table, |
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2056 see @ref{Syntax Tables,, Syntax Tables, elisp, The Emacs Lisp |
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|
2057 Reference Manual}. |
25829 | 2058 |
2059 @node Init File | |
2060 @section The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
2061 @cindex init file | |
2062 @cindex Emacs initialization file | |
2063 @cindex key rebinding, permanent | |
2064 @cindex rebinding keys, permanently | |
2065 @cindex startup (init file) | |
2066 | |
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2067 When Emacs is started, it normally loads a Lisp program from the |
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2068 file @file{.emacs} or @file{.emacs.el} in your home directory |
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2069 (see @ref{General Variables, HOME}, if you don't know where that is). |
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2070 We call this file your @dfn{init file} because it specifies how to |
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2071 initialize Emacs for you. You can use the command line switch |
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2072 @samp{-q} to prevent loading your init file, and @samp{-u} (or |
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Document ~/.emacs.d/init.el
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2073 @samp{--user}) to specify a different user's init file (@pxref{Initial |
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2074 Options}). |
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Document ~/.emacs.d/init.el
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2075 |
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Document ~/.emacs.d/init.el
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2076 You can also use @file{~/.emacs.d/init.el} as the init file. Emacs |
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2077 tries this if it cannot find @file{~/.emacs} or @file{~/.emacs.el}. |
25829 | 2078 |
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2079 @cindex @file{default.el}, the default init file |
25829 | 2080 There can also be a @dfn{default init file}, which is the library |
2081 named @file{default.el}, found via the standard search path for | |
2082 libraries. The Emacs distribution contains no such library; your site | |
2083 may create one for local customizations. If this library exists, it is | |
2084 loaded whenever you start Emacs (except when you specify @samp{-q}). | |
2085 But your init file, if any, is loaded first; if it sets | |
2086 @code{inhibit-default-init} non-@code{nil}, then @file{default} is not | |
2087 loaded. | |
2088 | |
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2089 @cindex site init file |
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2090 @cindex @file{site-start.el}, the site startup file |
25829 | 2091 Your site may also have a @dfn{site startup file}; this is named |
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2092 @file{site-start.el}, if it exists. Like @file{default.el}, Emacs |
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2093 finds this file via the standard search path for Lisp libraries. |
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2094 Emacs loads this library before it loads your init file. To inhibit |
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2095 loading of this library, use the option @samp{--no-site-file}. |
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2096 @xref{Initial Options}. We recommend against using |
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2097 @file{site-start.el} for changes that some users may not like. It is |
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2098 better to put them in @file{default.el}, so that users can more easily |
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2099 override them. |
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2100 |
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2101 You can place @file{default.el} and @file{site-start.el} in any of |
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2102 the directories which Emacs searches for Lisp libraries. The variable |
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2103 @code{load-path} (@pxref{Lisp Libraries}) specifies these directories. |
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2104 Many sites put these files in the @file{site-lisp} subdirectory of the |
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2105 Emacs installation directory, typically |
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2106 @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp}. |
25829 | 2107 |
2108 If you have a large amount of code in your @file{.emacs} file, you | |
2109 should rename it to @file{~/.emacs.el}, and byte-compile it. @xref{Byte | |
2110 Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, | |
2111 for more information about compiling Emacs Lisp programs. | |
2112 | |
2113 If you are going to write actual Emacs Lisp programs that go beyond | |
2114 minor customization, you should read the @cite{Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
2115 @ifinfo | |
2116 @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp, Emacs Lisp, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference | |
2117 Manual}. | |
2118 @end ifinfo | |
2119 | |
2120 @menu | |
2121 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
2122 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
2123 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
