Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/commands.texi @ 53504:f657faa17ea1
Fix comment to recommend
before-save-hook instead of write-file-functions.
author | Simon Josefsson <jas@extundo.com> |
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date | Mon, 05 Jan 2004 18:19:11 +0000 |
parents | 9e3a6298633c |
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6260 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6260 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/commands | |
7 @node Command Loop, Keymaps, Minibuffers, Top | |
8 @chapter Command Loop | |
9 @cindex editor command loop | |
10 @cindex command loop | |
11 | |
12 When you run Emacs, it enters the @dfn{editor command loop} almost | |
13 immediately. This loop reads key sequences, executes their definitions, | |
14 and displays the results. In this chapter, we describe how these things | |
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15 are done, and the subroutines that allow Lisp programs to do them. |
6260 | 16 |
17 @menu | |
18 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
19 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
20 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
21 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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22 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
6260 | 23 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
24 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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25 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
6260 | 26 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
27 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
28 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
29 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
30 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
31 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
32 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
33 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
34 @end menu | |
35 | |
36 @node Command Overview | |
37 @section Command Loop Overview | |
38 | |
39 The first thing the command loop must do is read a key sequence, which | |
40 is a sequence of events that translates into a command. It does this by | |
41 calling the function @code{read-key-sequence}. Your Lisp code can also | |
42 call this function (@pxref{Key Sequence Input}). Lisp programs can also | |
43 do input at a lower level with @code{read-event} (@pxref{Reading One | |
44 Event}) or discard pending input with @code{discard-input} | |
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45 (@pxref{Event Input Misc}). |
6260 | 46 |
47 The key sequence is translated into a command through the currently | |
48 active keymaps. @xref{Key Lookup}, for information on how this is done. | |
49 The result should be a keyboard macro or an interactively callable | |
50 function. If the key is @kbd{M-x}, then it reads the name of another | |
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51 command, which it then calls. This is done by the command |
6260 | 52 @code{execute-extended-command} (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
53 | |
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54 To execute a command requires first reading the arguments for it. |
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55 This is done by calling @code{command-execute} (@pxref{Interactive |
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56 Call}). For commands written in Lisp, the @code{interactive} |
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57 specification says how to read the arguments. This may use the prefix |
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58 argument (@pxref{Prefix Command Arguments}) or may read with prompting |
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59 in the minibuffer (@pxref{Minibuffers}). For example, the command |
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60 @code{find-file} has an @code{interactive} specification which says to |
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61 read a file name using the minibuffer. The command's function body does |
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62 not use the minibuffer; if you call this command from Lisp code as a |
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63 function, you must supply the file name string as an ordinary Lisp |
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64 function argument. |
6260 | 65 |
66 If the command is a string or vector (i.e., a keyboard macro) then | |
67 @code{execute-kbd-macro} is used to execute it. You can call this | |
68 function yourself (@pxref{Keyboard Macros}). | |
69 | |
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70 To terminate the execution of a running command, type @kbd{C-g}. This |
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71 character causes @dfn{quitting} (@pxref{Quitting}). |
6260 | 72 |
73 @defvar pre-command-hook | |
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74 The editor command loop runs this normal hook before each command. At |
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75 that time, @code{this-command} contains the command that is about to |
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76 run, and @code{last-command} describes the previous command. |
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77 @xref{Hooks}. |
6260 | 78 @end defvar |
79 | |
80 @defvar post-command-hook | |
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81 The editor command loop runs this normal hook after each command |
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82 (including commands terminated prematurely by quitting or by errors), |
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83 and also when the command loop is first entered. At that time, |
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84 @code{this-command} describes the command that just ran, and |
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85 @code{last-command} describes the command before that. @xref{Hooks}. |
6260 | 86 @end defvar |
87 | |
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88 Quitting is suppressed while running @code{pre-command-hook} and |
12098 | 89 @code{post-command-hook}. If an error happens while executing one of |
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90 these hooks, it terminates execution of the hook, and clears the hook |
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91 variable to @code{nil} so as to prevent an infinite loop of errors. |
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92 |
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93 A request coming into the Emacs server (@pxref{Emacs Server,,, |
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94 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}) runs these two hooks just as a keyboard |
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95 command does. |
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96 |
6260 | 97 @node Defining Commands |
98 @section Defining Commands | |
99 @cindex defining commands | |
100 @cindex commands, defining | |
101 @cindex functions, making them interactive | |
102 @cindex interactive function | |
103 | |
104 A Lisp function becomes a command when its body contains, at top | |
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105 level, a form that calls the special form @code{interactive}. This |
6260 | 106 form does nothing when actually executed, but its presence serves as a |
107 flag to indicate that interactive calling is permitted. Its argument | |
108 controls the reading of arguments for an interactive call. | |
109 | |
110 @menu | |
111 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
112 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
113 in various ways. | |
114 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
115 @end menu | |
116 | |
117 @node Using Interactive | |
118 @subsection Using @code{interactive} | |
119 | |
120 This section describes how to write the @code{interactive} form that | |
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121 makes a Lisp function an interactively-callable command, and how to |
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122 examine a commands's @code{interactive} form. |
6260 | 123 |
124 @defspec interactive arg-descriptor | |
125 @cindex argument descriptors | |
126 This special form declares that the function in which it appears is a | |
127 command, and that it may therefore be called interactively (via | |
128 @kbd{M-x} or by entering a key sequence bound to it). The argument | |
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129 @var{arg-descriptor} declares how to compute the arguments to the |
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130 command when the command is called interactively. |
6260 | 131 |
132 A command may be called from Lisp programs like any other function, but | |
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133 then the caller supplies the arguments and @var{arg-descriptor} has no |
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134 effect. |
6260 | 135 |
136 The @code{interactive} form has its effect because the command loop | |
137 (actually, its subroutine @code{call-interactively}) scans through the | |
138 function definition looking for it, before calling the function. Once | |
139 the function is called, all its body forms including the | |
140 @code{interactive} form are executed, but at this time | |
141 @code{interactive} simply returns @code{nil} without even evaluating its | |
142 argument. | |
143 @end defspec | |
144 | |
145 There are three possibilities for the argument @var{arg-descriptor}: | |
146 | |
147 @itemize @bullet | |
148 @item | |
149 It may be omitted or @code{nil}; then the command is called with no | |
150 arguments. This leads quickly to an error if the command requires one | |
151 or more arguments. | |
152 | |
153 @item | |
154 It may be a Lisp expression that is not a string; then it should be a | |
155 form that is evaluated to get a list of arguments to pass to the | |
156 command. | |
157 @cindex argument evaluation form | |
158 | |
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159 If this expression reads keyboard input (this includes using the |
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160 minibuffer), keep in mind that the integer value of point or the mark |
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161 before reading input may be incorrect after reading input. This is |
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162 because the current buffer may be receiving subprocess output; |
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163 if subprocess output arrives while the command is waiting for input, |
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164 it could relocate point and the mark. |
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165 |
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166 Here's an example of what @emph{not} to do: |
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167 |
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168 @smallexample |
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169 (interactive |
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170 (list (region-beginning) (region-end) |
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171 (read-string "Foo: " nil 'my-history))) |
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172 @end smallexample |
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173 |
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174 @noindent |
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175 Here's how to avoid the problem, by examining point and the mark only |
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176 after reading the keyboard input: |
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177 |
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178 @smallexample |
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179 (interactive |
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180 (let ((string (read-string "Foo: " nil 'my-history))) |
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181 (list (region-beginning) (region-end) string))) |
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182 @end smallexample |
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183 |
6260 | 184 @item |
185 @cindex argument prompt | |
186 It may be a string; then its contents should consist of a code character | |
187 followed by a prompt (which some code characters use and some ignore). | |
188 The prompt ends either with the end of the string or with a newline. | |
189 Here is a simple example: | |
190 | |
191 @smallexample | |
192 (interactive "bFrobnicate buffer: ") | |
193 @end smallexample | |
194 | |
195 @noindent | |
196 The code letter @samp{b} says to read the name of an existing buffer, | |
197 with completion. The buffer name is the sole argument passed to the | |
198 command. The rest of the string is a prompt. | |
199 | |
200 If there is a newline character in the string, it terminates the prompt. | |
201 If the string does not end there, then the rest of the string should | |
202 contain another code character and prompt, specifying another argument. | |
203 You can specify any number of arguments in this way. | |
204 | |
205 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
206 The prompt string can use @samp{%} to include previous argument values | |
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207 (starting with the first argument) in the prompt. This is done using |
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208 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}). For example, here is how |
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209 you could read the name of an existing buffer followed by a new name to |
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210 give to that buffer: |
6260 | 211 |
212 @smallexample | |
213 @group | |
214 (interactive "bBuffer to rename: \nsRename buffer %s to: ") | |
215 @end group | |
216 @end smallexample | |
217 | |
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218 @cindex @samp{*} in @code{interactive} |
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219 @cindex read-only buffers in interactive |
6260 | 220 If the first character in the string is @samp{*}, then an error is |
221 signaled if the buffer is read-only. | |
222 | |
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223 @cindex @samp{@@} in @code{interactive} |
6260 | 224 @c Emacs 19 feature |
225 If the first character in the string is @samp{@@}, and if the key | |
226 sequence used to invoke the command includes any mouse events, then | |
227 the window associated with the first of those events is selected | |
228 before the command is run. | |
229 | |
230 You can use @samp{*} and @samp{@@} together; the order does not matter. | |
231 Actual reading of arguments is controlled by the rest of the prompt | |
232 string (starting with the first character that is not @samp{*} or | |
233 @samp{@@}). | |
234 @end itemize | |
235 | |
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236 @cindex examining the @code{interactive} form |
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237 @defun interactive-form function |
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238 This function returns the @code{interactive} form of @var{function}. If |
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239 @var{function} is a command (@pxref{Interactive Call}), the value is a |
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240 list of the form @code{(interactive @var{spec})}, where @var{spec} is |
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241 the descriptor specification used by the command's @code{interactive} |
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242 form to compute the function's arguments (@pxref{Using Interactive}). |
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243 If @var{function} is not a command, @code{interactive-form} returns |
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244 @code{nil}. |
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245 @end defun |
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246 |
6260 | 247 @node Interactive Codes |
248 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
249 @subsection Code Characters for @code{interactive} | |
250 @cindex interactive code description | |
251 @cindex description for interactive codes | |
252 @cindex codes, interactive, description of | |
253 @cindex characters for interactive codes | |
254 | |
255 The code character descriptions below contain a number of key words, | |
256 defined here as follows: | |
257 | |
258 @table @b | |
259 @item Completion | |
260 @cindex interactive completion | |
261 Provide completion. @key{TAB}, @key{SPC}, and @key{RET} perform name | |
262 completion because the argument is read using @code{completing-read} | |
263 (@pxref{Completion}). @kbd{?} displays a list of possible completions. | |
264 | |
265 @item Existing | |
266 Require the name of an existing object. An invalid name is not | |
267 accepted; the commands to exit the minibuffer do not exit if the current | |
268 input is not valid. | |
269 | |
270 @item Default | |
271 @cindex default argument string | |
272 A default value of some sort is used if the user enters no text in the | |
273 minibuffer. The default depends on the code character. | |
274 | |
275 @item No I/O | |
276 This code letter computes an argument without reading any input. | |
277 Therefore, it does not use a prompt string, and any prompt string you | |
278 supply is ignored. | |
279 | |
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280 Even though the code letter doesn't use a prompt string, you must follow |
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281 it with a newline if it is not the last code character in the string. |
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282 |
6260 | 283 @item Prompt |
284 A prompt immediately follows the code character. The prompt ends either | |
285 with the end of the string or with a newline. | |
286 | |
287 @item Special | |
288 This code character is meaningful only at the beginning of the | |
289 interactive string, and it does not look for a prompt or a newline. | |
290 It is a single, isolated character. | |
291 @end table | |
292 | |
293 @cindex reading interactive arguments | |
294 Here are the code character descriptions for use with @code{interactive}: | |
295 | |
296 @table @samp | |
297 @item * | |
298 Signal an error if the current buffer is read-only. Special. | |
299 | |
300 @item @@ | |
301 Select the window mentioned in the first mouse event in the key | |
302 sequence that invoked this command. Special. | |
303 | |
304 @item a | |
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305 A function name (i.e., a symbol satisfying @code{fboundp}). Existing, |
6260 | 306 Completion, Prompt. |
307 | |
308 @item b | |
309 The name of an existing buffer. By default, uses the name of the | |
310 current buffer (@pxref{Buffers}). Existing, Completion, Default, | |
311 Prompt. | |
312 | |
313 @item B | |
314 A buffer name. The buffer need not exist. By default, uses the name of | |
315 a recently used buffer other than the current buffer. Completion, | |
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316 Default, Prompt. |
6260 | 317 |
318 @item c | |
319 A character. The cursor does not move into the echo area. Prompt. | |
320 | |
321 @item C | |
322 A command name (i.e., a symbol satisfying @code{commandp}). Existing, | |
323 Completion, Prompt. | |
324 | |
325 @item d | |
326 @cindex position argument | |
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327 The position of point, as an integer (@pxref{Point}). No I/O. |
6260 | 328 |
329 @item D | |
330 A directory name. The default is the current default directory of the | |
331 current buffer, @code{default-directory} (@pxref{System Environment}). | |
332 Existing, Completion, Default, Prompt. | |
333 | |
334 @item e | |
335 The first or next mouse event in the key sequence that invoked the command. | |
