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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/lists
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7 @node Lists, Sequences Arrays Vectors, Strings and Characters, Top
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8 @chapter Lists
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9 @cindex list
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10 @cindex element (of list)
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11
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12 A @dfn{list} represents a sequence of zero or more elements (which may
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13 be any Lisp objects). The important difference between lists and
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14 vectors is that two or more lists can share part of their structure; in
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15 addition, you can insert or delete elements in a list without copying
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16 the whole list.
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17
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18 @menu
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19 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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20 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists.
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21 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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22 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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23 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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24 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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25 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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26 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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27 @end menu
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28
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29 @node Cons Cells
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30 @section Lists and Cons Cells
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31 @cindex lists and cons cells
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32 @cindex @code{nil} and lists
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33
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34 Lists in Lisp are not a primitive data type; they are built up from
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35 @dfn{cons cells}. A cons cell is a data object that represents an
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36 ordered pair. That is, it has two slots, and each slot @dfn{holds}, or
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37 @dfn{refers to}, some Lisp object. One slot is known as the @sc{car},
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38 and the other is known as the @sc{cdr}. (These names are traditional;
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39 see @ref{Cons Cell Type}.) @sc{cdr} is pronounced ``could-er.''
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40
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41 We say that ``the @sc{car} of this cons cell is'' whatever object
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42 its @sc{car} slot currently holds, and likewise for the @sc{cdr}.
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43
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44 A list is a series of cons cells ``chained together,'' so that each
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45 cell refers to the next one. There is one cons cell for each element of
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46 the list. By convention, the @sc{car}s of the cons cells hold the
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47 elements of the list, and the @sc{cdr}s are used to chain the list: the
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48 @sc{cdr} slot of each cons cell refers to the following cons cell. The
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49 @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell is @code{nil}. This asymmetry between
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50 the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} is entirely a matter of convention; at the
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51 level of cons cells, the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} slots have the same
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52 characteristics.
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53
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54 @cindex list structure
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55 Because most cons cells are used as part of lists, the phrase
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56 @dfn{list structure} has come to mean any structure made out of cons
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57 cells.
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58
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59 The symbol @code{nil} is considered a list as well as a symbol; it is
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60 the list with no elements. For convenience, the symbol @code{nil} is
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61 considered to have @code{nil} as its @sc{cdr} (and also as its
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62 @sc{car}).
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63
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64 The @sc{cdr} of any nonempty list @var{l} is a list containing all the
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65 elements of @var{l} except the first.
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66
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67 @node Lists as Boxes
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68 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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69 @section Lists as Linked Pairs of Boxes
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70 @cindex box representation for lists
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71 @cindex lists represented as boxes
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72 @cindex cons cell as box
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73
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74 A cons cell can be illustrated as a pair of boxes. The first box
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75 represents the @sc{car} and the second box represents the @sc{cdr}.
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76 Here is an illustration of the two-element list, @code{(tulip lily)},
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77 made from two cons cells:
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78
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79 @example
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80 @group
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81 --------------- ---------------
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82 | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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83 | tulip | o---------->| lily | nil |
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84 | | | | | |
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85 --------------- ---------------
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86 @end group
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87 @end example
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88
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89 Each pair of boxes represents a cons cell. Each box ``refers to'',
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90 ``points to'' or ``holds'' a Lisp object. (These terms are
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91 synonymous.) The first box, which describes the @sc{car} of the first
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92 cons cell, contains the symbol @code{tulip}. The arrow from the
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93 @sc{cdr} box of the first cons cell to the second cons cell indicates
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94 that the @sc{cdr} of the first cons cell is the second cons cell.
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95
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96 The same list can be illustrated in a different sort of box notation
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97 like this:
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98
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99 @example
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100 @group
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101 --- --- --- ---
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102 | | |--> | | |--> nil
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103 --- --- --- ---
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104 | |
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105 | |
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106 --> tulip --> lily
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107 @end group
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108 @end example
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109
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110 Here is a more complex illustration, showing the three-element list,
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111 @code{((pine needles) oak maple)}, the first element of which is a
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112 two-element list:
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113
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114 @example
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115 @group
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116 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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117 | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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118 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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119 | | |
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120 | | |
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121 | --> oak --> maple
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122 |
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123 | --- --- --- ---
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124 --> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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125 --- --- --- ---
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126 | |
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127 | |
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128 --> pine --> needles
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129 @end group
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130 @end example
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131
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132 The same list represented in the first box notation looks like this:
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133
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134 @example
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135 @group
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136 -------------- -------------- --------------
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137 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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138 | o | o------->| oak | o------->| maple | nil |
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139 | | | | | | | | | |
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140 -- | --------- -------------- --------------
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141 |
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142 |
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143 | -------------- ----------------
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144 | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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145 ------>| pine | o------->| needles | nil |
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146 | | | | | |
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147 -------------- ----------------
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148 @end group
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149 @end example
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150
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151 @xref{Cons Cell Type}, for the read and print syntax of cons cells and
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152 lists, and for more ``box and arrow'' illustrations of lists.
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153
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154 @node List-related Predicates
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155 @section Predicates on Lists
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156
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157 The following predicates test whether a Lisp object is an atom, is a
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158 cons cell or is a list, or whether it is the distinguished object
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159 @code{nil}. (Many of these predicates can be defined in terms of the
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160 others, but they are used so often that it is worth having all of them.)
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161
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162 @defun consp object
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163 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil}
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164 otherwise. @code{nil} is not a cons cell, although it @emph{is} a list.
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165 @end defun
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166
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167 @defun atom object
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168 @cindex atoms
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169 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an atom, @code{nil}
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170 otherwise. All objects except cons cells are atoms. The symbol
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171 @code{nil} is an atom and is also a list; it is the only Lisp object
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172 that is both.
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173
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174 @example
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175 (atom @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (consp @var{object}))
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176 @end example
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177 @end defun
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178
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179 @defun listp object
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180 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell or
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181 @code{nil}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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182
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183 @example
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184 @group
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185 (listp '(1))
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186 @result{} t
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187 @end group
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188 @group
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189 (listp '())
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190 @result{} t
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191 @end group
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192 @end example
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193 @end defun
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194
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195 @defun nlistp object
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196 This function is the opposite of @code{listp}: it returns @code{t} if
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197 @var{object} is not a list. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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198
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199 @example
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200 (listp @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (nlistp @var{object}))
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201 @end example
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202 @end defun
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203
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204 @defun null object
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205 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is @code{nil}, and
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206 returns @code{nil} otherwise. This function is identical to @code{not},
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207 but as a matter of clarity we use @code{null} when @var{object} is
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208 considered a list and @code{not} when it is considered a truth value
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209 (see @code{not} in @ref{Combining Conditions}).