2124 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
2125 @end menu | |
2126 | |
2127 @node Init Syntax | |
2128 @subsection Init File Syntax | |
2129 | |
2130 The @file{.emacs} file contains one or more Lisp function call | |
2131 expressions. Each of these consists of a function name followed by | |
2132 arguments, all surrounded by parentheses. For example, @code{(setq | |
2133 fill-column 60)} calls the function @code{setq} to set the variable | |
2134 @code{fill-column} (@pxref{Filling}) to 60. | |
2135 | |
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2136 You can set any Lisp variable with @code{setq}, but with certain |
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2137 variables @code{setq} won't do what you probably want in the |
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2138 @file{.emacs} file. Some variables automatically become buffer-local |
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2139 when set with @code{setq}; what you want in @file{.emacs} is to set |
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2140 the default value, using @code{setq-default}. Some customizable minor |
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2141 mode variables do special things to enable the mode when you set them |
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2142 with Customize, but ordinary @code{setq} won't do that; to enable the |
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2143 mode in your @file{.emacs} file, call the minor mode command. The |
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2144 following section has examples of both of these methods. |
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2145 |
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2146 The second argument to @code{setq} is an expression for the new |
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2147 value of the variable. This can be a constant, a variable, or a |
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2148 function call expression. In @file{.emacs}, constants are used most |
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2149 of the time. They can be: |
25829 | 2150 |
2151 @table @asis | |
2152 @item Numbers: | |
2153 Numbers are written in decimal, with an optional initial minus sign. | |
2154 | |
2155 @item Strings: | |
2156 @cindex Lisp string syntax | |
2157 @cindex string syntax | |
2158 Lisp string syntax is the same as C string syntax with a few extra | |
2159 features. Use a double-quote character to begin and end a string constant. | |
2160 | |
2161 In a string, you can include newlines and special characters literally. | |
2162 But often it is cleaner to use backslash sequences for them: @samp{\n} | |
2163 for newline, @samp{\b} for backspace, @samp{\r} for carriage return, | |
2164 @samp{\t} for tab, @samp{\f} for formfeed (control-L), @samp{\e} for | |
2165 escape, @samp{\\} for a backslash, @samp{\"} for a double-quote, or | |
2166 @samp{\@var{ooo}} for the character whose octal code is @var{ooo}. | |
2167 Backslash and double-quote are the only characters for which backslash | |
2168 sequences are mandatory. | |
2169 | |
2170 @samp{\C-} can be used as a prefix for a control character, as in | |
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2171 @samp{\C-s} for @acronym{ASCII} control-S, and @samp{\M-} can be used as a prefix for |
25829 | 2172 a Meta character, as in @samp{\M-a} for @kbd{Meta-A} or @samp{\M-\C-a} for |
2173 @kbd{Control-Meta-A}.@refill | |
2174 | |
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2175 @cindex international characters in @file{.emacs} |
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2176 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in @file{.emacs} |
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2177 If you want to include non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in strings in your init |
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(Init Syntax): Add a cross reference to "Non-ASCII Rebinding".
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2178 file, you should consider putting a @w{@samp{-*-coding: |
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2179 @var{coding-system}-*-}} tag on the first line which states the coding |
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2180 system used to save your @file{.emacs}, as explained in @ref{Recognize |
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2181 Coding}. This is because the defaults for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} text might |
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2182 not yet be set up by the time Emacs reads those parts of your init file |
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2183 which use such strings, possibly leading Emacs to decode those strings |
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2184 incorrectly. |
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2185 |
25829 | 2186 @item Characters: |
2187 Lisp character constant syntax consists of a @samp{?} followed by | |
2188 either a character or an escape sequence starting with @samp{\}. | |
2189 Examples: @code{?x}, @code{?\n}, @code{?\"}, @code{?\)}. Note that | |
2190 strings and characters are not interchangeable in Lisp; some contexts | |
2191 require one and some contexts require the other. | |
2192 | |
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2193 @xref{Non-ASCII Rebinding}, for information about binding commands to |
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2194 keys which send non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. |