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336 More precisely, @samp{e} gets events that are lists, so you can look at |
6260 | 337 the data in the lists. @xref{Input Events}. No I/O. |
338 | |
339 You can use @samp{e} more than once in a single command's interactive | |
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340 specification. If the key sequence that invoked the command has |
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341 @var{n} events that are lists, the @var{n}th @samp{e} provides the |
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342 @var{n}th such event. Events that are not lists, such as function keys |
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343 and @acronym{ASCII} characters, do not count where @samp{e} is concerned. |
6260 | 344 |
345 @item f | |
346 A file name of an existing file (@pxref{File Names}). The default | |
347 directory is @code{default-directory}. Existing, Completion, Default, | |
348 Prompt. | |
349 | |
350 @item F | |
351 A file name. The file need not exist. Completion, Default, Prompt. | |
352 | |
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353 @item i |
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354 An irrelevant argument. This code always supplies @code{nil} as |
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355 the argument's value. No I/O. |
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356 |
6260 | 357 @item k |
358 A key sequence (@pxref{Keymap Terminology}). This keeps reading events | |
359 until a command (or undefined command) is found in the current key | |
360 maps. The key sequence argument is represented as a string or vector. | |
361 The cursor does not move into the echo area. Prompt. | |
362 | |
363 This kind of input is used by commands such as @code{describe-key} and | |
364 @code{global-set-key}. | |
365 | |
12067 | 366 @item K |
367 A key sequence, whose definition you intend to change. This works like | |
368 @samp{k}, except that it suppresses, for the last input event in the key | |
369 sequence, the conversions that are normally used (when necessary) to | |
370 convert an undefined key into a defined one. | |
371 | |
6260 | 372 @item m |
373 @cindex marker argument | |
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374 The position of the mark, as an integer. No I/O. |
6260 | 375 |
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376 @item M |
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377 Arbitrary text, read in the minibuffer using the current buffer's input |
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378 method, and returned as a string (@pxref{Input Methods,,, emacs, The GNU |
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379 Emacs Manual}). Prompt. |
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380 |
6260 | 381 @item n |
382 A number read with the minibuffer. If the input is not a number, the | |
383 user is asked to try again. The prefix argument, if any, is not used. | |
384 Prompt. | |
385 | |
386 @item N | |
387 @cindex raw prefix argument usage | |
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388 The numeric prefix argument; but if there is no prefix argument, read a |
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389 number as with @kbd{n}. Requires a number. @xref{Prefix Command |
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390 Arguments}. Prompt. |
6260 | 391 |
392 @item p | |
393 @cindex numeric prefix argument usage | |
394 The numeric prefix argument. (Note that this @samp{p} is lower case.) | |
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395 No I/O. |
6260 | 396 |
397 @item P | |
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398 The raw prefix argument. (Note that this @samp{P} is upper case.) No |
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399 I/O. |
6260 | 400 |
401 @item r | |
402 @cindex region argument | |
403 Point and the mark, as two numeric arguments, smallest first. This is | |
404 the only code letter that specifies two successive arguments rather than | |
405 one. No I/O. | |
406 | |
407 @item s | |
408 Arbitrary text, read in the minibuffer and returned as a string | |
409 (@pxref{Text from Minibuffer}). Terminate the input with either | |
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410 @kbd{C-j} or @key{RET}. (@kbd{C-q} may be used to include either of |
6260 | 411 these characters in the input.) Prompt. |
412 | |
413 @item S | |
414 An interned symbol whose name is read in the minibuffer. Any whitespace | |
415 character terminates the input. (Use @kbd{C-q} to include whitespace in | |
416 the string.) Other characters that normally terminate a symbol (e.g., | |
417 parentheses and brackets) do not do so here. Prompt. | |
418 | |
419 @item v | |
420 A variable declared to be a user option (i.e., satisfying the predicate | |
421 @code{user-variable-p}). @xref{High-Level Completion}. Existing, | |
422 Completion, Prompt. | |
423 | |
424 @item x | |
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425 A Lisp object, specified with its read syntax, terminated with a |
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426 @kbd{C-j} or @key{RET}. The object is not evaluated. @xref{Object from |
6260 | 427 Minibuffer}. Prompt. |
428 | |
429 @item X | |
430 @cindex evaluated expression argument | |
431 A Lisp form is read as with @kbd{x}, but then evaluated so that its | |
432 value becomes the argument for the command. Prompt. | |
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433 |
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434 @item z |
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435 A coding system name (a symbol). If the user enters null input, the |
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436 argument value is @code{nil}. @xref{Coding Systems}. Completion, |
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437 Existing, Prompt. |
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438 |
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439 @item Z |
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440 A coding system name (a symbol)---but only if this command has a prefix |
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441 argument. With no prefix argument, @samp{Z} provides @code{nil} as the |
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442 argument value. Completion, Existing, Prompt. |
6260 | 443 @end table |
444 | |
445 @node Interactive Examples | |
446 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
447 @subsection Examples of Using @code{interactive} | |
448 @cindex examples of using @code{interactive} | |
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449 @cindex @code{interactive}, examples of using |
6260 | 450 |
451 Here are some examples of @code{interactive}: | |
452 | |
453 @example | |
454 @group | |
455 (defun foo1 () ; @r{@code{foo1} takes no arguments,} | |
456 (interactive) ; @r{just moves forward two words.} | |
457 (forward-word 2)) | |
458 @result{} foo1 | |
459 @end group | |
460 | |
461 @group | |
462 (defun foo2 (n) ; @r{@code{foo2} takes one argument,} | |
463 (interactive "p") ; @r{which is the numeric prefix.} | |
464 (forward-word (* 2 n))) | |
465 @result{} foo2 | |
466 @end group | |
467 | |
468 @group | |
469 (defun foo3 (n) ; @r{@code{foo3} takes one argument,} | |
470 (interactive "nCount:") ; @r{which is read with the Minibuffer.} | |
471 (forward-word (* 2 n))) | |
472 @result{} foo3 | |
473 @end group | |
474 | |
475 @group | |
476 (defun three-b (b1 b2 b3) | |
477 "Select three existing buffers. | |
478 Put them into three windows, selecting the last one." | |
479 @end group | |
480 (interactive "bBuffer1:\nbBuffer2:\nbBuffer3:") | |
481 (delete-other-windows) | |
482 (split-window (selected-window) 8) | |
483 (switch-to-buffer b1) | |
484 (other-window 1) | |
485 (split-window (selected-window) 8) | |
486 (switch-to-buffer b2) | |
487 (other-window 1) | |
488 (switch-to-buffer b3)) | |
489 @result{} three-b | |
490 @group | |
491 (three-b "*scratch*" "declarations.texi" "*mail*") | |
492 @result{} nil | |
493 @end group | |
494 @end example | |
495 | |
496 @node Interactive Call | |
497 @section Interactive Call | |
498 @cindex interactive call | |
499 | |
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500 After the command loop has translated a key sequence into a command it |
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501 invokes that command using the function @code{command-execute}. If the |
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502 command is a function, @code{command-execute} calls |
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503 @code{call-interactively}, which reads the arguments and calls the |
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504 command. You can also call these functions yourself. |
6260 | 505 |
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506 @defun commandp object &optional for-call-interactively |
6260 | 507 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is suitable for calling interactively; |
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508 that is, if @var{object} is a command. Otherwise, returns @code{nil}. |
6260 | 509 |
510 The interactively callable objects include strings and vectors (treated | |
511 as keyboard macros), lambda expressions that contain a top-level call to | |
12098 | 512 @code{interactive}, byte-code function objects made from such lambda |
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513 expressions, autoload objects that are declared as interactive |
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514 (non-@code{nil} fourth argument to @code{autoload}), and some of the |
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515 primitive functions. |
6260 | 516 |
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517 A symbol satisfies @code{commandp} if its function definition |
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518 satisfies @code{commandp}. Keys and keymaps are not commands. |
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519 Rather, they are used to look up commands (@pxref{Keymaps}). |
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520 |
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521 If @var{for-call-interactively} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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522 @code{commandp} returns @code{t} only for objects that |
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523 @code{call-interactively} could call---thus, not for keyboard macros. |
6260 | 524 |
525 See @code{documentation} in @ref{Accessing Documentation}, for a | |
526 realistic example of using @code{commandp}. | |
527 @end defun | |
528 | |
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529 @defun call-interactively command &optional record-flag keys |
6260 | 530 This function calls the interactively callable function @var{command}, |
531 reading arguments according to its interactive calling specifications. | |
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532 An error is signaled if @var{command} is not a function or if it cannot |
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533 be called interactively (i.e., is not a command). Note that keyboard |
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534 macros (strings and vectors) are not accepted, even though they are |
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535 considered commands, because they are not functions. |
6260 | 536 |
537 @cindex record command history | |
538 If @var{record-flag} is non-@code{nil}, then this command and its | |
539 arguments are unconditionally added to the list @code{command-history}. | |
540 Otherwise, the command is added only if it uses the minibuffer to read | |
541 an argument. @xref{Command History}. | |
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542 |
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543 The argument @var{keys}, if given, specifies the sequence of events to |
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544 supply if the command inquires which events were used to invoke it. |
6260 | 545 @end defun |
546 | |
26288 | 547 @defun command-execute command &optional record-flag keys special |
6260 | 548 @cindex keyboard macro execution |
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549 This function executes @var{command}. The argument @var{command} must |
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550 satisfy the @code{commandp} predicate; i.e., it must be an interactively |
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551 callable function or a keyboard macro. |
6260 | 552 |
553 A string or vector as @var{command} is executed with | |
554 @code{execute-kbd-macro}. A function is passed to | |
555 @code{call-interactively}, along with the optional @var{record-flag}. | |
556 | |
557 A symbol is handled by using its function definition in its place. A | |
558 symbol with an @code{autoload} definition counts as a command if it was | |
559 declared to stand for an interactively callable function. Such a | |
560 definition is handled by loading the specified library and then | |
561 rechecking the definition of the symbol. | |
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562 |
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563 The argument @var{keys}, if given, specifies the sequence of events to |
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564 supply if the command inquires which events were used to invoke it. |
26288 | 565 |
566 The argument @var{special}, if given, means to ignore the prefix | |
567 argument and not clear it. This is used for executing special events | |
568 (@pxref{Special Events}). | |
6260 | 569 @end defun |
570 | |
571 @deffn Command execute-extended-command prefix-argument | |
572 @cindex read command name | |
573 This function reads a command name from the minibuffer using | |
574 @code{completing-read} (@pxref{Completion}). Then it uses | |
575 @code{command-execute} to call the specified command. Whatever that | |
576 command returns becomes the value of @code{execute-extended-command}. | |
577 | |
578 @cindex execute with prefix argument | |
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579 If the command asks for a prefix argument, it receives the value |
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580 @var{prefix-argument}. If @code{execute-extended-command} is called |
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581 interactively, the current raw prefix argument is used for |
6260 | 582 @var{prefix-argument}, and thus passed on to whatever command is run. |
583 | |
584 @c !!! Should this be @kindex? | |
585 @cindex @kbd{M-x} | |
586 @code{execute-extended-command} is the normal definition of @kbd{M-x}, | |
587 so it uses the string @w{@samp{M-x }} as a prompt. (It would be better | |
588 to take the prompt from the events used to invoke | |
589 @code{execute-extended-command}, but that is painful to implement.) A | |
590 description of the value of the prefix argument, if any, also becomes | |
591 part of the prompt. | |
592 | |
593 @example | |
594 @group | |
595 (execute-extended-command 1) | |
596 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
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597 1 M-x forward-word RET |
6260 | 598 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
599 @result{} t | |
600 @end group | |
601 @end example | |
602 @end deffn | |
603 | |
604 @defun interactive-p | |
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605 This function returns @code{t} if the containing function (the one whose |
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606 code includes the call to @code{interactive-p}) was called |
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607 interactively, with the function @code{call-interactively}. (It makes |
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608 no difference whether @code{call-interactively} was called from Lisp or |
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609 directly from the editor command loop.) If the containing function was |
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610 called by Lisp evaluation (or with @code{apply} or @code{funcall}), then |
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611 it was not called interactively. |
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612 @end defun |
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613 |
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614 The most common use of @code{interactive-p} is for deciding whether to |
6260 | 615 print an informative message. As a special exception, |
616 @code{interactive-p} returns @code{nil} whenever a keyboard macro is | |
617 being run. This is to suppress the informative messages and speed | |
618 execution of the macro. | |
619 | |
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620 For example: |
6260 | 621 |
622 @example | |
623 @group | |
624 (defun foo () | |
625 (interactive) | |
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626 (when (interactive-p) |
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627 (message "foo"))) |
6260 | 628 @result{} foo |
629 @end group | |
630 | |
631 @group | |
632 (defun bar () | |
633 (interactive) | |
634 (setq foobar (list (foo) (interactive-p)))) | |
635 @result{} bar | |
636 @end group | |
637 | |
638 @group | |
639 ;; @r{Type @kbd{M-x foo}.} | |
640 @print{} foo | |
641 @end group | |
642 | |
643 @group | |
644 ;; @r{Type @kbd{M-x bar}.} | |
645 ;; @r{This does not print anything.} | |
646 @end group | |
647 | |
648 @group | |
649 foobar | |
650 @result{} (nil t) | |
651 @end group | |
652 @end example | |
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653 |
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654 The other way to do this sort of job is to make the command take an |
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655 argument @code{print-message} which should be non-@code{nil} in an |
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656 interactive call, and use the @code{interactive} spec to make sure it is |
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657 non-@code{nil}. Here's how: |
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658 |
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659 @example |
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660 (defun foo (&optional print-message) |
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661 (interactive "p") |
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662 (when print-message |
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663 (message "foo"))) |
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664 @end example |
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665 |
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666 @noindent |
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667 Defined in this way, the function does display the message when |
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668 called from a keyboard macro. |
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669 |
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670 The numeric prefix argument, provided by @samp{p}, is never @code{nil}. |
6260 | 671 |
672 @node Command Loop Info | |
673 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
674 @section Information from the Command Loop | |
675 | |
676 The editor command loop sets several Lisp variables to keep status | |
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677 records for itself and for commands that are run. |
6260 | 678 |
679 @defvar last-command | |
680 This variable records the name of the previous command executed by the | |
681 command loop (the one before the current command). Normally the value | |
682 is a symbol with a function definition, but this is not guaranteed. | |
683 | |
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684 The value is copied from @code{this-command} when a command returns to |
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685 the command loop, except when the command has specified a prefix |
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686 argument for the following command. |
12098 | 687 |
