Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL.zh @ 99808:f37d12337b26
Rename .dir-settings.el to .dir-locals.
Rename set-directory-project to dir-locals-set-directory-class.
Rename define-project-bindings to dir-locals-set-class-variables.
author | Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org> |
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date | Sat, 22 Nov 2008 19:06:02 +0000 |
parents | 107ccd98fa12 |
children | c90853557b90 |
rev | line source |
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1 Emacs 快速指南(. |
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2 |
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3 Emacs 指令通常包含有 CONTROL 鍵(有時候以 CTRL 或 CTL 來標示)或是 |
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4 META 鍵(有時候以 EDIT 或 ALT 來標示)。為了避免每一次都要寫出其全名, |
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5 我們將會使用下述的縮寫: |
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6 |
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7 C-<chr> 表示當鍵入字元 <chr> 時 按住 CONTROL 鍵。 |
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8 因此,C-f 就是:按住 CONTROL 鍵再鍵入 f 。 |
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9 M-<chr> 表示當鍵入字元 <chr> 時 按住 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 鍵。 |
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10 如果沒有 META 、 EDIT 或 ALT 鍵時,則可以用 |
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11 「按一下 ESC 鍵然後放開,再鍵入 <chr> 的步驟」 |
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12 來作為替代。我們以 <ESC> 來表示 ESC 鍵。 |
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13 |
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14 重要備忘錄:要離開 Emacs 作業階段( session ),鍵入 C-x C-c (兩個字 |
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15 元)。位在左側邊界的「>>」字元是讓您可以試著使用的指令的提示。舉例來說: |
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16 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>> |
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17 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below] |
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18 >> 現在鍵入 C-v ( View next screen )以移到下個螢幕。 |
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19 (試試看,鍵入字元 v 時,按住 CONTROL 鍵) |
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20 從現在開始,您應該在每次閱讀完目前的螢幕時做一次這個動作。 |
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21 |
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22 要注意的是,當您從一個螢幕移到另一個時,中間會有兩行重複;這樣做是為了 |
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23 提供一些連續性,讓您可以接續地閱讀文字。 |
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24 |
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25 您需要知道的第一件事是如何在文字中移動。您已經知道了可以 C-v 來向前移 |
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26 動一個螢幕。要向後移動一個螢幕,則鍵入 M-v (按住 META 鍵,然後鍵入 v |
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27 ,或是如果您沒有 META 、 EDIT 或 ALT 鍵時鍵入 <ESC>v )。 |
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28 |
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29 >> 試著鍵入 M-v 然後 C-v ,連續個幾次。 |
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30 |
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31 【現在您可以 C-v 指令移到後面「翻譯」一節,以取得關於本文的翻譯相關事 |
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32 項;然後以 M-v 指令回到這裡。】 |
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33 |
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34 |
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35 * 摘要( SUMMARY ) |
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36 ------------------- |
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37 |
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38 以下的指令在檢閱螢幕時相當有用:【我們現在以「螢幕」來表示「顯示檔案內 |
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39 容的區域」,因為目前是處在 Emacs 中的單窗格( window )顯示狀態,如果 |
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40 是在多窗格的狀態下,這裡所介紹的指令則作用在「工作中的窗格」。有關於窗 |
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41 格的介紹,請見窗格( windows )一節。】 |
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42 |
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43 C-v 向前移動一個螢幕/窗格 |
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44 M-v 向後移動一個螢幕/窗格 |
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45 C-l 清除螢幕/窗格,再重新顯示所有文字, |
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46 游標所在位置會顯示於螢幕/窗格的中央。 |
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47 (是 CONTROL-L 而不是 CONTROL-1 ) |
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48 |
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49 >> 找出游標的位置,並注意其附近的文字為何。然後鍵入 C-l 。 |
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50 再次找出游標的位置,確認一下相同的文字現在也位在其附近。 |
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51 |
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52 如果您的終端機有 PageUp 與 PageDn 鍵的話,您也可以使用它們來以螢幕為單 |
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53 位地移動,但是使用 C-v 和 M-v 會比較有效率。 |
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54 |
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55 |
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56 * 基本的游標控制( BASIC CURSOR CONTROL ) |
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57 ------------------------------------------ |
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58 |
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59 螢幕到螢幕的移動是很有用,但是您如何移動到位於螢幕內文字中的特定位置呢? |
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60 |
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61 有幾種方式可以進行。您可以使用方向鍵,但是將您的手放在標準的〔鍵盤〕位 |
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62 置,並且使用指令 C-p 、 C-b 、 C-f 和 C-n 將比較有效率。這些字元和四個 |
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63 方向鍵〔的功能〕是同等的,如下所示: |
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64 |
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65 前一行 C-p |
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66 : |
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67 : |
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68 向後移 C-b .... 目前游標位置 .... 向前移 C-f |
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69 : |
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70 : |
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71 後一行 C-n |
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72 |
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73 >> 以 C-n 或 C-p 將游標移到圖形的中央。 |
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74 鍵入 C-l 會看到整個圖形顯示在螢幕的中央。 |
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75 |
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76 您會發現用字母所代表的意義來記憶它們很容易:P 表示 previous 、 N 表示 |
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77 next 、 B 表示 backward 、而 F 則表示 forward 。您將「總是」用到這些游 |
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78 標移動指令。 |
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79 |
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80 >> 按幾次 C-n 把游標往下移動到這行。 |
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81 |
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82 >> 按幾次 C-f 往前移到這行,然後再以 C-p 往後移動。 |
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83 看看當游標在本行中央時,C-p 的動作是怎樣。 |
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84 |
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85 每一個文字行都以一個 Newline 字元作為結束,它是用來與下一行作為分別。 |
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86 在您檔案中的最後一行應該要有一個 Newline 來作為結束(但是 Emacs 並不一 |
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87 定需要它來編輯檔案)。 |
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88 |
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89 >> 試著在一行開始的地方鍵入 C-b 。結果應該會移動到前一行的最後面。 |
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90 這是因為它往後移動時越過了 Newline 字元。 |
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91 |
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92 C-f 也可以和 C-b 一樣地越過 Newline 字元。【Newline 字元是「不可見 |
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93 ( invisible )字元」,在編輯器中一般看不到它,這裡只是告訴您:在行首 |
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94 再往前走,那麼游標會跑到前一行(如果有前一行的話);在行尾再往後走,那 |
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95 麼游標會跑到後一行(如果有後一行的話)。「越過 Newline 字元」會讓游標 |
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96 跑到另外一行。】 |
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97 |
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98 >> 多按幾次 C-b,自己感覺一下游標在哪。 |
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99 然後按幾次 C-f 回到這行的尾巴。 |
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100 再按一次 C-f 就可以移到下一行了。 |
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101 |
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102 當您移動游標穿越螢幕的上方或下方時,在邊界外的文字會移位進入螢幕內。這 |
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103 稱為「捲動」。它讓 Emacs 可以將游標移動到文字中的任意特定位置,同時 |
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104 (游標)不會跑出螢幕外。 |
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105 |
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106 >> 試著以 C-n 將游標越過螢幕下方,然後看看發生了什麼事。 |
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107 |
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108 如果一個字元一個字元地移動太慢的話,您可以一個字一個字地移動。M-f |
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109 (META-f) 往前移動一個字,M-b 則往後移動一個字。【對中文來說,則是移動 |
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110 到下一個或下一個標點符號的所在。】 |
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111 |
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112 >> 鍵入一些 M-f 和 M-b。 |
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113 |
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114 當您在一個字的中間時,M-f 會移動到這個字的尾巴。當您在字與字間的空白時, |
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115 M-f 會移動到下一個字的尾巴。M-b 的效果相似,只是方向不同。 |
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116 |
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117 >> 按幾次 M-f 和 M-b,中間夾雜一些 C-f 和 C-b, |
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118 這樣子您就可以觀察 M-f 和 M-b 在各種「位在字間或字元間」 |
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119 的不同位置,所表現出來的行為。 |
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120 |
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121 請注意 C-f 、 C-b 和 M-f 、 M-b 兩對之間的相似性。「經常」的狀況是: |
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122 META 字元是用來作為與「以語言定義出的單位(字、句子、段落)」有關的操 |
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123 作,而 CONTROL 字元則是作用在「與您所編輯無關的『基本』單位(字元或行 |
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124 等)」上。 |
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125 |
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126 這個相似性在「行與句子」之間也同樣適用:C-a 和 C-e 會將游標移動到「一 |
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127 行」的 開始和結尾處,而M-a 和 M-e 則將游標移動到「一句」的 開始和結尾 |
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128 處。 |
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129 |
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130 >> 試著按兩次 C-a,再按兩次 C-e。 |
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131 試著按兩次 M-a,再按兩次 M-e。 |
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132 |
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133 看一下為什麼重複的 C-a 指令會沒有作用,而重複的 M-a 指令則繼續移動到下 |
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134 一個句子。雖然這並不能說是完全類比,但是其中每個指令的行為看起來都十分 |
