Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/display.texi @ 30212:f45d26144129
(show_help_echo): Add parameters OBJECT and POS.
if HELP is a function, call it with OBJECT and POS as parameters
to get the help to display.
(gen_help_event, kbd_buffer_store_help_event): New functions.
(kbd_buffer_get_event): Construct the Lisp help-event differently.
(read_char): Call show_help_echo with new parameters.
author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 14 Jul 2000 13:55:25 +0000 |
parents | 215b57502518 |
children | a3fd71daf442 |
rev | line source |
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6598 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6598 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/display | |
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7 @node Display, Calendar, Processes, Top |
6598 | 8 @chapter Emacs Display |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes a number of features related to the display | |
11 that Emacs presents to the user. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
14 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
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15 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
6598 | 16 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
17 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
12067 | 18 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
19 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). | |
6598 | 20 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. |
21 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
22 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. | |
25875 | 23 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
24 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style for text characters: | |
25 font, colors, etc. | |
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26 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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27 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
6598 | 28 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
29 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. | |
30 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. | |
31 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
32 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
33 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
34 @end menu | |
35 | |
36 @node Refresh Screen | |
37 @section Refreshing the Screen | |
38 | |
39 The function @code{redraw-frame} redisplays the entire contents of a | |
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40 given frame (@pxref{Frames}). |
6598 | 41 |
42 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
43 @defun redraw-frame frame | |
44 This function clears and redisplays frame @var{frame}. | |
45 @end defun | |
46 | |
47 Even more powerful is @code{redraw-display}: | |
48 | |
49 @deffn Command redraw-display | |
50 This function clears and redisplays all visible frames. | |
51 @end deffn | |
52 | |
12098 | 53 Processing user input takes absolute priority over redisplay. If you |
54 call these functions when input is available, they do nothing | |
55 immediately, but a full redisplay does happen eventually---after all the | |
56 input has been processed. | |
57 | |
6598 | 58 Normally, suspending and resuming Emacs also refreshes the screen. |
59 Some terminal emulators record separate contents for display-oriented | |
60 programs such as Emacs and for ordinary sequential display. If you are | |
61 using such a terminal, you might want to inhibit the redisplay on | |
9009 | 62 resumption. |
6598 | 63 |
64 @defvar no-redraw-on-reenter | |
65 @cindex suspend (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
66 @cindex resume (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
67 This variable controls whether Emacs redraws the entire screen after it | |
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68 has been suspended and resumed. Non-@code{nil} means there is no need |
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69 to redraw, @code{nil} means redrawing is needed. The default is @code{nil}. |
6598 | 70 @end defvar |
71 | |
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72 @node Forcing Redisplay |
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73 @section Forcing Redisplay |
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74 @cindex forcing redisplay |
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75 |
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76 Emacs redisplay normally stops if input arrives, and does not happen |
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77 at all if input is available before it starts. Most of the time, this |
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78 is exactly what you want. However, you can prevent preemption by |
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79 binding @code{redisplay-dont-pause} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
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80 |
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81 @tindex redisplay-dont-pause |
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82 @defvar redisplay-dont-pause |
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83 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, pending input does not |
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84 prevent or halt redisplay; redisplay occurs, and finishes, |
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85 regardless of whether input is available. This feature is available |
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86 as of Emacs 21. |
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87 @end defvar |
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88 |
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89 You can request a display update, but only if no input is pending, |
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90 with @code{(sit-for 0)}. To force a display update even when input is |
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91 pending, do this: |
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92 |
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93 @example |
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94 (let ((redisplay-dont-pause t)) |
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95 (sit-for 0)) |
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96 @end example |
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97 |
6598 | 98 @node Truncation |
99 @section Truncation | |
100 @cindex line wrapping | |
101 @cindex continuation lines | |
102 @cindex @samp{$} in display | |
103 @cindex @samp{\} in display | |
104 | |
105 When a line of text extends beyond the right edge of a window, the | |
106 line can either be continued on the next screen line, or truncated to | |
107 one screen line. The additional screen lines used to display a long | |
108 text line are called @dfn{continuation} lines. Normally, a @samp{$} in | |
109 the rightmost column of the window indicates truncation; a @samp{\} on | |
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110 the rightmost column indicates a line that ``wraps'' onto the next line, |
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111 which is also called @dfn{continuing} the line. (The display table can |
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112 specify alternative indicators; see @ref{Display Tables}.) |
6598 | 113 |
114 Note that continuation is different from filling; continuation happens | |
115 on the screen only, not in the buffer contents, and it breaks a line | |
116 precisely at the right margin, not at a word boundary. @xref{Filling}. | |
117 | |
118 @defopt truncate-lines | |
119 This buffer-local variable controls how Emacs displays lines that extend | |
120 beyond the right edge of the window. The default is @code{nil}, which | |
121 specifies continuation. If the value is non-@code{nil}, then these | |
122 lines are truncated. | |
123 | |
124 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is non-@code{nil}, | |
125 then truncation is always used for side-by-side windows (within one | |
126 frame) regardless of the value of @code{truncate-lines}. | |
127 @end defopt | |
128 | |
12098 | 129 @defopt default-truncate-lines |
6598 | 130 This variable is the default value for @code{truncate-lines}, for |
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131 buffers that do not have buffer-local values for it. |
12098 | 132 @end defopt |
6598 | 133 |
134 @defopt truncate-partial-width-windows | |
135 This variable controls display of lines that extend beyond the right | |
136 edge of the window, in side-by-side windows (@pxref{Splitting Windows}). | |
137 If it is non-@code{nil}, these lines are truncated; otherwise, | |
138 @code{truncate-lines} says what to do with them. | |
139 @end defopt | |
140 | |
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141 When horizontal scrolling (@pxref{Horizontal Scrolling}) is in use in |
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142 a window, that forces truncation. |
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143 |
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144 You can override the glyphs that indicate continuation or truncation |
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145 using the display table; see @ref{Display Tables}. |
6598 | 146 |
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147 If your buffer contains @emph{very} long lines, and you use |
12067 | 148 continuation to display them, just thinking about them can make Emacs |
12098 | 149 redisplay slow. The column computation and indentation functions also |
150 become slow. Then you might find it advisable to set | |
151 @code{cache-long-line-scans} to @code{t}. | |
12067 | 152 |
153 @defvar cache-long-line-scans | |
154 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, various indentation and motion | |
12098 | 155 functions, and Emacs redisplay, cache the results of scanning the |
156 buffer, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning regions of the buffer | |
157 unless they are modified. | |
12067 | 158 |
12098 | 159 Turning on the cache slows down processing of short lines somewhat. |
12067 | 160 |
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161 This variable is automatically buffer-local in every buffer. |
12067 | 162 @end defvar |
163 | |
6598 | 164 @node The Echo Area |
165 @section The Echo Area | |
166 @cindex error display | |
167 @cindex echo area | |
168 | |
12067 | 169 The @dfn{echo area} is used for displaying messages made with the |
6598 | 170 @code{message} primitive, and for echoing keystrokes. It is not the |
171 same as the minibuffer, despite the fact that the minibuffer appears | |
172 (when active) in the same place on the screen as the echo area. The | |
173 @cite{GNU Emacs Manual} specifies the rules for resolving conflicts | |
174 between the echo area and the minibuffer for use of that screen space | |
175 (@pxref{Minibuffer,, The Minibuffer, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
176 Error messages appear in the echo area; see @ref{Errors}. | |
177 | |
178 You can write output in the echo area by using the Lisp printing | |
179 functions with @code{t} as the stream (@pxref{Output Functions}), or as | |
180 follows: | |
181 | |
182 @defun message string &rest arguments | |
12067 | 183 This function displays a one-line message in the echo area. The |
6598 | 184 argument @var{string} is similar to a C language @code{printf} control |
185 string. See @code{format} in @ref{String Conversion}, for the details | |
186 on the conversion specifications. @code{message} returns the | |
187 constructed string. | |
188 | |
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189 In batch mode, @code{message} prints the message text on the standard |
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190 error stream, followed by a newline. |
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191 |
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192 If @var{string}, or strings among the @var{arguments}, have @code{face} |
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193 text properties, these affect the way the message is displayed. |
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194 |
6598 | 195 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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196 If @var{string} is @code{nil}, @code{message} clears the echo area; if |
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197 the echo area has been expanded automatically, this brings it back to |
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198 its normal size. If the minibuffer is active, this brings the |
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199 minibuffer contents back onto the screen immediately. |
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200 |
6598 | 201 @example |
202 @group | |
203 (message "Minibuffer depth is %d." | |
204 (minibuffer-depth)) | |
205 @print{} Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
206 @result{} "Minibuffer depth is 0." | |
207 @end group | |
208 | |
209 @group | |
210 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
211 Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
212 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
213 @end group | |
214 @end example | |
215 @end defun | |
216 | |
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217 @tindex with-temp-message |
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218 @defmac with-temp-message message &rest body |
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219 This construct displays a message in the echo area temporarily, during |
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220 the execution of @var{body}. It displays @var{message}, executes |
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221 @var{body}, then returns the value of the last body form while restoring |
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222 the previous echo area contents. |
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223 @end defmac |
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224 |
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225 @defun message-or-box string &rest arguments |
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226 This function displays a message like @code{message}, but may display it |
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227 in a dialog box instead of the echo area. If this function is called in |
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228 a command that was invoked using the mouse---more precisely, if |
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229 @code{last-nonmenu-event} (@pxref{Command Loop Info}) is either |
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230 @code{nil} or a list---then it uses a dialog box or pop-up menu to |
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231 display the message. Otherwise, it uses the echo area. (This is the |
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232 same criterion that @code{y-or-n-p} uses to make a similar decision; see |
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233 @ref{Yes-or-No Queries}.) |
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234 |
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235 You can force use of the mouse or of the echo area by binding |
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236 @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable value around the call. |
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237 @end defun |
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238 |
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239 @defun message-box string &rest arguments |
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240 This function displays a message like @code{message}, but uses a dialog |
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241 box (or a pop-up menu) whenever that is possible. If it is impossible |
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242 to use a dialog box or pop-up menu, because the terminal does not |
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243 support them, then @code{message-box} uses the echo area, like |
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244 @code{message}. |
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245 @end defun |
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246 |
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247 @defun current-message |
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248 This function returns the message currently being displayed in the |
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249 echo area, or @code{nil} if there is none. |
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250 @end defun |
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251 |
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252 @defvar cursor-in-echo-area |
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253 This variable controls where the cursor appears when a message is |
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254 displayed in the echo area. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the cursor |
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255 appears at the end of the message. Otherwise, the cursor appears at |
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256 point---not in the echo area at all. |
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257 |
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258 The value is normally @code{nil}; Lisp programs bind it to @code{t} |
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259 for brief periods of time. |
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260 @end defvar |
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261 |
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262 @defvar echo-area-clear-hook |
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263 This normal hook is run whenever the echo area is cleared---either by |
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264 @code{(message nil)} or for any other reason. |
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265 @end defvar |
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266 |
12067 | 267 Almost all the messages displayed in the echo area are also recorded |
268 in the @samp{*Messages*} buffer. | |
269 | |
270 @defopt message-log-max | |
271 This variable specifies how many lines to keep in the @samp{*Messages*} | |
272 buffer. The value @code{t} means there is no limit on how many lines to | |
273 keep. The value @code{nil} disables message logging entirely. Here's | |
274 how to display a message and prevent it from being logged: | |
275 | |
276 @example | |
277 (let (message-log-max) | |
278 (message @dots{})) | |
279 @end example | |
280 @end defopt | |
281 | |
12098 | 282 @defvar echo-keystrokes |
283 This variable determines how much time should elapse before command | |
27971 | 284 characters echo. Its value must be an integer or floating point number, |
285 which specifies the | |
12098 | 286 number of seconds to wait before echoing. If the user types a prefix |
287 key (such as @kbd{C-x}) and then delays this many seconds before | |
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288 continuing, the prefix key is echoed in the echo area. (Once echoing |
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289 begins in a key sequence, all subsequent characters in the same key |
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290 sequence are echoed immediately.) |
12098 | 291 |
292 If the value is zero, then command input is not echoed. | |
293 @end defvar | |
294 | |
12067 | 295 @node Invisible Text |
296 @section Invisible Text | |
297 | |
298 @cindex invisible text | |
299 You can make characters @dfn{invisible}, so that they do not appear on | |
300 the screen, with the @code{invisible} property. This can be either a | |
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301 text property (@pxref{Text Properties}) or a property of an overlay |
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302 (@pxref{Overlays}). |
12067 | 303 |
304 In the simplest case, any non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property makes | |
305 a character invisible. This is the default case---if you don't alter | |
306 the default value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}, this is how the | |
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307 @code{invisible} property works. |
12067 | 308 |
309 More generally, you can use the variable @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} | |
310 to control which values of the @code{invisible} property make text | |
311 invisible. This permits you to classify the text into different subsets | |
312 in advance, by giving them different @code{invisible} values, and | |
313 subsequently make various subsets visible or invisible by changing the | |
314 value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. | |
315 | |
316 Controlling visibility with @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is | |
25875 | 317 especially useful in a program to display the list of entries in a |
318 database. It permits the implementation of convenient filtering | |
319 commands to view just a part of the entries in the database. Setting | |
320 this variable is very fast, much faster than scanning all the text in | |
321 the buffer looking for properties to change. | |
12067 | 322 |
323 @defvar buffer-invisibility-spec | |
324 This variable specifies which kinds of @code{invisible} properties | |
325 actually make a character invisible. | |
326 | |
327 @table @asis | |
328 @item @code{t} | |
329 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property is | |
330 non-@code{nil}. This is the default. | |
331 | |
332 @item a list | |
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333 Each element of the list specifies a criterion for invisibility; if a |
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334 character's @code{invisible} property fits any one of these criteria, |
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335 the character is invisible. The list can have two kinds of elements: |
12067 | 336 |
337 @table @code | |
338 @item @var{atom} | |
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339 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value |
12067 | 340 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. |
341 | |
342 @item (@var{atom} . t) | |
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343 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value |
12067 | 344 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. |
345 Moreover, if this character is at the end of a line and is followed | |
346 by a visible newline, it displays an ellipsis. | |
347 @end table | |
348 @end table | |
349 @end defvar | |
350 | |
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351 Two functions are specifically provided for adding elements to |
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352 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and removing elements from it. |
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353 |
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354 @defun add-to-invisibility-spec element |
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355 Add the element @var{element} to @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} |
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356 (if it is not already present in that list). |
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357 @end defun |
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358 |
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359 @defun remove-from-invisibility-spec element |
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360 Remove the element @var{element} from @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. |
25875 | 361 This does nothing if @var{element} is not in the list. |
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362 @end defun |
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363 |
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364 One convention about the use of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is |
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365 that a major mode should use the mode's own name as an element of |
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366 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and as the value of the @code{invisible} |
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367 property: |
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368 |
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369 @example |
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370 ;; @r{If you want to display an ellipsis:} |
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371 (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) |
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372 ;; @r{If you don't want ellipsis:} |
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373 (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) |
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374 |
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375 (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) |
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376 'invisible 'my-symbol) |
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377 |
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378 ;; @r{When done with the overlays:} |
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379 (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) |
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380 ;; @r{Or respectively:} |
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381 (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) |
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382 @end example |
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383 |
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384 @vindex line-move-ignore-invisible |
12098 | 385 Ordinarily, commands that operate on text or move point do not care |
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386 whether the text is invisible. The user-level line motion commands |
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387 explicitly ignore invisible newlines if |
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388 @code{line-move-ignore-invisible} is non-@code{nil}, but only because |
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389 they are explicitly programmed to do so. |
12098 | 390 |
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391 Incremental search can make invisible overlays visible temporarily |
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392 and/or permanently when a match includes invisible text. To enable |
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393 this, the overlay should have a non-@code{nil} |
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394 @code{isearch-open-invisible} property. The property value should be a |
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395 function to be called with the overlay as an argument. This function |
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396 should make the overlay visible permanently; it is used when the match |
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397 overlaps the overlay on exit from the search. |
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398 |
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399 During the search, such overlays are made temporarily visible by |
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400 temporarily modifying their invisible and intangible properties. If you |
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401 want this to be done differently for a certain overlay, give it an |
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402 @code{isearch-open-invisible-temporary} property which is a function. |
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403 The function is called with two arguments: the first is the overlay, and |
26986 | 404 the second is @code{nil} to make the overlay visible, or @code{t} to |
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405 make it invisible again. |
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406 |
6598 | 407 @node Selective Display |
408 @section Selective Display | |
409 @cindex selective display | |
410 | |
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411 @dfn{Selective display} refers to a pair of related features for |
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412 hiding certain lines on the screen. |
6598 | 413 |
414 The first variant, explicit selective display, is designed for use in | |
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415 a Lisp program: it controls which lines are hidden by altering the text. |
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416 The invisible text feature (@pxref{Invisible Text}) has partially |
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417 replaced this feature. |
12067 | 418 |
419 In the second variant, the choice of lines to hide is made | |
12098 | 420 automatically based on indentation. This variant is designed to be a |
12067 | 421 user-level feature. |
6598 | 422 |
423 The way you control explicit selective display is by replacing a | |
9009 | 424 newline (control-j) with a carriage return (control-m). The text that |
6598 | 425 was formerly a line following that newline is now invisible. Strictly |
426 speaking, it is temporarily no longer a line at all, since only newlines | |
427 can separate lines; it is now part of the previous line. | |
428 | |
429 Selective display does not directly affect editing commands. For | |
430 example, @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) moves point unhesitatingly into | |
431 invisible text. However, the replacement of newline characters with | |
432 carriage return characters affects some editing commands. For example, | |
433 @code{next-line} skips invisible lines, since it searches only for | |
434 newlines. Modes that use selective display can also define commands | |
435 that take account of the newlines, or that make parts of the text | |
436 visible or invisible. | |
437 | |
438 When you write a selectively displayed buffer into a file, all the | |
439 control-m's are output as newlines. This means that when you next read | |
440 in the file, it looks OK, with nothing invisible. The selective display | |
441 effect is seen only within Emacs. | |
442 | |
443 @defvar selective-display | |