688 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be | |
689 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. | |
6260 | 690 @end defvar |
691 | |
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692 @defvar real-last-command |
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693 This variable is set up by Emacs just like @code{last-command}, |
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694 but never altered by Lisp programs. |
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695 @end defvar |
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696 |
6260 | 697 @defvar this-command |
698 @cindex current command | |
699 This variable records the name of the command now being executed by | |
700 the editor command loop. Like @code{last-command}, it is normally a symbol | |
701 with a function definition. | |
702 | |
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703 The command loop sets this variable just before running a command, and |
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704 copies its value into @code{last-command} when the command finishes |
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705 (unless the command specified a prefix argument for the following |
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706 command). |
6260 | 707 |
708 @cindex kill command repetition | |
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709 Some commands set this variable during their execution, as a flag for |
12098 | 710 whatever command runs next. In particular, the functions for killing text |
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711 set @code{this-command} to @code{kill-region} so that any kill commands |
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712 immediately following will know to append the killed text to the |
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713 previous kill. |
6260 | 714 @end defvar |
715 | |
716 If you do not want a particular command to be recognized as the previous | |
717 command in the case where it got an error, you must code that command to | |
718 prevent this. One way is to set @code{this-command} to @code{t} at the | |
719 beginning of the command, and set @code{this-command} back to its proper | |
720 value at the end, like this: | |
721 | |
722 @example | |
723 (defun foo (args@dots{}) | |
724 (interactive @dots{}) | |
725 (let ((old-this-command this-command)) | |
726 (setq this-command t) | |
727 @r{@dots{}do the work@dots{}} | |
728 (setq this-command old-this-command))) | |
729 @end example | |
730 | |
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731 @noindent |
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732 We do not bind @code{this-command} with @code{let} because that would |
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733 restore the old value in case of error---a feature of @code{let} which |
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734 in this case does precisely what we want to avoid. |
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735 |
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736 @defvar this-original-command |
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737 This has the same value as @code{this-command} except when command |
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738 remapping occurs (@pxref{Remapping Commands}). In that case, |
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739 @code{this-command} gives the command actually run (the result of |
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740 remapping), and @code{this-original-command} gives the command that |
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741 was specified to run but remapped into another command. |
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742 @end defvar |
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743 |
6260 | 744 @defun this-command-keys |
745 This function returns a string or vector containing the key sequence | |
746 that invoked the present command, plus any previous commands that | |
747 generated the prefix argument for this command. The value is a string | |
748 if all those events were characters. @xref{Input Events}. | |
749 | |
750 @example | |
751 @group | |
752 (this-command-keys) | |
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753 ;; @r{Now use @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} to evaluate that.} |
6260 | 754 @result{} "^U^X^E" |
755 @end group | |
756 @end example | |
757 @end defun | |
758 | |
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759 @defun this-command-keys-vector |
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760 Like @code{this-command-keys}, except that it always returns the events |
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761 in a vector, so you don't need to deal with the complexities of storing |
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762 input events in a string (@pxref{Strings of Events}). |
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763 @end defun |
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764 |
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765 @tindex clear-this-command-keys |
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766 @defun clear-this-command-keys |
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767 This function empties out the table of events for |
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768 @code{this-command-keys} to return, and also empties the records that |
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769 the function @code{recent-keys} (@pxref{Recording Input}) will |
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770 subsequently return. This is useful after reading a password, to |
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771 prevent the password from echoing inadvertently as part of the next |
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772 command in certain cases. |
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773 @end defun |
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774 |
6260 | 775 @defvar last-nonmenu-event |
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776 This variable holds the last input event read as part of a key sequence, |
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777 not counting events resulting from mouse menus. |
6260 | 778 |
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779 One use of this variable is for telling @code{x-popup-menu} where to pop |
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780 up a menu. It is also used internally by @code{y-or-n-p} |
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781 (@pxref{Yes-or-No Queries}). |
6260 | 782 @end defvar |
783 | |
784 @defvar last-command-event | |
785 @defvarx last-command-char | |
786 This variable is set to the last input event that was read by the | |
787 command loop as part of a command. The principal use of this variable | |
788 is in @code{self-insert-command}, which uses it to decide which | |
789 character to insert. | |
790 | |
791 @example | |
792 @group | |
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793 last-command-event |
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794 ;; @r{Now use @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} to evaluate that.} |
6260 | 795 @result{} 5 |
796 @end group | |
797 @end example | |
798 | |
799 @noindent | |
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800 The value is 5 because that is the @acronym{ASCII} code for @kbd{C-e}. |
6260 | 801 |
802 The alias @code{last-command-char} exists for compatibility with | |
803 Emacs version 18. | |
804 @end defvar | |
805 | |
806 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
807 @defvar last-event-frame | |
808 This variable records which frame the last input event was directed to. | |
809 Usually this is the frame that was selected when the event was | |
810 generated, but if that frame has redirected input focus to another | |
811 frame, the value is the frame to which the event was redirected. | |
812 @xref{Input Focus}. | |
813 @end defvar | |
814 | |
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815 @node Adjusting Point |
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816 @section Adjusting Point After Commands |
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817 |
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818 It is not easy to display a value of point in the middle of a sequence |
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819 of text that has the @code{display} or @code{composition} property. So |
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820 after a command finishes and returns to the command loop, if point is |
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821 within such a sequence, the command loop normally moves point to the |
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822 edge of the sequence. |
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823 |
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824 A command can inhibit this feature by setting the variable |
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825 @code{disable-point-adjustment}: |
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826 |
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827 @defvar disable-point-adjustment |
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828 @tindex disable-point-adjustment |
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829 If this variable is non-@code{nil} when a command returns to the command |
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830 loop, then the command loop does not check for text properties such as |
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831 @code{display} and @code{composition}, and does not move point out of |
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832 sequences that have these properties. |
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833 |
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834 The command loop sets this variable to @code{nil} before each command, |
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835 so if a command sets it, the effect applies only to that command. |
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836 @end defvar |
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837 |
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838 @defvar global-disable-point-adjustment |
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839 @tindex global-disable-point-adjustment |
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840 If you set this variable to a non-@code{nil} value, the feature of |
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841 moving point out of these sequences is completely turned off. |
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842 @end defvar |
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843 |
6260 | 844 @node Input Events |
845 @section Input Events | |
846 @cindex events | |
847 @cindex input events | |
848 | |
849 The Emacs command loop reads a sequence of @dfn{input events} that | |
850 represent keyboard or mouse activity. The events for keyboard activity | |
851 are characters or symbols; mouse events are always lists. This section | |
852 describes the representation and meaning of input events in detail. | |
853 | |
854 @defun eventp object | |
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855 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{object} is an input event |
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856 or event type. |
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857 |
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858 Note that any symbol might be used as an event or an event type. |
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859 @code{eventp} cannot distinguish whether a symbol is intended by Lisp |
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860 code to be used as an event. Instead, it distinguishes whether the |
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861 symbol has actually been used in an event that has been read as input in |
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862 the current Emacs session. If a symbol has not yet been so used, |
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863 @code{eventp} returns @code{nil}. |
6260 | 864 @end defun |
865 | |
866 @menu | |
867 * Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them. | |
868 * Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols. | |
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869 * Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events. |
6260 | 870 * Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button. |
871 * Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button. | |
872 * Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released. | |
873 * Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down). | |
874 * Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button. | |
875 * Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames. | |
12067 | 876 * Misc Events:: Other events window systems can generate. |
6260 | 877 * Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events. |
878 * Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol. | |
879 Event types. | |
880 * Accessing Events:: Functions to extract info from events. | |
881 * Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting | |
882 keyboard character events in a string. | |
883 @end menu | |
884 | |
885 @node Keyboard Events | |
886 @subsection Keyboard Events | |
887 | |
888 There are two kinds of input you can get from the keyboard: ordinary | |
889 keys, and function keys. Ordinary keys correspond to characters; the | |
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890 events they generate are represented in Lisp as characters. The event |
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891 type of a character event is the character itself (an integer); see |
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892 @ref{Classifying Events}. |
6260 | 893 |
894 @cindex modifier bits (of input character) | |
895 @cindex basic code (of input character) | |
896 An input character event consists of a @dfn{basic code} between 0 and | |
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897 524287, plus any or all of these @dfn{modifier bits}: |
6260 | 898 |
899 @table @asis | |
900 @item meta | |
12098 | 901 The |
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902 @tex |
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903 @math{2^{27}} |
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904 @end tex |
27193 | 905 @ifnottex |
12098 | 906 2**27 |
27193 | 907 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 908 bit in the character code indicates a character |
6260 | 909 typed with the meta key held down. |
910 | |
911 @item control | |
12098 | 912 The |
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913 @tex |
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914 @math{2^{26}} |
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915 @end tex |
27193 | 916 @ifnottex |
12098 | 917 2**26 |
27193 | 918 @end ifnottex |
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919 bit in the character code indicates a non-@acronym{ASCII} |
6260 | 920 control character. |
921 | |
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922 @sc{ascii} control characters such as @kbd{C-a} have special basic |
6260 | 923 codes of their own, so Emacs needs no special bit to indicate them. |
924 Thus, the code for @kbd{C-a} is just 1. | |
925 | |
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926 But if you type a control combination not in @acronym{ASCII}, such as |
6260 | 927 @kbd{%} with the control key, the numeric value you get is the code |
12098 | 928 for @kbd{%} plus |
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929 @tex |
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930 @math{2^{26}} |
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931 @end tex |
27193 | 932 @ifnottex |
12098 | 933 2**26 |
27193 | 934 @end ifnottex |
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935 (assuming the terminal supports non-@acronym{ASCII} |
6260 | 936 control characters). |
937 | |
938 @item shift | |
12098 | 939 The |
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940 @tex |
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941 @math{2^{25}} |
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942 @end tex |
27193 | 943 @ifnottex |
12098 | 944 2**25 |
27193 | 945 @end ifnottex |
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946 bit in the character code indicates an @acronym{ASCII} control |
6260 | 947 character typed with the shift key held down. |
948 | |
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949 For letters, the basic code itself indicates upper versus lower case; |
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950 for digits and punctuation, the shift key selects an entirely different |
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951 character with a different basic code. In order to keep within the |
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952 @acronym{ASCII} character set whenever possible, Emacs avoids using the |
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953 @tex |
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954 @math{2^{25}} |
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955 @end tex |
27193 | 956 @ifnottex |
12098 | 957 2**25 |
27193 | 958 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 959 bit for those characters. |
6260 | 960 |
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961 However, @acronym{ASCII} provides no way to distinguish @kbd{C-A} from |
12098 | 962 @kbd{C-a}, so Emacs uses the |
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963 @tex |
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964 @math{2^{25}} |
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965 @end tex |
27193 | 966 @ifnottex |
12098 | 967 2**25 |
27193 | 968 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 969 bit in @kbd{C-A} and not in |
6260 | 970 @kbd{C-a}. |
971 | |
972 @item hyper | |
12098 | 973 The |
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974 @tex |
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975 @math{2^{24}} |
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976 @end tex |
27193 | 977 @ifnottex |
12098 | 978 2**24 |
27193 | 979 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 980 bit in the character code indicates a character |
6260 | 981 typed with the hyper key held down. |
982 | |
983 @item super | |
12098 | 984 The |
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985 @tex |
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986 @math{2^{23}} |
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987 @end tex |
27193 | 988 @ifnottex |
12098 | 989 2**23 |
27193 | 990 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 991 bit in the character code indicates a character |
6260 | 992 typed with the super key held down. |
993 | |
994 @item alt | |
12098 | 995 The |
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996 @tex |
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997 @math{2^{22}} |
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998 @end tex |
27193 | 999 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1000 2**22 |
27193 | 1001 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1002 bit in the character code indicates a character typed with |
6260 | 1003 the alt key held down. (On some terminals, the key labeled @key{ALT} |
1004 is actually the meta key.) | |
1005 @end table | |
1006 | |
12098 | 1007 It is best to avoid mentioning specific bit numbers in your program. |
1008 To test the modifier bits of a character, use the function | |
1009 @code{event-modifiers} (@pxref{Classifying Events}). When making key | |
1010 bindings, you can use the read syntax for characters with modifier bits | |
1011 (@samp{\C-}, @samp{\M-}, and so on). For making key bindings with | |
1012 @code{define-key}, you can use lists such as @code{(control hyper ?x)} to | |
1013 specify the characters (@pxref{Changing Key Bindings}). The function | |
1014 @code{event-convert-list} converts such a list into an event type | |