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135 自然。 |
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136 |
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137 游標在文字中的位置也可以稱作「點位( point )」。簡單來說就是:游標表 |
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138 現出螢幕中「點位」所在的文字位置。 |
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139 |
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140 這裡是一些簡單「游標移動( cursor-moving )操作」的整理,其中也包括了 |
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141 「字和句」的移動指令: |
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142 |
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143 C-f 往前移動一個字元 |
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144 C-b 往回移動一個字元 |
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145 |
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146 M-f 往前移動一個字【中文是移動到下一個標點符號】 |
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147 M-b 往回移動一個字【中文是移動到上一個標點符號】 |
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148 |
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149 C-n 移動到下一行 |
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150 C-p 移動到上一行 |
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151 |
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152 C-a 移動到行首 |
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153 C-e 移動到行尾 |
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154 |
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155 M-a 移回句首 |
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156 M-e 移到句尾 |
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157 |
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158 >> 練習幾次這些指令。這些都是最常使用到的指令。 |
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159 |
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160 還有兩個重要的游標動作( cursor-motion )指令,M-<( META Less-than ), |
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161 移動到文字的最開始,以及M->( META Greater-than ),移動到文字的最後。 |
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162 |
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163 在大部份的終端機,「<」是在 comma 上方,所以您必須要使用 shift 鍵來鍵 |
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164 入。在這些終端機上,您必須使用 shift 鍵來鍵入 M-<;沒有使用 shift 鍵, |
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165 您就變成鍵入 M-comma 了。 |
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166 |
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167 >> 現在試一下 M-< ,移到本快速指南的最開始。 |
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168 然後再重複地使用 C-v 回到這裡。 |
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169 |
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170 >> 現在試一下 M-> ,移到本快速指南的最後。 |
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171 然後再重複地使用 M-v 回到這裡。 |
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172 |
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173 如果您的終端機有方向鍵的話,您也可以用方向鍵移動游標。我們有三個理由建 |
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174 議您學習 C-b 、 C-f 、 C-n 、 和 C-p :(1) 任何的終端機都能使用。(2) |
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175 一旦您使用 Emacs 相當熟練了,您會發現鍵入這些 CONTROL 字元,比起使用方 |
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176 向鍵快多了(因為您不需要將手移開打字區)。(3) 一旦您使用這些 CONTROL |
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177 字元指令成為習慣,您也可以很容易地學會其他進階的游標動作指令。 |
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178 |
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179 大部份的 Emacs 指令接受數字參數;對大部份的指令而言,它的作用是指定重 |
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180 複次數。您要指定一個指令的重複次數的作法是:先鍵入 C-u,然後在您鍵入指 |
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181 令前,鍵入代表重複次數的數位。如果您有一個 META(或 EDIT 或 ALT )鍵, |
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182 那麼您還有另外一個替代作法來輸入數字參數:按住 META 鍵時打入這數字。我 |
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183 們建議您學習 C-u 的方法,因為它在任何終端機都可以使用。此一數字參數也 |
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184 稱作為「字首參數」,因為您在這參數所作用到的指令前鍵入它。 |
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185 |
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186 舉例來說, C-u 8 C-f 向前移動 8 個字元。 |
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187 |
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188 >> 試著以一個數字參數來使用 C-n 或 C-p, |
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189 只一個指令就將游標移動到這行的附近。 |
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190 |
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191 大部份的指令使用數字參數來作為其重複次數,但是其中有些指令則是作為其他 |
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192 用途。有幾個指令(目前您尚未學到)將它作為旗標 -- 以一個字首參數的型態 |
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193 出現,而不管其值為何,它們讓這指令做些不一樣的事。 |
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194 |
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195 C-v 和 M-v 則是另一類的例外。當給定一個參數時,它們捲動「所指定的數量 |
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196 的行(以行為單位)」,而不是以「螢幕」為單位捲動。舉例來說,C-u 8 C-v |
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197 將顯示螢幕捲動 8 行。 |
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198 |
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199 >> 現在試著鍵入 C-u 8 C-v。 |
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200 |
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201 這指令應該已經將螢幕向上移了 8 行。若您想將它再次地向下捲動,您可以在 |
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202 執行 M-v 時給定一個參數。 |
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203 |
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204 如果您正在使用 X 視窗系統,在 Emacs 視窗左手側應該有一個稱為「捲動軸」 |
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205 的長方型區域。您可以用滑鼠在捲動軸按一下來捲動文字。 |
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206 |
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207 >> 試著在「捲動軸內反白區域上」壓一下中間鈕。這應該會將文字捲動到 |
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208 「由您所按一下滑鼠的地方」所決定的位置。 |
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209 |
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210 >> 當按住中間時,試著將滑鼠上下移動。 |
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211 您會看到文字隨著您移動滑鼠而上下移動。 |
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212 |
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213 |
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214 * 當 EMACS 發呆時( WHEN EMACS IS HUNG ) |
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215 ----------------------------------------- |
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216 |
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217 如果 Emacs 停止回應您的指令,您可以鍵入 C-g 來安全地停止它。您也可以使 |
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218 用 C-g 來停止執行過久的指令。 |
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219 |
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220 您也可以使用 C-g 來取消數字參數或您不想要完成的指令。 |
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221 |
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222 >> 鍵入 C-u 100 以設定一個 100 的數字參數,然後鍵入 C-g。 |
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223 現在鍵入 C-f。它應該只會移動一個字元,因為您已經以 C-g |
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224 取消了參數。 |
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225 |
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226 如果您已經不小心地鍵入一個 <ESC>,您可以 C-g 來取消它。 |
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227 |
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228 |
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229 * 無效化的指令( DISABLED COMMANDS ) |
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230 ------------------------------------- |
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231 |
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232 有一些 Emacs 指令被「無效化」了,因此初學者不會意外地使用到它們。 |
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233 |
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234 如果您鍵入了某一個無效化的指令,Emacs 會顯示一個訊息,說明這個指令是什 |
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235 麼,並且詢問您是否想要繼續,然後執行這指令。 |
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236 |
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237 如果您真的想要試一下這個指令,那麼在當 Emacs 詢問您時,請鍵入空白。一 |
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238 般來說,如果您不想要執行這個無效化的指令,請以『n』來回答它。 |
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239 |
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240 >> 鍵入 C-x C-l (這是個無效化的指令) |
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241 然後鍵入 n 來回答問題。 |
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242 |
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243 |
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244 * 窗格( WINDOWS ) |
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245 ------------------- |
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246 |
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247 Emacs 可以有數個窗格,每一個顯示它自己的文字。我們在稍後會解釋如何使用 |
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248 多重窗格。現在我們想要解釋如何除去多餘的窗格,然後回到基本的單窗格編輯。 |
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249 它很簡單: |
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250 |
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251 C-x 1 One window (即,除去其他所有的窗格)。 |
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252 |
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253 那是個 CONTROL-x 後面跟著數字 1 。C-x 1 將含有游標的窗格擴大到整個螢幕。 |
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254 它將所有其他的窗格除去。 |
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255 |
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256 >> 移動游標到本行並且鍵入 C-u 0 C-l。 |
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257 >> 鍵入 CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f。 |
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258 看看這個窗格在當一個新的窗格出現 |
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259 (以顯示有關 CONTROL-f 指令的文件時),它是如何縮小的。 |
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260 |
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261 >> 鍵入 C-x 1 以使文件列表窗格消失。 |
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262 |
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263 這個指令並不像您先前所學過的指令那般,它包括了兩個字元。它是以字元 |
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264 CONTROL-x 作為開始。有一整個系列的指令是以 CONTROL-x 作為開始;它們之 |
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265 中有許多是與「窗格、檔案、暫存區以及相關事物」有關的。這些指令有 2 、 |
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266 3 或 4 個字元長。 |
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267 |
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268 |
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269 * 插入與刪除( INSERTING AND DELETING ) |
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270 ---------------------------------------- |
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271 |
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272 如果您想要插入文字,把它鍵入就是了。您可以看到的字元,像是 A 、 7 、 * |
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273 等,被 Emacs 視為文字並且可以直接插入。鍵入 <Return> |
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274 ( carriage-return 鍵)以插入一個 Newline 字元。 |
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275 |
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276 您可以鍵入 <Delback> 以刪除您最後鍵入的字元。<Delback> 是一個的鍵盤鍵 |