444 This buffer-local variable enables selective display. This means that | |
445 lines, or portions of lines, may be made invisible. | |
446 | |
447 @itemize @bullet | |
448 @item | |
25875 | 449 If the value of @code{selective-display} is @code{t}, then the character |
450 control-m marks the start of invisible text; the control-m, and the rest | |
451 of the line following it, are not displayed. This is explicit selective | |
452 display. | |
6598 | 453 |
454 @item | |
455 If the value of @code{selective-display} is a positive integer, then | |
456 lines that start with more than that many columns of indentation are not | |
457 displayed. | |
458 @end itemize | |
459 | |
460 When some portion of a buffer is invisible, the vertical movement | |
461 commands operate as if that portion did not exist, allowing a single | |
462 @code{next-line} command to skip any number of invisible lines. | |
463 However, character movement commands (such as @code{forward-char}) do | |
464 not skip the invisible portion, and it is possible (if tricky) to insert | |
465 or delete text in an invisible portion. | |
466 | |
467 In the examples below, we show the @emph{display appearance} of the | |
468 buffer @code{foo}, which changes with the value of | |
469 @code{selective-display}. The @emph{contents} of the buffer do not | |
470 change. | |
471 | |
472 @example | |
473 @group | |
474 (setq selective-display nil) | |
475 @result{} nil | |
476 | |
477 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
478 1 on this column | |
479 2on this column | |
480 3n this column | |
481 3n this column | |
482 2on this column | |
483 1 on this column | |
484 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
485 @end group | |
486 | |
487 @group | |
488 (setq selective-display 2) | |
489 @result{} 2 | |
490 | |
491 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
492 1 on this column | |
493 2on this column | |
494 2on this column | |
495 1 on this column | |
496 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
497 @end group | |
498 @end example | |
499 @end defvar | |
500 | |
501 @defvar selective-display-ellipses | |
502 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays | |
503 @samp{@dots{}} at the end of a line that is followed by invisible text. | |
504 This example is a continuation of the previous one. | |
505 | |
506 @example | |
507 @group | |
508 (setq selective-display-ellipses t) | |
509 @result{} t | |
510 | |
511 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
512 1 on this column | |
513 2on this column ... | |
514 2on this column | |
515 1 on this column | |
516 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
517 @end group | |
518 @end example | |
519 | |
520 You can use a display table to substitute other text for the ellipsis | |
521 (@samp{@dots{}}). @xref{Display Tables}. | |
522 @end defvar | |
523 | |
524 @node Overlay Arrow | |
525 @section The Overlay Arrow | |
526 @cindex overlay arrow | |
527 | |
528 The @dfn{overlay arrow} is useful for directing the user's attention | |
529 to a particular line in a buffer. For example, in the modes used for | |
530 interface to debuggers, the overlay arrow indicates the line of code | |
531 about to be executed. | |
532 | |
533 @defvar overlay-arrow-string | |
9009 | 534 This variable holds the string to display to call attention to a |
535 particular line, or @code{nil} if the arrow feature is not in use. | |
29471 | 536 On a graphical display the contents of the string are ignored; instead a |
537 glyph is displayed in the fringe area to the left of the display area. | |
6598 | 538 @end defvar |
539 | |
540 @defvar overlay-arrow-position | |
9009 | 541 This variable holds a marker that indicates where to display the overlay |
29471 | 542 arrow. It should point at the beginning of a line. On a non-graphical |
543 display the arrow text | |
9009 | 544 appears at the beginning of that line, overlaying any text that would |
545 otherwise appear. Since the arrow is usually short, and the line | |
546 usually begins with indentation, normally nothing significant is | |
547 overwritten. | |
6598 | 548 |
9009 | 549 The overlay string is displayed only in the buffer that this marker |
6598 | 550 points into. Thus, only one buffer can have an overlay arrow at any |
551 given time. | |
552 @c !!! overlay-arrow-position: but the overlay string may remain in the display | |
553 @c of some other buffer until an update is required. This should be fixed | |
554 @c now. Is it? | |
555 @end defvar | |
556 | |
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557 You can do a similar job by creating an overlay with a |
12067 | 558 @code{before-string} property. @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
559 | |
6598 | 560 @node Temporary Displays |
561 @section Temporary Displays | |
562 | |
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563 Temporary displays are used by Lisp programs to put output into a |
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564 buffer and then present it to the user for perusal rather than for |
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565 editing. Many help commands use this feature. |
6598 | 566 |
567 @defspec with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer-name forms@dots{} | |
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568 This function executes @var{forms} while arranging to insert any output |
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569 they print into the buffer named @var{buffer-name}, which is first |
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570 created if necessary, and put into Help mode. Finally, the buffer is |
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571 displayed in some window, but not selected. |
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572 |
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573 If the @var{forms} do not change the major mode in the output buffer, so |
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574 that it is still Help mode at the end of their execution, then |
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575 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} makes this buffer read-only at the |
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576 end, and also scans it for function and variable names to make them into |
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577 clickable cross-references. |
6598 | 578 |
579 The string @var{buffer-name} specifies the temporary buffer, which | |
580 need not already exist. The argument must be a string, not a buffer. | |
581 The buffer is erased initially (with no questions asked), and it is | |
582 marked as unmodified after @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} exits. | |
583 | |
584 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} binds @code{standard-output} to the | |
585 temporary buffer, then it evaluates the forms in @var{forms}. Output | |
586 using the Lisp output functions within @var{forms} goes by default to | |
587 that buffer (but screen display and messages in the echo area, although | |
588 they are ``output'' in the general sense of the word, are not affected). | |
589 @xref{Output Functions}. | |
590 | |
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591 Several hooks are available for customizing the behavior |
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592 of this construct; they are listed below. |
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593 |
6598 | 594 The value of the last form in @var{forms} is returned. |
595 | |
596 @example | |
597 @group | |
598 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
599 This is the contents of foo. | |
600 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
601 @end group | |
602 | |
603 @group | |
604 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "foo" | |
605 (print 20) | |
606 (print standard-output)) | |
607 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
608 | |
609 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
610 20 | |
611 | |
612 #<buffer foo> | |
613 | |
614 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
615 @end group | |
616 @end example | |
617 @end defspec | |
618 | |
619 @defvar temp-buffer-show-function | |
9009 | 620 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} |
6598 | 621 calls it as a function to do the job of displaying a help buffer. The |
622 function gets one argument, which is the buffer it should display. | |
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623 |
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624 It is a good idea for this function to run @code{temp-buffer-show-hook} |
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625 just as @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} normally would, inside of |
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626 @code{save-selected-window} and with the chosen window and buffer |
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627 selected. |
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628 @end defvar |
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629 |
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630 @defvar temp-buffer-setup-hook |
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631 @tindex temp-buffer-setup-hook |
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632 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} before |
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633 evaluating @var{body}. When the hook runs, the help buffer is current. |
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634 This hook is normally set up with a function to put the buffer in Help |
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635 mode. |
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636 @end defvar |
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637 |
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638 @defvar temp-buffer-show-hook |
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639 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} after |
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640 displaying the help buffer. When the hook runs, the help buffer is |
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641 current, and the window it was displayed in is selected. This hook is |
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642 normally set up with a function to make the buffer read only, and find |
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643 function names and variable names in it, provided the major mode is |
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644 still Help mode. |
6598 | 645 @end defvar |
646 | |
647 @defun momentary-string-display string position &optional char message | |
648 This function momentarily displays @var{string} in the current buffer at | |
649 @var{position}. It has no effect on the undo list or on the buffer's | |
650 modification status. | |
651 | |
652 The momentary display remains until the next input event. If the next | |
653 input event is @var{char}, @code{momentary-string-display} ignores it | |
654 and returns. Otherwise, that event remains buffered for subsequent use | |
655 as input. Thus, typing @var{char} will simply remove the string from | |
656 the display, while typing (say) @kbd{C-f} will remove the string from | |
657 the display and later (presumably) move point forward. The argument | |
658 @var{char} is a space by default. | |
659 | |
660 The return value of @code{momentary-string-display} is not meaningful. | |
661 | |
12098 | 662 If the string @var{string} does not contain control characters, you can |
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663 do the same job in a more general way by creating (and then subsequently |
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664 deleting) an overlay with a @code{before-string} property. |
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665 @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
12098 | 666 |
6598 | 667 If @var{message} is non-@code{nil}, it is displayed in the echo area |
668 while @var{string} is displayed in the buffer. If it is @code{nil}, a | |
669 default message says to type @var{char} to continue. | |
670 | |
671 In this example, point is initially located at the beginning of the | |
672 second line: | |
673 | |
674 @example | |
675 @group | |
676 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
677 This is the contents of foo. | |
678 @point{}Second line. | |
679 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
680 @end group | |
681 | |
682 @group | |
683 (momentary-string-display | |
684 "**** Important Message! ****" | |
685 (point) ?\r | |
686 "Type RET when done reading") | |
687 @result{} t | |
688 @end group | |
689 | |
690 @group | |
691 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
692 This is the contents of foo. | |
693 **** Important Message! ****Second line. | |
694 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
695 | |
696 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
697 Type RET when done reading | |
698 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
699 @end group | |
700 @end example | |
701 @end defun | |
702 | |
703 @node Overlays | |
704 @section Overlays | |
705 @cindex overlays | |
706 | |
707 You can use @dfn{overlays} to alter the appearance of a buffer's text on | |
12098 | 708 the screen, for the sake of presentation features. An overlay is an |
709 object that belongs to a particular buffer, and has a specified | |
710 beginning and end. It also has properties that you can examine and set; | |
711 these affect the display of the text within the overlay. | |
6598 | 712 |
713 @menu | |
714 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. | |
715 What properties do to the screen display. | |
26698
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716 * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. |
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717 * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. |
6598 | 718 @end menu |
719 | |
720 @node Overlay Properties | |
721 @subsection Overlay Properties | |
722 | |
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723 Overlay properties are like text properties in that the properties that |
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724 alter how a character is displayed can come from either source. But in |
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725 most respects they are different. Text properties are considered a part |
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726 of the text; overlays are specifically considered not to be part of the |
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727 text. Thus, copying text between various buffers and strings preserves |
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728 text properties, but does not try to preserve overlays. Changing a |
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729 buffer's text properties marks the buffer as modified, while moving an |
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730 overlay or changing its properties does not. Unlike text property |
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731 changes, overlay changes are not recorded in the buffer's undo list. |
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732 @xref{Text Properties}, for comparison. |
6598 | 733 |
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734 These functions are used for reading and writing the properties of an |
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735 overlay: |
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736 |
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737 @defun overlay-get overlay prop |
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738 This function returns the value of property @var{prop} recorded in |
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739 @var{overlay}, if any. If @var{overlay} does not record any value for |
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740 that property, but it does have a @code{category} property which is a |
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741 symbol, that symbol's @var{prop} property is used. Otherwise, the value |
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742 is @code{nil}. |
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743 @end defun |
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744 |
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745 @defun overlay-put overlay prop value |
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746 This function sets the value of property @var{prop} recorded in |
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747 @var{overlay} to @var{value}. It returns @var{value}. |
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748 @end defun |
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749 |
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750 See also the function @code{get-char-property} which checks both |
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751 overlay properties and text properties for a given character. |
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752 @xref{Examining Properties}. |
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753 |
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754 Many overlay properties have special meanings; here is a table |
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755 of them: |
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756 |
6598 | 757 @table @code |
758 @item priority | |
759 @kindex priority @r{(overlay property)} | |
760 This property's value (which should be a nonnegative number) determines | |
761 the priority of the overlay. The priority matters when two or more | |
762 overlays cover the same character and both specify a face for display; | |
763 the one whose @code{priority} value is larger takes priority over the | |
764 other, and its face attributes override the face attributes of the lower | |
765 priority overlay. | |
766 | |
767 Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties. Please | |
768 avoid using negative priority values, as we have not yet decided just | |
769 what they should mean. | |
770 | |
771 @item window | |
772 @kindex window @r{(overlay property)} | |
773 If the @code{window} property is non-@code{nil}, then the overlay | |
774 applies only on that window. | |
775 | |
12067 | 776 @item category |
777 @kindex category @r{(overlay property)} | |
778 If an overlay has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
12098 | 779 @dfn{category} of the overlay. It should be a symbol. The properties |
12067 | 780 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the overlay. |
781 | |
6598 | 782 @item face |
783 @kindex face @r{(overlay property)} | |
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784 This property controls the way text is displayed---for example, which |
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785 font and which colors. @xref{Faces}, for more information. |
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786 |
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787 In the simplest case, the value is a face name. It can also be a list; |
25875 | 788 then each element can be any of these possibilities: |
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789 |
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790 @itemize @bullet |
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791 @item |
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792 A face name (a symbol or string). |
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793 |
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794 @item |
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795 Starting in Emacs 21, a property list of face attributes. This has the |
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796 form (@var{keyword} @var{value} @dots{}), where each @var{keyword} is a |
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797 face attribute name and @var{value} is a meaningful value for that |
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798 attribute. With this feature, you do not need to create a face each |
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799 time you want to specify a particular attribute for certain text. |
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800 @xref{Face Attributes}. |
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801 |
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802 @item |
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803 A cons cell of the form @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or |
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804 @code{(background-color . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify |
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805 just the foreground color or just the background color. |
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806 |
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807 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} is equivalent to |
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808 @code{(:foreground @var{color-name})}, and likewise for the background. |
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809 @end itemize |
6598 | 810 |
811 @item mouse-face | |
812 @kindex mouse-face @r{(overlay property)} | |
813 This property is used instead of @code{face} when the mouse is within | |
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814 the range of the overlay. |
6598 | 815 |
25751
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816 @item display |
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817 @kindex display @r{(overlay property)} |
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818 This property activates various features that change the |
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819 way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller |
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820 or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narror, or replaced with an image. |
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821 @xref{Display Property}. |
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822 |
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823 @item help-echo |
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824 @kindex help-echo @r{(text property)} |
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825 If an overlay has a string as its @code{help-echo} property, then when |
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826 you move the mouse onto the text in the overlay, Emacs displays that |
25875 | 827 string in the echo area, or in the tooltip window. This feature is |
828 available starting in Emacs 21. | |
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829 |
6598 | 830 @item modification-hooks |
831 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
832 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if any | |
833 character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly | |
12067 | 834 within the overlay. |
835 | |
836 The hook functions are called both before and after each change. | |
837 If the functions save the information they receive, and compare notes | |
838 between calls, they can determine exactly what change has been made | |
839 in the buffer text. | |
840 | |
841 When called before a change, each function receives four arguments: the | |
842 overlay, @code{nil}, and the beginning and end of the text range to be | |
7086
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843 modified. |
6598 | 844 |
12067 | 845 When called after a change, each function receives five arguments: the |
846 overlay, @code{t}, the beginning and end of the text range just | |
847 modified, and the length of the pre-change text replaced by that range. | |
848 (For an insertion, the pre-change length is zero; for a deletion, that | |
849 length is the number of characters deleted, and the post-change | |
12098 | 850 beginning and end are equal.) |
12067 | 851 |
6598 | 852 @item insert-in-front-hooks |
853 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 854 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and |
855 after inserting text right at the beginning of the overlay. The calling | |
856 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
6598 | 857 |
858 @item insert-behind-hooks | |
859 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 860 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and |
861 after inserting text right at the end of the overlay. The calling | |
862 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
6598 | 863 |
864 @item invisible | |
865 @kindex invisible @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 866 The @code{invisible} property can make the text in the overlay |
867 invisible, which means that it does not appear on the screen. | |
868 @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
869 | |
870 @item intangible | |
871 @kindex intangible @r{(overlay property)} | |
872 The @code{intangible} property on an overlay works just like the | |
12098 | 873 @code{intangible} text property. @xref{Special Properties}, for details. |
21007
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874 |
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875 @item isearch-open-invisible |
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876 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay |
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877 visible, permanently, if the final match overlaps it. @xref{Invisible |
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878 Text}. |
6598 | 879 |
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880 @item isearch-open-invisible-temporary |
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881 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay |
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882 visible, temporarily, during the search. @xref{Invisible Text}. |
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883 |
6598 | 884 @item before-string |
885 @kindex before-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
886 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the beginning | |
887 of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
25875 | 888 sense---only on the screen. |
6598 | 889 |
890 @item after-string | |
891 @kindex after-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
892 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the end of | |
893 the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
25875 | 894 sense---only on the screen. |
12067 | 895 |
896 @item evaporate | |
897 @kindex evaporate @r{(overlay property)} | |
898 If this property is non-@code{nil}, the overlay is deleted automatically | |
899 if it ever becomes empty (i.e., if it spans no characters). | |
16123
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900 |
29102 | 901 @item local-map |
29076 | 902 @cindex keymap of character (and overlays) |
29102 | 903 @kindex local-map @r{(overlay property)} |
29076 | 904 If this property is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a keymap for a portion |
905 of the text. The property's value replaces the buffer's local map, when | |
906 the character after point is within the overlay. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
907 @end table | |
908 | |
6598 | 909 @node Managing Overlays |
910 @subsection Managing Overlays | |
911 | |
912 This section describes the functions to create, delete and move | |
913 overlays, and to examine their contents. | |
914 | |
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915 @defun make-overlay start end &optional buffer front-advance rear-advance |
9009 | 916 This function creates and returns an overlay that belongs to |
6598 | 917 @var{buffer} and ranges from @var{start} to @var{end}. Both @var{start} |
918 and @var{end} must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or | |
919 markers. If @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay is created in the | |
920 current buffer. | |
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921 |
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922 The arguments @var{front-advance} and @var{rear-advance} specify the |
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923 insertion type for the start of the overlay and for the end of the |
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924 overlay, respectively. @xref{Marker Insertion Types}. |
6598 | 925 @end defun |
926 | |
927 @defun overlay-start overlay | |
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928 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} starts, |
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929 as an integer. |
6598 | 930 @end defun |
931 | |
932 @defun overlay-end overlay | |
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933 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} ends, |
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934 as an integer. |
6598 | 935 @end defun |
936 | |
937 @defun overlay-buffer overlay | |
938 This function returns the buffer that @var{overlay} belongs to. | |
939 @end defun | |
940 | |
941 @defun delete-overlay overlay | |
942 This function deletes @var{overlay}. The overlay continues to exist as | |
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943 a Lisp object, and its property list is unchanged, but it ceases to be |
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944 attached to the buffer it belonged to, and ceases to have any effect on |
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945 display. |
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946 |
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947 A deleted overlay is not permanently disconnected. You can give it a |
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948 position in a buffer again by calling @code{move-overlay}. |
6598 | 949 @end defun |
950 | |
951 @defun move-overlay overlay start end &optional buffer | |
952 This function moves @var{overlay} to @var{buffer}, and places its bounds | |
953 at @var{start} and @var{end}. Both arguments @var{start} and @var{end} | |
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954 must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or markers. |
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955 |
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956 If @var{buffer} is omitted, @var{overlay} stays in the same buffer it |
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957 was already associated with; if @var{overlay} was deleted, it goes into |
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958 the current buffer. |
6598 | 959 |
960 The return value is @var{overlay}. | |
961 | |