1015 (@pxref{Classifying Events}). | |
6260 | 1016 |
1017 @node Function Keys | |
1018 @subsection Function Keys | |
1019 | |
1020 @cindex function keys | |
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1021 Most keyboards also have @dfn{function keys}---keys that have names or |
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1022 symbols that are not characters. Function keys are represented in Emacs |
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1023 Lisp as symbols; the symbol's name is the function key's label, in lower |
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1024 case. For example, pressing a key labeled @key{F1} places the symbol |
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1025 @code{f1} in the input stream. |
6260 | 1026 |
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1027 The event type of a function key event is the event symbol itself. |
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1028 @xref{Classifying Events}. |
6260 | 1029 |
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1030 Here are a few special cases in the symbol-naming convention for |
6260 | 1031 function keys: |
1032 | |
1033 @table @asis | |
1034 @item @code{backspace}, @code{tab}, @code{newline}, @code{return}, @code{delete} | |
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1035 These keys correspond to common @acronym{ASCII} control characters that have |
6260 | 1036 special keys on most keyboards. |
1037 | |
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1038 In @acronym{ASCII}, @kbd{C-i} and @key{TAB} are the same character. If the |
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1039 terminal can distinguish between them, Emacs conveys the distinction to |
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1040 Lisp programs by representing the former as the integer 9, and the |
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1041 latter as the symbol @code{tab}. |
6260 | 1042 |
1043 Most of the time, it's not useful to distinguish the two. So normally | |
15764 | 1044 @code{function-key-map} (@pxref{Translating Input}) is set up to map |
1045 @code{tab} into 9. Thus, a key binding for character code 9 (the | |
1046 character @kbd{C-i}) also applies to @code{tab}. Likewise for the other | |
1047 symbols in this group. The function @code{read-char} likewise converts | |
1048 these events into characters. | |
6260 | 1049 |
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1050 In @acronym{ASCII}, @key{BS} is really @kbd{C-h}. But @code{backspace} |
6260 | 1051 converts into the character code 127 (@key{DEL}), not into code 8 |
1052 (@key{BS}). This is what most users prefer. | |
1053 | |
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1054 @item @code{left}, @code{up}, @code{right}, @code{down} |
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1055 Cursor arrow keys |
6260 | 1056 @item @code{kp-add}, @code{kp-decimal}, @code{kp-divide}, @dots{} |
1057 Keypad keys (to the right of the regular keyboard). | |
1058 @item @code{kp-0}, @code{kp-1}, @dots{} | |
1059 Keypad keys with digits. | |
1060 @item @code{kp-f1}, @code{kp-f2}, @code{kp-f3}, @code{kp-f4} | |
1061 Keypad PF keys. | |
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1062 @item @code{kp-home}, @code{kp-left}, @code{kp-up}, @code{kp-right}, @code{kp-down} |
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1063 Keypad arrow keys. Emacs normally translates these into the |
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1064 corresponding non-keypad keys @code{home}, @code{left}, @dots{} |
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1065 @item @code{kp-prior}, @code{kp-next}, @code{kp-end}, @code{kp-begin}, @code{kp-insert}, @code{kp-delete} |
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1066 Additional keypad duplicates of keys ordinarily found elsewhere. Emacs |
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1067 normally translates these into the like-named non-keypad keys. |
6260 | 1068 @end table |
1069 | |
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1070 You can use the modifier keys @key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, |
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1071 @key{META}, @key{SHIFT}, and @key{SUPER} with function keys. The way to |
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1072 represent them is with prefixes in the symbol name: |
6260 | 1073 |
1074 @table @samp | |
1075 @item A- | |
1076 The alt modifier. | |
1077 @item C- | |
1078 The control modifier. | |
1079 @item H- | |
1080 The hyper modifier. | |
1081 @item M- | |
1082 The meta modifier. | |
1083 @item S- | |
1084 The shift modifier. | |
1085 @item s- | |
1086 The super modifier. | |
1087 @end table | |
1088 | |
1089 Thus, the symbol for the key @key{F3} with @key{META} held down is | |
8532 | 1090 @code{M-f3}. When you use more than one prefix, we recommend you |
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1091 write them in alphabetical order; but the order does not matter in |
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1092 arguments to the key-binding lookup and modification functions. |
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1093 |
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1094 @node Mouse Events |
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1095 @subsection Mouse Events |
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1096 |
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1097 Emacs supports four kinds of mouse events: click events, drag events, |
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1098 button-down events, and motion events. All mouse events are represented |
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1099 as lists. The @sc{car} of the list is the event type; this says which |
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1100 mouse button was involved, and which modifier keys were used with it. |
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1101 The event type can also distinguish double or triple button presses |
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1102 (@pxref{Repeat Events}). The rest of the list elements give position |
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1103 and time information. |
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1104 |
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1105 For key lookup, only the event type matters: two events of the same type |
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1106 necessarily run the same command. The command can access the full |
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1107 values of these events using the @samp{e} interactive code. |
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1108 @xref{Interactive Codes}. |
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1109 |
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1110 A key sequence that starts with a mouse event is read using the keymaps |
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1111 of the buffer in the window that the mouse was in, not the current |
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1112 buffer. This does not imply that clicking in a window selects that |
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1113 window or its buffer---that is entirely under the control of the command |
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1114 binding of the key sequence. |
6260 | 1115 |
1116 @node Click Events | |
1117 @subsection Click Events | |
1118 @cindex click event | |
1119 @cindex mouse click event | |
1120 | |
1121 When the user presses a mouse button and releases it at the same | |
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1122 location, that generates a @dfn{click} event. All mouse click event |
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1123 share the same format: |
6260 | 1124 |
1125 @example | |
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1126 (@var{event-type} @var{position} @var{click-count}) |
6260 | 1127 @end example |
1128 | |
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1129 @table @asis |
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1130 @item @var{event-type} |
6260 | 1131 This is a symbol that indicates which mouse button was used. It is |
1132 one of the symbols @code{mouse-1}, @code{mouse-2}, @dots{}, where the | |
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1133 buttons are numbered left to right. |
6260 | 1134 |
1135 You can also use prefixes @samp{A-}, @samp{C-}, @samp{H-}, @samp{M-}, | |
1136 @samp{S-} and @samp{s-} for modifiers alt, control, hyper, meta, shift | |
1137 and super, just as you would with function keys. | |
1138 | |
1139 This symbol also serves as the event type of the event. Key bindings | |
1140 describe events by their types; thus, if there is a key binding for | |
1141 @code{mouse-1}, that binding would apply to all events whose | |
1142 @var{event-type} is @code{mouse-1}. | |
1143 | |
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1144 @item @var{position} |
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1145 This is the position where the mouse click occurred. The actual |
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1146 format of @var{position} depends on what part of a window was clicked |
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1147 on. The various formats are described below. |
6260 | 1148 |
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1149 @item @var{click-count} |
6260 | 1150 This is the number of rapid repeated presses so far of the same mouse |
1151 button. @xref{Repeat Events}. | |
1152 @end table | |
1153 | |
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1154 For mouse click events in the text area, mode line, header line, or in |
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1155 the marginal areas, @var{position} has this form: |
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1156 |
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1157 @example |
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1158 (@var{window} @var{pos-or-area} (@var{x} . @var{y}) @var{timestamp} |
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1159 @var{object} @var{text-pos} (@var{col} . @var{row}) (@var{dx} . @var{dy})) |
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1160 @end example |
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1161 |
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1162 @table @asis |
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1163 @item @var{window} |
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1164 This is the window in which the click occurred. |
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1165 |
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1166 @item @var{pos-or-area} |
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1167 This is the buffer position of the character clicked on in the text |
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1168 area, or if clicked outside the text area, it is the window area in |
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1169 which the click occurred. It is one of the symbols @code{mode-line}, |
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1170 @code{header-line}, @code{vertical-line}, @code{left-margin}, |
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1171 @code{right-margin}, @code{left-fringe}, or @code{right-fringe}. |
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1172 |
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1173 @item @var{x}, @var{y} |
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1174 These are the pixel-denominated coordinates of the click, relative to |
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1175 the top left corner of @var{window}, which is @code{(0 . 0)}. |
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1176 For the mode or header line, @var{y} does not have meaningful data. |
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1177 For the vertical line, @var{x} does not have meaningful data. |
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1178 |
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1179 @item @var{timestamp} |
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1180 This is the time at which the event occurred, in milliseconds. |
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1181 |
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1182 @item @var{object} |
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1183 This is the object on which the click occurred. It is either |
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1184 @code{nil} if there is no string property or image at the position |
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1185 clicked on, or it has the form (@var{string} . @var{string-pos}) when |
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1186 there is a string-type text property at the click position, or it is |
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1187 an image object as returned by @code{find-image} if click was in an image. |
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1188 |
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1189 @item @var{string} |
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1190 This is the string on which the click occurred, including any |
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1191 properties. |
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1192 |
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1193 @item @var{string-pos} |
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1194 This is the position in the string on which the click occurred, |
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1195 relevant if properties at the click need to be looked up. |
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1196 |
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1197 @item @var{text-pos} |
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1198 For clicks on a marginal area or on a fringe, this is the buffer |
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1199 position of the first visible character in the corresponding line in |
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1200 the window. For other events, it is the current buffer position in |
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1201 the window. |
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1202 |
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1203 @item @var{col}, @var{row} |
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1204 These are the actual coordinates of the glyph under the @var{x}, |
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1205 @var{y} position, possibly padded with default character width |
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1206 glyphs if @var{x} is beyond the last glyph on the line. |
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1207 |
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1208 @item @var{dx}, @var{dy} |
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1209 These are the pixel-denominated coordinates of the click, relative to |
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1210 the top left corner of @var{object}, which is @code{(0 . 0)}. If |
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1211 @var{object} is @code{nil}, the coordinates are relative to the top |
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1212 left corner of the character glyph clicked on. |
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1213 @end table |
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1214 |
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1215 For mouse clicks on a scroll-bar, @var{position} has this form: |
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1216 |
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1217 @example |
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1218 (@var{window} @var{area} (@var{portion} . @var{whole}) @var{timestamp} @var{part}) |
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1219 @end example |
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1220 |
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1221 @table @asis |
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1222 @item @var{window} |
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1223 This is the window whose scroll-bar was clicked on. |
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1224 |
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1225 @item @var{area} |
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1226 This is the scroll bar where the click occurred. It is one of the |
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1227 symbols @code{vertical-scroll-bar} or @code{horizontal-scroll-bar}. |
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1228 |
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1229 @item @var{portion} |
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1230 This is the distance of the click from the top or left end of |
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1231 the scroll bar. |
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1232 |
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1233 @item @var{whole} |
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1234 This is the length of the entire scroll bar. |
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1235 |
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1236 @item @var{timestamp} |
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1237 This is the time at which the event occurred, in milliseconds. |
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1238 |
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1239 @item @var{part} |
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1240 This is the part of the scroll-bar which was clicked on. It is one |
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1241 of the symbols @code{above-handle}, @code{handle}, @code{below-handle}, |
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1242 @code{up}, @code{down}, @code{top}, @code{bottom}, and @code{end-scroll}. |
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1243 @end table |
6260 | 1244 |
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1245 In one special case, @var{buffer-pos} is a list containing a symbol (one |
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1246 of the symbols listed above) instead of just the symbol. This happens |
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1247 after the imaginary prefix keys for the event are inserted into the |
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1248 input stream. @xref{Key Sequence Input}. |
6260 | 1249 |
1250 @node Drag Events | |
1251 @subsection Drag Events | |
1252 @cindex drag event | |
1253 @cindex mouse drag event | |
1254 | |
1255 With Emacs, you can have a drag event without even changing your | |
1256 clothes. A @dfn{drag event} happens every time the user presses a mouse | |
1257 button and then moves the mouse to a different character position before | |
1258 releasing the button. Like all mouse events, drag events are | |
1259 represented in Lisp as lists. The lists record both the starting mouse | |
1260 position and the final position, like this: | |
1261 | |
1262 @example | |
1263 (@var{event-type} | |
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1264 (@var{window1} @var{buffer-pos1} (@var{x1} . @var{y1}) @var{timestamp1}) |
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1265 (@var{window2} @var{buffer-pos2} (@var{x2} . @var{y2}) @var{timestamp2}) |
6260 | 1266 @var{click-count}) |
1267 @end example | |
1268 | |
1269 For a drag event, the name of the symbol @var{event-type} contains the | |
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1270 prefix @samp{drag-}. For example, dragging the mouse with button 2 held |
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1271 down generates a @code{drag-mouse-2} event. The second and third |
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1272 elements of the event give the starting and ending position of the drag. |