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277 -- 就是您通常在 Emacs 外,使用來「刪除您最後鍵入字元」的同一個。一般來 |
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278 說是個在 <Return> 上方數行的大鍵,通常標示為『Delete』、『Del』或 |
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279 『Backspace』。 |
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280 |
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281 如果在那裡有個標示為『Backspace』的大鍵,那麼那一個就是您使用來作為 |
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282 <Delback> 的鍵了。某個地方可能也會有另一個標示為『Delete』的鍵,但那個 |
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283 並不是 <Delback> 。 |
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284 |
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285 更一般地說, <Delback> 將位於目前游標位置前一個字元加以刪除。 |
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286 |
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287 >> 現在做 -- 鍵入一些字元,然後鍵入幾次 <Delback> 來刪除它們。 |
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288 不要擔心這個檔案會被更動;您不會影響到原來的快速指南。 |
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289 (您現在看到的)這一個是您的個人拷貝。 |
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290 |
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291 當一行文字變得比「在窗格中的一行」長時,這一行文字會「接續」到第二行窗 |
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292 格行。這時一個反斜線「\」(或如果您使用視窗化的顯示,則是一個小小彎彎 |
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293 的箭頭)會位在其右邊界以指出此行接續著。 |
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294 |
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295 >> 插入文字,一直到您達到右邊界,然後再繼續插入。 |
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296 您會看到一個接續行出現。 |
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297 |
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298 >> 使用 <Delback> 刪除一些文字,直到此行再次成為一個窗格行。 |
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299 接續行消失了。 |
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300 |
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301 您可以像刪除其他字元一樣地刪除 Newline 字元。將位在兩行中的 Newline 字 |
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302 元刪除會讓它們合併成為一行。如果合併的結果使這一行太長,以致無法符合窗 |
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303 格的寬度,它會以一個接續行來顯示。 |
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304 |
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305 >> 移動游標到本行的開頭並鍵入 <Delback>。 |
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306 這會將本行與其前一行結合為一行。 |
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307 |
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308 >> 鍵入 <Return> 以重新插入您剛才刪除的 Newline 字元。 |
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309 |
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310 記得大部份的 Emacs 指令都可以給予一個重複計數( repeat count );這也 |
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311 包括了文字字元。重複一個文字字元會將它插入數次。 |
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312 |
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313 >> 現在就試一下 -- 鍵入 C-u 8 * 以插入 ********。 |
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314 |
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315 您現在已經學到了「鍵入個什麼東西進 Emacs 以及修正錯誤」的大部份基本方 |
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316 法。您也可以「以字或行為單位」地刪除。這裡有份關於「刪除操作」的摘要: |
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317 |
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318 <Delback> 刪除游標所在的 前一個字元 |
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319 C-d 刪除游標所在的 後一個字元 |
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320 |
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321 M-<Delback> 刪除游標所在的 前一個字 |
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322 M-d 刪除游標所在的 後一個字 |
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323 |
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324 C-k 刪除從游標所在到「行尾」間的字元 |
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325 M-k 刪除從游標所在到「句尾」間的字元 |
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326 |
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327 注意「<Delback> 和 C-d」還有「M-<Delback> 和 M-d」是平行地自 C-f 和 |
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328 M-f 擴充出來的(嗯,<Delback> 並不是控制字元,但是沒什麼好擔心的)。 |
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329 C-k 和 M-k 在某種程度上與 C-e 和 M-e 一樣,如果把「一行」和「一句」作 |
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330 為類比的話。 |
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331 |
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332 您也可以只以一種方法來刪除緩衝區內的任何部份,先移動到您想要刪除的部份 |
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333 的一端,然後鍵入 C-@ 或 C-SPC (任一個即可)。( SPC 指的是 Space Bar |
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334 )再移到那部份的另一端,接著鍵入 C-w 。這樣就會把介於這兩個位置間的所 |
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335 有文字刪除。 |
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336 |
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337 >> 移動游標到上一段開頭的「您」字。 |
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338 >> 鍵入 C-SPC 。 Emacs 應該會在螢幕的下方顯示一個「Mark set」訊息。 |
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339 >> 移動游標到第二行中的「端」字。 |
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340 >> 鍵入 C-w 。這樣會把從「您」開始到剛好「端」之前的文字刪除。 |
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341 |
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342 要注意的是「殺掉( killing )」和「刪除( deleting )」的不同在於被殺 |
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343 掉的可以拉回,而被刪除的則不能。【有點難以理解,您可以這麼想:(1)「被 |
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344 殺掉的」尚存尸骨,而「被刪除的」則尸骨無存了!可見得對電腦資料來說, |
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345 「刪除」比「殺掉」嚴重多了。(2)實際上,就算被刪除了,我們還是有技術可 |
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346 以把它救回來,尤其是文字資料,前提是刪除後不能進行實體記憶體的格式化動 |
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347 作。但這對於一般使用者而言是不可能的,因此就不考慮這情形了。】重新插入 |
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348 被殺掉的文字稱為「拉回( yanking )」。一般而言,可以移除掉很多文字的 |
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349 指令會把那些文字儲存起來(它們設定成您可以將文字拉回),而那些只是刪除 |
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350 一個字元或者只是除去空白行或空白的指令,則不會儲存這些被刪除的文字(因 |
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351 此您不能將那文字拉回)。 |
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352 |
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353 >> 移動游標到一非空白行的開始。 |
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354 然後鍵入 C-k 殺掉在那一行上的文字。 |
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355 >> 第二次鍵入 C-k。您將會看到它殺掉跟在那一行後面的 Newline 字元。 |
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356 |
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357 請注意單獨的 C-k 會把一行的內容殺掉,而第二個 C-k 則會殺掉那一行本身, |
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358 並且使得所有其他的行向上移動。C-k 以很特別的方式來處理數字參數,它會殺 |
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359 掉很多行以及它們的內容,這不僅僅是重複而已,C-u 2 C-k 會把兩行以及它們 |
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360 的 Newline 字元殺掉;如果只是鍵入 C-k 兩次並不會這樣。 |
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361 |
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362 將被殺掉的文字回復的動作稱為「拉回( yanking )」。(把它想像成您把別 |
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363 人從您身上奪去的東西猛力地拉回來)您可以在您刪除文字的地方拉回,也可以 |
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364 在文字的其他地方拉回。您可以拉回數次同樣的文字,以製作它的數份拷貝。 |
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365 |
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366 拉回的指令為 C-y。它會在目前游標的位置重新插入最後殺掉的文字。 |
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367 |
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368 >> 試試看;鍵入 C-y 將文字拉回。 |
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369 |
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370 如果您連續地做了數次 C-k,所有被殺掉的文字都會被儲存在一起,因此做一次 |
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371 C-y 就會把所有這些行都拉回來。 |
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372 |
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373 >> 現在做一下,鍵入 C-k 數次。 |
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374 |
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375 現在要回復那些殺掉的文字: |
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376 |
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377 >> 鍵入 C-y。然後把游標往下移動個幾行,再一次鍵入 C-y。 |
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378 您現在知道如何複製某些文字了。 |
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379 |
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380 如果您有一些文字想要拉回來,但是後來您又殺了某些東西,那麼該怎麼做呢? |
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381 C-y 會把最近殺掉的拉回來,但是先前的文字並沒有消失,您可以用 M-y 來回 |
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382 到它。當您已經使用 C-y 把最近殺掉的拉回來之後,再鍵入 M-y 來把這些拉回 |
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383 來的文字替換為先前所殺掉的。一次又一次地鍵入 M-y 會把先前再先前所殺掉 |
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384 的文字帶回來。當您到了您想找的文字時,您不需要做任何事來保存它,只要繼 |
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385 續您的編輯,把這些已拉回的文字留在那裡就好。 |
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386 |
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387 如果您 M-y 做了很多次,您可能會回到起始點,也就是最近殺掉的。 |
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388 |
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389 >> 殺掉一行,到處繞繞,再殺掉另一行。 |
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390 然後用 C-y 將第二次殺掉的那行帶回來。 |
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391 然後再用 M-y,它將會被第一次殺掉的那行取代。 |
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392 再做幾次 M-y 看看您會得到什麼。 |
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393 不間斷地做,直到第二個殺掉行回來,再做個幾次。 |
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394 如果您想的話,您可以試著給 M-y 正的或是負的參數。 |
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395 |
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396 |
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397 * 取消動作( UNDO ) |
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398 -------------------- |
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399 |
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400 如果您對文字做了一些改變,後來覺得它是個錯誤,您可以 Undo 指令取消這一 |
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401 個改變,C-x u。 |
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402 |
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403 通常 C-x u 會把一個指令所造成的改變取消掉;如果您在一行中重複了許多次 |
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404 C-x u,每一個重複都會取消額外的指令。 |
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405 |
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406 但是有兩個例外: |
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407 (1) 沒有改變文字的指令不算(這包括了游標移動的指令還有捲軸指令); |
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408 (2) 自行鍵入的字元以一群一群 -- 每群最多 20 個 -- 來進行處理。 |
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409 (這是為了減少您在取消「插入文字動作」所必須鍵入 C-x u 的次數) |
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410 |
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411 >> 以 C-k 將這一行殺掉,然後鍵入 C-x u 後它會再次出現。 |
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412 |
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413 C-_ 是另一個取消指令;它的作用就和 C-x u 一樣,但是在一行中它比較容易 |
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414 鍵入許多次。C-_ 的缺點是在某些鍵盤中不太清楚如何鍵入它,這也是為什麼我 |