962 This is the only valid way to change the endpoints of an overlay. Do | |
963 not try modifying the markers in the overlay by hand, as that fails to | |
964 update other vital data structures and can cause some overlays to be | |
965 ``lost''. | |
966 @end defun | |
967 | |
26696
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968 Here are some examples: |
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969 |
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970 @example |
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971 ;; @r{Create an overlay.} |
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972 (setq foo (make-overlay 1 10)) |
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973 @result{} #<overlay from 1 to 10 in display.texi> |
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974 (overlay-start foo) |
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975 @result{} 1 |
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976 (overlay-end foo) |
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977 @result{} 10 |
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978 (overlay-buffer foo) |
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979 @result{} #<buffer display.texi> |
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980 ;; @r{Give it a property we can check later.} |
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981 (overlay-put foo 'happy t) |
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982 @result{} t |
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983 ;; @r{Verify the property is present.} |
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984 (overlay-get foo 'happy) |
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985 @result{} t |
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986 ;; @r{Move the overlay.} |
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987 (move-overlay foo 5 20) |
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988 @result{} #<overlay from 5 to 20 in display.texi> |
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989 (overlay-start foo) |
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990 @result{} 5 |
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991 (overlay-end foo) |
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992 @result{} 20 |
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993 ;; @r{Delete the overlay.} |
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994 (delete-overlay foo) |
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995 @result{} nil |
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996 ;; @r{Verify it is deleted.} |
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997 foo |
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998 @result{} #<overlay in no buffer> |
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999 ;; @r{A deleted overlay has no position.} |
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1000 (overlay-start foo) |
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1001 @result{} nil |
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1002 (overlay-end foo) |
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1003 @result{} nil |
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1004 (overlay-buffer foo) |
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1005 @result{} nil |
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1006 ;; @r{Undelete the overlay.} |
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1007 (move-overlay foo 1 20) |
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1008 @result{} #<overlay from 1 to 20 in display.texi> |
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1009 ;; @r{Verify the results.} |
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1010 (overlay-start foo) |
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1011 @result{} 1 |
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1012 (overlay-end foo) |
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1013 @result{} 20 |
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1014 (overlay-buffer foo) |
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1015 @result{} #<buffer display.texi> |
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1016 ;; @r{Moving and deleting the overlay does not change its properties.} |
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1017 (overlay-get foo 'happy) |
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1018 @result{} t |
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1019 @end example |
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1020 |
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1021 @node Finding Overlays |
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1022 @subsection Searching for Overlays |
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1023 |
6598 | 1024 @defun overlays-at pos |
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1025 This function returns a list of all the overlays that cover the |
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1026 character at position @var{pos} in the current buffer. The list is in |
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1027 no particular order. An overlay contains position @var{pos} if it |
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1028 begins at or before @var{pos}, and ends after @var{pos}. |
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1029 |
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1030 To illustrate usage, here is a Lisp function that returns a list of the |
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1031 overlays that specify property @var{prop} for the character at point: |
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1032 |
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1033 @smallexample |
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1034 (defun find-overlays-specifying (prop) |
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1035 (let ((overlays (overlays-at (point))) |
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1036 found) |
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1037 (while overlays |
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1038 (let ((overlay (cdr overlays))) |
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1039 (if (overlay-get overlay prop) |
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1040 (setq found (cons overlay found)))) |
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1041 (setq overlays (cdr overlays))) |
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1042 found)) |
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1043 @end smallexample |
6598 | 1044 @end defun |
1045 | |
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1046 @defun overlays-in beg end |
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1047 This function returns a list of the overlays that overlap the region |
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1048 @var{beg} through @var{end}. ``Overlap'' means that at least one |
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1049 character is contained within the overlay and also contained within the |
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1050 specified region; however, empty overlays are included in the result if |
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1051 they are located at @var{beg}, or strictly between @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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1052 @end defun |
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1053 |
6598 | 1054 @defun next-overlay-change pos |
1055 This function returns the buffer position of the next beginning or end | |
1056 of an overlay, after @var{pos}. | |
1057 @end defun | |
1058 | |
12067 | 1059 @defun previous-overlay-change pos |
1060 This function returns the buffer position of the previous beginning or | |
1061 end of an overlay, before @var{pos}. | |
1062 @end defun | |
1063 | |
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1064 Here's an easy way to use @code{next-overlay-change} to search for the |
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1065 next character which gets a non-@code{nil} @code{happy} property from |
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1066 either its overlays or its text properties (@pxref{Property Search}): |
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1067 |
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1068 @smallexample |
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1069 (defun find-overlay-prop (prop) |
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1070 (save-excursion |
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1071 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
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1072 (not (get-char-property (point) 'happy))) |
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1073 (goto-char (min (next-overlay-change (point)) |
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1074 (next-single-property-change (point) 'happy)))) |
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1075 (point))) |
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1076 @end smallexample |
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1077 |
21007
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1078 @node Width |
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1079 @section Width |
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1080 |
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1081 Since not all characters have the same width, these functions let you |
21682
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1082 check the width of a character. @xref{Primitive Indent}, and |
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1083 @ref{Screen Lines}, for related functions. |
21007
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1084 |
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1085 @defun char-width char |
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1086 This function returns the width in columns of the character @var{char}, |
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1087 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. |
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1088 @end defun |
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1089 |
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1090 @defun string-width string |
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1091 This function returns the width in columns of the string @var{string}, |
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1092 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. |
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1093 @end defun |
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1094 |
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1095 @defun truncate-string-to-width string width &optional start-column padding |
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1096 This function returns the part of @var{string} that fits within |
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1097 @var{width} columns, as a new string. |
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1098 |
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1099 If @var{string} does not reach @var{width}, then the result ends where |
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1100 @var{string} ends. If one multi-column character in @var{string} |
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1101 extends across the column @var{width}, that character is not included in |
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1102 the result. Thus, the result can fall short of @var{width} but cannot |
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1103 go beyond it. |
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1104 |
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1105 The optional argument @var{start-column} specifies the starting column. |
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1106 If this is non-@code{nil}, then the first @var{start-column} columns of |
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1107 the string are omitted from the value. If one multi-column character in |
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1108 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}, that |
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1109 character is not included. |
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1110 |
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1111 The optional argument @var{padding}, if non-@code{nil}, is a padding |
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1112 character added at the beginning and end of the result string, to extend |
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1113 it to exactly @var{width} columns. The padding character is used at the |
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1114 end of the result if it falls short of @var{width}. It is also used at |
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1115 the beginning of the result if one multi-column character in |
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1116 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}. |
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1117 |
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1118 @example |
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1119 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4) |
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1120 @result{} "ab" |
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1121 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4 ?\ ) |
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1122 @result{} " ab " |
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1123 @end example |
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1124 @end defun |
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1125 |
6598 | 1126 @node Faces |
1127 @section Faces | |
1128 @cindex face | |
1129 | |
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1130 A @dfn{face} is a named collection of graphical attributes: font |
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1131 family, foreground color, background color, optional underlining, and |
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1132 many others. Faces are used in Emacs to control the style of display of |
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1133 particular parts of the text or the frame. |
6598 | 1134 |
1135 @cindex face id | |
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1136 Each face has its own @dfn{face number}, which distinguishes faces at |
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1137 low levels within Emacs. However, for most purposes, you refer to |
6598 | 1138 faces in Lisp programs by their names. |
1139 | |
12067 | 1140 @defun facep object |
1141 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a face name symbol (or | |
1142 if it is a vector of the kind used internally to record face data). It | |
1143 returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1144 @end defun | |
1145 | |
6598 | 1146 Each face name is meaningful for all frames, and by default it has the |
1147 same meaning in all frames. But you can arrange to give a particular | |
1148 face name a special meaning in one frame if you wish. | |
1149 | |
1150 @menu | |
1151 * Standard Faces:: The faces Emacs normally comes with. | |
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1152 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. |
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1153 * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? |
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1154 * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. |
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1155 * Merging Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for a character. |
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1156 * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. |
6598 | 1157 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. |
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1158 * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. |
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1159 * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts |
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1160 and information about them. |
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1161 * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts |
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1162 that handle a range of character sets. |
6598 | 1163 @end menu |
1164 | |
1165 @node Standard Faces | |
1166 @subsection Standard Faces | |
1167 | |
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1168 This table lists all the standard faces and their uses. Most of them |
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1169 are used for displaying certain parts of the frames or certain kinds of |
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1170 text; you can control how those places look by customizing these faces. |
6598 | 1171 |
1172 @table @code | |
1173 @item default | |
1174 @kindex default @r{(face name)} | |
1175 This face is used for ordinary text. | |
1176 | |
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1177 @item mode-line |
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1178 @kindex mode-line @r{(face name)} |
25875 | 1179 This face is used for mode lines, and for menu bars when toolkit menus |
1180 are not used---but only if @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is | |
1181 non-@code{nil}. | |
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1182 |
6598 | 1183 @item modeline |
1184 @kindex modeline @r{(face name)} | |
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1185 This is an alias for the @code{mode-line} face, for compatibility with |
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1186 old Emacs versions. |
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1187 |
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1188 @item header-line |
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1189 @kindex header-line @r{(face name)} |
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1190 This face is used for the header lines of windows that have them. |
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1191 |
25875 | 1192 @item menu |
1193 This face controls the display of menus, both their colors and their | |
1194 font. (This works only on certain systems.) | |
1195 | |
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1196 @item fringe |
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1197 @kindex fringe @r{(face name)} |
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1198 This face controls the colors of window fringes, the thin areas on |
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1199 either side that are used to display continuation and truncation glyphs. |
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1200 |
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1201 @item scroll-bar |
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1202 @kindex scroll-bar @r{(face name)} |
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1203 This face controls the colors for display of scroll bars. |
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1204 |
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1205 @item tool-bar |
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1206 @kindex tool-bar @r{(face name)} |
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1207 This face is used for display of the tool bar, if any. |
6598 | 1208 |
1209 @item region | |
1210 @kindex region @r{(face name)} | |
1211 This face is used for highlighting the region in Transient Mark mode. | |
1212 | |
1213 @item secondary-selection | |
1214 @kindex secondary-selection @r{(face name)} | |
1215 This face is used to show any secondary selection you have made. | |
1216 | |
1217 @item highlight | |
1218 @kindex highlight @r{(face name)} | |
1219 This face is meant to be used for highlighting for various purposes. | |
1220 | |
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1221 @item trailing-whitespace |
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1222 @kindex trailing-whitespace @r{(face name)} |
25875 | 1223 This face is used to display excess whitespace at the end of a line, |
1224 if @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-@code{nil}. | |
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1225 @end table |
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1226 |
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1227 In contrast, these faces are provided to change the appearance of text |
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1228 in specific ways. You can use them on specific text, when you want |
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1229 the effects they produce. |
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1230 |
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1231 @table @code |
6598 | 1232 @item bold |
1233 @kindex bold @r{(face name)} | |
1234 This face uses a bold font, if possible. It uses the bold variant of | |
1235 the frame's font, if it has one. It's up to you to choose a default | |
1236 font that has a bold variant, if you want to use one. | |
1237 | |
1238 @item italic | |
1239 @kindex italic @r{(face name)} | |
1240 This face uses the italic variant of the frame's font, if it has one. | |
1241 | |
1242 @item bold-italic | |
1243 @kindex bold-italic @r{(face name)} | |
1244 This face uses the bold italic variant of the frame's font, if it has | |
1245 one. | |
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1246 |
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1247 @item underline |
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1248 @kindex underline @r{(face name)} |
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1249 This face underlines text. |
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1250 |
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1251 @item fixed-patch |
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1252 @kindex fixed-patch @r{(face name)} |
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1253 This face forces use of a particular fixed-width font. |
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1254 |
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1255 @item variable-patch |
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1256 @kindex variable-patch @r{(face name)} |
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1257 This face forces use of a particular variable-width font. It's |
25875 | 1258 reasonable to customize this to use a different variable-width font, if |
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1259 you like, but you should not make it a fixed-width font. |
6598 | 1260 @end table |
1261 | |
25875 | 1262 @defvar show-trailing-whitespace |
1263 @tindex show-trailing-whitespace | |
1264 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs uses the | |
1265 @code{trailing-whitespace} face to display any spaces and tabs at the | |
1266 end of a line. | |
1267 @end defvar | |
1268 | |
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1269 @node Defining Faces |
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1270 @subsection Defining Faces |
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1271 |
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1272 The way to define a new face is with @code{defface}. This creates a |
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1273 kind of customization item (@pxref{Customization}) which the user can |
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1274 customize using the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy Customization,,, |
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1275 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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1276 |
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1277 @defmac defface face spec doc [keyword value]... |
25875 | 1278 This declares @var{face} as a customizable face that defaults according |
1279 to @var{spec}. You should not quote the symbol @var{face}. The | |
1280 argument @var{doc} specifies the face documentation. The keywords you | |
1281 can use in @code{defface} are the same ones that are meaningful in both | |
1282 @code{defgroup} and @code{defcustom} (@pxref{Common Keywords}). | |
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1283 |
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1284 When @code{defface} executes, it defines the face according to |
22138
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1285 @var{spec}, then uses any customizations that were read from the |
25875 | 1286 init file (@pxref{Init File}) to override that specification. |
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1287 |
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1288 The purpose of @var{spec} is to specify how the face should appear on |
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1289 different kinds of terminals. It should be an alist whose elements have |
25875 | 1290 the form @code{(@var{display} @var{atts})}. Each element's @sc{car}, |
1291 @var{display}, specifies a class of terminals. The element's second element, | |
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1292 @var{atts}, is a list of face attributes and their values; it specifies |
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1293 what the face should look like on that kind of terminal. The possible |
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1294 attributes are defined in the value of @code{custom-face-attributes}. |
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1295 |
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1296 The @var{display} part of an element of @var{spec} determines which |
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1297 frames the element applies to. If more than one element of @var{spec} |
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1298 matches a given frame, the first matching element is the only one used |
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1299 for that frame. There are two possibilities for @var{display}: |
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1300 |
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1301 @table @asis |
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1302 @item @code{t} |
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1303 This element of @var{spec} matches all frames. Therefore, any |
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1304 subsequent elements of @var{spec} are never used. Normally |
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1305 @code{t} is used in the last (or only) element of @var{spec}. |
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1306 |
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1307 @item a list |
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1308 If @var{display} is a list, each element should have the form |
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1309 @code{(@var{characteristic} @var{value}@dots{})}. Here |
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1310 @var{characteristic} specifies a way of classifying frames, and the |
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1311 @var{value}s are possible classifications which @var{display} should |
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1312 apply to. Here are the possible values of @var{characteristic}: |
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1313 |
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1314 @table @code |
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1315 @item type |
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1316 The kind of window system the frame uses---either @code{x}, @code{pc} |
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1317 (for the MS-DOS console), @code{w32} (for MS Windows 9X/NT), or |
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1318 @code{tty}. |
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1319 |
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1320 @item class |
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1321 What kinds of colors the frame supports---either @code{color}, |
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1322 @code{grayscale}, or @code{mono}. |
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1323 |
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1324 @item background |
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1325 The kind of background---either @code{light} or @code{dark}. |
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1326 @end table |
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1327 |
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1328 If an element of @var{display} specifies more than one @var{value} for a |
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1329 given @var{characteristic}, any of those values is acceptable. If |
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1330 @var{display} has more than one element, each element should specify a |
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1331 different @var{characteristic}; then @emph{each} characteristic of the |
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1332 frame must match one of the @var{value}s specified for it in |
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1333 @var{display}. |
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1334 @end table |
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1335 @end defmac |
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1336 |
25875 | 1337 Here's how the standard face @code{region} is defined: |
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1338 |
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1339 @example |
25875 | 1340 @group |
21682
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1341 (defface region |
25875 | 1342 `((((type tty) (class color)) |
1343 (:background "blue" :foreground "white")) | |
1344 @end group | |
1345 (((type tty) (class mono)) | |
1346 (:inverse-video t)) | |
1347 (((class color) (background dark)) | |
1348 (:background "blue")) | |
1349 (((class color) (background light)) | |
1350 (:background "lightblue")) | |
1351 (t (:background "gray"))) | |
1352 @group | |
1353 "Basic face for highlighting the region." | |
1354 :group 'basic-faces) | |
1355 @end group | |
21682
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1356 @end example |
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1357 |