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1273 Aside from that, the data have the same meanings as in a click event |
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1274 (@pxref{Click Events}). You can access the second element of any mouse |
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1275 event in the same way, with no need to distinguish drag events from |
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1276 others. |
6260 | 1277 |
1278 The @samp{drag-} prefix follows the modifier key prefixes such as | |
1279 @samp{C-} and @samp{M-}. | |
1280 | |
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1281 If @code{read-key-sequence} receives a drag event that has no key |
6260 | 1282 binding, and the corresponding click event does have a binding, it |
1283 changes the drag event into a click event at the drag's starting | |
1284 position. This means that you don't have to distinguish between click | |
1285 and drag events unless you want to. | |
1286 | |
1287 @node Button-Down Events | |
1288 @subsection Button-Down Events | |
1289 @cindex button-down event | |
1290 | |
1291 Click and drag events happen when the user releases a mouse button. | |
1292 They cannot happen earlier, because there is no way to distinguish a | |
1293 click from a drag until the button is released. | |
1294 | |
1295 If you want to take action as soon as a button is pressed, you need to | |
1296 handle @dfn{button-down} events.@footnote{Button-down is the | |
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1297 conservative antithesis of drag.} These occur as soon as a button is |
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1298 pressed. They are represented by lists that look exactly like click |
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1299 events (@pxref{Click Events}), except that the @var{event-type} symbol |
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1300 name contains the prefix @samp{down-}. The @samp{down-} prefix follows |
6260 | 1301 modifier key prefixes such as @samp{C-} and @samp{M-}. |
1302 | |
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1303 The function @code{read-key-sequence} ignores any button-down events |
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1304 that don't have command bindings; therefore, the Emacs command loop |
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1305 ignores them too. This means that you need not worry about defining |
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1306 button-down events unless you want them to do something. The usual |
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1307 reason to define a button-down event is so that you can track mouse |
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1308 motion (by reading motion events) until the button is released. |
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1309 @xref{Motion Events}. |
6260 | 1310 |
1311 @node Repeat Events | |
1312 @subsection Repeat Events | |
1313 @cindex repeat events | |
1314 @cindex double-click events | |
1315 @cindex triple-click events | |
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1316 @cindex mouse events, repeated |
6260 | 1317 |
1318 If you press the same mouse button more than once in quick succession | |
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1319 without moving the mouse, Emacs generates special @dfn{repeat} mouse |
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1320 events for the second and subsequent presses. |
6260 | 1321 |
1322 The most common repeat events are @dfn{double-click} events. Emacs | |
1323 generates a double-click event when you click a button twice; the event | |
1324 happens when you release the button (as is normal for all click | |
1325 events). | |
1326 | |
1327 The event type of a double-click event contains the prefix | |
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1328 @samp{double-}. Thus, a double click on the second mouse button with |
6260 | 1329 @key{meta} held down comes to the Lisp program as |
1330 @code{M-double-mouse-2}. If a double-click event has no binding, the | |
1331 binding of the corresponding ordinary click event is used to execute | |
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1332 it. Thus, you need not pay attention to the double click feature |
6260 | 1333 unless you really want to. |
1334 | |
1335 When the user performs a double click, Emacs generates first an ordinary | |
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1336 click event, and then a double-click event. Therefore, you must design |
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1337 the command binding of the double click event to assume that the |
6260 | 1338 single-click command has already run. It must produce the desired |
1339 results of a double click, starting from the results of a single click. | |
1340 | |
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1341 This is convenient, if the meaning of a double click somehow ``builds |
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1342 on'' the meaning of a single click---which is recommended user interface |
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1343 design practice for double clicks. |
6260 | 1344 |
1345 If you click a button, then press it down again and start moving the | |
1346 mouse with the button held down, then you get a @dfn{double-drag} event | |
1347 when you ultimately release the button. Its event type contains | |
1348 @samp{double-drag} instead of just @samp{drag}. If a double-drag event | |
1349 has no binding, Emacs looks for an alternate binding as if the event | |
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1350 were an ordinary drag. |
6260 | 1351 |
1352 Before the double-click or double-drag event, Emacs generates a | |
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1353 @dfn{double-down} event when the user presses the button down for the |
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1354 second time. Its event type contains @samp{double-down} instead of just |
6260 | 1355 @samp{down}. If a double-down event has no binding, Emacs looks for an |
1356 alternate binding as if the event were an ordinary button-down event. | |
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1357 If it finds no binding that way either, the double-down event is |
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1358 ignored. |
6260 | 1359 |
1360 To summarize, when you click a button and then press it again right | |
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1361 away, Emacs generates a down event and a click event for the first |
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1362 click, a double-down event when you press the button again, and finally |
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1363 either a double-click or a double-drag event. |
6260 | 1364 |
1365 If you click a button twice and then press it again, all in quick | |
1366 succession, Emacs generates a @dfn{triple-down} event, followed by | |
1367 either a @dfn{triple-click} or a @dfn{triple-drag}. The event types of | |
1368 these events contain @samp{triple} instead of @samp{double}. If any | |
1369 triple event has no binding, Emacs uses the binding that it would use | |
1370 for the corresponding double event. | |
1371 | |
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1372 If you click a button three or more times and then press it again, the |
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1373 events for the presses beyond the third are all triple events. Emacs |
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1374 does not have separate event types for quadruple, quintuple, etc.@: |
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1375 events. However, you can look at the event list to find out precisely |
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1376 how many times the button was pressed. |
6260 | 1377 |
1378 @defun event-click-count event | |
1379 This function returns the number of consecutive button presses that led | |
1380 up to @var{event}. If @var{event} is a double-down, double-click or | |
1381 double-drag event, the value is 2. If @var{event} is a triple event, | |
1382 the value is 3 or greater. If @var{event} is an ordinary mouse event | |
1383 (not a repeat event), the value is 1. | |
1384 @end defun | |
1385 | |
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1386 @defvar double-click-fuzz |
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1387 To generate repeat events, successive mouse button presses must be at |
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1388 approximately the same screen position. The value of |
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1389 @code{double-click-fuzz} specifies the maximum number of pixels the |
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1390 mouse may be moved between two successive clicks to make a |
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1391 double-click. |
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1392 @end defvar |
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1393 |
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1394 @defvar double-click-time |
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1395 To generate repeat events, the number of milliseconds between |
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1396 successive button presses must be less than the value of |
6260 | 1397 @code{double-click-time}. Setting @code{double-click-time} to |
1398 @code{nil} disables multi-click detection entirely. Setting it to | |
1399 @code{t} removes the time limit; Emacs then detects multi-clicks by | |
1400 position only. | |
1401 @end defvar | |
1402 | |
1403 @node Motion Events | |
1404 @subsection Motion Events | |
1405 @cindex motion event | |
1406 @cindex mouse motion events | |
1407 | |
1408 Emacs sometimes generates @dfn{mouse motion} events to describe motion | |
1409 of the mouse without any button activity. Mouse motion events are | |
1410 represented by lists that look like this: | |
1411 | |
1412 @example | |
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1413 (mouse-movement (@var{window} @var{buffer-pos} (@var{x} . @var{y}) @var{timestamp})) |
6260 | 1414 @end example |
1415 | |
1416 The second element of the list describes the current position of the | |
1417 mouse, just as in a click event (@pxref{Click Events}). | |
1418 | |
1419 The special form @code{track-mouse} enables generation of motion events | |
1420 within its body. Outside of @code{track-mouse} forms, Emacs does not | |
1421 generate events for mere motion of the mouse, and these events do not | |
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1422 appear. @xref{Mouse Tracking}. |
6260 | 1423 |
1424 @node Focus Events | |
1425 @subsection Focus Events | |
1426 @cindex focus event | |
1427 | |
1428 Window systems provide general ways for the user to control which window | |
1429 gets keyboard input. This choice of window is called the @dfn{focus}. | |
1430 When the user does something to switch between Emacs frames, that | |
1431 generates a @dfn{focus event}. The normal definition of a focus event, | |
1432 in the global keymap, is to select a new frame within Emacs, as the user | |
1433 would expect. @xref{Input Focus}. | |
1434 | |
1435 Focus events are represented in Lisp as lists that look like this: | |
1436 | |
1437 @example | |
1438 (switch-frame @var{new-frame}) | |
1439 @end example | |
1440 | |
1441 @noindent | |
1442 where @var{new-frame} is the frame switched to. | |
1443 | |
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1444 Most X window managers are set up so that just moving the mouse into a |
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1445 window is enough to set the focus there. Emacs appears to do this, |
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1446 because it changes the cursor to solid in the new frame. However, there |
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1447 is no need for the Lisp program to know about the focus change until |
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1448 some other kind of input arrives. So Emacs generates a focus event only |
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1449 when the user actually types a keyboard key or presses a mouse button in |
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1450 the new frame; just moving the mouse between frames does not generate a |
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1451 focus event. |
6260 | 1452 |
1453 A focus event in the middle of a key sequence would garble the | |
1454 sequence. So Emacs never generates a focus event in the middle of a key | |
1455 sequence. If the user changes focus in the middle of a key | |
1456 sequence---that is, after a prefix key---then Emacs reorders the events | |
1457 so that the focus event comes either before or after the multi-event key | |
1458 sequence, and not within it. | |
1459 | |
12067 | 1460 @node Misc Events |
1461 @subsection Miscellaneous Window System Events | |
1462 | |
1463 A few other event types represent occurrences within the window system. | |
1464 | |
1465 @table @code | |
1466 @cindex @code{delete-frame} event | |
1467 @item (delete-frame (@var{frame})) | |
1468 This kind of event indicates that the user gave the window manager | |
1469 a command to delete a particular window, which happens to be an Emacs frame. | |
1470 | |
1471 The standard definition of the @code{delete-frame} event is to delete @var{frame}. | |
1472 | |
1473 @cindex @code{iconify-frame} event | |
1474 @item (iconify-frame (@var{frame})) | |
1475 This kind of event indicates that the user iconified @var{frame} using | |
13007 | 1476 the window manager. Its standard definition is @code{ignore}; since the |
1477 frame has already been iconified, Emacs has no work to do. The purpose | |
1478 of this event type is so that you can keep track of such events if you | |
1479 want to. | |
12067 | 1480 |
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1481 @cindex @code{make-frame-visible} event |
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1482 @item (make-frame-visible (@var{frame})) |
12067 | 1483 This kind of event indicates that the user deiconified @var{frame} using |
1484 the window manager. Its standard definition is @code{ignore}; since the | |
13007 | 1485 frame has already been made visible, Emacs has no work to do. |
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1486 |
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1487 @cindex @code{mouse-wheel} event |
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1488 @item (mouse-wheel @var{position} @var{delta}) |
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1489 This kind of event is generated by moving a wheel on a mouse (such as |
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1490 the MS Intellimouse). Its effect is typically a kind of scroll or zoom. |
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1491 |
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1492 The element @var{delta} describes the amount and direction of the wheel |
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1493 rotation. Its absolute value is the number of increments by which the |
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1494 wheel was rotated. A negative @var{delta} indicates that the wheel was |
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1495 rotated backwards, towards the user, and a positive @var{delta} |
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1496 indicates that the wheel was rotated forward, away from the user. |
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1497 |
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1498 The element @var{position} is a list describing the position of the |
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1499 event, in the same format as used in a mouse-click event. |
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1500 |
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1501 This kind of event is generated only on some kinds of systems. |
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1502 |
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1503 @cindex @code{drag-n-drop} event |
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1504 @item (drag-n-drop @var{position} @var{files}) |
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1505 This kind of event is generated when a group of files is |
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1506 selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged and |
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1507 dropped onto an Emacs frame. |
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1508 |
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1509 The element @var{position} is a list describing the position of the |
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1510 event, in the same format as used in a mouse-click event, and |
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1511 @var{files} is the list of file names that were dragged and dropped. |
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1512 The usual way to handle this event is by visiting these files. |
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1513 |
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1514 This kind of event is generated, at present, only on some kinds of |
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1515 systems. |
12067 | 1516 @end table |
1517 | |
12098 | 1518 If one of these events arrives in the middle of a key sequence---that |
1519 is, after a prefix key---then Emacs reorders the events so that this | |
1520 event comes either before or after the multi-event key sequence, not | |
1521 within it. | |
1522 | |
6260 | 1523 @node Event Examples |
1524 @subsection Event Examples | |
1525 | |
1526 If the user presses and releases the left mouse button over the same | |
1527 location, that generates a sequence of events like this: | |
1528 | |
1529 @smallexample | |
1530 (down-mouse-1 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 2613 (0 . 38) -864320)) | |
1531 (mouse-1 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 2613 (0 . 38) -864180)) | |
1532 @end smallexample | |
1533 | |
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1534 While holding the control key down, the user might hold down the |
6260 | 1535 second mouse button, and drag the mouse from one line to the next. |
1536 That produces two events, as shown here: | |
1537 | |
1538 @smallexample | |
1539 (C-down-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 3440 (0 . 27) -731219)) | |
1540 (C-drag-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 3440 (0 . 27) -731219) | |
1541 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 3510 (0 . 28) -729648)) | |
1542 @end smallexample | |
1543 | |
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1544 While holding down the meta and shift keys, the user might press the |
6260 | 1545 second mouse button on the window's mode line, and then drag the mouse |
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1546 into another window. That produces a pair of events like these: |
6260 | 1547 |
1548 @smallexample | |
1549 (M-S-down-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> mode-line (33 . 31) -457844)) | |
1550 (M-S-drag-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> mode-line (33 . 31) -457844) | |
1551 (#<window 20 on carlton-sanskrit.tex> 161 (33 . 3) | |
1552 -453816)) | |
1553 @end smallexample | |
1554 | |
1555 @node Classifying Events | |
1556 @subsection Classifying Events | |
1557 @cindex event type | |
1558 | |
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1559 Every event has an @dfn{event type}, which classifies the event for |
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1560 key binding purposes. For a keyboard event, the event type equals the |
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1561 event value; thus, the event type for a character is the character, and |
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1562 the event type for a function key symbol is the symbol itself. For |
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1563 events that are lists, the event type is the symbol in the @sc{car} of |