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415 們同時提供 C-x u 的原因。在某些終端機,您可以按住 CONTROL 再鍵入 / , |
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416 來鍵入 C-_。 |
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417 |
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418 一個數字參數對 C-_ or C-x u 來說,是作為重複的次數。 |
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419 |
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420 |
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421 * 檔案( FILE ) |
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422 ---------------- |
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423 |
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424 為了使您編輯的文字永久保存,您必須把它放到一個檔案中。不然,當您離開 |
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425 Emacs 後,它就會隨之消失。為了把您的文字放在檔案中,您必須在您鍵入這些 |
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426 文字前「找( find )」檔案。(這也稱之為「拜訪( visiting )」檔案) |
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427 |
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428 找一個檔案表示您可以在 Emacs 中看到檔案的內容。從許多方面來看,它就像 |
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429 是您直接編輯那個檔案一樣。然而,直到您「儲存」這個檔案之前,您使用 |
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430 Emacs 編輯所做出的改變並不會保存下來。這就是為什麼當您不想要時,您可以 |
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431 避免留下修改到一半的檔案在系統中。即使當您儲存了,Emacs 也會把原本的檔 |
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432 案以一個不同的名稱保留下來,若您稍後覺得您的改變是一個錯誤的話,就可以 |
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433 使用它。 |
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434 |
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435 在靠近螢幕的下方,您可以看到由破折號開始與結束的一行 -- 通常是以「--:-- |
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436 TUTORIAL.zh」或其他類似的東西作為開始。這是螢幕的一部分,通常用來表示 |
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437 您正在拜訪的檔案。現在,您正在拜訪的檔案叫做「TUTORIAL.zh」,它是您個 |
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438 人的拷貝。當您以 Emacs 找出一個檔案時,那個檔案的名字就會出現在那個地 |
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439 方。 |
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440 |
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441 關於尋找檔案的指令中,有一個很特別的是,您必須說出這個您想要的檔案名稱。 |
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442 我們說這個指令「從終端機中讀進了一個參數」。(在這個例子中,這參數就是 |
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443 檔案的名稱)當您鍵入這個指令後, |
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444 |
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445 C-x C-f 找一個檔案 |
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446 |
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447 Emacs 會要您鍵入檔名。您所鍵入的檔名會出現在螢幕的底行。在被用來作為這 |
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448 種形式的輸入時,底行被稱為小緩衝區( minibuffer )。您可以使用正常的 |
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449 Emacs 編輯指令來編輯這個檔名。 |
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450 |
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451 當您正在鍵入檔名時(或是任何的小緩衝區輸入時),您可以用 C-g 這個指令 |
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452 來取消它。 |
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453 |
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454 >> 鍵入 C-x C-f,然後鍵入 C-g。這會取消小緩衝區, |
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455 並且也會取消使用這個小緩衝區的 C-x C-f 指令。 |
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456 因此您沒有找任何檔案。 |
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457 |
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458 當您已經鍵入了這個檔名,請鍵入 <Return> 來結束它。然後 C-x C-f 指令就 |
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459 會開始運作,並且找到您所選擇的檔案。小緩衝區在當 C-x C-f 指令結束時就 |
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460 會消失。 |
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461 |
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462 過了一會兒,檔案的內容就會出現在螢幕,然後您就可以編輯它的內容。當您想 |
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463 要您的改變永久保存時,鍵入這個指令: |
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464 |
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465 C-x C-s 儲存這個檔案 |
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466 |
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467 這會把在 Emacs 中的文字複製到檔案中。當您第一次做這個動作時,Emacs 會 |
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468 將原始的檔案重新命名成一個新的名字,這樣它才不會消失。新的名字通常會加 |
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469 入「~」到原始檔案的名字後面。 |
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470 |
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471 當儲存結束時,Emacs 會把寫入檔案的名字列出來。您應該經常地進行儲存,這 |
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472 樣子如果系統當機時,您就不會損失太多工作。 |
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473 |
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474 >> 鍵入 C-x C-s 以儲存本快速指南的您的拷貝。 |
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475 這會把「Wrote ...TUTORIAL.zh」這個訊息顯示在螢幕的下方。 |
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476 |
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477 注意:在某些系統中,鍵入 C-x C-s 將會把螢幕凍結,您將看不到從 Emacs 來 |
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478 的任何輸出。這表示作業系統一個稱為「流程控制」的「功能」將 C-s 指令攔 |
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479 截住,並且不讓它傳到 Emacs。要取消螢幕的凍結,請鍵入 C-q。然後到 Emacs |
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480 使用手冊中看看對於「漸進式搜尋的同時進入( Spontaneous Entry to |
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481 Incremental Search )」這個主題,以取得處理這個「功能」的建議。 |
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482 |
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483 您可以找出一個已經存在的檔案,然後觀看它或編輯它。您也可以找一個還沒有 |
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484 存在過的檔案。這是以 Emacs 建立一個檔案的方法:找這個檔案,就從零開始, |
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485 然後開始插入文字到這個檔案中。當您要求「儲存」這個檔案,Emacs 會真的建 |
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486 立一個檔案,並把您所插入的文字擺到檔案中。從那時候開始,您就可以當自己 |
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487 是在編輯一個已經存在的檔案了。 |
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488 |
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489 |
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490 * 緩衝區( BUFFER ) |
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491 -------------------- |
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492 |
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493 如果您以 C-x C-f「找」第二個檔案,第一個檔案仍然存在 Emacs 內。要切換 |
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494 回它,您可以 C-x C-f 再找它一次。依此方式,您可以在 Emacs 內開啟不少檔 |
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495 案。 |
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496 |
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497 >> 以鍵入 C-x C-f foo <Return> 的方式建立一個名為「foo」的檔案。 |
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498 然後插入一些文字,編輯它,然後再以 C-x C-s 儲存「foo」。 |
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499 最後,鍵入 C-x C-f TUTORIAL.zh <Return> 回到本快速指南。 |
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500 |
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501 Emacs 儲存每個檔案的文字在一個稱為「緩衝區( buffer )」的物件中。找一 |
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502 個檔案會在 Emacs 內部建立一個緩衝區。想要看目前存在您的 Emacs 的工作中 |
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503 緩衝區列表,鍵入 |
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504 |
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505 C-x C-b 列出緩衝區 |
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506 |
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507 >> 現在就試一下 C-x C-b |
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508 |
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509 看看每一個緩衝區是如何命名的,它也可能同時擁有一個「儲存其內容的檔案」 |
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510 的名稱。您在一個 Emacs 窗格所見到的「任何」文字都是某個緩衝區的一部份。 |
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511 |
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512 >> 鍵入 C-x 1 以離開緩衝列表 |
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513 |
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514 當您有數個緩衝區時,在任何時候其中只有一個是「目前作用的」。而那個就是 |
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515 您在編輯的緩衝區。如果您想要編輯另一個緩衝區,那麼您必須「切換」到它。 |
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516 如果您想要切換到連接到某個檔案的緩衝區,您可以用 C-x C-f 再次拜訪那個 |
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517 檔案。但是有個比較簡單的方式:使用 C-x b ;在這個指令中,您必須鍵入緩 |
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518 衝區的名稱。 |
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519 |
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520 >> 鍵入 C-x b foo <Return> 以回到含有檔案「foo」的文字的緩衝區。 |
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521 然後建入 C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> 以回到本快速指南。 |
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522 |
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523 就大部份的情況來說,緩衝區的名稱與檔案的名稱是相同的(除去了檔名中的目 |
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524 錄部份)。然而並不總是如此。您以 C-x C-b 所製作出的緩衝區列表總是會顯 |
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525 示給您每一個緩衝區的名稱。 |
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526 |
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527 您在一個 Emacs 窗格中所見到的「任何」文字總是某個緩衝區的一部份。有一 |
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528 些緩衝區並沒有連接到檔案。舉例來說,命名為「*Buffer List*」的緩衝區並 |
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529 沒有任何檔案。它是包含有您以 C-x C-b 指令所製作出來的緩衝區列表的緩衝 |
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530 區。命名為「*Messages*」的緩衝區也沒有連接到任何檔案;它在您的 Emacs |
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531 作業階段中包含出現在底行的訊息。 |
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532 |
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533 >> 鍵入 C-x b *Messages* <Return> 來看看訊息的緩衝區。 |
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534 然後鍵入 C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> 回到本快速指南。 |
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535 |
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536 如果您對檔案中的文字做了修改,然後找另一檔案,這個動作並不會儲存第一個 |
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537 檔案。它的修改仍舊存在 Emacs 中,也就是在那個檔案的緩衝區中。對於第二 |
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538 個檔案的建立或編輯並不會影響到第一個檔案的緩衝區。這樣子非常有用,但這 |
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539 個情形也表明了您需要「一個方便的方法」來儲存第一個檔案的緩衝區。只是為 |
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540 儲存第一個檔案就必須以 C-x C-f 切換緩衝區,才能以 C-x C-s 將它儲存,總 |
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541 是個讓人討厭的過程。因此我們有 |
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542 |
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543 C-x s 儲存一些緩衝區 |
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544 |
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545 C-x s 會詢問您關於您已做出修改但還沒儲存的每一個緩衝區。它會問您,對於 |
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546 每一個這樣的緩衝區,是否要儲存? |
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547 |
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548 >> 插入一行文字,然後鍵入 C-x s。 |
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549 它應該會問您是否要儲存名為 TUTORIAL.zh 的緩衝區。 |
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550 鍵入『y』以回答要儲存。 |