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1358 Internally, @code{defface} uses the symbol property |
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1359 @code{face-defface-spec} to record the face attributes specified in |
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1360 @code{defface}, @code{saved-face} for the attributes saved by the user |
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1361 with the customization buffer, and @code{face-documentation} for the |
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1362 documentation string. |
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1363 |
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1364 @defopt frame-background-mode |
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1365 This option, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the background type to use for |
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1366 interpreting face definitions. If it is @code{dark}, then Emacs treats |
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1367 all frames as if they had a dark background, regardless of their actual |
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1368 background colors. If it is @code{light}, then Emacs treats all frames |
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1369 as if they had a light background. |
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1370 @end defopt |
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1371 |
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1372 @node Face Attributes |
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1373 @subsection Face Attributes |
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1374 @cindex face attributes |
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1375 |
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1376 The effect of using a face is determined by a fixed set of @dfn{face |
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1377 attributes}. This table lists all the face attributes, and what they |
25875 | 1378 mean. Note that in general, more than one face can be specified for a |
1379 given piece of text; when that happens, the attributes of all the faces | |
1380 are merged to specify how to display the text. @xref{Merging Faces}. | |
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1381 |
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1382 In Emacs 21, any attribute in a face can have the value |
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1383 @code{unspecified}. This means the face doesn't specify that attribute. |
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1384 In face merging, when the first face fails to specify a particular |
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1385 attribute, that means the next face gets a chance. However, the |
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1386 @code{default} face must specify all attributes. |
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1387 |
25875 | 1388 Some of these font attributes are meaningful only on certain kinds of |
1389 displays---if your display cannot handle a certain attribute, the | |
1390 attribute is ignored. (The attributes @code{:family}, @code{:width}, | |
1391 @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant} correspond to parts of | |
1392 an X Logical Font Descriptor.) | |
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1393 |
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1394 @table @code |
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1395 @item :family |
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1396 Font family name, or fontset name (@pxref{Fontsets}). If you specify a |
25875 | 1397 font family name, the wild-card characters @samp{*} and @samp{?} are |
1398 allowed. | |
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1399 |
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1400 @item :width |
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1401 Relative proportionate width, also known as the character set width or |
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1402 set width. This should be one of the symbols @code{ultra-condensed}, |
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1403 @code{extra-condensed}, @code{condensed}, @code{semi-condensed}, |
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1404 @code{normal}, @code{semi-expanded}, @code{expanded}, |
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1405 @code{extra-expanded}, or @code{ultra-expanded}. |
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1406 |
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1407 @item :height |
25875 | 1408 Font height, an integer in units of 1/10 point. |
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1409 |
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1410 @item :weight |
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1411 Font weight---a symbol from this series (from most dense to most faint): |
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1412 @code{ultra-bold}, @code{extra-bold}, @code{bold}, @code{semi-bold}, |
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1413 @code{normal}, @code{semi-light}, @code{light}, @code{extra-light}, |
25875 | 1414 or @code{ultra-light}. |
25809
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1415 |
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1416 On a text-only terminal, any weight greater than normal is displayed as |
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1417 extra bright, and any weight less than normal is displayed as |
25875 | 1418 half-bright (provided the terminal supports the feature). |
1419 | |
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1420 @item :slant |
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1421 Font slant---one of the symbols @code{italic}, @code{oblique}, @code{normal}, |
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1422 @code{reverse-italic}, or @code{reverse-oblique}. |
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1423 |
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1424 On a text-only terminal, slanted text is displayed as half-bright, if |
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1425 the terminal supports the feature. |
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1426 |
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1427 @item :foreground |
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1428 Foreground color, a string. |
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1429 |
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1430 @item :background |
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1431 Background color, a string. |
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1432 |
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1433 @item :inverse-video |
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1434 Whether or not characters should be displayed in inverse video. The |
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1435 value should be @code{t} (yes) or @code{nil} (no). |
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1436 |
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1437 @item :stipple |
25875 | 1438 The background stipple, a bitmap. |
1439 | |
1440 The value can be a string; that should be the name of a file containing | |
1441 external-format X bitmap data. The file is found in the directories | |
1442 listed in the variable @code{x-bitmap-file-path}. | |
1443 | |
1444 Alternatively, the value can specify the bitmap directly, with a list of | |
1445 the form @code{(@var{width} @var{height} @var{data})}. Here, | |
1446 @var{width} and @var{height} specify the size in pixels, and @var{data} | |
1447 is a string containing the raw bits of the bitmap, row by row. Each row | |
1448 occupies @math{(@var{width} + 7) / 8} consecutie bytes in the string | |
1449 (which should be a unibyte string for best results). | |
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1450 |
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1451 If the value is @code{nil}, that means use no stipple pattern. |
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1452 |
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1453 Normally you do not need to set the stipple attribute, because it is |
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1454 used automatically to handle certain shades of gray. |
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1455 |
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1456 @item :underline |
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1457 Whether or not characters should be underlined, and in what color. If |
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1458 the value is @code{t}, underlining uses the foreground color of the |
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1459 face. If the value is a string, underlining uses that color. The |
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1460 value @code{nil} means do not underline. |
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1461 |
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1462 @item :overline |
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1463 Whether or not characters should be overlined, and in what color. |
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1464 The value is used like that of @code{:underline}. |
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1465 |
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1466 @item :strike-through |
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1467 Whether or not characters should be strike-through, and in what |
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1468 color. The value is used like that of @code{:underline}. |
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1469 |
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1470 @item :box |
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1471 Whether or not a box should be drawn around characters, its color, the |
25875 | 1472 width of the box lines, and 3D appearance. |
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1473 @end table |
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1474 |
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1475 Here are the possible values of the @code{:box} attribute, and what |
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1476 they mean: |
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1477 |
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1478 @table @asis |
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1479 @item @code{nil} |
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1480 Don't draw a box. |
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1481 |
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1482 @item @code{t} |
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1483 Draw a box with lines of width 1, in the foreground color. |
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1484 |
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1485 @item @var{color} |
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1486 Draw a box with lines of width 1, in color @var{color}. |
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1487 |
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1488 @item @code{(:line-width @var{width} :color @var{color} :style @var{style})} |
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1489 This way you can explicitly specify all aspects of the box. The value |
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1490 @var{width} specifies the width of the lines to draw; it defaults to 1. |
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1491 |
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1492 The value @var{color} specifies the color to draw with. The default is |
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1493 the foreground color of the face for simple boxes, and the background |
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1494 color of the face for 3D boxes. |
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1495 |
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1496 The value @var{style} specifies whether to draw a 3D box. If it is |
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1497 @code{released-button}, the box looks like a 3D button that is not being |
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1498 pressed. If it is @code{pressed-button}, the box looks like a 3D button |
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1499 that is being pressed. If it is @code{nil} or omitted, a plain 2D box |
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1500 is used. |
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1501 @end table |
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1502 |
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1503 The attributes @code{:overline}, @code{:strike-through} and |
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1504 @code{:box} are new in Emacs 21. The attributes @code{:family}, |
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1505 @code{:height}, @code{:width}, @code{:weight}, @code{:slant} are also |
25875 | 1506 new; previous versions used the following attributes, now semi-obsolete, |
1507 to specify some of the same information: | |
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1508 |
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1509 @table @code |
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1510 @item :font |
25875 | 1511 This attribute specifies the font name. |
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1512 |
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1513 @item :bold |
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1514 A non-@code{nil} value specifies a bold font. |
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1515 |
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1516 @item :italic |
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1517 A non-@code{nil} value specifies an italic font. |
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1518 @end table |
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1519 |
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1520 For compatibility, you can still set these ``attributes'' in Emacs 21, |
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1521 even though they are not real face attributes. Here is what that does: |
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1522 |
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1523 @table @code |
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1524 @item :font |
25875 | 1525 You can specify an X font name as the ``value'' of this ``attribute''; |
1526 that sets the @code{:family}, @code{:width}, @code{:height}, | |
1527 @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant} attributes according to the font name. | |
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1528 |
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1529 If the value is a pattern with wildcards, the first font that matches |
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1530 the pattern is used to set these attributes. |
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1531 |
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1532 @item :bold |
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1533 A non-@code{nil} makes the face bold; @code{nil} makes it normal. |
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1534 This actually works by setting the @code{:weight} attribute. |
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1535 |
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1536 @item :italic |
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1537 A non-@code{nil} makes the face italic; @code{nil} makes it normal. |
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1538 This actually works by setting the @code{:slant} attribute. |
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1539 @end table |
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1540 |
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1541 @defvar x-bitmap-file-path |
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1542 This variable specifies a list of directories for searching |
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1543 for bitmap files, for the @code{:stipple} attribute. |
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1544 @end defvar |
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1545 |
25911
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1546 @defun bitmap-spec-p object |
25875 | 1547 This returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a valid bitmap |
1548 specification, suitable for use with @code{:stipple}. | |
1549 It returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1550 @end defun | |
1551 | |
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1552 @node Attribute Functions |
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1553 @subsection Face Attribute Functions |
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1554 |
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1555 You can modify the attributes of an existing face with the following |
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1556 functions. If you specify @var{frame}, they affect just that frame; |
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1557 otherwise, they affect all frames as well as the defaults that apply to |
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1558 new frames. |
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1559 |
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1560 @tindex set-face-attribute |
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1561 @defun set-face-attribute face frame &rest arguments |
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1562 This function sets one or more attributes of face @var{face} |
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1563 for frame @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, it sets |
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1564 the attribute for all frames, and the defaults for new frames. |
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1565 |
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1566 The extra arguments @var{arguments} specify the attributes to set, and |
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1567 the values for them. They should consist of alternating attribute names |
25875 | 1568 (such as @code{:family} or @code{:underline}) and corresponding values. |
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1569 Thus, |
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1570 |
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1571 @example |
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1572 (set-face-attribute 'foo nil |
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1573 :width :extended |
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1574 :weight :bold |
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1575 :underline "red") |
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1576 @end example |
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1577 |
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1578 @noindent |
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1579 sets the attributes @code{:width}, @code{:weight} and @code{:underline} |
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1580 to the corresponding values. |
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1581 @end defun |
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1582 |
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1583 @tindex face-attribute |
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1584 @defun face-attribute face attribute &optional frame |
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1585 This returns the value of the @var{attribute} attribute of face |
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1586 @var{face} on @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, |
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1587 that means the selected frame. |
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1588 |
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1589 If @var{frame} is @code{t}, the value is the default for |
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1590 @var{face} for new frames. |
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1591 |
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1592 For example, |
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1593 |
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1594 @example |
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1595 (face-attribute 'bold :weight) |
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1596 @result{} bold |
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1597 @end example |
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1598 @end defun |
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1599 |
25875 | 1600 The functions above did not exist before Emacs 21. For compatibility |
1601 with older Emacs versions, you can use the following functions to set | |
25751
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1602 and examine the face attributes which existed in those versions. |
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1603 |
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1604 @defun set-face-foreground face color &optional frame |
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1605 @defunx set-face-background face color &optional frame |
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1606 These functions set the foreground (or background, respectively) color |
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1607 of face @var{face} to @var{color}. The argument @var{color} should be a |
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1608 string, the name of a color. |
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1609 |
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1610 Certain shades of gray are implemented by stipple patterns on |
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1611 black-and-white screens. |
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1612 @end defun |
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1613 |
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1614 @defun set-face-stipple face pattern &optional frame |
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1615 This function sets the background stipple pattern of face @var{face} to |
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1616 @var{pattern}. The argument @var{pattern} should be the name of a |
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1617 stipple pattern defined by the X server, or @code{nil} meaning don't use |
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1618 stipple. |
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1619 |
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1620 Normally there is no need to pay attention to stipple patterns, because |
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1621 they are used automatically to handle certain shades of gray. |
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1622 @end defun |
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1623 |
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1624 @defun set-face-font face font &optional frame |
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1625 This function sets the font of face @var{face}. |
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1626 |
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1627 In Emacs 21, this actually sets the attributes @code{:family}, |
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1628 @code{:width}, @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant} |
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1629 according to the font name @var{font}. |
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1630 |
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1631 In Emacs 20, this sets the font attribute. Once you set the font |
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1632 explicitly, the bold and italic attributes cease to have any effect, |
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1633 because the precise font that you specified is used. |
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1634 @end defun |
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1635 |
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1636 @defun set-face-bold-p face bold-p &optional frame |
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1637 This function specifies whether @var{face} should be bold. If |
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1638 @var{bold-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means yes; @code{nil} means no. |
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1639 |
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1640 In Emacs 21, this sets the @code{:weight} attribute. |
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1641 In Emacs 20, it sets the @code{:bold} attribute. |
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1642 @end defun |
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1643 |
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1644 @defun set-face-italic-p face italic-p &optional frame |
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1645 This function specifies whether @var{face} should be italic. If |
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1646 @var{italic-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means yes; @code{nil} means no. |
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1647 |
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1648 In Emacs 21, this sets the @code{:slant} attribute. |
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1649 In Emacs 20, it sets the @code{:italic} attribute. |
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1650 @end defun |
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1651 |
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1652 @defun set-face-underline-p face underline-p &optional frame |
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1653 This function sets the underline attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1654 Non-@code{nil} means do underline; @code{nil} means don't. |
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1655 @end defun |
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1656 |
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1657 @defun invert-face face &optional frame |
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1658 This function inverts the @code{:inverse-video} attribute of face |
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1659 @var{face}. If the attribute is @code{nil}, this function sets it to |
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1660 @code{t}, and vice versa. |
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1661 @end defun |
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1662 |
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1663 These functions examine the attributes of a face. If you don't |
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1664 specify @var{frame}, they refer to the default data for new frames. |
25875 | 1665 They return the symbol @code{unspecified} if the face doesn't define any |
1666 value for that attribute. | |
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1667 |
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1668 @defun face-foreground face &optional frame |
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1669 @defunx face-background face &optional frame |
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1670 These functions return the foreground color (or background color, |
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1671 respectively) of face @var{face}, as a string. |
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1672 @end defun |
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1673 |
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1674 @defun face-stipple face &optional frame |
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1675 This function returns the name of the background stipple pattern of face |
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1676 @var{face}, or @code{nil} if it doesn't have one. |
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1677 @end defun |
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1678 |
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1679 @defun face-font face &optional frame |
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1680 This function returns the name of the font of face @var{face}. |
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1681 @end defun |
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1682 |
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1683 @defun face-bold-p face &optional frame |
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1684 This function returns @code{t} if @var{face} is bold---that is, if it is |
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1685 bolder than normal. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. |
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1686 @end defun |
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1687 |
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1688 @defun face-italic-p face &optional frame |
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1689 This function returns @code{t} if @var{face} is italic or oblique, |
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1690 @code{nil} otherwise. |
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1691 @end defun |
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1692 |
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1693 @defun face-underline-p face &optional frame |
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1694 This function returns the @code{:underline} attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1695 @end defun |
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1696 |
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1697 @defun face-inverse-video-p face &optional frame |
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1698 This function returns the @code{:inverse-video} attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1699 @end defun |
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1700 |
6598 | 1701 @node Merging Faces |
1702 @subsection Merging Faces for Display | |
1703 | |