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210
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211 @example
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212 @group
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213 (null '(1))
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214 @result{} nil
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215 @end group
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216 @group
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217 (null '())
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218 @result{} t
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219 @end group
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220 @end example
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221 @end defun
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222
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223 @need 2000
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224
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225 @node List Elements
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226 @section Accessing Elements of Lists
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227 @cindex list elements
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228
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229 @defun car cons-cell
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230 This function returns the value referred to by the first slot of the
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231 cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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232 returns the @sc{car} of @var{cons-cell}.
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233
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234 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{car}
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235 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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236 for @code{car}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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237 or @code{nil}.
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238
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239 @example
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240 @group
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241 (car '(a b c))
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242 @result{} a
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243 @end group
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244 @group
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245 (car '())
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246 @result{} nil
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247 @end group
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248 @end example
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249 @end defun
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250
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251 @defun cdr cons-cell
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252 This function returns the value referred to by the second slot of
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253 the cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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254 returns the @sc{cdr} of @var{cons-cell}.
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255
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256 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{cdr}
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257 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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258 for @code{cdr}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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259 or @code{nil}.
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260
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261 @example
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262 @group
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263 (cdr '(a b c))
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264 @result{} (b c)
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265 @end group
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266 @group
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267 (cdr '())
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268 @result{} nil
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269 @end group
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270 @end example
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271 @end defun
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272
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273 @defun car-safe object
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274 This function lets you take the @sc{car} of a cons cell while avoiding
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275 errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{car} of @var{object} if
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276 @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise. This is in contrast
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277 to @code{car}, which signals an error if @var{object} is not a list.
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278
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279 @example
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280 @group
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281 (car-safe @var{object})
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282 @equiv{}
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283 (let ((x @var{object}))
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284 (if (consp x)
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285 (car x)
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286 nil))
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287 @end group
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288 @end example
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289 @end defun
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290
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291 @defun cdr-safe object
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292 This function lets you take the @sc{cdr} of a cons cell while
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293 avoiding errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{cdr} of
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294 @var{object} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise.
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295 This is in contrast to @code{cdr}, which signals an error if
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296 @var{object} is not a list.
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297
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298 @example
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299 @group
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300 (cdr-safe @var{object})
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301 @equiv{}
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302 (let ((x @var{object}))
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303 (if (consp x)
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304 (cdr x)
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305 nil))
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306 @end group
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307 @end example
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308 @end defun
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309
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310 @tindex pop
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311 @defmac pop listname
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312 This macro is a way of examining the @sc{car} of a list,
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313 and taking it off the list, all at once. It is new in Emacs 21.
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314
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315 It operates on the list which is stored in the symbol @var{listname}.
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316 It removes this element from the list by setting @var{listname}
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317 to the @sc{cdr} of its old value---but it also returns the @sc{car}
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318 of that list, which is the element being removed.
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319
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320 @example
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321 x
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322 @result{} (a b c)
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323 (pop x)
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324 @result{} a
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325 x
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326 @result{} (b c)
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327 @end example
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328 @end defmac
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329
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330 @defun nth n list
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331 This function returns the @var{n}th element of @var{list}. Elements
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332 are numbered starting with zero, so the @sc{car} of @var{list} is
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333 element number zero. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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334 the value is @code{nil}.
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335
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336 If @var{n} is negative, @code{nth} returns the first element of
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337 @var{list}.
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338
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339 @example
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340 @group
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341 (nth 2 '(1 2 3 4))
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342 @result{} 3
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343 @end group
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344 @group
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345 (nth 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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346 @result{} nil
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347 @end group
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348 @group
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349 (nth -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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350 @result{} 1
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351
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352 (nth n x) @equiv{} (car (nthcdr n x))
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353 @end group
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354 @end example
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355
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356 The function @code{elt} is similar, but applies to any kind of sequence.
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357 For historical reasons, it takes its arguments in the opposite order.
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358 @xref{Sequence Functions}.
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359 @end defun
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360
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361 @defun nthcdr n list
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362 This function returns the @var{n}th @sc{cdr} of @var{list}. In other
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363 words, it skips past the first @var{n} links of @var{list} and returns
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364 what follows.
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365
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366 If @var{n} is zero or negative, @code{nthcdr} returns all of
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367 @var{list}. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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368 @code{nthcdr} returns @code{nil}.
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369
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370 @example
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371 @group
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372 (nthcdr 1 '(1 2 3 4))
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373 @result{} (2 3 4)
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374 @end group
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375 @group
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376 (nthcdr 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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377 @result{} nil
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378 @end group
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379 @group
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380 (nthcdr -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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381 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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382 @end group
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383 @end example
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384 @end defun
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385
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386 @defun last list &optional n
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387 This function returns the last link of @var{list}. The
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388 @code{car} of this link is the list's last element. If @var{list} is
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389 null, @code{nil} is returned. If @var{n} is non-nil the
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390 @var{n}-th-to-last link is returned instead, or the whole @var{list} if
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391 @var{n} is bigger than @var{list}'s length.
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392 @end defun
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393
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394 @defun safe-length list
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395 This function returns the length of @var{list}, with no risk
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396 of either an error or an infinite loop.
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397
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398 If @var{list} is not really a list, @code{safe-length} returns 0. If
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399 @var{list} is circular, it returns a finite value which is at least the
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400 number of distinct elements.
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401 @end defun
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402
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403 The most common way to compute the length of a list, when you are not
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404 worried that it may be circular, is with @code{length}. @xref{Sequence
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405 Functions}.
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406
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407 @defun caar cons-cell
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408 This is the same as @code{(car (car @var{cons-cell}))}.
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409 @end defun
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410
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411 @defun cadr cons-cell
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412 This is the same as @code{(car (cdr @var{cons-cell}))}
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413 or @code{(nth 1 @var{cons-cell})}.
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414 @end defun
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415
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416 @defun cdar cons-cell
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417 This is the same as @code{(cdr (car @var{cons-cell}))}.