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551 |
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552 |
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553 * 擴充指令集( EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET ) |
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554 ------------------------------------------- |
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555 |
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556 由於 Emacs 擁有太多指令,即便使用上所有的 CONTROL 和 META 字元,也沒辦 |
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557 法完全擺上。Emacs 以 X(擴充『eXtend』)指令來解決這個問題。擴充指令有 |
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558 兩種型式: |
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559 |
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560 C-x 字元擴充。後面跟著一個字元。 |
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561 M-x 有名稱的指令擴充。後面跟著一個長的名稱。 |
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562 |
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563 還有一些指令通常來說是很有用的,但是比您已經學到的指令較少使用。您已經 |
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564 看過其中兩個:檔案指令中的 C-x C-f 去尋找,以及 C-x C-s 去儲存。其他的 |
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565 例子則有結束 Emacs 階段的指令 -- 這個指令是 C-x C-c。(不要擔心您會失 |
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566 去已經做出的改變,C-x C-c 在它殺掉 Emacs 之前會提供儲存每一個變動的檔 |
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567 案的機會。) |
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568 |
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569 C-z 是 *暫時* 離開 Emacs 的指令 -- 因此您稍後可以回到同樣的 Emacs 階段。 |
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570 |
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571 在某些允許它的作用的系統中, C-z 會「暫停住( suspends )」Emacs,也就 |
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572 是說,它會回到 shell 但不會把 Emacs 毀掉。在最常用的 shell 中,您可以 |
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573 用『fg』或『%emacs』兩種指令恢復 Emacs。 |
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574 |
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575 在沒有提供暫停功能的系統中,C-z 會在 Emacs 底下建立一個 subshell 以讓 |
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576 您有機會執行其他的程式,並且在稍後回到 Emacs,它並沒有真的離開 Emacs。 |
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577 在這個例子中,shell 指令『exit』是從subshell 回到 Emacs 的通常方式。 |
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578 |
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579 使用 C-x C-c 的時機是當您打算要登出時。它也非常適合用來離開被其他郵件 |
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580 處理程式,以及許多不同的應用程式所啟動的 Emacs。然而在一般的狀況下,如 |
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581 果您不打算登出,最好是把 Emacs 暫停而不是離開它。 |
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582 |
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583 有許多 C-x 的指令。這裡是一份您已經學過的列表: |
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584 |
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585 C-x C-f 找檔案。 |
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586 C-x C-s 儲存檔案。 |
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587 C-x C-b 列出緩衝區。 |
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588 C-x C-c 離開 Emacs。 |
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589 C-x 1 除了一個外,刪去其他所有的窗格。 |
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590 C-x u 取消動作。 |
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591 |
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592 以擴充來命名的指令通常是不太常使用的指令,或是只在特定的模式下才會使用 |
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593 的指令。一個例子是取代字串指令,它會全域地將一個字串以另一個來取代。當 |
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594 您鍵入 M-x 時,Emacs 會在螢幕的底端詢問您,然後您也應該鍵入這個指令的 |
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595 名稱。在這個例子中是『replace-string』只要鍵入『repl s<TAB>』,然後 |
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596 Emacs 將會補齊這個名稱。以 <Return> 來結束這個指令名稱。 |
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597 |
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598 取代字串指令需要兩個參數 -- 被取代的字串以及用來取代它的字串。您必須以 |
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599 Newline 字元來結束每一個參數。 |
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600 |
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601 >> 將游標移到本行的下兩行空白,然後鍵入 |
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602 M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>。 |
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603 |
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604 【為了說明的目的,於下保留一行原文。 |
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605 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced... 】 |
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606 |
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607 請注意這一行是怎麼改變的:在游標的起始位置之後,您已經將 c-h-a-n-g-e-d |
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608 這個字 -- 不管它在哪裡出現 -- 以「altered」這個字來取代了。 |
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609 |
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610 |
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611 * 自動存檔( AUTO SAVE ) |
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612 ------------------------- |
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613 |
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614 當您在一個檔案中做了修改,但是還沒有將它們儲存起來,那麼如果您的電腦當 |
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615 機,它們將有可能遺失。為了避免這種情形發生在您的身上,Emacs 會定期地將 |
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616 您正在編輯的檔案寫入「自動儲存」檔案中。自動儲存檔案在檔名的前後會各有 |
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617 一個 # 符號;舉例來說,如果您的檔案名為「hello.c」,那麼它的自動儲存檔 |
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618 案的檔名就是「#hello.c#」。當您以平常的方式儲存檔案時,Emacs 就會把它 |
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619 的自動儲存檔刪除。 |
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620 |
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621 如果當機,您可以經由正常地尋找檔案,(指的是您在編輯的檔案而不是自動儲 |
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622 存檔)然後鍵入 M-x recover file<Return> 來回復您的自動儲存檔。當它要求 |
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623 確認時,鍵入 yes<Return> 以繼續並回復自動儲存的資料。 |
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624 |
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625 |
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626 * 回應區( ECHO AREA ) |
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627 ----------------------- |
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628 |
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629 如果 Emacs 見到您很慢地鍵入多字元指令,它會將它們顯示在位於窗格下方, |
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630 稱為「回應區」的區域給您參閱。回應區位在窗格的最後一行。 |
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631 |
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632 |
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633 * 狀態行( MODE LINE ) |
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634 ----------------------- |
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635 |
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636 位在回應區的正上面是稱為「狀態行」的一行。狀態行顯示出一些資訊,如: |
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637 |
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638 --:** TUTORIAL.zh (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- |
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639 |
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640 本行提供一些關於「Emacs 的狀態」以及「您正在編輯的文字」的有用資訊。 |
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641 |
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642 您已經知道檔名的意義是什麼了 -- 就是您找的檔案。-NN%-- 指出目前您在文 |
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643 字檔中的位置;它的意思是說:有 NN 百分比的文字位在窗格的上面。如果檔案 |
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644 的頂端就位在窗格中,那麼它就會顯示 --Top-- 而不是 --00%--。如果檔案的 |
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645 底部就位在窗格中,那麼它是顯示 --Bot--。如果您正在看的文字檔很小,在窗 |
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646 格中就足以看到全部的內容,那麼狀態行就會顯示 --All--。 |
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647 |
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648 L 和數字以另一種方式來表示出位置:它們給出了目前所在的行數( Line )。 |
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649 |
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650 在靠近前面的星號表示您已經對這些文字做了改變。在您剛拜訪或儲存一個檔案 |
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651 之後,狀態行的那個部分會沒有星號,只有破折號。 |
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652 |
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653 狀態行中位於小括弧裡面的部分,是用來告訴您正在使用什麼編輯模式。預設的 |
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654 模式是 Fundamental,也就是您現在使用的。它是「主模式」的一個例子。 |
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655 |
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656 Emacs 有許多不同的主模式。它們之中有一些是用來編輯不同的語言以及/或不 |
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657 同種類的文字,像是 Lisp 模式、 Text 模式等等。在任何的時間只有一個主模 |
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658 式可以作用,並且它的名稱總可以在狀態行中被找到,就在現在的 |
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659 「Fundamental」中的位置。 |
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660 |
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661 每一個主模式都使得一些指令的行為表現得不太一樣。舉例來說,在一個程式中 |
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662 有一些指令用來製作出註解,而由於每一種程式語言對於一個註解應該長得像什 |
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663 麼,都有著不同的想法,因此每一個主模式都必須以不同的方式來插入註解。每 |
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664 一個主模式是一個延伸指令的名稱,使得您可以用來切換至那個模式。舉例來說, |
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665 M-x fundamental-mode 就是切換到 Fundamental 模式的一個指令。 |
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666 |
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667 如果您想要編輯人類語言的文字檔案 -- 像是現在的這一個,您應該使用 Text |
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668 模式。 |
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669 |
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670 >> 鍵入 M-x text mode<Return>。 |
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671 |
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672 不要擔心,沒有任何一個您已經學過的 Emacs 指令,會被改變成任何非常不同 |
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673 的形式。但是您可以發現到 M-f 和 M-b 現在把撇號(')視為字的一部分。先 |
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674 前,在 Fundamental 模式中,M-f 和 M-b 將撇號視為字的分隔符號。 |
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675 |
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676 主模式通常會像上述那個例子一樣,做出一些精巧的改變:大部分的指令在每一 |
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677 個主模式中「做同樣的事」,但是它們以一點點不同的方式來工作。【再舉個例 |
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678 子,接續上面所開的頭,以程式語言的註解來說。同樣一個插入註解的動作,因 |
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679 為您使用的程式語言/主模式的不同而不同。若您使用 C 語言,Emacs 插入 |
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680 『/* 介於中間的為註解區塊 */』;若您使用的是 Fortran 語言,Emacs 插入 |
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681 『c 以字元 c 為首的為註解行』;若您使用的是 Basic 語言,Emacs 則插入『' |
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682 撇號以後的為註解文字』。編輯器的彈性如此,實在沒有必要為了不同的語言、 |
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683 目的或外觀,設計特殊化的編輯器。「求大同,存小異」在這裡也是成立的。】 |
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684 |