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1704 Here are the ways to specify which faces to use for display of text: |
6598 | 1705 |
1706 @itemize @bullet | |
1707 @item | |
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1708 With defaults. The @code{default} face is used as the ultimate |
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1709 default for all text. (In Emacs 19 and 20, the @code{default} |
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1710 face is used only when no other face is specified.) |
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1711 |
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1712 For a mode line or header line, the face @code{modeline} or |
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1713 @code{header-line} is used just before @code{default}. |
6598 | 1714 |
1715 @item | |
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1716 With text properties. A character can have a @code{face} property; if |
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1717 so, the faces and face attributes specified there apply. @xref{Special |
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1718 Properties}. |
6598 | 1719 |
1720 If the character has a @code{mouse-face} property, that is used instead | |
1721 of the @code{face} property when the mouse is ``near enough'' to the | |
1722 character. | |
1723 | |
1724 @item | |
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1725 With overlays. An overlay can have @code{face} and @code{mouse-face} |
6598 | 1726 properties too; they apply to all the text covered by the overlay. |
1727 | |
1728 @item | |
12098 | 1729 With a region that is active. In Transient Mark mode, the region is |
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1730 highlighted with the face @code{region} (@pxref{Standard Faces}). |
12098 | 1731 |
1732 @item | |
21682
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1733 With special glyphs. Each glyph can specify a particular face |
6598 | 1734 number. @xref{Glyphs}. |
1735 @end itemize | |
1736 | |
1737 If these various sources together specify more than one face for a | |
1738 particular character, Emacs merges the attributes of the various faces | |
1739 specified. The attributes of the faces of special glyphs come first; | |
12098 | 1740 then comes the face for region highlighting, if appropriate; |
6598 | 1741 then come attributes of faces from overlays, followed by those from text |
1742 properties, and last the default face. | |
1743 | |
1744 When multiple overlays cover one character, an overlay with higher | |
1745 priority overrides those with lower priority. @xref{Overlays}. | |
1746 | |
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1747 In Emacs 20, if an attribute such as the font or a color is not |
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1748 specified in any of the above ways, the frame's own font or color is |
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1749 used. In newer Emacs versions, this cannot happen, because the |
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1750 @code{default} face specifies all attributes---in fact, the frame's own |
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1751 font and colors are synonymous with those of the default face. |
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1752 |
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1753 @node Font Selection |
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1754 @subsection Font Selection |
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1755 |
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1756 @dfn{Selecting a font} means mapping the specified face attributes for |
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1757 a character to a font that is available on a particular display. The |
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1758 face attributes, as determined by face merging, specify most of the |
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1759 font choice, but not all. Part of the choice depends on what character |
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1760 it is. |
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1761 |
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1762 For multibyte characters, typically each font covers only one |
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1763 character set. So each character set (@pxref{Character Sets}) specifies |
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1764 a registry and encoding to use, with the character set's |
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1765 @code{x-charset-registry} property. Its value is a string containing |
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1766 the registry and the encoding, with a dash between them: |
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1767 |
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1768 @example |
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1769 (plist-get (charset-plist 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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1770 'x-charset-registry) |
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1771 @result{} "ISO8859-1" |
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1772 @end example |
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1773 |
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1774 Unibyte text does not have character sets, so displaying a unibyte |
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1775 character takes the registry and encoding from the variable |
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1776 @code{face-default-registry}. |
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1777 |
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1778 @defvar face-default-registry |
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1779 This variable specifies which registry and encoding to use in choosing |
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1780 fonts for unibyte characters. The value is initialized at Emacs startup |
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1781 time from the font the user specified for Emacs. |
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1782 @end defvar |
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1783 |
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1784 If the face specifies a fontset name, that fontset determines a |
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1785 pattern for fonts of the given charset. If the face specifies a font |
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1786 family, a font pattern is constructed. |
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1787 |
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1788 Emacs tries to find an available font for the given face attributes |
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1789 and character's registry and encoding. If there is a font that matches |
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1790 exactly, it is used, of course. The hard case is when no available font |
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1791 exactly fits the specification. Then Emacs looks for one that is |
27654
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1792 ``close''---one attribute at a time. You can specify the order to |
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1793 consider the attributes. In the case where a specified font family is |
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1794 not available, you can specify a set of mappings for alternatives to |
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1795 try. |
25751
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1796 |
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1797 @defvar face-font-selection-order |
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1798 @tindex face-font-selection-order |
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1799 This variable specifies the order of importance of the face attributes |
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1800 @code{:width}, @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant}. The |
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1801 value should be a list containing those four symbols, in order of |
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1802 decreasing importance. |
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1803 |
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1804 Font selection first finds the best available matches for the first |
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1805 attribute listed; then, among the fonts which are best in that way, it |
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1806 searches for the best matches in the second attribute, and so on. |
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1807 |
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1808 The attributes @code{:weight} and @code{:width} have symbolic values in |
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1809 a range centered around @code{normal}. Matches that are more extreme |
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1810 (farther from @code{normal}) are somewhat preferred to matches that are |
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1811 less extreme (closer to @code{normal}); this is designed to ensure that |
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1812 non-normal faces contrast with normal ones, whenever possible. |
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1813 |
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1814 The default is @code{(:width :height :weight :slant)}, which means first |
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1815 find the fonts closest to the specified @code{:width}, then---among the |
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1816 fonts with that width---find a best match for the specified font height, |
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1817 and so on. |
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1818 |
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1819 One example of a case where this variable makes a difference is when the |
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1820 default font has no italic equivalent. With the default ordering, the |
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1821 @code{italic} face will use a non-italic font that is similar to the |
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1822 default one. But if you put @code{:slant} before @code{:height}, the |
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1823 @code{italic} face will use an italic font, even if its height is not |
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1824 quite right. |
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1825 @end defvar |
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1826 |
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1827 @defvar face-alternative-font-family-alist |
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1828 @tindex face-alternative-font-family-alist |
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1829 This variable lets you specify alternative font families to try, if a |
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1830 given family is specified and doesn't exist. Each element should have |
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1831 this form: |
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1832 |
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1833 @example |
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1834 (@var{family} @var{alternate-families}@dots{}) |
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1835 @end example |
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1836 |
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1837 If @var{family} is specified but not available, Emacs will try the other |
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1838 families given in @var{alternate-families}, one by one, until it finds a |
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1839 family that does exist. |
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1840 @end defvar |
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1841 |
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1842 Emacs can make use of scalable fonts, but by default it does not use |
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1843 them, since the use of too many or too big scalable fonts can crash |
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1844 XFree86 servers. |
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1845 |
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1846 @defvar scalable-fonts-allowed |
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1847 @tindex scalable-fonts-allowed |
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1848 This variable controls which scalable fonts to use. A value of |
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1849 @code{nil}, the default, means do not use scalable fonts. @code{t} |
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1850 means to use any scalable font that seems appropriate for the text. |
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1851 |
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1852 Otherwise, the value must be a list of regular expressions. Then a |
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1853 scalable font is enabled for use if its name matches any regular |
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1854 expression in the list. For example, |
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1855 |
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1856 @example |
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1857 (setq scalable-fonts-allowed '("muleindian-2$")) |
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1858 @end example |
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1859 |
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1860 @noindent |
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1861 allows the use of scalable fonts with registry @code{muleindian-2}. |
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1862 @end defvar |
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1863 |
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1864 @defun clear-face-cache &optional unload-p |
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1865 @tindex clear-face-cache |
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1866 This function clears the face cache for all frames. |
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1867 If @var{unload-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means to unload |
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1868 all unused fonts as well. |
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1869 @end defun |
6598 | 1870 |
1871 @node Face Functions | |
1872 @subsection Functions for Working with Faces | |
1873 | |
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1874 Here are additional functions for creating and working with faces. |
6598 | 1875 |
1876 @defun make-face name | |
1877 This function defines a new face named @var{name}, initially with all | |
1878 attributes @code{nil}. It does nothing if there is already a face named | |
1879 @var{name}. | |
1880 @end defun | |
1881 | |
1882 @defun face-list | |
1883 This function returns a list of all defined face names. | |
1884 @end defun | |
1885 | |
1886 @defun copy-face old-face new-name &optional frame new-frame | |
1887 This function defines the face @var{new-name} as a copy of the existing | |
1888 face named @var{old-face}. It creates the face @var{new-name} if that | |
1889 doesn't already exist. | |
1890 | |
1891 If the optional argument @var{frame} is given, this function applies | |
1892 only to that frame. Otherwise it applies to each frame individually, | |
1893 copying attributes from @var{old-face} in each frame to @var{new-face} | |
1894 in the same frame. | |
1895 | |
1896 If the optional argument @var{new-frame} is given, then @code{copy-face} | |
1897 copies the attributes of @var{old-face} in @var{frame} to @var{new-name} | |
1898 in @var{new-frame}. | |
1899 @end defun | |
1900 | |
12098 | 1901 @defun face-id face |
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1902 This function returns the face number of face @var{face}. |
6598 | 1903 @end defun |
1904 | |
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1905 @defun face-documentation face |
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1906 This function returns the documentation string of face @var{face}, or |
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1907 @code{nil} if none was specified for it. |
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1908 @end defun |
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1909 |
6598 | 1910 @defun face-equal face1 face2 &optional frame |
1911 This returns @code{t} if the faces @var{face1} and @var{face2} have the | |
1912 same attributes for display. | |
1913 @end defun | |
1914 | |
1915 @defun face-differs-from-default-p face &optional frame | |
1916 This returns @code{t} if the face @var{face} displays differently from | |
25875 | 1917 the default face. A face is considered to be ``the same'' as the |
1918 default face if each attribute is either the same as that of the default | |
1919 face, or unspecified (meaning to inherit from the default). | |
22252
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1920 @end defun |
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1921 |
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1922 @node Auto Faces |
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1923 @subsection Automatic Face Assignment |
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1924 @cindex automatic face assignment |
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1925 @cindex faces, automatic choice |
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1926 |
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1927 @cindex Font-Lock mode |
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1928 Starting with Emacs 21, a hook is available for automatically |
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1929 assigning faces to text in the buffer. This hook is used for part of |
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1930 the implementation of Font-Lock mode. |
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1931 |
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1932 @tindex fontification-functions |
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1933 @defvar fontification-functions |
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1934 This variable holds a list of functions that are called by Emacs |
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1935 redisplay as needed to assign faces automatically to text in the buffer. |
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1936 |
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1937 The functions are called in the order listed, with one argument, a |
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1938 buffer position @var{pos}. Each function should attempt to assign faces |
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1939 to the text in the current buffer starting at @var{pos}. |
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1940 |
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1941 Each function should record the faces they assign by setting the |
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1942 @code{face} property. It should also add a non-@code{nil} |
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1943 @code{fontified} property for all the text it has assigned faces to. |
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1944 That property tells redisplay that faces have been assigned to that text |
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1945 already. |
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1946 |
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1947 It is probably a good idea for each function to do nothing if the |
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1948 character after @var{pos} already has a non-@code{nil} @code{fontified} |
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1949 property, but this is not required. If one function overrides the |
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1950 assignments made by a previous one, the properties as they are |
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1951 after the last function finishes are the ones that really matter. |
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1952 |
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1953 For efficiency, we recommend writing these functions so that they |
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1954 usually assign faces to around 400 to 600 characters at each call. |
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1955 @end defvar |
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1956 |
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1957 @node Font Lookup |
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1958 @subsection Looking Up Fonts |
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1959 |
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1960 @defun x-list-fonts pattern &optional face frame maximum |
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1961 This function returns a list of available font names that match |
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1962 @var{pattern}. If the optional arguments @var{face} and @var{frame} are |
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1963 specified, then the list is limited to fonts that are the same size as |
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1964 @var{face} currently is on @var{frame}. |
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1965 |
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1966 The argument @var{pattern} should be a string, perhaps with wildcard |
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1967 characters: the @samp{*} character matches any substring, and the |
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1968 @samp{?} character matches any single character. Pattern matching |
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1969 of font names ignores case. |
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1970 |
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1971 If you specify @var{face} and @var{frame}, @var{face} should be a face name |
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1972 (a symbol) and @var{frame} should be a frame. |
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1973 |
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1974 The optional argument @var{maximum} sets a limit on how many fonts to |
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1975 return. If this is non-@code{nil}, then the return value is truncated |
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1976 after the first @var{maximum} matching fonts. Specifying a small value |
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1977 for @var{maximum} can make this function much faster, in cases where |
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1978 many fonts match the pattern. |
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1979 @end defun |
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1980 |
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1981 These additional functions are available starting in Emacs 21. |
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1982 |
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1983 @defun x-family-fonts &optional family frame |
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1984 @tindex x-family-fonts |
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1985 This function returns a list describing the available fonts for family |
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1986 @var{family} on @var{frame}. If @var{family} is omitted or @code{nil}, |
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1987 this list applies to all families, and therefore, it contains all |
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1988 available fonts. Otherwise, @var{family} must be a string; it may |
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1989 contain the wildcards @samp{?} and @samp{*}. |
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1990 |
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1991 The list describes the display that @var{frame} is on; if @var{frame} is |
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1992 omitted or @code{nil}, it applies to the selected frame's display. |
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1993 |
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1994 The list contains a vector of the following form for each font: |
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1995 |
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1996 @example |
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1997 [@var{family} @var{width} @var{point-size} @var{weight} @var{slant} |
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1998 @var{fixed-p} @var{full} @var{registry-and-encoding}] |
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1999 @end example |
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2000 |
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2001 The first five elements correspond to face attributes; if you |
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2002 specify these attributes for a face, it will use this font. |
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2003 |
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2004 The last three elements give additional information about the font. |
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2005 @var{fixed-p} is non-nil if the font is fixed-pitch. @var{full} is the |
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2006 full name of the font, and @var{registry-and-encoding} is a string |
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2007 giving the registry and encoding of the font. |
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2008 |
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2009 The result list is sorted according to the current face font sort order. |
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2010 @end defun |
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2011 |
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2012 @defun x-font-family-list &optional frame |
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2013 @tindex x-font-family-list |
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2014 This function returns a list of the font families available for |
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2015 @var{frame}'s display. If @var{frame} is omitted or @code{nil}, it |
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2016 describes the selected frame's display. |
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2017 |
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2018 The value is a list of elements of this form: |
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2019 |
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2020 @example |
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2021 (@var{family} . @var{fixed-p}) |
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2022 @end example |
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2023 |
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2024 @noindent |
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2025 Here @var{family} is a font family, and @var{fixed-p} is |
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2026 non-@code{nil} if fonts of that family are fixed-pitch. |
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2027 @end defun |
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2028 |
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2029 @defvar font-list-limit |
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2030 @tindex font-list-limit |
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2031 This variable specifies maximum number of fonts to consider in font |
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2032 matching. The function @code{x-family-fonts} will not return more than |
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2033 that many fonts, and font selection will consider only that many fonts |
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2034 when searching a matching font for face attributes. The default is |
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2035 currently 100. |
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2036 @end defvar |
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2037 |
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2038 @node Fontsets |
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2039 @subsection Fontsets |
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2040 |
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2041 A @dfn{fontset} is a list of fonts, each assigned to a range of |
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2042 character codes. An individual font cannot display the whole range of |
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2043 characters that Emacs supports, but a fontset can. Fontsets have names, |
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2044 just as fonts do, and you can use a fontset name in place of a font name |
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2045 when you specify the ``font'' for a frame or a face. Here is |
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2046 information about defining a fontset under Lisp program control. |
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2047 |
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2048 @defun create-fontset-from-fontset-spec fontset-spec &optional style-variant-p noerror |
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2049 This function defines a new fontset according to the specification |
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2050 string @var{fontset-spec}. The string should have this format: |
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2051 |
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2052 @smallexample |
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2053 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}} |
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2054 @end smallexample |
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2055 |