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418 @end defun
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419
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420 @defun cddr cons-cell
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421 This is the same as @code{(cdr (cdr @var{cons-cell}))}
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422 or @code{(nthcdr 2 @var{cons-cell})}.
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423 @end defun
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424
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425 @defun butlast x &optional n
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426 This function returns the list @var{x} with the last element,
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427 or the last @var{n} elements, removed. If @var{n} is greater
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428 than zero it makes a copy of the list so as not to damage the
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429 original list. In general, @code{(append (butlast @var{x} @var{n})
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430 (last @var{x} @var{n}))} will return a list equal to @var{x}.
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431 @end defun
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432
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433 @defun nbutlast x &optional n
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434 This is a version of @code{butlast} that works by destructively
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435 modifying the @code{cdr} of the appropriate element, rather than
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436 making a copy of the list.
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437 @end defun
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438
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439 @node Building Lists
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440 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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441 @section Building Cons Cells and Lists
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442 @cindex cons cells
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443 @cindex building lists
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444
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445 Many functions build lists, as lists reside at the very heart of Lisp.
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446 @code{cons} is the fundamental list-building function; however, it is
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447 interesting to note that @code{list} is used more times in the source
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448 code for Emacs than @code{cons}.
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449
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450 @defun cons object1 object2
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451 This function is the fundamental function used to build new list
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452 structure. It creates a new cons cell, making @var{object1} the
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453 @sc{car}, and @var{object2} the @sc{cdr}. It then returns the new cons
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454 cell. The arguments @var{object1} and @var{object2} may be any Lisp
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455 objects, but most often @var{object2} is a list.
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456
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457 @example
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458 @group
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459 (cons 1 '(2))
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460 @result{} (1 2)
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461 @end group
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462 @group
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463 (cons 1 '())
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464 @result{} (1)
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465 @end group
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466 @group
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467 (cons 1 2)
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468 @result{} (1 . 2)
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469 @end group
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470 @end example
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471
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472 @cindex consing
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473 @code{cons} is often used to add a single element to the front of a
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474 list. This is called @dfn{consing the element onto the list}.
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475 @footnote{There is no strictly equivalent way to add an element to
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476 the end of a list. You can use @code{(append @var{listname} (list
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477 @var{newelt}))}, which creates a whole new list by copying @var{listname}
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478 and adding @var{newelt} to its end. Or you can use @code{(nconc
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479 @var{listname} (list @var{newelt}))}, which modifies @var{listname}
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480 by following all the @sc{cdr}s and then replacing the terminating
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481 @code{nil}. Compare this to adding an element to the beginning of a
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482 list with @code{cons}, which neither copies nor modifies the list.}
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483 For example:
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484
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485 @example
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486 (setq list (cons newelt list))
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487 @end example
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488
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489 Note that there is no conflict between the variable named @code{list}
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490 used in this example and the function named @code{list} described below;
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491 any symbol can serve both purposes.
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492 @end defun
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493
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494 @tindex push
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495 @defmac push newelt listname
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496 This macro provides an alternative way to write
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497 @code{(setq @var{listname} (cons @var{newelt} @var{listname}))}.
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498 It is new in Emacs 21.
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499
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500 @example
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501 (setq l '(a b))
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502 @result{} (a b)
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503 (push 'c l)
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504 @result{} (c a b)
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505 l
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506 @result{} (c a b)
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507 @end example
25751
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508 @end defmac
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509
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510 @defun list &rest objects
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511 This function creates a list with @var{objects} as its elements. The
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512 resulting list is always @code{nil}-terminated. If no @var{objects}
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513 are given, the empty list is returned.
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514
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515 @example
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516 @group
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517 (list 1 2 3 4 5)
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518 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
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519 @end group
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520 @group
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521 (list 1 2 '(3 4 5) 'foo)
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522 @result{} (1 2 (3 4 5) foo)
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523 @end group
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524 @group
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525 (list)
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526 @result{} nil
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527 @end group
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528 @end example
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529 @end defun
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530
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531 @defun make-list length object
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532 This function creates a list of @var{length} elements, in which each
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533 element is @var{object}. Compare @code{make-list} with
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534 @code{make-string} (@pxref{Creating Strings}).
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535
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536 @example
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537 @group
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538 (make-list 3 'pigs)
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539 @result{} (pigs pigs pigs)
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540 @end group
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541 @group
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542 (make-list 0 'pigs)
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543 @result{} nil
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544 @end group
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545 @group
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546 (setq l (make-list 3 '(a b))
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547 @result{} ((a b) (a b) (a b))
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548 (eq (car l) (cadr l))
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549 @result{} t
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550 @end group
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551 @end example
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552 @end defun
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553
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554 @defun append &rest sequences
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555 @cindex copying lists
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556 This function returns a list containing all the elements of
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557 @var{sequences}. The @var{sequences} may be lists, vectors,
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558 bool-vectors, or strings, but the last one should usually be a list.
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559 All arguments except the last one are copied, so none of the arguments
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560 is altered. (See @code{nconc} in @ref{Rearrangement}, for a way to join
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561 lists with no copying.)
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562
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563 More generally, the final argument to @code{append} may be any Lisp
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564 object. The final argument is not copied or converted; it becomes the
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565 @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell in the new list. If the final argument
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566 is itself a list, then its elements become in effect elements of the
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567 result list. If the final element is not a list, the result is a
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568 ``dotted list'' since its final @sc{cdr} is not @code{nil} as required
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569 in a true list.
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570
22274
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571 The @code{append} function also allows integers as arguments. It
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572 converts them to strings of digits, making up the decimal print
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573 representation of the integer, and then uses the strings instead of the
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574 original integers. @strong{Don't use this feature; we plan to eliminate
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575 it. If you already use this feature, change your programs now!} The
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576 proper way to convert an integer to a decimal number in this way is with
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577 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}) or @code{number-to-string}
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578 (@pxref{String Conversion}).