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685 要瀏覽您現在所處的主模式的文件,鍵入 C-h m。 |
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686 |
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687 >> 使用 C-u C-v 一或數次,將本行帶到靠近螢幕的上方。 |
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688 >> 鍵入 C-h m,看看 Text 模式與 Fundamental 模式是哪裡不同。 |
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689 >> 鍵入 C-x 1 將文件從螢幕移除掉。 |
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690 |
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691 主模式之所以稱為「主要( major )」的原因是因為它們也有次模式( minor |
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692 mode )。次要的模式並不是主模式的其他選擇,而只是次要的更改。每一個次 |
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693 模式可以被它本身啟用或停止,和所有其他的次模式無關,並且也和您的主模式 |
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694 無關。所以您可以不使用次模式,或一個,或任何數量的次模式的組合。 |
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695 |
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696 有一個叫做 Auto Fill 模式的次模式非常有用,特別是在編輯人類語言的文字 |
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697 時。當這個模式啟用時, Emacs 在當您插入文字並且使一行太寬時,會將那一 |
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698 行,在字與字之間自動地分隔開。 |
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699 |
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700 您可以 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 來將 Auto Fill 模式啟用。當這個模式 |
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701 啟用時,您可以使用 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 來將它取消。當這個模式不 |
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702 用時,則這個指令會將它啟動,而當這個模式啟用時,這個指令會將它關閉。我 |
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703 們說這個指令用來「切換( toggle )」模式。 |
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704 |
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705 >> 現在鍵入 M-x auto fill mode<Return>。然後一再地插入字串 |
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706 「 asdf 」,直到您看到它分成兩行。您必須在它們之間擺上空白, |
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707 因為 Auto Fill 只在空白處斷行。 |
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708 |
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709 邊界通常被設定為 70 個字元,但是您可以用 C-x f 指令來改變它。您應該以 |
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710 一個數字參數的方式來給定您所希望的邊界設定。 |
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711 |
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712 >> 鍵入 C-x f 並附上引數 20:『C-u 2 0 C-x f』。 |
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713 然後鍵入一些文字,看看 Emacs 以 20 個字元, |
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714 在行與行之間進行 fill 動作。然後再用一次 C-x f 將邊界設回 70。 |
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715 |
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716 如果您在一個段落的中間做出改變,Auto Fill 模式並不會為您重新進行 fill |
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717 的動作( re-fill )。要 re-fill 這個段落,鍵入 M-q (META-q),而游標必 |
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718 須處在其中。 |
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719 |
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720 >> 移動游標到前一段中,然後鍵入 M-q。 |
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721 |
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722 |
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723 * 搜尋( SEARCHING ) |
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724 --------------------- |
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725 |
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726 Emacs 可以搜尋字串(字串可以是一群連續的字元或字)【就中文來說,字元和 |
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727 字基本上意義相同;此處所指的『字』,是英文中沒有被空白隔開的字元集 |
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728 合。】,往前或往後搜尋都可以。搜尋一個字串是一種游標移動指令,它會將游 |
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729 標移動到字串出現的下一個地方。 |
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730 |
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731 Emacs 搜尋指令與大部分編輯器的搜尋指令不同的地方在於,它是「漸進的 |
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732 ( incremental )」。這表示搜尋發生在您鍵入想要搜尋的文字串後。 |
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733 |
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734 要開始搜尋的指令是:C-s 往前搜尋,C-r 往後搜尋。但先等一下!現在先不要 |
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735 試。 |
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736 |
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737 當您鍵入 C-s 時,會發現到有一個字串「I-search」出現在回應區中作為提示。 |
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738 它告訴您 Emacs 現在正處於稱為「漸進式搜尋」的狀態中,等待您鍵入您想要 |
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739 搜尋的字串。<Return> 會結束一個搜尋。 |
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740 |
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741 >> 現在鍵入 C-s 開始一個搜尋。慢一點,一次鍵入一個字元, |
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742 鍵入『cursor』這個字,每鍵入一個字元時,稍微停一下, |
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743 注意看看游標發生了什麼事。現在您已曾經搜尋過「cursor」這個字了。 |
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744 >> 再次鍵入 C-s 來搜尋「cursor」的下一個出現位置。 |
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745 >> 現在鍵入 <Delback> 四次,看看游標是如何移動的。 |
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746 >> 鍵入 <Return> 結束搜尋。 |
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747 |
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748 您有沒有看到發生了什麼?在一個漸進式搜尋中,Emacs 試著要走到您鍵入的字 |
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749 串的下一個出現位置。要移動到游標所在的下一個出現位置,只要再鍵入 C-s |
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750 一次。如果並沒有這樣的出現位置存在,Emacs 會嗶一聲,並告訴您目前的搜尋 |
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751 「失敗」。另外 C-g 也可以用來結束搜尋。 |
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752 |
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753 注意:在某些系統中,鍵入 C-s 將會把螢幕凍結,您將看不到從 Emacs 來的任 |
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754 何輸出。這表示作業系統一個稱為「流程控制」的「功能」將 C-s 指令攔截住, |
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755 並且不讓它傳到 Emacs。要取消螢幕的凍結,請鍵入 C-q。然後到 Emacs 使用 |
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756 手冊中看看對於「漸進式搜尋的同時進入( Spontaneous Entry to |
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757 Incremental Search )」這個主題,以取得處理這個「功能」的建議。 |
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758 |
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759 如果您在一個漸進式搜尋的中間,並且鍵入 <Delback>,您可以發現在搜尋字串 |
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760 中的最後一個字元被消除了,並且搜尋會回到這個搜尋的最後一個地方。舉例來 |
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761 說,假設您已經鍵入了『c』,用來尋找「c」的第一次出現。現在如果您鍵入 |
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762 『u』,游標會移動到「cu」的第一次出現位置。現在鍵入 <Delback> ,這會將 |
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763 「u」從搜尋字串中消除,並且游標會移回到「c」的第一次出現位置。 |
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764 |
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765 如果您在一個搜尋的中間,並且鍵入一個 CONTROL 或 META 字元的話,(但有 |
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766 一些例外 -- 對搜尋而言特別的字元,像是 C-s 和 C-r ),搜尋會被結束。 |
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767 |
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768 C-s 會開始一個搜尋,它會尋找搜尋字串在目前游標位置「之後」,的任何出現 |
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769 位置。如果您想要在先前文字中搜尋,鍵入 C-r 作為替代。除了搜尋的方向相 |
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770 反之外,我們所說的有關 C-s 的所有事情,同樣地可以應用到 C-r 上。 |
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771 |
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772 |
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773 * 多重窗格( MULTIPLE WINDOWS ) |
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774 -------------------------------- |
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775 |
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776 Emacs 許多好功能的其中之一是,您可以在螢幕中同時展示超過一個窗格。 |
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777 |
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778 >> 移動游標到這一行並且鍵入 C-u 0 C-l。 |
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779 |
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780 >> 現在鍵入 C-x 2,它會將螢幕平分成兩個窗格。 |
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781 這兩個窗格都顯示著這個快速指南。游標則停留在上方的窗格。 |
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782 |
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783 >> 鍵入 C-M-v 以捲動下方的窗格。 |
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784 (如果您並沒有一個真的 META 鍵,則鍵入 ESC C-v 亦可。) |
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785 |
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786 >> 鍵入 C-x o(『o』指的是其他『other』的意思), |
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787 將游標移動到下方的窗格。 |
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788 |
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789 >> 在下方的窗格中,使用 C-v 和 M-v 來捲動它。 |
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790 繼續維持在上方的窗格中閱讀這些指引。 |
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791 |
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792 >> 再一次鍵入 C-x o 將游標移回到上方的窗格。 |
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793 游標會回到它在上方窗格中,原本所在的位置。 |
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794 |
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795 您可以持續使用 C-x o 在窗格之間切換。每一個窗格有它自己的游標位置,但 |
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796 是只有一個窗格會真的顯示出游標。所有通常的編輯指令只會應用到那個游標所 |
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797 在的窗格。我們稱這個為「被選擇的窗格」。 |
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798 |
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799 指令 C-M-v 在當您於一個窗格中編輯文字,並使用其他的窗格作為參考之用時, |
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800 是非常有用的。您可以將游標一直保持在您正在編輯的窗格中,並以 C-M-v 指 |
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801 令在其他的窗格循序地前進。【驗證工作特別適合以這種方式來進行,如 GNU |
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802 中譯小組:找一個原始英文檔案;再找它翻譯好的中文檔案,編輯這個「被選擇 |
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803 的窗格」,以 C-M-v 指令跟上驗證中的段落……。】 |
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804 |
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805 C-M-v 是 CONTROL-META 字元的一個例子。如果您有一個真的 META 鍵,您可以 |
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806 同時按住 CONTROL 和 META 再鍵入 v 來鍵入 C-M-v。CONTROL 或 META 「誰先 |
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807 被按住」並沒有影響,因為這兩個鍵都是用來修飾您所鍵入的字元。 |
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808 |
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809 如果您並沒有一個真的 META 鍵,您可以使用 ESC 來作為替代,這樣子順序就 |
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810 有關係了:您必須鍵入 ESC ,跟著鍵入 CONTROL-v,CONTROL-ESC v 並不會作 |
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811 用。這是因為 ESC 是一個具有本身作用的字元,而不是一個修飾鍵。 |
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812 |
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813 >> (在上方窗格)鍵入 C-x 1 以除去下方窗格。 |
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814 |
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815 (如果您已經在底端的窗格鍵入 C-x 1,那麼將會把上面的窗格隱藏住。將這個 |
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816 指令想像成「只保留一個窗格 -- 我正在編輯的這個。」) |
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817 |