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2056 @noindent |
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2057 Whitespace characters before and after the commas are ignored. |
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2058 |
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2059 The first part of the string, @var{fontpattern}, should have the form of |
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2060 a standard X font name, except that the last two fields should be |
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2061 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. |
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2062 |
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2063 The new fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is |
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2064 @var{fontpattern} in its entirety. The short name is |
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2065 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You can refer to the fontset by either |
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2066 name. If a fontset with the same name already exists, an error is |
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2067 signaled, unless @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, in which case this |
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|
2068 function does nothing. |
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|
2069 |
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2070 If optional argument @var{style-variant-p} is non-@code{nil}, that says |
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|
2071 to create bold, italic and bold-italic variants of the fontset as well. |
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2072 These variant fontsets do not have a short name, only a long one, which |
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2073 is made by altering @var{fontpattern} to indicate the bold or italic |
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2074 status. |
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2075 |
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2076 The specification string also says which fonts to use in the fontset. |
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|
2077 See below for the details. |
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|
2078 @end defun |
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2079 |
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2080 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to |
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2081 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, |
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2082 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the font |
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2083 to use for that character set. You can use this construct any number of |
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|
2084 times in the specification string. |
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|
2085 |
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|
2086 For the remaining character sets, those that you don't specify |
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2087 explicitly, Emacs chooses a font based on @var{fontpattern}: it replaces |
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|
2088 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with a value that names one character set. |
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|
2089 For the @sc{ascii} character set, @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced |
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2090 with @samp{ISO8859-1}. |
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2091 |
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2092 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs |
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2093 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of |
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2094 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable |
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2095 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is |
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2096 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which Emacs does. |
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2097 |
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2098 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, |
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2099 |
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2100 @example |
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2101 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 |
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2102 @end example |
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2103 |
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2104 @noindent |
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2105 the font specification for @sc{ascii} characters would be this: |
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2106 |
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2107 @example |
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2108 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 |
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2109 @end example |
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2110 |
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2111 @noindent |
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2112 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: |
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2113 |
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2114 @example |
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2115 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* |
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2116 @end example |
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2117 |
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2118 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font |
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2119 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that |
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2120 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in the @var{family} field. In |
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2121 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: |
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2122 |
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2123 @smallexample |
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2124 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ |
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2125 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* |
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2126 @end smallexample |
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2127 |
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2128 @noindent |
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2129 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have |
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2130 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for |
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2131 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} |
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2132 field. |
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2133 |
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2134 @node Display Property |
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2135 @section The @code{display} Property |
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2136 @cindex display specification |
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2137 @kindex display @r{(text property)} |
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2138 |
25875 | 2139 The @code{display} text property (or overlay property) is used to |
2140 insert images into text, and also control other aspects of how text | |
2141 displays. These features are available starting in Emacs 21. The value | |
2142 of the @code{display} property should be a display specification, or a | |
2143 list or vector containing several display specifications. The rest of | |
2144 this section describes several kinds of display specifications and what | |
2145 they mean. | |
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2146 |
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2147 @menu |
25875 | 2148 * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. |
2149 * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it | |
2150 up or down on the page; adjusting the width | |
2151 of spaces within text. | |
2152 * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of the main text. | |
2153 * Conditional Display:: Making any of the above features conditional | |
2154 depending on some Lisp expression. | |
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2155 @end menu |
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2156 |
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2157 @node Specified Space |
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2158 @subsection Specified Spaces |
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2159 @cindex spaces, specified height or width |
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2160 @cindex specified spaces |
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2161 @cindex variable-width spaces |
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2162 |
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2163 To display a space of specified width and/or height, use a display |
25875 | 2164 specification of the form @code{(space . @var{props})}, where |
2165 @var{props} is a property list (a list of alternating properties and | |
2166 values). You can put this property on one or more consecutive | |
2167 characters; a space of the specified height and width is displayed in | |
2168 place of @emph{all} of those characters. These are the properties you | |
2169 can use to specify the weight of the space: | |
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2170 |
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2171 @table @code |
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2172 @item :width @var{width} |
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2173 Specifies that the space width should be @var{width} times the normal |
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2174 character width. @var{width} can be an integer or floating point |
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2175 number. |
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2176 |
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2177 @item :relative-width @var{factor} |
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2178 Specifies that the width of the stretch should be computed from the |
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2179 first character in the group of consecutive characters that have the |
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2180 same @code{display} property. The space width is the width of that |
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2181 character, multiplied by @var{factor}. |
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2182 |
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2183 @item :align-to @var{hpos} |
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2184 Specifies that the space should be wide enough to reach @var{hpos}. The |
25875 | 2185 value @var{hpos} is measured in units of the normal character width. It |
2186 may be an interer or a floating point number. | |
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2187 @end table |
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2188 |
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2189 Exactly one of the above properties should be used. You can also |
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2190 specify the height of the space, with other properties: |
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2191 |
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2192 @table @code |
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2193 @item :height @var{height} |
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2194 Specifies the height of the space, as @var{height}, |
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2195 measured in terms of the normal line height. |
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2196 |
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2197 @item :relative-height @var{factor} |
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2198 Specifies the height of the space, multiplying the ordinary height |
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2199 of the text having this display specification by @var{factor}. |
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2200 |
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2201 @item :ascent @var{ascent} |
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2202 Specifies that @var{ascent} percent of the height of the space should be |
25875 | 2203 considered as the ascent of the space---that is, the part above the |
2204 baseline. The value of @var{ascent} must be a non-negative number no | |
2205 greater than 100. | |
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2206 @end table |
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2207 |
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2208 You should not use both @code{:height} and @code{:relative-height} |
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2209 together. |
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2210 |
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2211 @node Other Display Specs |
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2212 @subsection Other Display Specifications |
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2213 |
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2214 @table @code |
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2215 @item (image . @var{image-props}) |
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2216 This is in fact an image descriptor (@pxref{Images}). When used as a |
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2217 display specification, it means to display the image instead of the text |
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2218 that has the display specification. |
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2219 |
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2220 @item (space-width @var{factor}) |
25875 | 2221 This display specification affects all the space characters within the |
2222 text that has the specification. It displays all of these spaces | |
2223 @var{factor} times as wide as normal. The element @var{factor} should | |
2224 be an integer or float. Characters other than spaces are not affected | |
2225 at all; in particular, this has no effect on tab characters. | |
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2226 |
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2227 @item (height @var{height}) |
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2228 This display specification makes the text taller or shorter. |
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2229 Here are the possibilities for @var{height}: |
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2230 |
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2231 @table @asis |
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2232 @item @code{(+ @var{n})} |
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2233 This means to use a font that is @var{n} steps larger. A ``step'' is |
25875 | 2234 defined by the set of available fonts---specifically, those that match |
2235 what was otherwise specified for this text, in all attributes except | |
2236 height. Each size for which a suitable font is available counts as | |
2237 another step. @var{n} should be an integer. | |
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2238 |
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2239 @item @code{(- @var{n})} |
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2240 This means to use a font that is @var{n} steps smaller. |
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2241 |
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2242 @item a number, @var{factor} |
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2243 A number, @var{factor}, means to use a font that is @var{factor} times |
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2244 as tall as the default font. |
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2245 |
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2246 @item a symbol, @var{function} |
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2247 A symbol is a function to compute the height. It is called with the |
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2248 current height as argument, and should return the new height to use. |
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2249 |
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2250 @item anything else, @var{form} |
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2251 If the @var{height} value doesn't fit the previous possibilities, it is |
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2252 a form. Emacs evaluates it to get the new height, with the symbol |
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2253 @code{height} bound to the current specified font height. |
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2254 @end table |
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2255 |
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2256 @item (raise @var{factor}) |
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2257 This kind of display specification raises or lowers the text |
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2258 it applies to, relative to the baseline of the line. |
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2259 |
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2260 @var{factor} must be a number, which is interpreted as a multiple of the |
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2261 height of the affected text. If it is positive, that means to display |
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2262 the characters raised. If it is negative, that means to display them |
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2263 lower down. |
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2264 |
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2265 If the text also has a @code{height} display specification, that does |
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2266 not affect the amount of raising or lowering, which is based on the |
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2267 faces used for the text. |
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2268 @end table |
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2269 |
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2270 @node Display Margins |
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2271 @subsection Displaying in the Margins |
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2272 @cindex display margins |
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2273 @cindex margins, display |
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2274 |
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2275 A buffer can have blank areas called @dfn{display margins} on the left |
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2276 and on the right. Ordinary text never appears in these areas, but you |
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2277 can put things into the display margins using the @code{display} |
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2278 property. |
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2279 |
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2280 To put text in the left or right display margin of the window, use a |
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2281 display specification of the form @code{(margin right-margin)} or |
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2282 @code{(margin left-margin)} on it. To put an image in a display margin, |
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2283 use that display specification along with the display specification for |
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2284 the image. |
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2285 |
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2286 Before the display margins can display anything, you must give |
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2287 them a nonzero width. The usual way to do that is to set these |
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2288 variables: |
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2289 |
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2290 @defvar left-margin-width |
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2291 @tindex left-margin-width |
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2292 This variable specifies the width of the left margin. |
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2293 It is buffer-local in all buffers. |
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2294 @end defvar |
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2295 |
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2296 @defvar right-margin-width |
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2297 @tindex right-margin-width |
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2298 This variable specifies the width of the right margin. |
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2299 It is buffer-local in all buffers. |
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2300 @end defvar |
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2301 |
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2302 Setting these variables does not immediately affect the window. These |
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2303 variables are checked when a new buffer is displayed in the window. |
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2304 Thus, you can make changes take effect by calling |
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2305 @code{set-window-buffer}. |
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2306 |
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2307 You can also set the margin widths immediately. |
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2308 |
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2309 @defun set-window-margins window left right |
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2310 @tindex set-window-margins |
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2311 This function specifies the margin widths for window @var{window}. |
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2312 The argument @var{left} controls the left margin and |
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2313 @var{right} controls the right margin. |
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2314 @end defun |
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2315 |
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2316 @defun window-margins &optional window |
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2317 @tindex window-margins |
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2318 This function returns the left and right margins of @var{window} |
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2319 as a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{left} . @var{right})}. |
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2320 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
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2321 @end defun |
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2322 |
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2323 @node Conditional Display |
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2324 @subsection Conditional Display Specifications |
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2325 @cindex conditional display specifications |
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2326 |
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2327 You can make any display specification conditional. To do that, |
29471 | 2328 package it in another list of the form @code{(when @var{condition} . |
25751
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2329 @var{spec})}. Then the specification @var{spec} applies only when |
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2330 @var{condition} evaluates to a non-@code{nil} value. During the |
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2331 evaluation, point is temporarily set at the end position of the text |
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2332 having this conditional display specification. |
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2333 |
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2334 @node Images |
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2335 @section Images |
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2336 @cindex images in buffers |
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2337 |
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2338 To display an image in an Emacs buffer, you must first create an image |
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2339 descriptor, then use it as a display specifier in the @code{display} |
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2340 property of text that is displayed (@pxref{Display Property}). Like the |
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2341 @code{display} property, this feature is available starting in Emacs 21. |
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2342 |
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2343 Emacs can display a number of different image formats; some of them |
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2344 are supported only if particular support libraries are installed on your |
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2345 machine. The supported image formats include XBM, XPM (needing the |
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2346 libraries @code{libXpm} version 3.4k and @code{libz}), GIF (needing |
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2347 @code{libungif} 4.1.0), Postscript, PBM, JPEG (needing the |
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2348 @code{libjpeg} library version v6a), TIFF (needing @code{libtiff} v3.4), |
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2349 and PNG (needing @code{libpng} 1.0.2). |
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2350 |
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2351 You specify one of these formats with an image type symbol. The image |
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2352 type symbols are @code{xbm}, @code{xpm}, @code{gif}, @code{postscript}, |
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2353 @code{pbm}, @code{jpeg}, @code{tiff}, and @code{png}. |
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2354 |
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2355 @defvar image-types |
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2356 This variable contains a list of those image type symbols that are |
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2357 supported in the current configuration. |
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2358 @end defvar |
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2359 |
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2360 @menu |
25875 | 2361 * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. |
2362 * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. | |
2363 * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. | |
2364 * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. | |
2365 * Postscript Images:: Special features for Postscript format. | |
2366 * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. | |
2367 * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. | |
2368 * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once it is defined. | |
2369 * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. | |
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2370 @end menu |
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2371 |
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2372 @node Image Descriptors |
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2373 @subsection Image Descriptors |
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2374 @cindex image descriptor |
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2375 |
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2376 An image description is a list of the form @code{(image |
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2377 . @var{props})}, where @var{props} is a property list containing |
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2378 alternating keyword symbols (symbols whose names start with a colon) and |
26400 | 2379 their values. You can use any Lisp object as a property, but the only |
2380 properties that have any special meaning are certain symbols, all of | |
2381 them keywords. | |
2382 | |
2383 Every image descriptor must contain the property @code{:type | |
2384 @var{type}} to specify the format of the image. The value of @var{type} | |
2385 should be an image type symbol; for example, @code{xpm} for an image in | |
2386 XPM format. | |
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2387 |
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2388 Here is a list of other properties that are meaningful for all image |
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2389 types: |
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2390 |
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2391 @table @code |
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2392 @item :ascent @var{ascent} |
29151 | 2393 The @code{:ascent} property specifies the amount of the image's |
2394 height to use for its ascent---that is, the part above the baseline. | |
2395 The value, @var{ascent}, must be a number in the range 0 to 100, or | |
2396 the symbol @code{center}. | |
2397 | |
2398 If @var{ascent} is a number, that percentage of the image's height is | |
2399 used for its ascent. | |
2400 | |
2401 If @var{ascent} is @code{center}, the image is vertically centered | |