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579 @end defun
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580
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581 Here is an example of using @code{append}:
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582
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583 @example
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584 @group
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585 (setq trees '(pine oak))
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586 @result{} (pine oak)
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587 (setq more-trees (append '(maple birch) trees))
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588 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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589 @end group
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590
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591 @group
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592 trees
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593 @result{} (pine oak)
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594 more-trees
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595 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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596 @end group
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597 @group
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598 (eq trees (cdr (cdr more-trees)))
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599 @result{} t
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600 @end group
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601 @end example
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602
22274
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603 You can see how @code{append} works by looking at a box diagram. The
7118
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604 variable @code{trees} is set to the list @code{(pine oak)} and then the
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parents: 6558
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605 variable @code{more-trees} is set to the list @code{(maple birch pine
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
606 oak)}. However, the variable @code{trees} continues to refer to the
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
607 original list:
6558
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parents:
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608
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609 @smallexample
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parents:
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610 @group
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611 more-trees trees
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parents:
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612 | |
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parents: 21007
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613 | --- --- --- --- -> --- --- --- ---
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parents: 21007
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614 --> | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
615 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
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616 | | | |
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617 | | | |
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618 --> maple -->birch --> pine --> oak
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619 @end group
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620 @end smallexample
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621
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622 An empty sequence contributes nothing to the value returned by
6558
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parents:
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623 @code{append}. As a consequence of this, a final @code{nil} argument
22274
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624 forces a copy of the previous argument:
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625
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626 @example
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627 @group
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628 trees
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629 @result{} (pine oak)
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630 @end group
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631 @group
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632 (setq wood (append trees nil))
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633 @result{} (pine oak)
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634 @end group
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635 @group
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636 wood
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637 @result{} (pine oak)
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638 @end group
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639 @group
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640 (eq wood trees)
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641 @result{} nil
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642 @end group
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643 @end example
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parents:
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644
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diff changeset
645 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
646 This once was the usual way to copy a list, before the function
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diff changeset
647 @code{copy-sequence} was invented. @xref{Sequences Arrays Vectors}.
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parents:
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648
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649 Here we show the use of vectors and strings as arguments to @code{append}:
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650
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651 @example
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652 @group
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653 (append [a b] "cd" nil)
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654 @result{} (a b 99 100)
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655 @end group
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656 @end example
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657
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diff changeset
658 With the help of @code{apply} (@pxref{Calling Functions}), we can append
22138
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
659 all the lists in a list of lists:
6558
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660
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661 @example
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662 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
663 (apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
664 @result{} (a b c x y z)
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parents:
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665 @end group
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666 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
667
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parents: 22271
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668 If no @var{sequences} are given, @code{nil} is returned:
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parents:
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669
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670 @example
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671 @group
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672 (append)
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673 @result{} nil
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674 @end group
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parents:
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675 @end example
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parents:
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676
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677 Here are some examples where the final argument is not a list:
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678
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679 @example
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parents: 6558
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680 (append '(x y) 'z)
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parents: 12067
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681 @result{} (x y . z)
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682 (append '(x y) [z])
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
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683 @result{} (x y . [z])
7118
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684 @end example
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parents: 6558
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685
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parents: 6558
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686 @noindent
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
687 The second example shows that when the final argument is a sequence but
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parents: 6558
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688 not a list, the sequence's elements do not become elements of the
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
689 resulting list. Instead, the sequence becomes the final @sc{cdr}, like
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parents: 6558
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690 any other non-list final argument.
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691
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692 @defun reverse list
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parents:
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693 This function creates a new list whose elements are the elements of
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parents:
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694 @var{list}, but in reverse order. The original argument @var{list} is
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695 @emph{not} altered.
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696
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697 @example
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698 @group
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699 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
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diff changeset
700 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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701 @end group
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702 @group
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703 (reverse x)
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parents:
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704 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
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parents:
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705 x
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706 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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707 @end group
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708 @end example
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parents:
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709 @end defun
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parents:
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710
30808
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parents: 27332
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711 @defun remq object list
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712 This function returns a copy of @var{list}, with all elements removed
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parents: 27332
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713 which are @code{eq} to @var{object}. The letter @samp{q} in @code{remq}
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parents: 27332
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714 says that it uses @code{eq} to compare @var{object} against the elements
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parents: 27332
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715 of @code{list}.
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716
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717 @example
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718 @group
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parents: 27332
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719 (setq sample-list '(a b c a b c))
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720 @result{} (a b c a b c)
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721 @end group
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parents: 27332
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722 @group
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
723 (remq 'a sample-list)
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parents: 27332
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724 @result{} (b c b c)
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725 @end group
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726 @group
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parents: 27332
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727 sample-list
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728 @result{} (a b c a b c)
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729 @end group
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730 @end example
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731 @noindent
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
732 The function @code{delq} offers a way to perform this operation
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
733 destructively. See @ref{Sets And Lists}.
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734 @end defun
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diff changeset
735
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736 @node Modifying Lists
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diff changeset
737 @section Modifying Existing List Structure
22271
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diff changeset
738 @cindex destructive list operations
6558
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739
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740 You can modify the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} contents of a cons cell with the
22271
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parents: 22253
diff changeset
741 primitives @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}. We call these ``destructive''
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parents: 22253
diff changeset
742 operations because they change existing list structure.
6558
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743
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diff changeset
744 @cindex CL note---@code{rplaca} vrs @code{setcar}
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parents:
diff changeset
745 @quotation
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diff changeset
746 @findex rplaca
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parents:
diff changeset
747 @findex rplacd
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parents:
diff changeset
748 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp uses functions @code{rplaca} and
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parents:
diff changeset
749 @code{rplacd} to alter list structure; they change structure the same
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diff changeset
750 way as @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}, but the Common Lisp functions
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parents:
diff changeset
751 return the cons cell while @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr} return the
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diff changeset
752 new @sc{car} or @sc{cdr}.
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753 @end quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
754
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
755 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
756 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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parents:
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757 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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diff changeset
758 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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parents:
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759 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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diff changeset
760 @end menu
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diff changeset
761
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diff changeset
762 @node Setcar
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parents:
diff changeset
763 @subsection Altering List Elements with @code{setcar}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
764
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765 Changing the @sc{car} of a cons cell is done with @code{setcar}. When
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
766 used on a list, @code{setcar} replaces one element of a list with a
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
767 different element.