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1564 the list. Thus, the event type is always a symbol or a character. |
6260 | 1565 |
1566 Two events of the same type are equivalent where key bindings are | |
1567 concerned; thus, they always run the same command. That does not | |
1568 necessarily mean they do the same things, however, as some commands look | |
1569 at the whole event to decide what to do. For example, some commands use | |
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1570 the location of a mouse event to decide where in the buffer to act. |
6260 | 1571 |
1572 Sometimes broader classifications of events are useful. For example, | |
1573 you might want to ask whether an event involved the @key{META} key, | |
1574 regardless of which other key or mouse button was used. | |
1575 | |
1576 The functions @code{event-modifiers} and @code{event-basic-type} are | |
1577 provided to get such information conveniently. | |
1578 | |
1579 @defun event-modifiers event | |
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1580 This function returns a list of the modifiers that @var{event} has. The |
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1581 modifiers are symbols; they include @code{shift}, @code{control}, |
6260 | 1582 @code{meta}, @code{alt}, @code{hyper} and @code{super}. In addition, |
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1583 the modifiers list of a mouse event symbol always contains one of |
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1584 @code{click}, @code{drag}, and @code{down}. |
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1585 |
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1586 The argument @var{event} may be an entire event object, or just an event |
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1587 type. |
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1588 |
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1589 Here are some examples: |
6260 | 1590 |
1591 @example | |
1592 (event-modifiers ?a) | |
1593 @result{} nil | |
1594 (event-modifiers ?\C-a) | |
1595 @result{} (control) | |
1596 (event-modifiers ?\C-%) | |
1597 @result{} (control) | |
1598 (event-modifiers ?\C-\S-a) | |
1599 @result{} (control shift) | |
1600 (event-modifiers 'f5) | |
1601 @result{} nil | |
1602 (event-modifiers 's-f5) | |
1603 @result{} (super) | |
1604 (event-modifiers 'M-S-f5) | |
1605 @result{} (meta shift) | |
1606 (event-modifiers 'mouse-1) | |
1607 @result{} (click) | |
1608 (event-modifiers 'down-mouse-1) | |
1609 @result{} (down) | |
1610 @end example | |
1611 | |
1612 The modifiers list for a click event explicitly contains @code{click}, | |
1613 but the event symbol name itself does not contain @samp{click}. | |
1614 @end defun | |
1615 | |
1616 @defun event-basic-type event | |
1617 This function returns the key or mouse button that @var{event} | |
1618 describes, with all modifiers removed. For example: | |
1619 | |
1620 @example | |
1621 (event-basic-type ?a) | |
1622 @result{} 97 | |
1623 (event-basic-type ?A) | |
1624 @result{} 97 | |
1625 (event-basic-type ?\C-a) | |
1626 @result{} 97 | |
1627 (event-basic-type ?\C-\S-a) | |
1628 @result{} 97 | |
1629 (event-basic-type 'f5) | |
1630 @result{} f5 | |
1631 (event-basic-type 's-f5) | |
1632 @result{} f5 | |
1633 (event-basic-type 'M-S-f5) | |
1634 @result{} f5 | |
1635 (event-basic-type 'down-mouse-1) | |
1636 @result{} mouse-1 | |
1637 @end example | |
1638 @end defun | |
1639 | |
1640 @defun mouse-movement-p object | |
1641 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{object} is a mouse movement | |
1642 event. | |
1643 @end defun | |
1644 | |
12098 | 1645 @defun event-convert-list list |
1646 This function converts a list of modifier names and a basic event type | |
1647 to an event type which specifies all of them. For example, | |
1648 | |
1649 @example | |
1650 (event-convert-list '(control ?a)) | |
1651 @result{} 1 | |
1652 (event-convert-list '(control meta ?a)) | |
1653 @result{} -134217727 | |
1654 (event-convert-list '(control super f1)) | |
1655 @result{} C-s-f1 | |
1656 @end example | |
1657 @end defun | |
1658 | |
6260 | 1659 @node Accessing Events |
1660 @subsection Accessing Events | |
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1661 @cindex mouse events, accessing the data |
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1662 @cindex accessing data of mouse events |
6260 | 1663 |
1664 This section describes convenient functions for accessing the data in | |
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1665 a mouse button or motion event. |
6260 | 1666 |
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1667 These two functions return the starting or ending position of a |
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1668 mouse-button event, as a list of this form: |
6260 | 1669 |
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1670 @example |
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1671 (@var{window} @var{pos-or-area} (@var{x} . @var{y}) @var{timestamp} |
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1672 @var{object} @var{text-pos} (@var{col} . @var{row}) (@var{dx} . @var{dy})) |
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1673 @end example |
6260 | 1674 |
1675 @defun event-start event | |
1676 This returns the starting position of @var{event}. | |
1677 | |
1678 If @var{event} is a click or button-down event, this returns the | |
1679 location of the event. If @var{event} is a drag event, this returns the | |
1680 drag's starting position. | |
1681 @end defun | |
1682 | |
1683 @defun event-end event | |
1684 This returns the ending position of @var{event}. | |
1685 | |
1686 If @var{event} is a drag event, this returns the position where the user | |
1687 released the mouse button. If @var{event} is a click or button-down | |
1688 event, the value is actually the starting position, which is the only | |
1689 position such events have. | |
1690 @end defun | |
1691 | |
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1692 @cindex mouse position list, accessing |
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1693 These seven functions take a position list as described above, and |
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1694 return various parts of it. |
6260 | 1695 |
1696 @defun posn-window position | |
1697 Return the window that @var{position} is in. | |
1698 @end defun | |
1699 | |
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1700 @defun posn-area position |
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1701 Return the window area recorded in @var{position}. It returns @code{nil} |
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1702 when the event occurred in the text area of the window; otherwise, it |
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1703 is a symbol identifying the area in which the the event occurred. |
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1704 @end defun |
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1705 |
6260 | 1706 @defun posn-point position |
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1707 Return the buffer position in @var{position}. When the event occurred |
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1708 in the text area of the window, in a marginal area, or on a fringe, |
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1709 this is an integer specifying a buffer position. Otherwise, the value |
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1710 is undefined. |
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1711 @end defun |
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1712 |
6260 | 1713 @defun posn-x-y position |
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1714 Return the pixel-based x and y coordinates in @var{position}, as a cons |
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1715 cell @code{(@var{x} . @var{y})}. |
6260 | 1716 @end defun |
1717 | |
1718 @defun posn-col-row position | |
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1719 Return the row and column (in units of frame default characters) of |
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1720 @var{position}, as a cons cell @code{(@var{col} . @var{row})}. These |
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1721 are computed from the @var{x} and @var{y} values actually found in |
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1722 @var{position}. |
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1723 @end defun |
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1724 |
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1725 @defun posn-actual-col-row position |
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1726 Return the actual row and column in @var{position}, as a cons cell |
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1727 @code{(@var{col} . @var{row})}. The values are the actual row number |
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1728 in the window, and the actual character number in that row. Return |
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1729 @code{nil} if @var{position} does not include the actual positions; in that |
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1730 case, @code{posn-col-row} can be used to get approximate values. |
6260 | 1731 @end defun |
1732 | |
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1733 @defun posn-object position |
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1734 Return the object in @var{position}, either @code{nil}, a cons |
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1735 cell @code{(@var{string} . @var{string-pos})}, or an image |
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1736 @code{(image ...)}. |
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1737 @end defun |
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1738 |
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1739 @defun posn-object-x-y position |
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1740 Return the pixel-based x and y coordinates relative to the upper left |
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1741 corner of the object in @var{position}, as a cons cell @code{(@var{dx} . @var{dy})}. |
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1742 @end defun |
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1743 |
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1744 @cindex mouse event, timestamp |
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1745 @cindex timestamp of a mouse event |
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1746 @defun posn-timestamp |
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1747 Return the timestamp in @var{position}. This is the time at which the |
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1748 event occurred, in milliseconds. |
6260 | 1749 @end defun |
1750 | |
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1751 These functions are useful for decoding scroll bar events. |
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1752 |
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1753 @defun scroll-bar-event-ratio event |
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1754 This function returns the fractional vertical position of a scroll bar |
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1755 event within the scroll bar. The value is a cons cell |
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1756 @code{(@var{portion} . @var{whole})} containing two integers whose ratio |
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1757 is the fractional position. |
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1758 @end defun |
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1759 |
6260 | 1760 @defun scroll-bar-scale ratio total |
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1761 This function multiplies (in effect) @var{ratio} by @var{total}, |
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1762 rounding the result to an integer. The argument @var{ratio} is not a |
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1763 number, but rather a pair @code{(@var{num} . @var{denom})}---typically a |
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1764 value returned by @code{scroll-bar-event-ratio}. |
6260 | 1765 |
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1766 This function is handy for scaling a position on a scroll bar into a |
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1767 buffer position. Here's how to do that: |
6260 | 1768 |
1769 @example | |
1770 (+ (point-min) | |
1771 (scroll-bar-scale | |
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1772 (posn-x-y (event-start event)) |
6260 | 1773 (- (point-max) (point-min)))) |
1774 @end example | |
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1775 |
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1776 Recall that scroll bar events have two integers forming a ratio, in place |
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1777 of a pair of x and y coordinates. |
6260 | 1778 @end defun |
1779 | |
1780 @node Strings of Events | |
1781 @subsection Putting Keyboard Events in Strings | |
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1782 @cindex keyboard events in strings |
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1783 @cindex strings with keyboard events |
6260 | 1784 |
1785 In most of the places where strings are used, we conceptualize the | |
1786 string as containing text characters---the same kind of characters found | |
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1787 in buffers or files. Occasionally Lisp programs use strings that |
6260 | 1788 conceptually contain keyboard characters; for example, they may be key |
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1789 sequences or keyboard macro definitions. However, storing keyboard |
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1790 characters in a string is a complex matter, for reasons of historical |
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1791 compatibility, and it is not always possible. |
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1792 |
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1793 We recommend that new programs avoid dealing with these complexities |
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1794 by not storing keyboard events in strings. Here is how to do that: |
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1795 |
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1796 @itemize @bullet |
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1797 @item |
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1798 Use vectors instead of strings for key sequences, when you plan to use |
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1799 them for anything other than as arguments to @code{lookup-key} and |
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1800 @code{define-key}. For example, you can use |
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1801 @code{read-key-sequence-vector} instead of @code{read-key-sequence}, and |
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1802 @code{this-command-keys-vector} instead of @code{this-command-keys}. |
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1803 |
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1804 @item |
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1805 Use vectors to write key sequence constants containing meta characters, |
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1806 even when passing them directly to @code{define-key}. |
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1807 |
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1808 @item |
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1809 When you have to look at the contents of a key sequence that might be a |
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1810 string, use @code{listify-key-sequence} (@pxref{Event Input Misc}) |
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1811 first, to convert it to a list. |
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1812 @end itemize |
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1813 |
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1814 The complexities stem from the modifier bits that keyboard input |
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1815 characters can include. Aside from the Meta modifier, none of these |
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1816 modifier bits can be included in a string, and the Meta modifier is |
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1817 allowed only in special cases. |
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1818 |
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1819 The earliest GNU Emacs versions represented meta characters as codes |
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1820 in the range of 128 to 255. At that time, the basic character codes |
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1821 ranged from 0 to 127, so all keyboard character codes did fit in a |
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1822 string. Many Lisp programs used @samp{\M-} in string constants to stand |
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1823 for meta characters, especially in arguments to @code{define-key} and |
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1824 similar functions, and key sequences and sequences of events were always |
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1825 represented as strings. |
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1826 |
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1827 When we added support for larger basic character codes beyond 127, and |
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1828 additional modifier bits, we had to change the representation of meta |
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1829 characters. Now the flag that represents the Meta modifier in a |
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1830 character is |
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1831 @tex |
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1832 @math{2^{27}} |
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1833 @end tex |
27193 | 1834 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1835 2**27 |
27193 | 1836 @end ifnottex |
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1837 and such numbers cannot be included in a string. |
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1838 |
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1839 To support programs with @samp{\M-} in string constants, there are |
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1840 special rules for including certain meta characters in a string. |
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1841 Here are the rules for interpreting a string as a sequence of input |
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1842 characters: |
6260 | 1843 |
1844 @itemize @bullet | |
1845 @item | |
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1846 If the keyboard character value is in the range of 0 to 127, it can go |
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1847 in the string unchanged. |
6260 | 1848 |
1849 @item | |
12098 | 1850 The meta variants of those characters, with codes in the range of |
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1851 @tex |
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1852 @math{2^{27}} |
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1853 @end tex |
27193 | 1854 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1855 2**27 |
27193 | 1856 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1857 to |
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1858 @tex |
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1859 @math{2^{27} + 127}, |
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1860 @end tex |
27193 | 1861 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1862 2**27+127, |
27193 | 1863 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1864 can also go in the string, but you must change their |
1865 numeric values. You must set the | |
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1866 @tex |