2402 around a centerline which would be the vertical centerline of text drawn | |
2403 at the position of the image, in the manner specified by the text | |
2404 properties and overlays that apply to the image. | |
2405 | |
2406 If this property is omitted, it defaults to 50. | |
25751
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2407 |
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2408 @item :margin @var{margin} |
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2409 The @code{:margin} property specifies how many pixels to add as an extra |
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2410 margin around the image. The value, @var{margin}, must be a |
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2411 non-negative number; if it is not specified, the default is zero. |
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2412 |
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2413 @item :relief @var{relief} |
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2414 The @code{:relief} property, if non-@code{nil}, adds a shadow rectangle |
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2415 around the image. The value, @var{relief}, specifies the width of the |
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2416 shadow lines, in pixels. If @var{relief} is negative, shadows are drawn |
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2417 so that the image appears as a pressed button; otherwise, it appears as |
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2418 an unpressed button. |
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2419 |
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2420 @item :algorithm @var{algorithm} |
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2421 The @code{:algorithm} property, if non-@code{nil}, specifies a |
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2422 conversion algorithm that should be applied to the image before it is |
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2423 displayed; the value, @var{algorithm}, specifies which algorithm. |
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2424 |
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2425 Currently, the only meaningful value for @var{algorithm} (aside from |
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2426 @code{nil}) is @code{laplace}; this applies the Laplace edge detection |
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2427 algorithm, which blurs out small differences in color while highlighting |
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2428 larger differences. People sometimes consider this useful for |
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2429 displaying the image for a ``disabled'' button. |
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2430 |
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2431 @item :heuristic-mask @var{transparent-color} |
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2432 The @code{:heuristic-mask} property, if non-@code{nil}, specifies that a |
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2433 certain color in the image should be transparent. Each pixel where this |
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2434 color appears will actually allow the frame's background to show |
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2435 through. |
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2436 |
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2437 If @var{transparent-color} is @code{t}, then determine the transparent |
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2438 color by looking at the four corners of the image. This uses the color |
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2439 that occurs most frequently near the corners as the transparent color. |
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2440 |
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2441 Otherwise, @var{heuristic-mask} should specify the transparent color |
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2442 directly, as a list of three integers in the form @code{(@var{red} |
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2443 @var{green} @var{blue})}. |
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2444 |
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2445 @item :file @var{file} |
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2446 The @code{:file} property specifies to load the image from file |
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2447 @var{file}. If @var{file} is not an absolute file name, it is expanded |
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2448 in @code{data-directory}. |
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2449 |
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2450 @item :data @var{data} |
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2451 The @code{:data} property specifies the actual contents of the image. |
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2452 Each image must use either @code{:data} or @code{:file}, but not both. |
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2453 For most image types, the value of the @code{:data} property should be a |
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2454 string containing the image data; we recommend using a unibyte string. |
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2455 |
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2456 Before using @code{:data}, look for further information in the section |
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2457 below describing the specific image format. For some image types, |
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2458 @code{:data} may not be supported; for some, it allows other data types; |
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2459 for some, @code{:data} alone is not enough, so you need to use other |
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2460 image properties along with @code{:data}. |
25751
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2461 @end table |
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2462 |
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2463 @node XBM Images |
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2464 @subsection XBM Images |
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2465 @cindex XBM |
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2466 |
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2467 To use XBM format, specify @code{xbm} as the image type. This image |
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2468 format doesn't require an external library, so images of this type are |
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2469 always supported. |
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2470 |
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2471 Additional image properties supported for the @code{xbm} image type are: |
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2472 |
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2473 @table @code |
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2474 @item :foreground @var{foreground} |
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2475 The value, @var{foreground}, should be a string specifying the image |
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2476 foreground color. This color is used for each pixel in the XBM that is |
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2477 1. The default is the frame's foreground color. |
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2478 |
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2479 @item :background @var{background} |
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2480 The value, @var{background}, should be a string specifying the image |
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2481 background color. This color is used for each pixel in the XBM that is |
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2482 0. The default is the frame's background color. |
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2483 @end table |
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2484 |
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2485 If you specify an XBM image using data within Emacs instead of an |
28792 | 2486 external file, use the following three properties: |
25751
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2487 |
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2488 @table @code |
28792 | 2489 @item :data @var{data} |
2490 The value, @var{data}, specifies the contents of the image. | |
2491 There are three formats you can use for @var{data}: | |
2492 | |
2493 @itemize @bullet | |
2494 @item | |
2495 A vector of strings or bool-vectors, each specifying one line of the | |
2496 image. Do specify @code{:height} and @code{:width}. | |
2497 | |
2498 @item | |
2499 A string containing the same byte sequence as an XBM file would contain. | |
2500 You must not specify @code{:height} and @code{:width} in this case, | |
2501 because omitting them is what indicates the data has the format of an | |
2502 XBM file. The file contents specify the height and width of the image. | |
2503 | |
2504 @item | |
2505 A string or a bool-vector containing the bits of the image (plus perhaps | |
2506 some extra bits at the end that will not be used). It should contain at | |
2507 least @var{width} * @code{height} bits. In this case, you must specify | |
2508 @code{:height} and @code{:width}, both to indicate that the string | |
2509 contains just the bits rather than a whole XBM file, and to specify the | |
2510 size of the image. | |
2511 @end itemize | |
2512 | |
25751
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2513 @item :width @var{width} |
28792 | 2514 The value, @var{width}, specifies the width of the image, in pixels. |
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2515 |
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2516 @item :height @var{height} |
28792 | 2517 The value, @var{height}, specifies the height of the image, in pixels. |
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2518 @end table |
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2519 |
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2520 @node XPM Images |
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2521 @subsection XPM Images |
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2522 @cindex XPM |
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2523 |
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2524 To use XPM format, specify @code{xpm} as the image type. The |
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2525 additional image property @code{:color-symbols} is also meaningful with |
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2526 the @code{xpm} image type: |
25751
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2527 |
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2528 @table @code |
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2529 @item :color-symbols @var{symbols} |
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2530 The value, @var{symbols}, should be an alist whose elements have the |
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2531 form @code{(@var{name} . @var{color})}. In each element, @var{name} is |
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2532 the name of a color as it appears in the image file, and @var{color} |
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2533 specifies the actual color to use for displaying that name. |
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2534 @end table |
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2535 |
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2536 @node GIF Images |
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2537 @subsection GIF Images |
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2538 @cindex GIF |
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2539 |
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2540 For GIF images, specify image type @code{gif}. Because of the patents |
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2541 in the US covering the LZW algorithm, the continued use of GIF format is |
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2542 a problem for the whole Internet; to end this problem, it is a good idea |
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2543 for everyone, even outside the US, to stop using GIFS right away |
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2544 (@uref{http://www.burnallgifs.org/}). But if you still want to use |
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2545 them, Emacs can display them. |
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2546 |
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2547 @table @code |
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2548 @item :index @var{index} |
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2549 You can use @code{:index} to specify one image from a GIF file that |
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2550 contains more than one image. This property specifies use of image |
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2551 number @var{index} from the file. An error is signaled if the GIF file |
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2552 doesn't contain an image with index @var{index}. |
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2553 @end table |
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2554 |
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2555 @ignore |
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2556 This could be used to implement limited support for animated GIFs. |
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2557 For example, the following function displays a multi-image GIF file |
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2558 at point-min in the current buffer, switching between sub-images |
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2559 every 0.1 seconds. |
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2560 |
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2561 (defun show-anim (file max) |
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2562 "Display multi-image GIF file FILE which contains MAX subimages." |
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2563 (display-anim (current-buffer) file 0 max t)) |
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2564 |
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2565 (defun display-anim (buffer file idx max first-time) |
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2566 (when (= idx max) |
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2567 (setq idx 0)) |
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2568 (let ((img (create-image file nil :image idx))) |
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2569 (save-excursion |
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2570 (set-buffer buffer) |
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2571 (goto-char (point-min)) |
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2572 (unless first-time (delete-char 1)) |
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2573 (insert-image img)) |
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2574 (run-with-timer 0.1 nil 'display-anim buffer file (1+ idx) max nil))) |
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2575 @end ignore |
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2576 |
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2577 @node Postscript Images |
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2578 @subsection Postscript Images |
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2579 @cindex Postscript images |
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2580 |
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2581 To use Postscript for an image, specify image type @code{postscript}. |
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2582 This works only if you have Ghostscript installed. You must always use |
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2583 these three properties: |
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2584 |
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2585 @table @code |
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2586 @item :pt-width @var{width} |
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2587 The value, @var{width}, specifies the width of the image measured in |
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2588 points (1/72 inch). @var{width} must be an integer. |
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2589 |
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2590 @item :pt-height @var{height} |
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2591 The value, @var{height}, specifies the height of the image in points |
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2592 (1/72 inch). @var{height} must be an integer. |
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2593 |
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2594 @item :bounding-box @var{box} |
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2595 The value, @var{box}, must be a list or vector of four integers, which |
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2596 specifying the bounding box of the Postscript image, analogous to the |
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2597 @samp{BoundingBox} comment found in Postscript files. |
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2598 |
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2599 @example |
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2600 %%BoundingBox: 22 171 567 738 |
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2601 @end example |
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2602 @end table |
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2603 |
27093
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2604 Displaying Postscript images from Lisp data is not currently |
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2605 implemented, but it may be implemented by the time you read this. |
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2606 See the @file{etc/NEWS} file to make sure. |
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2607 |
25751
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2608 @node Other Image Types |
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2609 @subsection Other Image Types |
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2610 @cindex PBM |
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2611 |
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2612 For PBM images, specify image type @code{pbm}. Color, gray-scale and |
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2613 monochromatic images are supported. |
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2614 |
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2615 For JPEG images, specify image type @code{jpeg}. |
25751
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2616 |
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2617 For TIFF images, specify image type @code{tiff}. |
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2618 |
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2619 For PNG images, specify image type @code{png}. |
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2620 |
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2621 @node Defining Images |
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2622 @subsection Defining Images |
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2623 |
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2624 The functions @code{create-image} and @code{defimage} provide |
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2625 convenient ways to create image descriptors. |
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2626 |
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2627 @defun create-image file &optional type &rest props |
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2628 @tindex create-image |
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2629 This function creates and returns an image descriptor which uses the |
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2630 data in @var{file}. |
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2631 |
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2632 The optional argument @var{type} is a symbol specifying the image type. |
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2633 If @var{type} is omitted or @code{nil}, @code{create-image} tries to |
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2634 determine the image type from the file's first few bytes, or else |
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2635 from the file's name. |
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2636 |
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2637 The remaining arguments, @var{props}, specify additional image |
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2638 properties---for example, |
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2639 |
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2640 @example |
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2641 (create-image "foo.xpm" 'xpm :heuristic-mask t) |
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2642 @end example |
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2643 |
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2644 The function returns @code{nil} if images of this type are not |
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2645 supported. Otherwise it returns an image descriptor. |
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2646 @end defun |
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2647 |
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2648 @defmac defimage variable doc &rest specs |
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2649 @tindex defimage |
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2650 This macro defines @var{variable} as an image name. The second argument, |
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2651 @var{doc}, is an optional documentation string. The remaining |
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2652 arguments, @var{specs}, specify alternative ways to display the image. |
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2653 |
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2654 Each argument in @var{specs} has the form of a property list, and each |
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2655 one should specify at least the @code{:type} property and the |
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2656 @code{:file} property. Here is an example: |
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2657 |
25875 | 2658 @example |
2659 (defimage test-image | |
2660 '((:type xpm :file "~/test1.xpm") | |
2661 (:type xbm :file "~/test1.xbm"))) | |
2662 @end example | |
25751
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2663 |
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2664 @code{defimage} tests each argument, one by one, to see if it is |
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2665 usable---that is, if the type is supported and the file exists. The |
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2666 first usable argument is used to make an image descriptor which is |
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2667 stored in the variable @var{variable}. |
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2668 |
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2669 If none of the alternatives will work, then @var{variable} is defined |
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2670 as @code{nil}. |
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2671 @end defmac |
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2672 |
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2673 @node Showing Images |
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2674 @subsection Showing Images |
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2675 |
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2676 You can use an image descriptor by setting up the @code{display} |
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2677 property yourself, but it is easier to use the functions in this |
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2678 section. |
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2679 |
29471 | 2680 @defun insert-image image &optional string area |
25751
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2681 This function inserts @var{image} in the current buffer at point. The |
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2682 value @var{image} should be an image descriptor; it could be a value |
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2683 returned by @code{create-image}, or the value of a symbol defined with |
25875 | 2684 @code{defimage}. The argument @var{string} specifies the text to put in |
2685 the buffer to hold the image. | |
25751
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2686 |
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2687 The argument @var{area} specifies whether to put the image in a margin. |
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2688 If it is @code{left-margin}, the image appears in the left margin; |
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2689 @code{right-margin} specifies the right margin. If @var{area} is |
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2690 @code{nil} or omitted, the image is displayed at point within the |
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2691 buffer's text. |
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2692 |
25875 | 2693 Internally, this function inserts @var{string} in the buffer, and gives |
2694 it a @code{display} property which specifies @var{image}. @xref{Display | |
25751
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2695 Property}. |
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2696 @end defun |
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2697 |
29471 | 2698 @defun put-image image pos &optional string area |
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2699 This function puts image @var{image} in front of @var{pos} in the |
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2700 current buffer. The argument @var{pos} should be an integer or a |
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2701 marker. It specifies the buffer position where the image should appear. |
29471 | 2702 The argument @var{string} specifies the text that should hold the image |
2703 as an alternative to the default. | |
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2704 |
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2705 The argument @var{image} must be an image descriptor, perhaps returned |
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2706 by @code{create-image} or stored by @code{defimage}. |
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2707 |
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2708 The argument @var{area} specifies whether to put the image in a margin. |
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2709 If it is @code{left-margin}, the image appears in the left margin; |
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2710 @code{right-margin} specifies the right margin. If @var{area} is |
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2711 @code{nil} or omitted, the image is displayed at point within the |
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2712 buffer's text. |
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2713 |
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2714 Internally, this function creates an overlay, and gives it a |
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2715 @code{before-string} property containing text that has a @code{display} |
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2716 property whose value is the image. (Whew!) |
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2717 @end defun |
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2718 |
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2719 @defun remove-images start end &optional buffer |
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2720 This function removes images in @var{buffer} between positions |
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2721 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{buffer} is omitted or @code{nil}, |
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2722 images are removed from the current buffer. |
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2723 |
27331
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2724 This removes only images that were put into @var{buffer} the way |
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2725 @code{put-image} does it, not images that were inserted with |
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2726 @code{insert-image} or in other ways. |
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2727 @end defun |
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2728 |
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2729 @node Image Cache |
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2730 @subsection Image Cache |
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2731 |
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2732 Emacs stores images in an image cache when it displays them, so it can |
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2733 display them again more efficiently. It removes an image from the cache |
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2734 when it hasn't been displayed for a specified period of time. |
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2735 |
28770 | 2736 When an image is looked up in the cache, its specification is compared |
2737 with cached image specifications using @code{equal}. This means that | |
2738 all images with equal specifications share the same image in the cache. | |
2739 | |
25751
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2740 @defvar image-cache-eviction-delay |
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2741 @tindex image-cache-eviction-delay |
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2742 This variable specifies the number of seconds an image can remain in the |
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2743 cache without being displayed. When an image is not displayed for this |
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2744 length of time, Emacs removes it from the image cache. |