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
768
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
769 @defun setcar cons object
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
770 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{car} of @var{cons},
22253
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
771 replacing its previous @sc{car}. In other words, it changes the
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22961
diff changeset
772 @sc{car} slot of @var{cons} to refer to @var{object}. It returns the
22253
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
773 value @var{object}. For example:
6558
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774
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diff changeset
775 @example
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diff changeset
776 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
777 (setq x '(1 2))
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parents:
diff changeset
778 @result{} (1 2)
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779 @end group
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diff changeset
780 @group
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diff changeset
781 (setcar x 4)
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782 @result{} 4
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783 @end group
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diff changeset
784 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
785 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
786 @result{} (4 2)
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787 @end group
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diff changeset
788 @end example
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diff changeset
789 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
790
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
791 When a cons cell is part of the shared structure of several lists,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
792 storing a new @sc{car} into the cons changes one element of each of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
793 these lists. Here is an example:
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794
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
795 @example
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796 @group
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diff changeset
797 ;; @r{Create two lists that are partly shared.}
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diff changeset
798 (setq x1 '(a b c))
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parents:
diff changeset
799 @result{} (a b c)
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diff changeset
800 (setq x2 (cons 'z (cdr x1)))
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parents:
diff changeset
801 @result{} (z b c)
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802 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
803
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diff changeset
804 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
805 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a shared link.}
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parents:
diff changeset
806 (setcar (cdr x1) 'foo)
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parents:
diff changeset
807 @result{} foo
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diff changeset
808 x1 ; @r{Both lists are changed.}
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diff changeset
809 @result{} (a foo c)
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810 x2
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diff changeset
811 @result{} (z foo c)
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812 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
813
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814 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
815 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a link that is not shared.}
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diff changeset
816 (setcar x1 'baz)
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parents:
diff changeset
817 @result{} baz
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818 x1 ; @r{Only one list is changed.}
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parents:
diff changeset
819 @result{} (baz foo c)
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parents:
diff changeset
820 x2
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diff changeset
821 @result{} (z foo c)
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diff changeset
822 @end group
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823 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
824
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
825 Here is a graphical depiction of the shared structure of the two lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
826 in the variables @code{x1} and @code{x2}, showing why replacing @code{b}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
827 changes them both:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
828
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
829 @example
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diff changeset
830 @group
21682
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
831 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
832 x1---> | | |----> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
833 --- --- --- --- --- ---
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 | --> | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 --> a | --> b --> c
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 |
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
838 --- --- |
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
839 x2--> | | |--
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
840 --- ---
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 --> z
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 Here is an alternative form of box diagram, showing the same relationship:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 x1:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 -------------- -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 | a | o------->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 | | | -->| | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 -------------- | -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 x2: |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 -------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 | car | cdr | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 | z | o----
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 @node Setcdr
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @subsection Altering the CDR of a List
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 The lowest-level primitive for modifying a @sc{cdr} is @code{setcdr}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @defun setcdr cons object
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
873 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{cdr} of @var{cons},
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
874 replacing its previous @sc{cdr}. In other words, it changes the
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22961
diff changeset
875 @sc{cdr} slot of @var{cons} to refer to @var{object}. It returns the
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
876 value @var{object}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 Here is an example of replacing the @sc{cdr} of a list with a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 different list. All but the first element of the list are removed in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 favor of a different sequence of elements. The first element is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 unchanged, because it resides in the @sc{car} of the list, and is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 reached via the @sc{cdr}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 (setcdr x '(4))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 @result{} (4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @result{} (1 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 You can delete elements from the middle of a list by altering the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @sc{cdr}s of the cons cells in the list. For example, here we delete
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 the second element, @code{b}, from the list @code{(a b c)}, by changing
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
903 the @sc{cdr} of the first cons cell:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 (setcdr x1 (cdr (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 @result{} (c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @result{} (a c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
916 @need 4000
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 Here is the result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 --------------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 -------------- | -------------- | --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 | car | cdr | | | car | cdr | -->| car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 | a | o----- | b | o-------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 -------------- -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 The second cons cell, which previously held the element @code{b}, still
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 exists and its @sc{car} is still @code{b}, but it no longer forms part
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 of this list.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 It is equally easy to insert a new element by changing @sc{cdr}s:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 (setcdr x1 (cons 'd (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 @result{} (d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 @result{} (a d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 Here is this result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 -------------- ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 | a | o | -->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 --------- | -- | ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 ----- --------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 | --------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 | | car | cdr | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 -->| d | o------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 ---------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 @node Rearrangement
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 @subsection Functions that Rearrange Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 @cindex rearrangement of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 @cindex modification of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 Here are some functions that rearrange lists ``destructively'' by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 modifying the @sc{cdr}s of their component cons cells. We call these
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 functions ``destructive'' because they chew up the original lists passed
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22253
diff changeset
977 to them as arguments, relinking their cons cells to form a new list that
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22253
diff changeset
978 is the returned value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
980 @ifnottex
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
981 See @code{delq}, in @ref{Sets And Lists}, for another function
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
982 that modifies cons cells.
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
983 @end ifnottex
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
984 @iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
985 The function @code{delq} in the following section is another example
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
986 of destructive list manipulation.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
987 @end iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
988
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 @defun nconc &rest lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 @cindex concatenating lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 @cindex joining lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 This function returns a list containing all the elements of @var{lists}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 Unlike @code{append} (@pxref{Building Lists}), the @var{lists} are
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 @emph{not} copied. Instead, the last @sc{cdr} of each of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 @var{lists} is changed to refer to the following list. The last of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 @var{lists} is not altered. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 (nconc x '(4 5))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 Since the last argument of @code{nconc} is not itself modified, it is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 reasonable to use a constant list, such as @code{'(4 5)}, as in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 above example. For the same reason, the last argument need not be a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 (nconc x 'z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1033 However, the other arguments (all but the last) must be lists.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1034
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 A common pitfall is to use a quoted constant list as a non-last
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 argument to @code{nconc}. If you do this, your program will change
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 each time you run it! Here is what happens:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 (defun add-foo (x) ; @r{We want this function to add}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 (nconc '(foo) x)) ; @r{@code{foo} to the front of its arg.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo)) x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 (setq xx (add-foo '(1 2))) ; @r{It seems to work.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 @result{} (foo 1 2)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 (setq xy (add-foo '(3 4))) ; @r{What happened?}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 @result{} (foo 1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 (eq xx xy)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 @result{} t
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo 1 2 3 4) x)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 @defun nreverse list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 @cindex reversing a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 This function reverses the order of the elements of @var{list}.