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2195 |
25829 | 2196 @item True: |
2197 @code{t} stands for `true'. | |
2198 | |
2199 @item False: | |
2200 @code{nil} stands for `false'. | |
2201 | |
2202 @item Other Lisp objects: | |
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2203 Write a single-quote (@code{'}) followed by the Lisp object you want. |
25829 | 2204 @end table |
2205 | |
2206 @node Init Examples | |
2207 @subsection Init File Examples | |
2208 | |
2209 Here are some examples of doing certain commonly desired things with | |
2210 Lisp expressions: | |
2211 | |
2212 @itemize @bullet | |
2213 @item | |
2214 Make @key{TAB} in C mode just insert a tab if point is in the middle of a | |
2215 line. | |
2216 | |
2217 @example | |
2218 (setq c-tab-always-indent nil) | |
2219 @end example | |
2220 | |
2221 Here we have a variable whose value is normally @code{t} for `true' | |
2222 and the alternative is @code{nil} for `false'. | |
2223 | |
2224 @item | |
2225 Make searches case sensitive by default (in all buffers that do not | |
2226 override this). | |
2227 | |
2228 @example | |
2229 (setq-default case-fold-search nil) | |
2230 @end example | |
2231 | |
2232 This sets the default value, which is effective in all buffers that do | |
2233 not have local values for the variable. Setting @code{case-fold-search} | |
2234 with @code{setq} affects only the current buffer's local value, which | |
2235 is not what you probably want to do in an init file. | |
2236 | |
2237 @item | |
2238 @vindex user-mail-address | |
2239 Specify your own email address, if Emacs can't figure it out correctly. | |
2240 | |
2241 @example | |
2242 (setq user-mail-address "coon@@yoyodyne.com") | |
2243 @end example | |
2244 | |
2245 Various Emacs packages that need your own email address use the value of | |
2246 @code{user-mail-address}. | |
2247 | |
2248 @item | |
2249 Make Text mode the default mode for new buffers. | |
2250 | |
2251 @example | |
2252 (setq default-major-mode 'text-mode) | |
2253 @end example | |
2254 | |
2255 Note that @code{text-mode} is used because it is the command for | |
2256 entering Text mode. The single-quote before it makes the symbol a | |
2257 constant; otherwise, @code{text-mode} would be treated as a variable | |
2258 name. | |
2259 | |
2260 @need 1500 | |
2261 @item | |
2262 Set up defaults for the Latin-1 character set | |
2263 which supports most of the languages of Western Europe. | |
2264 | |
2265 @example | |
2266 (set-language-environment "Latin-1") | |
2267 @end example | |
2268 | |
2269 @need 1500 | |
2270 @item | |
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2271 Turn off Line Number mode, a global minor mode. |
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2272 |
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2273 @example |
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2274 (line-number-mode 0) |
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2275 @end example |
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2276 |
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2277 @need 1500 |
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2278 @item |
25829 | 2279 Turn on Auto Fill mode automatically in Text mode and related modes. |
2280 | |
2281 @example | |
2282 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook | |
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2283 '(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1))) |
25829 | 2284 @end example |
2285 | |
2286 This shows how to add a hook function to a normal hook variable | |
2287 (@pxref{Hooks}). The function we supply is a list starting with | |
2288 @code{lambda}, with a single-quote in front of it to make it a list | |
2289 constant rather than an expression. | |
2290 | |
2291 It's beyond the scope of this manual to explain Lisp functions, but for | |
2292 this example it is enough to know that the effect is to execute | |
2293 @code{(auto-fill-mode 1)} when Text mode is entered. You can replace | |
2294 that with any other expression that you like, or with several | |
2295 expressions in a row. | |
2296 | |
2297 Emacs comes with a function named @code{turn-on-auto-fill} whose | |
2298 definition is @code{(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1))}. Thus, a simpler | |
2299 way to write the above example is as follows: | |
2300 | |
2301 @example | |
2302 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
2303 @end example | |
2304 | |
2305 @item | |
2306 Load the installed Lisp library named @file{foo} (actually a file | |
2307 @file{foo.elc} or @file{foo.el} in a standard Emacs directory). | |
2308 | |
2309 @example | |
2310 (load "foo") | |
2311 @end example | |
2312 | |
2313 When the argument to @code{load} is a relative file name, not starting | |
2314 with @samp{/} or @samp{~}, @code{load} searches the directories in | |
2315 @code{load-path} (@pxref{Lisp Libraries}). | |
2316 | |
2317 @item | |
2318 Load the compiled Lisp file @file{foo.elc} from your home directory. | |
2319 | |
2320 @example | |
2321 (load "~/foo.elc") | |
2322 @end example | |
2323 | |
2324 Here an absolute file name is used, so no searching is done. | |
2325 | |
2326 @item | |
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2327 @cindex loading Lisp libraries automatically |
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2328 @cindex autoload Lisp libraries |
38114 | 2329 Tell Emacs to find the definition for the function @code{myfunction} |
2330 by loading a Lisp library named @file{mypackage} (i.e.@: a file | |