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2745 |
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2746 If the value is @code{nil}, Emacs does not remove images from the cache |
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2747 except when you explicitly clear it. This mode can be useful for |
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2748 debugging. |
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2749 @end defvar |
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2750 |
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2751 @defun clear-image-cache &optional frame |
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2752 @tindex clear-image-cache |
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2753 This function clears the image cache. If @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, |
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2754 only the cache for that frame is cleared. Otherwise all frames' caches |
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2755 are cleared. |
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2756 @end defun |
27447
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2757 |
6598 | 2758 @node Blinking |
2759 @section Blinking Parentheses | |
2760 @cindex parenthesis matching | |
2761 @cindex blinking | |
2762 @cindex balancing parentheses | |
2763 @cindex close parenthesis | |
2764 | |
2765 This section describes the mechanism by which Emacs shows a matching | |
2766 open parenthesis when the user inserts a close parenthesis. | |
2767 | |
2768 @defvar blink-paren-function | |
2769 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to | |
2770 be called whenever a character with close parenthesis syntax is inserted. | |
2771 The value of @code{blink-paren-function} may be @code{nil}, in which | |
2772 case nothing is done. | |
2773 @end defvar | |
2774 | |
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2775 @defopt blink-matching-paren |
6598 | 2776 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{blink-matching-open} does |
2777 nothing. | |
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2778 @end defopt |
6598 | 2779 |
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2780 @defopt blink-matching-paren-distance |
6598 | 2781 This variable specifies the maximum distance to scan for a matching |
2782 parenthesis before giving up. | |
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2783 @end defopt |
6598 | 2784 |
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2785 @defopt blink-matching-delay |
12098 | 2786 This variable specifies the number of seconds for the cursor to remain |
2787 at the matching parenthesis. A fraction of a second often gives | |
2788 good results, but the default is 1, which works on all systems. | |
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2789 @end defopt |
12098 | 2790 |
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2791 @deffn Command blink-matching-open |
6598 | 2792 This function is the default value of @code{blink-paren-function}. It |
2793 assumes that point follows a character with close parenthesis syntax and | |
2794 moves the cursor momentarily to the matching opening character. If that | |
2795 character is not already on the screen, it displays the character's | |
2796 context in the echo area. To avoid long delays, this function does not | |
2797 search farther than @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} characters. | |
2798 | |
2799 Here is an example of calling this function explicitly. | |
2800 | |
2801 @smallexample | |
2802 @group | |
2803 (defun interactive-blink-matching-open () | |
2804 @c Do not break this line! -- rms. | |
2805 @c The first line of a doc string | |
2806 @c must stand alone. | |
2807 "Indicate momentarily the start of sexp before point." | |
2808 (interactive) | |
2809 @end group | |
2810 @group | |
2811 (let ((blink-matching-paren-distance | |
2812 (buffer-size)) | |
2813 (blink-matching-paren t)) | |
2814 (blink-matching-open))) | |
2815 @end group | |
2816 @end smallexample | |
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2817 @end deffn |
6598 | 2818 |
2819 @node Inverse Video | |
2820 @section Inverse Video | |
2821 @cindex Inverse Video | |
2822 | |
2823 @defopt inverse-video | |
2824 @cindex highlighting | |
2825 This variable controls whether Emacs uses inverse video for all text | |
2826 on the screen. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. The | |
2827 default is @code{nil}. | |
2828 @end defopt | |
2829 | |
2830 @defopt mode-line-inverse-video | |
25875 | 2831 This variable controls the use of inverse video for mode lines and menu |
2832 bars. If it is non-@code{nil}, then these lines are displayed in | |
27331
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2833 inverse video. Otherwise, these lines are displayed normally, just like |
25875 | 2834 other text. The default is @code{t}. |
2835 | |
2836 For window frames, this feature actually applies the face named | |
2837 @code{mode-line}; that face is normally set up as the inverse of the | |
2838 default face, unless you change it. | |
6598 | 2839 @end defopt |
2840 | |
2841 @node Usual Display | |
2842 @section Usual Display Conventions | |
2843 | |
2844 The usual display conventions define how to display each character | |
2845 code. You can override these conventions by setting up a display table | |
2846 (@pxref{Display Tables}). Here are the usual display conventions: | |
2847 | |
2848 @itemize @bullet | |
2849 @item | |
2850 Character codes 32 through 126 map to glyph codes 32 through 126. | |
2851 Normally this means they display as themselves. | |
2852 | |
2853 @item | |
2854 Character code 9 is a horizontal tab. It displays as whitespace | |
2855 up to a position determined by @code{tab-width}. | |
2856 | |
2857 @item | |
2858 Character code 10 is a newline. | |
2859 | |
2860 @item | |
2861 All other codes in the range 0 through 31, and code 127, display in one | |
9009 | 2862 of two ways according to the value of @code{ctl-arrow}. If it is |
6598 | 2863 non-@code{nil}, these codes map to sequences of two glyphs, where the |
25751
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2864 first glyph is the @sc{ascii} code for @samp{^}. (A display table can |
6598 | 2865 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{^}.) Otherwise, these codes map |
2866 just like the codes in the range 128 to 255. | |
2867 | |
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2868 On MS-DOS terminals, Emacs arranges by default for the character code |
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2869 127 to be mapped to the glyph code 127, which normally displays as an |
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2870 empty polygon. This glyph is used to display non-@sc{ascii} characters |
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2871 that the MS-DOS terminal doesn't support. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE,,, |
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2872 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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2873 |
6598 | 2874 @item |
2875 Character codes 128 through 255 map to sequences of four glyphs, where | |
25751
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2876 the first glyph is the @sc{ascii} code for @samp{\}, and the others are |
22138
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2877 digit characters representing the character code in octal. (A display |
21682
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2878 table can specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{\}.) |
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2879 |
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2880 @item |
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2881 Multibyte character codes above 256 are displayed as themselves, or as a |
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2882 question mark or empty box if the terminal cannot display that |
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2883 character. |
6598 | 2884 @end itemize |
2885 | |
2886 The usual display conventions apply even when there is a display | |
2887 table, for any character whose entry in the active display table is | |
2888 @code{nil}. Thus, when you set up a display table, you need only | |
21682
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2889 specify the characters for which you want special behavior. |
6598 | 2890 |
24951
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2891 These display rules apply to carriage return (character code 13), when |
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2892 it appears in the buffer. But that character may not appear in the |
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2893 buffer where you expect it, if it was eliminated as part of end-of-line |
25454 | 2894 conversion (@pxref{Coding System Basics}). |
24951
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2895 |
6598 | 2896 These variables affect the way certain characters are displayed on the |
2897 screen. Since they change the number of columns the characters occupy, | |
21007
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2898 they also affect the indentation functions. These variables also affect |
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2899 how the mode line is displayed; if you want to force redisplay of the |
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2900 mode line using the new values, call the function |
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2901 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). |
6598 | 2902 |
2903 @defopt ctl-arrow | |
2904 @cindex control characters in display | |
2905 This buffer-local variable controls how control characters are | |
2906 displayed. If it is non-@code{nil}, they are displayed as a caret | |
2907 followed by the character: @samp{^A}. If it is @code{nil}, they are | |
2908 displayed as a backslash followed by three octal digits: @samp{\001}. | |
2909 @end defopt | |
2910 | |
2911 @c Following may have overfull hbox. | |
2912 @defvar default-ctl-arrow | |
2913 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{ctl-arrow} in | |
2914 buffers that do not override it. @xref{Default Value}. | |
2915 @end defvar | |
2916 | |
26696
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2917 @defopt indicate-empty-lines |
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2918 @tindex indicate-empty-lines |
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2919 When this is non-@code{nil}, Emacs displays a special glyph in |
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2920 each empty line at the end of the buffer, on terminals that |
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2921 support it (window systems). |
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2922 @end defopt |
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2923 |
6598 | 2924 @defopt tab-width |
2925 The value of this variable is the spacing between tab stops used for | |
25875 | 2926 displaying tab characters in Emacs buffers. The value is in units of |
2927 columns, and the default is 8. Note that this feature is completely | |
2928 independent of the user-settable tab stops used by the command | |
2929 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. @xref{Indent Tabs}. | |
6598 | 2930 @end defopt |
2931 | |
2932 @node Display Tables | |
2933 @section Display Tables | |
2934 | |
2935 @cindex display table | |
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2936 You can use the @dfn{display table} feature to control how all possible |
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2937 character codes display on the screen. This is useful for displaying |
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2938 European languages that have letters not in the @sc{ascii} character |
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2939 set. |
6598 | 2940 |
2941 The display table maps each character code into a sequence of | |
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2942 @dfn{glyphs}, each glyph being a graphic that takes up one character |
6598 | 2943 position on the screen. You can also define how to display each glyph |
2944 on your terminal, using the @dfn{glyph table}. | |
2945 | |
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2946 Display tables affect how the mode line is displayed; if you want to |
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2947 force redisplay of the mode line using a new display table, call |
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2948 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). |
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2949 |
6598 | 2950 @menu |
2951 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. | |
2952 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. | |
2953 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. | |
2954 @end menu | |
2955 | |
2956 @node Display Table Format | |
2957 @subsection Display Table Format | |
2958 | |
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2959 A display table is actually a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with |
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2960 @code{display-table} as its subtype. |
6598 | 2961 |
2962 @defun make-display-table | |
2963 This creates and returns a display table. The table initially has | |
2964 @code{nil} in all elements. | |
2965 @end defun | |
2966 | |
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2967 The ordinary elements of the display table are indexed by character |
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2968 codes; the element at index @var{c} says how to display the character |
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2969 code @var{c}. The value should be @code{nil} or a vector of glyph |
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2970 values (@pxref{Glyphs}). If an element is @code{nil}, it says to |
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2971 display that character according to the usual display conventions |
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2972 (@pxref{Usual Display}). |
12067 | 2973 |
2974 If you use the display table to change the display of newline | |
2975 characters, the whole buffer will be displayed as one long ``line.'' | |
6598 | 2976 |
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2977 The display table also has six ``extra slots'' which serve special |
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2978 purposes. Here is a table of their meanings; @code{nil} in any slot |
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2979 means to use the default for that slot, as stated below. |
6598 | 2980 |
2981 @table @asis | |
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2982 @item 0 |
6598 | 2983 The glyph for the end of a truncated screen line (the default for this |
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2984 is @samp{$}). @xref{Glyphs}. Newer Emacs versions, on some platforms, |
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2985 display arrows to indicate truncation---the display table has no effect |
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2986 in these situations. |
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2987 @item 1 |
6598 | 2988 The glyph for the end of a continued line (the default is @samp{\}). |
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2989 Newer Emacs versions, on some platforms, display curved arrows to |
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2990 indicate truncation---the display table has no effect in these |
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2991 situations. |
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2992 @item 2 |
6598 | 2993 The glyph for indicating a character displayed as an octal character |
2994 code (the default is @samp{\}). | |
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2995 @item 3 |
6598 | 2996 The glyph for indicating a control character (the default is @samp{^}). |
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2997 @item 4 |
6598 | 2998 A vector of glyphs for indicating the presence of invisible lines (the |
2999 default is @samp{...}). @xref{Selective Display}. | |
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3000 @item 5 |
8925 | 3001 The glyph used to draw the border between side-by-side windows (the |
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3002 default is @samp{|}). @xref{Splitting Windows}. This takes effect only |
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3003 when there are no scroll bars; if scroll bars are supported and in use, |
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3004 a scroll bar separates the two windows. |
6598 | 3005 @end table |
3006 | |
3007 For example, here is how to construct a display table that mimics the | |
3008 effect of setting @code{ctl-arrow} to a non-@code{nil} value: | |
3009 | |
3010 @example | |
3011 (setq disptab (make-display-table)) | |
3012 (let ((i 0)) | |
3013 (while (< i 32) | |
3014 (or (= i ?\t) (= i ?\n) | |
3015 (aset disptab i (vector ?^ (+ i 64)))) | |
3016 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
3017 (aset disptab 127 (vector ?^ ??))) | |
3018 @end example | |
3019 | |
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3020 @defun display-table-slot display-table slot |
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3021 This function returns the value of the extra slot @var{slot} of |
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3022 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to |
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3023 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are |
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3024 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, |
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3025 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. |
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3026 @end defun |
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3027 |
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3028 @defun set-display-table-slot display-table slot value |
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3029 This function stores @var{value} in the extra slot @var{slot} of |
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3030 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to |
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3031 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are |
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3032 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, |
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3033 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. |
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3034 @end defun |
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3035 |
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3036 @defun describe-display-table display-table |
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3037 @tindex describe-display-table |
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3038 This function displays a description of the display table |
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3039 @var{display-table} in a help buffer. |
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3040 @end defun |
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3041 |
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3042 @deffn Command describe-current-display-table |
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3043 @tindex describe-current-display-table |
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3044 This command displays a description of the current display table in a |
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3045 help buffer. |
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3046 @end deffn |
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3047 |
6598 | 3048 @node Active Display Table |
3049 @subsection Active Display Table | |
3050 @cindex active display table | |
3051 | |
3052 Each window can specify a display table, and so can each buffer. When | |
3053 a buffer @var{b} is displayed in window @var{w}, display uses the | |
3054 display table for window @var{w} if it has one; otherwise, the display | |
3055 table for buffer @var{b} if it has one; otherwise, the standard display | |
3056 table if any. The display table chosen is called the @dfn{active} | |
3057 display table. | |
3058 | |
3059 @defun window-display-table window | |
3060 This function returns @var{window}'s display table, or @code{nil} | |
3061 if @var{window} does not have an assigned display table. | |
3062 @end defun | |
3063 | |
3064 @defun set-window-display-table window table | |
3065 This function sets the display table of @var{window} to @var{table}. | |
3066 The argument @var{table} should be either a display table or | |
3067 @code{nil}. | |
3068 @end defun | |
3069 | |
3070 @defvar buffer-display-table | |
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3071 This variable is automatically buffer-local in all buffers; its value in |
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3072 a particular buffer specifies the display table for that buffer. If it |
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3073 is @code{nil}, that means the buffer does not have an assigned display |
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3074 table. |
6598 | 3075 @end defvar |
3076 | |
3077 @defvar standard-display-table | |
3078 This variable's value is the default display table, used whenever a | |
3079 window has no display table and neither does the buffer displayed in | |
3080 that window. This variable is @code{nil} by default. | |
3081 @end defvar | |
3082 | |
3083 If there is no display table to use for a particular window---that is, | |
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3084 if the window specifies none, its buffer specifies none, and |
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3085 @code{standard-display-table} is @code{nil}---then Emacs uses the usual |
6598 | 3086 display conventions for all character codes in that window. @xref{Usual |
3087 Display}. | |
3088 | |
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3089 A number of functions for changing the standard display table |
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3090 are defined in the library @file{disp-table}. |
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3091 |
6598 | 3092 @node Glyphs |
3093 @subsection Glyphs | |
3094 | |
3095 @cindex glyph | |
3096 A @dfn{glyph} is a generalization of a character; it stands for an | |
3097 image that takes up a single character position on the screen. Glyphs | |
3098 are represented in Lisp as integers, just as characters are. | |
3099 | |
3100 @cindex glyph table | |
3101 The meaning of each integer, as a glyph, is defined by the glyph | |
3102 table, which is the value of the variable @code{glyph-table}. | |
3103 | |
3104 @defvar glyph-table | |
3105 The value of this variable is the current glyph table. It should be a | |
3106 vector; the @var{g}th element defines glyph code @var{g}. If the value | |
3107 is @code{nil} instead of a vector, then all glyphs are simple (see | |
3108 below). | |
3109 @end defvar | |
3110 | |
3111 Here are the possible types of elements in the glyph table: | |
3112 | |
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3113 @table @asis |
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3114 @item @var{string} |
6598 | 3115 Send the characters in @var{string} to the terminal to output |
3116 this glyph. This alternative is available on character terminals, | |
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3117 but not under a window system. |
6598 | 3118 |
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3119 @item @var{integer} |
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3120 Define this glyph code as an alias for glyph code @var{integer}. You |
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3121 can use an alias to specify a face code for the glyph; see below. |
6598 | 3122 |
3123 @item @code{nil} | |
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3124 This glyph is simple. On an ordinary terminal, the glyph code mod |
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3125 524288 is the character to output. In a window system, the glyph code |
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3126 mod 524288 is the character to output, and the glyph code divided by |
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3127 524288 specifies the face number (@pxref{Face Functions}) to use while |
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3128 outputting it. (524288 is |
27193 | 3129 @ifnottex |
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3130 2**19.) |
27193 | 3131 @end ifnottex |
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3132 @tex |
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3133 $2^{19}$.) |
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3134 @end tex |
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3135 @xref{Faces}. |
6598 | 3136 @end table |
3137 | |
3138 If a glyph code is greater than or equal to the length of the glyph | |
3139 table, that code is automatically simple. | |
3140 | |
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3141 @defun create-glyph string |
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3142 @tindex create-glyph |
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3143 This function returns a newly-allocated glyph code which is set up to |
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3144 display by sending @var{string} to the terminal. |
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3145 @end defun |
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3146 |
6598 | 3147 @node Beeping |
3148 @section Beeping | |
3149 @cindex beeping | |
3150 @cindex bell | |
3151 | |
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3152 This section describes how to make Emacs ring the bell (or blink the |
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3153 screen) to attract the user's attention. Be conservative about how |
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3154 often you do this; frequent bells can become irritating. Also be |
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3155 careful not to use just beeping when signaling an error is more |
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3156 appropriate. (@xref{Errors}.) |
6598 | 3157 |
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3158 @defun ding &optional do-not-terminate |
6598 | 3159 @cindex keyboard macro termination |
3160 This function beeps, or flashes the screen (see @code{visible-bell} below). | |
3161 It also terminates any keyboard macro currently executing unless | |
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3162 @var{do-not-terminate} is non-@code{nil}. |
6598 | 3163 @end defun |
3164 | |
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3165 @defun beep &optional do-not-terminate |
6598 | 3166 This is a synonym for @code{ding}. |
3167 @end defun | |
3168 | |
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3169 @defopt visible-bell |
6598 | 3170 This variable determines whether Emacs should flash the screen to |
3171 represent a bell. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. This | |
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3172 is effective on a window system, and on a character-only terminal |
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3173 provided the terminal's Termcap entry defines the visible bell |
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3174 capability (@samp{vb}). |
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3175 @end defopt |
6598 | 3176 |
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3177 @defvar ring-bell-function |
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3178 If this is non-@code{nil}, it specifies how Emacs should ``ring the |
25875 | 3179 bell.'' Its value should be a function of no arguments. If this is |
3180 non-@code{nil}, it takes precedence over the @code{visible-bell} | |
3181 variable. | |
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3182 @end defvar |
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3183 |
6598 | 3184 @node Window Systems |
3185 @section Window Systems | |
3186 | |
3187 Emacs works with several window systems, most notably the X Window | |
3188 System. Both Emacs and X use the term ``window'', but use it | |
3189 differently. An Emacs frame is a single window as far as X is | |
3190 concerned; the individual Emacs windows are not known to X at all. | |
3191 | |
3192 @defvar window-system | |
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3193 This variable tells Lisp programs what window system Emacs is running |
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3194 under. The possible values are |
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3195 |
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3196 @table @code |
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3197 @item x |
6598 | 3198 @cindex X Window System |
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3199 Emacs is displaying using X. |
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3200 @item pc |
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3201 Emacs is displaying using MS-DOS. |
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3202 @item w32 |
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3203 Emacs is displaying using Windows. |
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3204 @item mac |
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3205 Emacs is displaying using a Macintosh. |
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3206 @item nil |
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3207 Emacs is using a character-based terminal. |
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3208 @end table |
6598 | 3209 @end defvar |
3210 | |
3211 @defvar window-setup-hook | |
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3212 This variable is a normal hook which Emacs runs after handling the |
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3213 initialization files. Emacs runs this hook after it has completed |
25875 | 3214 loading your init file, the default initialization file (if |
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3215 any), and the terminal-specific Lisp code, and running the hook |
6598 | 3216 @code{term-setup-hook}. |
3217 | |
3218 This hook is used for internal purposes: setting up communication with | |
3219 the window system, and creating the initial window. Users should not | |
3220 interfere with it. | |
3221 @end defvar |