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1073 Unlike @code{reverse}, @code{nreverse} alters its argument by reversing
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1074 the @sc{cdr}s in the cons cells forming the list. The cons cell that
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1075 used to be the last one in @var{list} becomes the first cons cell of the
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1076 value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 @group
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1082 (setq x '(a b c))
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1083 @result{} (a b c)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 x
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1087 @result{} (a b c)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 (nreverse x)
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1089 @result{} (c b a)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 @group
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1092 ;; @r{The cons cell that was first is now last.}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 x
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1094 @result{} (a)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 To avoid confusion, we usually store the result of @code{nreverse}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 back in the same variable which held the original list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 (setq x (nreverse x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 Here is the @code{nreverse} of our favorite example, @code{(a b c)},
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 presented graphically:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 @r{Original list head:} @r{Reversed list:}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 ------------- ------------- ------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 | a | nil |<-- | b | o |<-- | c | o |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 ------------- | --------- | - | -------- | -
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 ------------- ------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 @defun sort list predicate
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123 @cindex stable sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124 @cindex sorting lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 This function sorts @var{list} stably, though destructively, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126 returns the sorted list. It compares elements using @var{predicate}. A
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127 stable sort is one in which elements with equal sort keys maintain their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1128 relative order before and after the sort. Stability is important when
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 successive sorts are used to order elements according to different
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 criteria.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1131
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1132 The argument @var{predicate} must be a function that accepts two
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 arguments. It is called with two elements of @var{list}. To get an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 increasing order sort, the @var{predicate} should return @code{t} if the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 first element is ``less than'' the second, or @code{nil} if not.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1137 The comparison function @var{predicate} must give reliable results for
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1138 any given pair of arguments, at least within a single call to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1139 @code{sort}. It must be @dfn{antisymmetric}; that is, if @var{a} is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1140 less than @var{b}, @var{b} must not be less than @var{a}. It must be
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1141 @dfn{transitive}---that is, if @var{a} is less than @var{b}, and @var{b}
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1142 is less than @var{c}, then @var{a} must be less than @var{c}. If you
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1143 use a comparison function which does not meet these requirements, the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1144 result of @code{sort} is unpredictable.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1145
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 The destructive aspect of @code{sort} is that it rearranges the cons
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 cells forming @var{list} by changing @sc{cdr}s. A nondestructive sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 function would create new cons cells to store the elements in their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149 sorted order. If you wish to make a sorted copy without destroying the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 original, copy it first with @code{copy-sequence} and then sort.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 Sorting does not change the @sc{car}s of the cons cells in @var{list};
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153 the cons cell that originally contained the element @code{a} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154 @var{list} still has @code{a} in its @sc{car} after sorting, but it now
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 appears in a different position in the list due to the change of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 @sc{cdr}s. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 (setq nums '(1 3 2 6 5 4 0))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1161 @result{} (1 3 2 6 5 4 0)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 (sort nums '<)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 nums
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 @noindent
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1174 @strong{Warning}: Note that the list in @code{nums} no longer contains
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1175 0; this is the same cons cell that it was before, but it is no longer
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1176 the first one in the list. Don't assume a variable that formerly held
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1177 the argument now holds the entire sorted list! Instead, save the result
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1178 of @code{sort} and use that. Most often we store the result back into
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1179 the variable that held the original list:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 (setq nums (sort nums '<))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185 @xref{Sorting}, for more functions that perform sorting.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 See @code{documentation} in @ref{Accessing Documentation}, for a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 useful example of @code{sort}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 @node Sets And Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191 @section Using Lists as Sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 @cindex lists as sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 @cindex sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1195 A list can represent an unordered mathematical set---simply consider a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196 value an element of a set if it appears in the list, and ignore the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197 order of the list. To form the union of two sets, use @code{append} (as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198 long as you don't mind having duplicate elements). Other useful
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199 functions for sets include @code{memq} and @code{delq}, and their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1200 @code{equal} versions, @code{member} and @code{delete}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1202 @cindex CL note---lack @code{union}, @code{intersection}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp has functions @code{union} (which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 avoids duplicate elements) and @code{intersection} for set operations,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 but GNU Emacs Lisp does not have them. You can write them in Lisp if
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 you wish.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 @end quotation
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 @defun memq object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 @cindex membership in a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 This function tests to see whether @var{object} is a member of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 @var{list}. If it is, @code{memq} returns a list starting with the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214 first occurrence of @var{object}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 The letter @samp{q} in @code{memq} says that it uses @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 compare @var{object} against the elements of the list. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1218 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1219 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1220 (memq 'b '(a b c b a))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1221 @result{} (b c b a)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1222 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1223 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1224 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229
39200
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1230 @defun member-ignore-case object list
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1231 This function is like @code{member}, except that it ignores
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1232 differences in letter-case and text representation: upper-case and
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1233 lower-case letters are treated as equal, and unibyte strings are
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1234 converted to multibyte prior to comparison.
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1235 @end defun
5e31d7269106 (Sets And Lists): Document member-ignore-case.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38786
diff changeset
1236
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 @defun delq object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 @cindex deletion of elements
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 This function destructively removes all elements @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240 @var{object} from @var{list}. The letter @samp{q} in @code{delq} says
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1241 that it uses @code{eq} to compare @var{object} against the elements of
30808
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1242 the list, like @code{memq} and @code{remq}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1244
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1245 When @code{delq} deletes elements from the front of the list, it does so
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246 simply by advancing down the list and returning a sublist that starts
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 after those elements:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251 (delq 'a '(a b c)) @equiv{} (cdr '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 When an element to be deleted appears in the middle of the list,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 removing it involves changing the @sc{cdr}s (@pxref{Setcdr}).