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1867 @math{2^{7}} |
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1868 @end tex |
27193 | 1869 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1870 2**7 |
27193 | 1871 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1872 bit instead of the |
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1873 @tex |
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1874 @math{2^{27}} |
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1875 @end tex |
27193 | 1876 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1877 2**27 |
27193 | 1878 @end ifnottex |
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1879 bit, resulting in a value between 128 and 255. Only a unibyte string |
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1880 can include these codes. |
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1881 |
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1882 @item |
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1883 Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters above 256 can be included in a multibyte string. |
6260 | 1884 |
1885 @item | |
1886 Other keyboard character events cannot fit in a string. This includes | |
1887 keyboard events in the range of 128 to 255. | |
1888 @end itemize | |
1889 | |
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1890 Functions such as @code{read-key-sequence} that construct strings of |
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1891 keyboard input characters follow these rules: they construct vectors |
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1892 instead of strings, when the events won't fit in a string. |
6260 | 1893 |
1894 When you use the read syntax @samp{\M-} in a string, it produces a | |
1895 code in the range of 128 to 255---the same code that you get if you | |
1896 modify the corresponding keyboard event to put it in the string. Thus, | |
1897 meta events in strings work consistently regardless of how they get into | |
1898 the strings. | |
1899 | |
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1900 However, most programs would do well to avoid these issues by |
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1901 following the recommendations at the beginning of this section. |
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1902 |
6260 | 1903 @node Reading Input |
1904 @section Reading Input | |
1905 | |
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1906 The editor command loop reads key sequences using the function |
6260 | 1907 @code{read-key-sequence}, which uses @code{read-event}. These and other |
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1908 functions for event input are also available for use in Lisp programs. |
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1909 See also @code{momentary-string-display} in @ref{Temporary Displays}, |
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1910 and @code{sit-for} in @ref{Waiting}. @xref{Terminal Input}, for |
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1911 functions and variables for controlling terminal input modes and |
15764 | 1912 debugging terminal input. @xref{Translating Input}, for features you |
1913 can use for translating or modifying input events while reading them. | |
6260 | 1914 |
1915 For higher-level input facilities, see @ref{Minibuffers}. | |
1916 | |
1917 @menu | |
1918 * Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence. | |
1919 * Reading One Event:: How to read just one event. | |
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1920 * Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method. |
6260 | 1921 * Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character. |
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1922 * Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events. |
6260 | 1923 @end menu |
1924 | |
1925 @node Key Sequence Input | |
1926 @subsection Key Sequence Input | |
1927 @cindex key sequence input | |
1928 | |
1929 The command loop reads input a key sequence at a time, by calling | |
1930 @code{read-key-sequence}. Lisp programs can also call this function; | |
1931 for example, @code{describe-key} uses it to read the key to describe. | |
1932 | |
1933 @defun read-key-sequence prompt | |
1934 @cindex key sequence | |
1935 This function reads a key sequence and returns it as a string or | |
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1936 vector. It keeps reading events until it has accumulated a complete key |
6260 | 1937 sequence; that is, enough to specify a non-prefix command using the |
1938 currently active keymaps. | |
1939 | |
1940 If the events are all characters and all can fit in a string, then | |
1941 @code{read-key-sequence} returns a string (@pxref{Strings of Events}). | |
1942 Otherwise, it returns a vector, since a vector can hold all kinds of | |
1943 events---characters, symbols, and lists. The elements of the string or | |
1944 vector are the events in the key sequence. | |
1945 | |
1946 The argument @var{prompt} is either a string to be displayed in the echo | |
1947 area as a prompt, or @code{nil}, meaning not to display a prompt. | |
1948 | |
1949 In the example below, the prompt @samp{?} is displayed in the echo area, | |
1950 and the user types @kbd{C-x C-f}. | |
1951 | |
1952 @example | |
1953 (read-key-sequence "?") | |
1954 | |
1955 @group | |
1956 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
1957 ?@kbd{C-x C-f} | |
1958 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
1959 | |
1960 @result{} "^X^F" | |
1961 @end group | |
1962 @end example | |
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1963 |
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1964 The function @code{read-key-sequence} suppresses quitting: @kbd{C-g} |
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1965 typed while reading with this function works like any other character, |
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1966 and does not set @code{quit-flag}. @xref{Quitting}. |
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1967 @end defun |
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1968 |
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1969 @defun read-key-sequence-vector prompt |
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1970 This is like @code{read-key-sequence} except that it always |
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1971 returns the key sequence as a vector, never as a string. |
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1972 @xref{Strings of Events}. |
6260 | 1973 @end defun |
1974 | |
1975 @cindex upper case key sequence | |
1976 @cindex downcasing in @code{lookup-key} | |
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1977 If an input character is an upper-case letter and has no key binding, |
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1978 but its lower-case equivalent has one, then @code{read-key-sequence} |
6260 | 1979 converts the character to lower case. Note that @code{lookup-key} does |
1980 not perform case conversion in this way. | |
1981 | |
1982 The function @code{read-key-sequence} also transforms some mouse events. | |
1983 It converts unbound drag events into click events, and discards unbound | |
12098 | 1984 button-down events entirely. It also reshuffles focus events and |
1985 miscellaneous window events so that they never appear in a key sequence | |
1986 with any other events. | |
6260 | 1987 |
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1988 @cindex @code{header-line} prefix key |
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1989 @cindex @code{mode-line} prefix key |
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1990 @cindex @code{vertical-line} prefix key |
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1991 @cindex @code{horizontal-scroll-bar} prefix key |
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1992 @cindex @code{vertical-scroll-bar} prefix key |
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1993 @cindex @code{menu-bar} prefix key |
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1994 @cindex mouse events, in special parts of frame |
6260 | 1995 When mouse events occur in special parts of a window, such as a mode |
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1996 line or a scroll bar, the event type shows nothing special---it is the |
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1997 same symbol that would normally represent that combination of mouse |
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1998 button and modifier keys. The information about the window part is kept |
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1999 elsewhere in the event---in the coordinates. But |
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2000 @code{read-key-sequence} translates this information into imaginary |
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2001 ``prefix keys'', all of which are symbols: @code{header-line}, |
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2002 @code{horizontal-scroll-bar}, @code{menu-bar}, @code{mode-line}, |
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2003 @code{vertical-line}, and @code{vertical-scroll-bar}. You can define |
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2004 meanings for mouse clicks in special window parts by defining key |
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2005 sequences using these imaginary prefix keys. |
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2006 |
6260 | 2007 For example, if you call @code{read-key-sequence} and then click the |
12098 | 2008 mouse on the window's mode line, you get two events, like this: |
6260 | 2009 |
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2010 @example |
6260 | 2011 (read-key-sequence "Click on the mode line: ") |
2012 @result{} [mode-line | |
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2013 (mouse-1 |
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2014 (#<window 6 on NEWS> mode-line |
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2015 (40 . 63) 5959987))] |
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2016 @end example |
6260 | 2017 |
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2018 @defvar num-input-keys |
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2019 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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2020 This variable's value is the number of key sequences processed so far in |
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2021 this Emacs session. This includes key sequences read from the terminal |
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2022 and key sequences read from keyboard macros being executed. |
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2023 @end defvar |
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2024 |
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2025 @defvar num-nonmacro-input-events |
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2026 This variable holds the total number of input events received so far |
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2027 from the terminal---not counting those generated by keyboard macros. |
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2028 @end defvar |
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2029 |
6260 | 2030 @node Reading One Event |
2031 @subsection Reading One Event | |
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2032 @cindex reading a single event |
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2033 @cindex event, reading only one |
6260 | 2034 |
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2035 The lowest level functions for command input are those that read a |
6260 | 2036 single event. |
2037 | |
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2038 @defun read-event &optional prompt inherit-input-method |
6260 | 2039 This function reads and returns the next event of command input, waiting |
2040 if necessary until an event is available. Events can come directly from | |
2041 the user or from a keyboard macro. | |
2042 | |
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2043 If the optional argument @var{prompt} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a |
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2044 string to display in the echo area as a prompt. Otherwise, |
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2045 @code{read-event} does not display any message to indicate it is waiting |
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2046 for input; instead, it prompts by echoing: it displays descriptions of |
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2047 the events that led to or were read by the current command. @xref{The |
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2048 Echo Area}. |
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2049 |
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2050 If @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the current input |
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2051 method (if any) is employed to make it possible to enter a |
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2052 non-@acronym{ASCII} character. Otherwise, input method handling is disabled |
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2053 for reading this event. |
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2054 |
6260 | 2055 If @code{cursor-in-echo-area} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{read-event} |
2056 moves the cursor temporarily to the echo area, to the end of any message | |
2057 displayed there. Otherwise @code{read-event} does not move the cursor. | |
2058 | |
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2059 If @code{read-event} gets an event that is defined as a help character, in |
22138
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2060 some cases @code{read-event} processes the event directly without |
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2061 returning. @xref{Help Functions}. Certain other events, called |
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2062 @dfn{special events}, are also processed directly within |
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2063 @code{read-event} (@pxref{Special Events}). |
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2064 |
6260 | 2065 Here is what happens if you call @code{read-event} and then press the |
2066 right-arrow function key: | |
2067 | |
2068 @example | |
2069 @group | |
2070 (read-event) | |
2071 @result{} right | |
2072 @end group | |
2073 @end example | |
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2074 @end defun |
6260 | 2075 |
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2076 @defun read-char &optional prompt inherit-input-method |
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2077 This function reads and returns a character of command input. If the |
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2078 user generates an event which is not a character (i.e. a mouse click or |
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2079 function key event), @code{read-char} signals an error. The arguments |
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2080 work as in @code{read-event}. |
6260 | 2081 |
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2082 In the first example, the user types the character @kbd{1} (@acronym{ASCII} |
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2083 code 49). The second example shows a keyboard macro definition that |
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2084 calls @code{read-char} from the minibuffer using @code{eval-expression}. |
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2085 @code{read-char} reads the keyboard macro's very next character, which |
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2086 is @kbd{1}. Then @code{eval-expression} displays its return value in |
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2087 the echo area. |
6260 | 2088 |
2089 @example | |
2090 @group | |
2091 (read-char) | |
2092 @result{} 49 | |
2093 @end group | |
2094 | |
2095 @group | |
12098 | 2096 ;; @r{We assume here you use @kbd{M-:} to evaluate this.} |
6260 | 2097 (symbol-function 'foo) |
12098 | 2098 @result{} "^[:(read-char)^M1" |
6260 | 2099 @end group |
2100 @group | |
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2101 (execute-kbd-macro 'foo) |
6260 | 2102 @print{} 49 |
2103 @result{} nil | |
2104 @end group | |
2105 @end example | |
2106 @end defun | |
2107 | |
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2108 @defun read-char-exclusive &optional prompt inherit-input-method |
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2109 This function reads and returns a character of command input. If the |
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2110 user generates an event which is not a character, |
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2111 @code{read-char-exclusive} ignores it and reads another event, until it |
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2112 gets a character. The arguments work as in @code{read-event}. |
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2113 @end defun |
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2114 |
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2115 @node Invoking the Input Method |
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2116 @subsection Invoking the Input Method |
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2117 |
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2118 The event-reading functions invoke the current input method, if any |
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2119 (@pxref{Input Methods}). If the value of @code{input-method-function} |
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2120 is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function; when @code{read-event} reads |
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2121 a printing character (including @key{SPC}) with no modifier bits, it |
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2122 calls that function, passing the character as an argument. |
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2123 |
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2124 @defvar input-method-function |
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2125 If this is non-@code{nil}, its value specifies the current input method |
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2126 function. |
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2127 |
52626 | 2128 @strong{Warning:} don't bind this variable with @code{let}. It is often |
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2129 buffer-local, and if you bind it around reading input (which is exactly |
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2130 when you @emph{would} bind it), switching buffers asynchronously while |
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2131 Emacs is waiting will cause the value to be restored in the wrong |
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2132 buffer. |
22843
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2133 @end defvar |
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2134 |
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2135 The input method function should return a list of events which should |
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2136 be used as input. (If the list is @code{nil}, that means there is no |
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2137 input, so @code{read-event} waits for another event.) These events are |
26696
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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2138 processed before the events in @code{unread-command-events} |
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2139 (@pxref{Event Input Misc}). Events |
22843
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2140 returned by the input method function are not passed to the input method |
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2141 function again, even if they are printing characters with no modifier |
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2142 bits. |