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818 您不需要在兩個不同的窗格中顯示相同的緩衝區。如果您使用 C-x C-f 在一個 |
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819 窗格中找檔案,另一個窗格並不因而改變。您可以在獨立的任一個窗格中找〔它 |
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820 自己的〕一個檔案。 |
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821 |
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822 這裡有另外一個方式可以用來,使用兩個窗格顯示兩個不同的東西: |
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823 |
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824 >> 鍵入 C-x 4 C-f,後面跟著您的其中一個檔案的名稱。 |
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825 以 <Return> 作為結束。看看指定的檔案出現在下方的窗格。 |
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826 游標也跑到那裡。 |
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827 |
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828 >> 鍵入 C-x o 以回到上方的窗格,然後以 C-x 1 刪除掉下方窗格。 |
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829 |
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830 |
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831 * 遞迴編輯階層( RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS ) |
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832 -------------------------------------------- |
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833 |
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834 有時候您會進入所謂的「遞迴編輯階層」。它是由位在狀態行的方括弧所指明, |
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835 並且包含住以小括弧來指明的模式名稱。舉例來說,您可能會看到 |
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836 [(Fundamental)],而不是 (Fundamental)。 |
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837 |
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838 要離開遞迴編輯階層,請鍵入 ESC ESC ESC。這是個全功能的「離開」指令。您 |
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839 也可以使用它來除去多餘的窗格,並且離開小緩衝區。 |
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840 |
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841 >> 鍵入 M-x 以進入小緩衝區;然後鍵入 ESC ESC ESC 離開。 |
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842 |
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843 您無法使用 C-g 來離開遞迴編輯階層。這是因為 C-g 是用來取消指令以及「位 |
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844 於」遞迴編輯階層中的「引數( arguments )」之故。 |
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845 |
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846 |
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847 * 取得更多的幫助( GETTING MORE HELP ) |
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848 --------------------------------------- |
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849 |
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850 在本快速指南中,我們試著僅提供剛剛好的資訊讓您可以開始使用 Emacs。在 |
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851 Emacs 中有太多可取得的資訊,想要在這裡全部解釋是不可能的。然而,您也許 |
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852 會想要學習更多 Emacs 相關的資訊,因為它有許多其他有用的功能。Emacs 提 |
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853 供了「閱讀有關 Emacs 指令」的指令。這些「help」指令都以 CONTROL-h 這個 |
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854 字元作為開頭,稱作為「Help 字元」。 |
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855 |
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856 要使用 Help 功能,鍵入 C-h 字元,然後再鍵入一個說明您所需要的幫助的字 |
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857 元。如果您真的不知道要問什麼,那麼請鍵入『C-h ?』,此時 Emacs 將會告訴 |
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858 您它能夠提供的幫助。如果您已經鍵入 C-h,但發現您並不需要任何幫助,鍵入 |
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859 C-g 來取消掉它就是了。 |
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860 |
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861 (有些網站將 C-h 這個字元的意義改變了。他們真的不應該把它設為對所有使 |
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862 用者全部都適用的方法,所以您現在就有了個理由來抱怨系統管理者了。在此同 |
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863 時,如果 C-h 並沒有在窗格的底部顯示任何有關幫助的訊息,試著鍵入 F1 鍵, |
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864 或是 M-x help <Return>。) |
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865 |
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866 最基本的 HELP 功能是 C-h c。鍵入 C-h,字元 c,以及一個或一串字元;然後 |
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867 Emacs 會顯示一個非常簡短的有關這個指令的解釋。 |
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868 |
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869 >> 鍵入 C-h c C-p。 |
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870 |
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871 訊息應該會像是這樣: |
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872 |
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873 C-p runs the command previous-line |
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874 |
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875 這告訴了您「函數的名稱」。函數名稱主要是用來自訂以及擴充 Emacs。但是由 |
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876 於函數名稱是由「用來指出這指令在做些什麼」而被選定,它們因此也可以作為 |
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877 非常簡短的文件 -- 足夠提醒您已經學過的指令。 |
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878 |
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879 多字元指令像是 C-x C-s 和 (如果您沒有 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 鍵)<ESC>v |
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880 也可以在 C-h c 後面出現。 |
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881 |
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882 要取得更多有關一個指令的資訊,用 C-h k 來取代使用 C-h c 。 |
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883 |
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884 >> 鍵入 C-h k C-p。 |
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885 |
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886 這會在一個 Emacs 窗格顯示這個函數的說明文件以及它的名稱。當您閱讀完後, |
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887 鍵入 C-x 1 以跳離這些幫助文字。您並不需要馬上跟著做。您可以做些編輯, |
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888 當參考到幫助文字時再鍵入 C-x 1。 |
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889 |
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890 這裡有一些其他有用的 C-h 選項: |
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891 |
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892 C-h f 解釋一個函數。您要鍵入此函數的名稱。 |
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893 |
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894 >> 試著鍵入 C-h f previous-line<Return>。 |
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895 這會印出 Emacs 所有的有關「實作出 C-p 這個指令的函數」的資訊 |
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896 |
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897 C-h v 這個類似的指令會顯示出「您可以用來自訂 Emacs 行為的變數」的文件。 |
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898 當 Emacs 要求時,您需要鍵入這變數的名稱。 |
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899 |
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900 C-h a 指令相關查找( Command Apropos )。 |
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901 鍵入一個關鍵字然後 Emacs 會列出所有 |
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902 「在其名稱中含有此關鍵字」的全部指令。 |
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903 這些指令全部都可以經由 META-x 來啟動。 |
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904 對於一些指令而言,指令相關查找也會列出 |
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905 「可以執行相同指令」的一個或兩個字元的串列。 |
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906 |
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907 >> 鍵入 C-h a file<Return>。 |
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908 |
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909 這會在另一個窗格顯示一個「在其名稱中含有『file』的全部 M-x 指令」的列 |
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910 表。您將會看到像是 C-x C-f 的「字元-指令」列在其相對應指令名稱(如: |
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911 find-file )的旁邊。 |
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912 |
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913 >> 鍵入 C-M-v 上下移動 help 窗格。試個幾次。 |
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914 |
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915 >> 鍵入 C-x 1 來刪除 help 窗格。 |
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916 |
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917 C-h i 閱讀線上使用手冊( a.k.a. Info )。 |
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918 這個指令將您帶到了稱為「*info*」的特殊緩衝區,在那, |
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919 您可以閱讀安裝在您的系統裡的軟體套件的線上使用手冊。 |
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920 鍵入 m emacs <Return> 以閱讀 Emacs 使用手冊。 |
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921 如果您在此之前未曾使用過 Info 系統,請鍵入『?』。 |
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922 Emacs 將會帶您進入 Info 模式功能的導覽指南。 |
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923 一旦完成了本快速指南的研讀,您應該查閱 Emacs Info |
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924 使用手冊,以作為主要的參考文件。 |
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925 |
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926 |
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927 * 更多功能特色( MORE FEATURES ) |
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928 --------------------------------- |
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929 |
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930 您可以經由閱讀 Emacs 使用手冊〈不論是一本書或是在 Info 中的線上版本 |
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931 (使用 Help 選單或是鍵入 F10 h r )〉來學到更多有關它的知識。有兩個您 |
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932 可能會特別喜歡的功能特色是可以節省打字量的 completion 還有簡化檔案處理 |
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933 的 dired 。 |
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934 |
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935 Completion 是一種避免不必要的打字的方式。舉例來說,如果您想要切換 |
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936 *Messages* 緩衝區,您可以鍵入 C-x b *M<Tab> ,只要可以從您已經鍵入的文 |
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937 字中確定, Emacs 就會將剩下的緩衝區名稱補齊。 Completion 是在 Emacs 使 |
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938 用手冊的 Info 中,稱為「Completion」的節點中所解釋的。 |
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939 |
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940 Dired 使您可以在一個目錄中列出檔案(次目錄則是可選的)、在列表中到處移 |
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941 動、拜訪、重新命名、刪除以及對檔案作操作。 Dired 是在 Emacs 使用手冊的 |
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942 Info 中,稱為「Dired」的節點中所解釋的。 |
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943 |
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944 使用手冊也解釋了許多其它 Emacs 的功能特色。 |
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945 |
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946 |
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947 * 結論( CONCLUSION ) |
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948 ---------------------- |
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949 |
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950 記住,要完全離開 Emacs 請使用 C-x C-c 。要暫時離開到 shell,稍後再回到 |
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951 Emacs,請使用 C-z 。 |
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952 |
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953 本快速指南對於所有的新手應該都是易於理解的,所以如果您發現了什麼地方不 |
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954 清楚,不要只是坐著怪自己 -- (向本文作者和翻譯)發點牢騷吧! |
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955 |
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956 |