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1260 (setq sample-list '(a b c (4)))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1261 @result{} (a b c (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1264 (delq 'a sample-list)
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1265 @result{} (b c (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 sample-list
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1269 @result{} (a b c (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1270 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1272 (delq 'c sample-list)
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 11137
diff changeset
1273 @result{} (a b (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 sample-list
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 11137
diff changeset
1277 @result{} (a b (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1281 Note that @code{(delq 'c sample-list)} modifies @code{sample-list} to
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1282 splice out the third element, but @code{(delq 'a sample-list)} does not
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 splice anything---it just returns a shorter list. Don't assume that a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284 variable which formerly held the argument @var{list} now has fewer
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 elements, or that it still holds the original list! Instead, save the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 result of @code{delq} and use that. Most often we store the result back
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 into the variable that held the original list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 (setq flowers (delq 'rose flowers))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 In the following example, the @code{(4)} that @code{delq} attempts to match
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 and the @code{(4)} in the @code{sample-list} are not @code{eq}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 (delq '(4) sample-list)
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1299 @result{} (a c (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 The following two functions are like @code{memq} and @code{delq} but use
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1304 @code{equal} rather than @code{eq} to compare elements. @xref{Equality
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1305 Predicates}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 @defun member object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 The function @code{member} tests to see whether @var{object} is a member
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 of @var{list}, comparing members with @var{object} using @code{equal}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310 If @var{object} is a member, @code{member} returns a list starting with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 its first occurrence in @var{list}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313 Compare this with @code{memq}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 (member '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are @code{equal}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 @result{} ((2))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325 ;; @r{Two strings with the same contents are @code{equal}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 (member "foo" '("foo" "bar"))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327 @result{} ("foo" "bar")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1328 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1329 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331
30808
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1332 @defun delete object sequence
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1333 If @code{sequence} is a list, this function destructively removes all
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1334 elements @code{equal} to @var{object} from @var{sequence}. For lists,
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1335 @code{delete} is to @code{delq} as @code{member} is to @code{memq}: it
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1336 uses @code{equal} to compare elements with @var{object}, like
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1337 @code{member}; when it finds an element that matches, it removes the
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1338 element just as @code{delq} would.
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1339
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1340 If @code{sequence} is a vector or string, @code{delete} returns a copy
fa45a01185c0 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1341 of @code{sequence} with all elements @code{equal} to @code{object}
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1342 removed.
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1343
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1344 For example:
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1345
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1347 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 (delete '(2) '((2) (1) (2)))
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1349 @result{} ((1))
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parents:
diff changeset
1350 @end group
30808
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1351 @group
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1352 (delete '(2) [(2) (1) (2)])
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1353 @result{} [(1)]
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1354 @end group
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1355 @end example
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1356 @end defun
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1357
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1358 @defun remove object sequence
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1359 This function is the non-destructive counterpart of @code{delete}. If
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1360 returns a copy of @code{sequence}, a list, vector, or string, with
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1361 elements @code{equal} to @code{object} removed. For example:
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1362
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1363 @example
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1364 @group
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1365 (remove '(2) '((2) (1) (2)))
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1366 @result{} ((1))
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parents: 27332
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1367 @end group
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1368 @group
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1369 (remove '(2) [(2) (1) (2)])
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1370 @result{} [(1)]
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parents: 27332
diff changeset
1371 @end group
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1372 @end example
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diff changeset
1373 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1374
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diff changeset
1375 @quotation
30808
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1376 @b{Common Lisp note:} The functions @code{member}, @code{delete} and
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1377 @code{remove} in GNU Emacs Lisp are derived from Maclisp, not Common
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1378 Lisp. The Common Lisp versions do not use @code{equal} to compare
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27332
diff changeset
1379 elements.
6558
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diff changeset
1380 @end quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
1381
12098
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1382 See also the function @code{add-to-list}, in @ref{Setting Variables},
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1383 for another way to add an element to a list stored in a variable.
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1384
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diff changeset
1385 @node Association Lists
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parents:
diff changeset
1386 @section Association Lists
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387 @cindex association list
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1388 @cindex alist
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1389
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1390 An @dfn{association list}, or @dfn{alist} for short, records a mapping
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 from keys to values. It is a list of cons cells called
22253
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1392 @dfn{associations}: the @sc{car} of each cons cell is the @dfn{key}, and the
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1393 @sc{cdr} is the @dfn{associated value}.@footnote{This usage of ``key''
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1394 is not related to the term ``key sequence''; it means a value used to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1395 look up an item in a table. In this case, the table is the alist, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1396 the alist associations are the items.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1397
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398 Here is an example of an alist. The key @code{pine} is associated with
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 the value @code{cones}; the key @code{oak} is associated with
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400 @code{acorns}; and the key @code{maple} is associated with @code{seeds}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1401
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diff changeset
1402 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1403 @group
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4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1404 ((pine . cones)
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
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parents: 36900
diff changeset
1405 (oak . acorns)
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1406 (maple . seeds))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1407 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 The associated values in an alist may be any Lisp objects; so may the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411 keys. For example, in the following alist, the symbol @code{a} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 associated with the number @code{1}, and the string @code{"b"} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413 associated with the @emph{list} @code{(2 3)}, which is the @sc{cdr} of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 the alist element:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417 ((a . 1) ("b" 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 Sometimes it is better to design an alist to store the associated
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 value in the @sc{car} of the @sc{cdr} of the element. Here is an
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1422 example of such an alist:
6558
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parents:
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1423
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parents:
diff changeset
1424 @example
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4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
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parents: 36900
diff changeset
1425 ((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow))
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1426 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1427
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1428 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429 Here we regard @code{red} as the value associated with @code{rose}. One
21007
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1430 advantage of this kind of alist is that you can store other related
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1431 information---even a list of other items---in the @sc{cdr} of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432 @sc{cdr}. One disadvantage is that you cannot use @code{rassq} (see
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 below) to find the element containing a given value. When neither of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 these considerations is important, the choice is a matter of taste, as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 long as you are consistent about it for any given alist.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437 Note that the same alist shown above could be regarded as having the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 associated value in the @sc{cdr} of the element; the value associated
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439 with @code{rose} would be the list @code{(red)}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 Association lists are often used to record information that you might
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 otherwise keep on a stack, since new associations may be added easily to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443 the front of the list. When searching an association list for an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 association with a given key, the first one found is returned, if there
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 is more than one.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1446
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 In Emacs Lisp, it is @emph{not} an error if an element of an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 association list is not a cons cell. The alist search functions simply
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 ignore such elements. Many other versions of Lisp signal errors in such
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 cases.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1452 Note that property lists are similar to association lists in several
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 respects. A property list behaves like an association list in which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 each key can occur only once. @xref{Property Lists}, for a comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 of property lists and association lists.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1457 @defun assoc key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1458 This function returns the first association for @var{key} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 @var{alist}. It compares @var{key} against the alist elements using
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 @code{equal} (@pxref{Equality Predicates}). It returns @code{nil} if no