2331 @file{mypackage.elc} or @file{mypackage.el}): | |
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2332 |
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2333 @example |
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2334 (autoload 'myfunction "mypackage" "Do what I say." t) |
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2335 @end example |
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2336 |
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2337 @noindent |
38114 | 2338 Here the string @code{"Do what I say."} is the function's |
2339 documentation string. You specify it in the @code{autoload} | |
2340 definition so it will be available for help commands even when the | |
2341 package is not loaded. The last argument, @code{t}, indicates that | |
2342 this function is interactive; that is, it can be invoked interactively | |
2343 by typing @kbd{M-x myfunction @key{RET}} or by binding it to a key. | |
2344 If the function is not interactive, omit the @code{t} or use | |
2345 @code{nil}. | |
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2346 |
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2347 @item |
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2348 Rebind the key @kbd{C-x l} to run the function @code{make-symbolic-link} |
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2349 (@pxref{Init Rebinding}). |
25829 | 2350 |
2351 @example | |
2352 (global-set-key "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link) | |
2353 @end example | |
2354 | |
2355 or | |
2356 | |
2357 @example | |
2358 (define-key global-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link) | |
2359 @end example | |
2360 | |
2361 Note once again the single-quote used to refer to the symbol | |
2362 @code{make-symbolic-link} instead of its value as a variable. | |
2363 | |
2364 @item | |
2365 Do the same thing for Lisp mode only. | |
2366 | |
2367 @example | |
2368 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link) | |
2369 @end example | |
2370 | |
2371 @item | |
2372 Redefine all keys which now run @code{next-line} in Fundamental mode | |
2373 so that they run @code{forward-line} instead. | |
2374 | |
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2375 @findex substitute-key-definition |
25829 | 2376 @example |
2377 (substitute-key-definition 'next-line 'forward-line | |
2378 global-map) | |
2379 @end example | |
2380 | |
2381 @item | |
2382 Make @kbd{C-x C-v} undefined. | |
2383 | |
2384 @example | |
2385 (global-unset-key "\C-x\C-v") | |
2386 @end example | |
2387 | |
2388 One reason to undefine a key is so that you can make it a prefix. | |
2389 Simply defining @kbd{C-x C-v @var{anything}} will make @kbd{C-x C-v} a | |
2390 prefix, but @kbd{C-x C-v} must first be freed of its usual non-prefix | |
2391 definition. | |
2392 | |
2393 @item | |
2394 Make @samp{$} have the syntax of punctuation in Text mode. | |
2395 Note the use of a character constant for @samp{$}. | |
2396 | |
2397 @example | |
2398 (modify-syntax-entry ?\$ "." text-mode-syntax-table) | |
2399 @end example | |
2400 | |
2401 @item | |
2402 Enable the use of the command @code{narrow-to-region} without confirmation. | |
2403 | |
2404 @example | |
2405 (put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil) | |
2406 @end example | |
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2407 |
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2408 @item |
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2409 Adjusting the configuration to various platforms and Emacs versions. |
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2410 |
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2411 Users typically want Emacs to behave the same on all systems, so the |
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2412 same init file is right for all platforms. However, sometimes it |
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2413 happens that a function you use for customizing Emacs is not available |
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2414 on some platforms or in older Emacs versions. To deal with that |
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2415 situation, put the customization inside a conditional that tests whether |
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2416 the function or facility is available, like this: |
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2417 |
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2418 @example |
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2419 (if (fboundp 'blink-cursor-mode) |
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2420 (blink-cursor-mode 0)) |
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2421 |
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2422 (if (boundp 'coding-category-utf-8) |
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2423 (set-coding-priority '(coding-category-utf-8))) |
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2424 @end example |
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2425 |
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2426 @noindent |
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2427 You can also simply disregard the errors that occur if the |
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2428 function is not defined. |
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2429 |
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2430 @example |
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2431 (condition case () |
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2432 (set-face-background 'region "grey75") |