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957 * 翻譯( TRANSLATION ) |
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958 ----------------------- |
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959 |
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960 本快速指南的翻譯人員列表如下,如果您在閱讀本文之前,「完全」對 Emacs |
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961 沒有概念,請告訴我們您的意見以作為本文後續的改進依據。翻譯也提供了一份 |
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962 《GNU Emacs 中文處理說明》在 |
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963 http://www.gnu.org/software/chinese/guide/emacs-chinese.zh.html 〈部份 |
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964 內容已經整理到本快速指南〉,也請您自行參閱。 |
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965 |
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966 編輯器是電腦使用者最常接觸到的應用程式,因此不應該讓初學者感到過於困難, |
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967 就一般的評論來說, Emacs 是不難學會使用的編輯器,但您的意見可以使它更 |
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968 為貼近一般的使用者,並使電腦作為工具的角色得以充分發揮。如果您願意提供 |
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969 改進的意見,請寄 email 到<chinese-translators@gnu.org> 。請不要害羞, |
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970 我們歡迎任何有關的討論;如果您不想寄到郵件清單,請直接 email 給本文翻 |
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971 譯 <chliu@gnu.org> 。請在 Title 行中包含此字串「Emacs TUTORIAL: <your |
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972 issue here>」。 |
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973 |
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974 如果您是 Emacs 老手,GNU Chinese Translators Team (GNU/CTT) |
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975 <http://www.gnu.org/software/chinese/> 歡迎您的加入,我們現在正需要願 |
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976 意投入翻譯 Emacs 使用手冊的人員。 |
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977 |
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978 本快速指南並沒有採用習慣上編輯器所使用的翻譯術語,一方面因為它的實際意 |
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979 義與一般的編輯器不同,原文本就不同;另一方面也因為 Emacs 所採用的視覺 |
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980 設計概念,早在視窗化系統之前就已經存在,本質也不相同。總之,翻譯以為這 |
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981 樣可以幫助對於 Emacs 整個設計哲學的理解。如果收到的回覆中,大部份要求 |
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982 提出修改,我們還是從善如流。 |
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983 |
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984 (0) 為了避免「游標移動指令」論述上的混淆,本文採用的術語為: |
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985 往「前」移( move Forward );往「後」移( move Backware ) |
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986 〔或是往「回」移〕; |
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987 往「上」移( Previous line );往「下」移( Next line )。 |
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988 (1) 在本文中,「行」指的是 row,這是採用一般的習慣用法。 |
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989 為了避免誤導中文讀者,特別在此說明。在正式的用法中: |
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990 「column」翻譯為「行」,以「縱」為行(直行),也譯為「欄」; |
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991 「row」翻譯為「列」,以「橫」為列(橫列)。 |
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992 讀者思索一下「合縱連橫」應該可以理解。 |
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993 大約是因為中文原本是直書的,我們說「一行字」是沒問題; |
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994 但現在大部份的情形中文是橫書的,由於習慣使然也稱為一行字了。 |
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995 (2) 有關於「文字」及其集合的相關譯文,翻譯所採用的有: |
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996 編輯的「文字」:「然後鍵入一些文字」; |
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997 用來作為說明功能的「文件」:「這個函數的說明文件」; |
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998 特指其所說明的內容的「文本」:「實際效力以英文本為準」。 |
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999 即使只是「一行字」,只要它是用來作為說明之用, |
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1000 翻譯還是將它視為「文件」。 |
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1001 (3) 「cut」的動作在 Emacs 中分為「殺掉」和「刪除」,之間的差異如下: |
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1002 一般編輯器中的「cut」:只有最近被 cut 的文字擺到 clipboard 中; |
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1003 「殺掉( killing )」:被殺掉的文字,全部被加入到 kill ring 中; |
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1004 「刪除( deleting )」:被刪除的文字,就是被刪除了。 |
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1005 因此在一般編輯器中,您只能 paste「最近」被 cut 的文字; |
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1006 而在 Emacs 中,您可以「拉回」任何先前被殺掉的文字,同時, |
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1007 它的作法很容易。至於被刪除的,因為用來作為「刪除」功能的指令, |
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1008 所能移去的文字數量都很少,因此也沒什麼好拉回的; |
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1009 如果真的想回復這些文字,undo 您的動作就是了。 |
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1010 (4) 「window」同時翻譯為「視窗」和「窗格」, |
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1011 前者表示現在一般概念中的視窗系統,如「X 視窗」; |
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1012 後者表示 Emacs 中的視窗,翻譯在此通稱為「窗格」。 |
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1013 Emacs 的「窗格」即使在命令列提示下也可以正常工作, |
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1014 此一基本特性顯然值得我們以另一個專用術語來描述它。 |
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1015 (5) 關於檔案的術語,「找」一個檔案在 Emacs 中有兩種作用: |
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1016 找一個「並不存在」的檔案,讀者應認知為「開新檔案」; |
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1017 找一個「已經存在」的檔案,則是「開啟舊檔」。 |
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1018 Emacs 只以一個「找」的動作來解決,主要的原因是「實際上」 |
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1019 的軟體工作如此。駭客們應該會發現這樣比較自然, |
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1020 因為它反應了電腦的工作方式,同時操作起來也較少廢話。 |
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1021 (6) 在【】中的文字為翻譯的註解。 |
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1022 (7) 關於使中文文件結構化的議題,問題已經獲得解決。 |
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1023 (8) 本翻譯文本所採用的簡繁用語差異列表如下: |
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1024 zh cn |
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1025 文件 文檔 |
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1026 軟體 軟件 |
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1027 作業 操作 |
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1028 套件 包 |
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1029 視窗 窗口 |
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1030 遞迴 遞歸 |
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1031 駭客 黑客 |
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1032 資訊 信息 |
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1033 |
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1034 另外,我們也十分歡迎讀者可以直接修改本快速指南,做出自己的版本,以自己 |
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1035 認為最為合適的方式來介紹 Emacs 。如果您做出了這樣個人化的版本,並且認 |
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1036 為足供大家參考使用,請寄給 <chinese-coordinators@gnu.org> ,我們會將您 |
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1037 的版本公開在 GNU/CTT 的網頁中提供給中文使用者下載。 |
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1038 |
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1039 翻譯:劉 昭宏 <chliu@gnu.org> |
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1040 驗證:馬 雪萍 |
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1041 |
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1042 |
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1043 * 複製( COPYING ) |
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1044 ------------------- |
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1045 |
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1046 本快速指南沿襲自具有悠久歷史的 Emacs 快速指南,由 Stuart Cracraft 為了 |
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1047 原始的 Emacs 所撰寫的版本開始。 |
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1048 |
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1049 這個版本的快速指南和 GNU Emacs 一樣都是版權化的,並且允許在某些條件下 |
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1050 散佈其拷貝: |
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1051 |
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1052 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
87649 | 1053 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
82726
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1054 |
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1055 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies |
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1056 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the |
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1057 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, |
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1058 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission |
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1059 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. |
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1060 |
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1061 本文允許在不變更文件內容的前提下刊登在任何形式的媒體中, |
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1062 但需保留版權聲明以及許可聲明, |
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1063 散佈者也必須給予接受者如同此聲明所允許的,進一步散佈的許可。 |
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1064 【本段譯文提供讀者作為參考以幫助理解,實際效力以英文本為準。】 |
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1065 |
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1066 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions |
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1067 of this document, or of portions of it, |
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1068 under the above conditions, provided also that they |
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1069 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them. |
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1070 |
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1071 本文允許在與上述相同的條件下,散佈修改後的版本,或是其中的一部份, |
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1072 但它們也必須帶有顯著的,說明由誰最後更動了它的聲明。 |
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1073 【Copyleft 版權除了提供使用者自由外,也維護原始作者, |
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1074 以及後來的修改作者的名譽權( credit )。 |
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1075 本段譯文提供讀者作為參考以幫助理解,實際效力以英文本為準。】 |
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1076 |
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1077 複製 Emacs 本身的條件較為複雜,但是具有相同的精神。請閱讀 COPYING 這個 |
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1078 檔案,並且確實給予您的朋友 GNU Emacs 的拷貝。請經由「使用、撰寫、以及 |
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1079 分享自由軟體」來幫助消除軟體障礙主義(擁有權)! |
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1080 |
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1081 ;;; DO NOT PUT THIS ON ZHS OR ZHT FILE... |
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1082 ;;; Local Variables: |
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1083 ;;; coding: chinese-big5 |
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1084 ;;; End: |
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1085 |
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1086 ;;; arch-tag: a51dafb4-e602-432b-8020-5d5d5f150811 |