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{equal} to @var{key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1464 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 (assoc 'oak trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469 (cdr (assoc 'oak trees))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @result{} acorns
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 (assoc 'birch trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1474
7118
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1475 Here is another example, in which the keys and values are not symbols:
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1476
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1477 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1478 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1479 '((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1480 (3 "Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1481 (5 "White Pine")))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1482
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1483 (cdr (assoc 3 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1484 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1485 (cdr (assoc 2 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486 @result{} ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1487 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1488 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1489
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
1490 The functions @code{assoc-ignore-representation} and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1491 @code{assoc-ignore-case} are much like @code{assoc} except using
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1492 @code{compare-strings} to do the comparison. @xref{Text Comparison}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1493
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1494 @defun rassoc value alist
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1495 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1496 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1497 a @sc{cdr} @code{equal} to @var{value}.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1498
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1499 @code{rassoc} is like @code{assoc} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1500 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1501 this as ``reverse @code{assoc}'', finding the key for a given value.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1502 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1503
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1504 @defun assq key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1505 This function is like @code{assoc} in that it returns the first
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1506 association for @var{key} in @var{alist}, but it makes the comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1507 using @code{eq} instead of @code{equal}. @code{assq} returns @code{nil}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1508 if no association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{eq} to @var{key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1509 This function is used more often than @code{assoc}, since @code{eq} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1510 faster than @code{equal} and most alists use symbols as keys.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1511 @xref{Equality Predicates}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1512
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1513 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1514 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1515 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1516 (assq 'pine trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1517 @result{} (pine . cones)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1518 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1519
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1520 On the other hand, @code{assq} is not usually useful in alists where the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1521 keys may not be symbols:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1522
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1523 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1524 (setq leaves
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1525 '(("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1526 ("compound leaves" . horsechestnut)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1527
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1528 (assq "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1529 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1530 (assoc "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1531 @result{} ("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1532 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1533 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1534
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1535 @defun rassq value alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1536 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1537 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1538 a @sc{cdr} @code{eq} to @var{value}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1539
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1540 @code{rassq} is like @code{assq} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1541 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1542 this as ``reverse @code{assq}'', finding the key for a given value.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1543
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1544 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1545
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1546 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1547 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1548
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1549 (rassq 'acorns trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1550 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1551 (rassq 'spores trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1552 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1553 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1554
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1555 Note that @code{rassq} cannot search for a value stored in the @sc{car}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1556 of the @sc{cdr} of an element:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1557
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1558 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1559 (setq colors '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1560
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1561 (rassq 'white colors)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1562 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1563 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1564
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1565 In this case, the @sc{cdr} of the association @code{(lily white)} is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1566 the symbol @code{white}, but rather the list @code{(white)}. This
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1567 becomes clearer if the association is written in dotted pair notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1568
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1569 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1570 (lily white) @equiv{} (lily . (white))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1571 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1572 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1573
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1574 @defun assoc-default key alist &optional test default
22961
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1575 This function searches @var{alist} for a match for @var{key}. For each
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1576 element of @var{alist}, it compares the element (if it is an atom) or
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1577 the element's @sc{car} (if it is a cons) against @var{key}, by calling
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1578 @var{test} with two arguments: the element or its @sc{car}, and
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1579 @var{key}. The arguments are passed in that order so that you can get
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1580 useful results using @code{string-match} with an alist that contains
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1581 regular expressions (@pxref{Regexp Search}). If @var{test} is omitted
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1582 or @code{nil}, @code{equal} is used for comparison.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1583
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1584 If an alist element matches @var{key} by this criterion,
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1585 then @code{assoc-default} returns a value based on this element.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1586 If the element is a cons, then the value is the element's @sc{cdr}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1587 Otherwise, the return value is @var{default}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1588
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1589 If no alist element matches @var{key}, @code{assoc-default} returns
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1590 @code{nil}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1591 @end defun
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1592
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1593 @defun copy-alist alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1594 @cindex copying alists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1595 This function returns a two-level deep copy of @var{alist}: it creates a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1596 new copy of each association, so that you can alter the associations of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1597 the new alist without changing the old one.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1598
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1599 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1600 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1601 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1602 '((2 . ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine"))
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1603 (3 . ("Pitch Pine"))
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7337
diff changeset
1604 @end group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1605 (5 . ("White Pine"))))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1606 @result{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1607 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1608 (3 "Pitch Pine")
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1609 (5 "White Pine"))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1610
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1611 (setq copy (copy-alist needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1612 @result{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1613 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1614 (3 "Pitch Pine")
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1615 (5 "White Pine"))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1616
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1617 (eq needles-per-cluster copy)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1618 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1619 (equal needles-per-cluster copy)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1620 @result{} t
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1621 (eq (car needles-per-cluster) (car copy))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1622 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1623 (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1624 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7337
diff changeset
1625 @group
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1626 (eq (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1627 (cdr (car (cdr copy))))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1628 @result{} t
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1629 @end group
7337
cd57cd335fff *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7118
diff changeset
1630 @end smallexample
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1631
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1632 This example shows how @code{copy-alist} makes it possible to change
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1633 the associations of one copy without affecting the other:
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1634
7337
cd57cd335fff *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7118
diff changeset
1635 @smallexample
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1636 @group
11137
206af14bcffa Fix setcdr example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
1637 (setcdr (assq 3 copy) '("Martian Vacuum Pine"))
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1638 (cdr (assq 3 needles-per-cluster))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1639 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1640 @end group
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1641 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1642 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1643
36872
da90c393ed4e assq-delete-all <- assoc-delete-all
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 35090
diff changeset
1644 @defun assq-delete-all key alist
da90c393ed4e assq-delete-all <- assoc-delete-all
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 35090
diff changeset
1645 @tindex assq-delete-all
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
diff changeset
1646 This function deletes from @var{alist} all the elements whose @sc{car}
38786
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1647 is @code{eq} to @var{key}. It returns @var{alist}, modified
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1648 in this way. Note that it modifies the original list structure
4d3fd773cd30 Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36900
diff changeset
1649 of @var{alist}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1650
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1651 @example
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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1652 (assq-delete-all 'foo
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Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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1653 '((foo 1) (bar 2) (foo 3) (lose 4)))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1654 @result{} ((bar 2) (lose 4))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1655 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
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1656 @end defun