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2433 (error nil)) |
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2434 @end example |
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2435 |
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2436 A @code{setq} on a variable which does not exist is generally |
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2437 harmless, so those do not need a conditional. |
25829 | 2438 @end itemize |
2439 | |
2440 @node Terminal Init | |
2441 @subsection Terminal-specific Initialization | |
2442 | |
2443 Each terminal type can have a Lisp library to be loaded into Emacs when | |
2444 it is run on that type of terminal. For a terminal type named | |
2445 @var{termtype}, the library is called @file{term/@var{termtype}} and it is | |
2446 found by searching the directories @code{load-path} as usual and trying the | |
2447 suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el}. Normally it appears in the | |
2448 subdirectory @file{term} of the directory where most Emacs libraries are | |
2449 kept.@refill | |
2450 | |
2451 The usual purpose of the terminal-specific library is to map the | |
2452 escape sequences used by the terminal's function keys onto more | |
2453 meaningful names, using @code{function-key-map}. See the file | |
2454 @file{term/lk201.el} for an example of how this is done. Many function | |
2455 keys are mapped automatically according to the information in the | |
2456 Termcap data base; the terminal-specific library needs to map only the | |
2457 function keys that Termcap does not specify. | |
2458 | |
2459 When the terminal type contains a hyphen, only the part of the name | |
2460 before the first hyphen is significant in choosing the library name. | |
2461 Thus, terminal types @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30-rv} both use | |
2462 the library @file{term/aaa}. The code in the library can use | |
2463 @code{(getenv "TERM")} to find the full terminal type name.@refill | |
2464 | |
2465 @vindex term-file-prefix | |
2466 The library's name is constructed by concatenating the value of the | |
2467 variable @code{term-file-prefix} and the terminal type. Your @file{.emacs} | |
2468 file can prevent the loading of the terminal-specific library by setting | |
2469 @code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. | |
2470 | |
2471 @vindex term-setup-hook | |
2472 Emacs runs the hook @code{term-setup-hook} at the end of | |
2473 initialization, after both your @file{.emacs} file and any | |
2474 terminal-specific library have been read in. Add hook functions to this | |
2475 hook if you wish to override part of any of the terminal-specific | |
2476 libraries and to define initializations for terminals that do not have a | |
2477 library. @xref{Hooks}. | |
2478 | |
2479 @node Find Init | |
2480 @subsection How Emacs Finds Your Init File | |
2481 | |
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2482 Normally Emacs uses the environment variable @env{HOME} |
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(Init File, Find Init): Add cross-references to where $HOME is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
68347
diff
changeset
|
2483 (@pxref{General Variables, HOME}) to find @file{.emacs}; that's what |
6958a4fa4415
(Init File, Find Init): Add cross-references to where $HOME is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
68347
diff
changeset
|
2484 @samp{~} means in a file name. If @file{.emacs} is not found inside |
6958a4fa4415
(Init File, Find Init): Add cross-references to where $HOME is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
68347
diff
changeset
|
2485 @file{~/} (nor @file{.emacs.el}), Emacs looks for |
6958a4fa4415
(Init File, Find Init): Add cross-references to where $HOME is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
68347
diff
changeset
|
2486 @file{~/.emacs.d/init.el} (which, like @file{~/.emacs.el}, can be |
6958a4fa4415
(Init File, Find Init): Add cross-references to where $HOME is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
68347
diff
changeset
|
2487 byte-compiled). |
59949
7c5b107612a0
(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59802
diff
changeset
|
2488 |
7c5b107612a0
(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59802
diff
changeset
|
2489 However, if you run Emacs from a shell started by @code{su}, Emacs |
7c5b107612a0
(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59802
diff
changeset
|
2490 tries to find your own @file{.emacs}, not that of the user you are |
7c5b107612a0
(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59802
diff
changeset
|
2491 currently pretending to be. The idea is that you should get your own |
7c5b107612a0
(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59802
diff
changeset
|
2492 editor customizations even if you are running as the super user. |
25829 | 2493 |
2494 More precisely, Emacs first determines which user's init file to use. | |
68689
05a209d3a8c2
Minor cleanups. "Graphical display", not window system.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
2495 It gets your user name from the environment variables @env{LOGNAME} and |
29107 | 2496 @env{USER}; if neither of those exists, it uses effective user-ID. |
2497 If that user name matches the real user-ID, then Emacs uses @env{HOME}; | |
25829 | 2498 otherwise, it looks up the home directory corresponding to that user |
2499 name in the system's data base of users. | |
2500 @c LocalWords: backtab | |
52401 | 2501 |
2502 @ignore | |
2503 arch-tag: c68abddb-4410-4fb5-925f-63394e971d93 | |
2504 @end ignore |