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2143 |
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2144 If the input method function calls @code{read-event} or |
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2145 @code{read-key-sequence}, it should bind @code{input-method-function} to |
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2146 @code{nil} first, to prevent recursion. |
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2147 |
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2148 The input method function is not called when reading the second and |
24951
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2149 subsequent events of a key sequence. Thus, these characters are not |
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2150 subject to input method processing. The input method function should |
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2151 test the values of @code{overriding-local-map} and |
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2152 @code{overriding-terminal-local-map}; if either of these variables is |
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2153 non-@code{nil}, the input method should put its argument into a list and |
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2154 return that list with no further processing. |
22843
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2155 |
6260 | 2156 @node Quoted Character Input |
2157 @subsection Quoted Character Input | |
2158 @cindex quoted character input | |
2159 | |
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2160 You can use the function @code{read-quoted-char} to ask the user to |
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2161 specify a character, and allow the user to specify a control or meta |
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2162 character conveniently, either literally or as an octal character code. |
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2163 The command @code{quoted-insert} uses this function. |
6260 | 2164 |
2165 @defun read-quoted-char &optional prompt | |
2166 @cindex octal character input | |
2167 @cindex control characters, reading | |
2168 @cindex nonprinting characters, reading | |
2169 This function is like @code{read-char}, except that if the first | |
21682
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2170 character read is an octal digit (0-7), it reads any number of octal |
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2171 digits (but stopping if a non-octal digit is found), and returns the |
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2172 character represented by that numeric character code. |
6260 | 2173 |
2174 Quitting is suppressed when the first character is read, so that the | |
2175 user can enter a @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Quitting}. | |
2176 | |
2177 If @var{prompt} is supplied, it specifies a string for prompting the | |
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2178 user. The prompt string is always displayed in the echo area, followed |
6260 | 2179 by a single @samp{-}. |
2180 | |
2181 In the following example, the user types in the octal number 177 (which | |
2182 is 127 in decimal). | |
2183 | |
2184 @example | |
2185 (read-quoted-char "What character") | |
2186 | |
2187 @group | |
2188 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
2189 What character-@kbd{177} | |
2190 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
2191 | |
2192 @result{} 127 | |
2193 @end group | |
2194 @end example | |
2195 @end defun | |
2196 | |
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2197 @need 2000 |
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2198 @node Event Input Misc |
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2199 @subsection Miscellaneous Event Input Features |
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2200 |
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2201 This section describes how to ``peek ahead'' at events without using |
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2202 them up, how to check for pending input, and how to discard pending |
22252
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2203 input. See also the function @code{read-passwd} (@pxref{Reading a |
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2204 Password}). |
6260 | 2205 |
2206 @defvar unread-command-events | |
2207 @cindex next input | |
2208 @cindex peeking at input | |
2209 This variable holds a list of events waiting to be read as command | |
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2210 input. The events are used in the order they appear in the list, and |
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2211 removed one by one as they are used. |
6260 | 2212 |
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2213 The variable is needed because in some cases a function reads an event |
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2214 and then decides not to use it. Storing the event in this variable |
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2215 causes it to be processed normally, by the command loop or by the |
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2216 functions to read command input. |
6260 | 2217 |
2218 @cindex prefix argument unreading | |
2219 For example, the function that implements numeric prefix arguments reads | |
2220 any number of digits. When it finds a non-digit event, it must unread | |
2221 the event so that it can be read normally by the command loop. | |
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2222 Likewise, incremental search uses this feature to unread events with no |
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2223 special meaning in a search, because these events should exit the search |
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2224 and then execute normally. |
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2225 |
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2226 The reliable and easy way to extract events from a key sequence so as to |
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2227 put them in @code{unread-command-events} is to use |
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2228 @code{listify-key-sequence} (@pxref{Strings of Events}). |
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2229 |
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2230 Normally you add events to the front of this list, so that the events |
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2231 most recently unread will be reread first. |
6260 | 2232 @end defvar |
2233 | |
21682
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2234 @defun listify-key-sequence key |
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2235 This function converts the string or vector @var{key} to a list of |
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2236 individual events, which you can put in @code{unread-command-events}. |
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2237 @end defun |
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2238 |
6260 | 2239 @defvar unread-command-char |
2240 This variable holds a character to be read as command input. | |
2241 A value of -1 means ``empty''. | |
2242 | |
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2243 This variable is mostly obsolete now that you can use |
6260 | 2244 @code{unread-command-events} instead; it exists only to support programs |
2245 written for Emacs versions 18 and earlier. | |
2246 @end defvar | |
2247 | |
2248 @defun input-pending-p | |
2249 @cindex waiting for command key input | |
2250 This function determines whether any command input is currently | |
2251 available to be read. It returns immediately, with value @code{t} if | |
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2252 there is available input, @code{nil} otherwise. On rare occasions it |
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2253 may return @code{t} when no input is available. |
6260 | 2254 @end defun |
2255 | |
2256 @defvar last-input-event | |
21682
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2257 @defvarx last-input-char |
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2258 This variable records the last terminal input event read, whether |
6260 | 2259 as part of a command or explicitly by a Lisp program. |
2260 | |
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2261 In the example below, the Lisp program reads the character @kbd{1}, |
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2262 @acronym{ASCII} code 49. It becomes the value of @code{last-input-event}, |
12098 | 2263 while @kbd{C-e} (we assume @kbd{C-x C-e} command is used to evaluate |
2264 this expression) remains the value of @code{last-command-event}. | |
6260 | 2265 |
2266 @example | |
2267 @group | |
2268 (progn (print (read-char)) | |
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2269 (print last-command-event) |
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2270 last-input-event) |
6260 | 2271 @print{} 49 |
2272 @print{} 5 | |
2273 @result{} 49 | |
2274 @end group | |
2275 @end example | |
2276 | |
2277 The alias @code{last-input-char} exists for compatibility with | |
2278 Emacs version 18. | |
2279 @end defvar | |
2280 | |
2281 @defun discard-input | |
2282 @cindex flush input | |
2283 @cindex discard input | |
2284 @cindex terminate keyboard macro | |
2285 This function discards the contents of the terminal input buffer and | |
2286 cancels any keyboard macro that might be in the process of definition. | |
2287 It returns @code{nil}. | |
2288 | |
2289 In the following example, the user may type a number of characters right | |
2290 after starting the evaluation of the form. After the @code{sleep-for} | |
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2291 finishes sleeping, @code{discard-input} discards any characters typed |
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2292 during the sleep. |
6260 | 2293 |
2294 @example | |
2295 (progn (sleep-for 2) | |
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2296 (discard-input)) |
6260 | 2297 @result{} nil |
2298 @end example | |
2299 @end defun | |
2300 | |
21007
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2301 @node Special Events |
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2302 @section Special Events |
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2303 |
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2304 @cindex special events |
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2305 Special events are handled at a very low level---as soon as they are |
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2306 read. The @code{read-event} function processes these events itself, and |
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2307 never returns them. |
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2308 |
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2309 Events that are handled in this way do not echo, they are never grouped |
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2310 into key sequences, and they never appear in the value of |
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2311 @code{last-command-event} or @code{(this-command-keys)}. They do not |
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2312 discard a numeric argument, they cannot be unread with |
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2313 @code{unread-command-events}, they may not appear in a keyboard macro, |
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2314 and they are not recorded in a keyboard macro while you are defining |
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2315 one. |
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2316 |
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2317 These events do, however, appear in @code{last-input-event} immediately |
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2318 after they are read, and this is the way for the event's definition to |
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2319 find the actual event. |
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2320 |
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2321 The events types @code{iconify-frame}, @code{make-frame-visible} and |
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2322 @code{delete-frame} are normally handled in this way. The keymap which |
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2323 defines how to handle special events---and which events are special---is |
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2324 in the variable @code{special-event-map} (@pxref{Active Keymaps}). |
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2325 |
6260 | 2326 @node Waiting |
2327 @section Waiting for Elapsed Time or Input | |
2328 @cindex pausing | |
2329 @cindex waiting | |
2330 | |
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2331 The wait functions are designed to wait for a certain amount of time |
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2332 to pass or until there is input. For example, you may wish to pause in |
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2333 the middle of a computation to allow the user time to view the display. |
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2334 @code{sit-for} pauses and updates the screen, and returns immediately if |
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2335 input comes in, while @code{sleep-for} pauses without updating the |
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2336 screen. |
6260 | 2337 |
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2338 @defun sit-for seconds &optional nodisp |
6260 | 2339 This function performs redisplay (provided there is no pending input |
2340 from the user), then waits @var{seconds} seconds, or until input is | |
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2341 available. The value is @code{t} if @code{sit-for} waited the full |
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2342 time with no input arriving (see @code{input-pending-p} in @ref{Event |
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2343 Input Misc}). Otherwise, the value is @code{nil}. |
6260 | 2344 |
12098 | 2345 The argument @var{seconds} need not be an integer. If it is a floating |
2346 point number, @code{sit-for} waits for a fractional number of seconds. | |
2347 Some systems support only a whole number of seconds; on these systems, | |
2348 @var{seconds} is rounded down. | |
2349 | |
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2350 The expression @code{(sit-for 0)} is a convenient way to request a |
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2351 redisplay, without any delay. @xref{Forcing Redisplay}. |
6260 | 2352 |
2353 If @var{nodisp} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{sit-for} does not | |
2354 redisplay, but it still returns as soon as input is available (or when | |
2355 the timeout elapses). | |
2356 | |
12067 | 2357 Iconifying or deiconifying a frame makes @code{sit-for} return, because |
2358 that generates an event. @xref{Misc Events}. | |
2359 | |
6260 | 2360 The usual purpose of @code{sit-for} is to give the user time to read |
2361 text that you display. | |
51912
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2362 |
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2363 It is also possible to call @code{sit-for} with three arguments, |
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2364 as @code{(sit-for @var{seconds} @var{millisec} @var{nodisp})}, |
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2365 but that is considered obsolete. |
6260 | 2366 @end defun |
2367 | |
2368 @defun sleep-for seconds &optional millisec | |
2369 This function simply pauses for @var{seconds} seconds without updating | |
2370 the display. It pays no attention to available input. It returns | |
2371 @code{nil}. | |
2372 | |
12098 | 2373 The argument @var{seconds} need not be an integer. If it is a floating |
2374 point number, @code{sleep-for} waits for a fractional number of seconds. | |
2375 Some systems support only a whole number of seconds; on these systems, | |
2376 @var{seconds} is rounded down. | |
2377 | |
6260 | 2378 The optional argument @var{millisec} specifies an additional waiting |
2379 period measured in milliseconds. This adds to the period specified by | |
12098 | 2380 @var{seconds}. If the system doesn't support waiting fractions of a |
2381 second, you get an error if you specify nonzero @var{millisec}. | |
6260 | 2382 |
2383 Use @code{sleep-for} when you wish to guarantee a delay. | |
2384 @end defun | |
2385 | |
2386 @xref{Time of Day}, for functions to get the current time. | |
2387 | |
2388 @node Quitting | |
2389 @section Quitting | |
2390 @cindex @kbd{C-g} | |
2391 @cindex quitting | |
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2392 @cindex interrupt Lisp functions |
6260 | 2393 |
7735
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2394 Typing @kbd{C-g} while a Lisp function is running causes Emacs to |
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2395 @dfn{quit} whatever it is doing. This means that control returns to the |
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2396 innermost active command loop. |
6260 | 2397 |
2398 Typing @kbd{C-g} while the command loop is waiting for keyboard input | |
2399 does not cause a quit; it acts as an ordinary input character. In the | |
2400 simplest case, you cannot tell the difference, because @kbd{C-g} | |
2401 normally runs the command @code{keyboard-quit}, whose effect is to quit. | |
21682
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2402 However, when @kbd{C-g} follows a prefix key, they combine to form an |
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2403 undefined key. The effect is to cancel the prefix key as well as any |
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2404 prefix argument. |
6260 | 2405 |
2406 In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-g} has a different definition: it aborts out | |
2407 of the minibuffer. This means, in effect, that it exits the minibuffer | |
2408 and then quits. (Simply quitting would return to the command loop | |
2409 @emph{within} the minibuffer.) The reason why @kbd{C-g} does not quit | |
2410 directly when the command reader is reading input is so that its meaning | |
2411 can be redefined in the minibuffer in this way. @kbd{C-g} following a | |
2412 prefix key is not redefined in the minibuffer, and it has its normal | |
2413 effect of canceling the prefix key and prefix argument. This too | |
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2414 would not be possible if @kbd{C-g} always quit directly. |
6260 | 2415 |
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2416 When @kbd{C-g} does directly quit, it does so by setting the variable |
6557
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2417 @code{quit-flag} to @code{t}. Emacs checks this variable at appropriate |
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2418 times and quits if it is not @code{nil}. Setting @code{quit-flag} |
6260 | 2419 non-@code{nil} in any way thus causes a quit. |
2420 | |
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2421 At the level of C code, quitting cannot happen just anywhere; only at the |
7735
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2422 special places that check @code{quit-flag}. The reason for this is |
6260 | 2423 that quitting at other places might leave an inconsistency in Emacs's |
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2424 internal state. Because quitting is delayed until a safe place, quitting |
6260 | 2425 cannot make Emacs crash. |
2426 | |
2427 Certain functions such as @code{read-key-sequence} or | |
2428 @code{read-quoted-char} prevent quitting entirely even though they wait | |
2429 for input. Instead of quitting, @kbd{C-g} serves as the requested | |
2430 input. In the case of @code{read-key-sequence}, this serves to bring | |
2431 about the special behavior of @kbd{C-g} in the command loop. In the | |
2432 case of @code{read-quoted-char}, this is so that @kbd{C-q} can be used | |
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2433 to quote a @kbd{C-g}. |
6260 | 2434 |
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2435 @cindex prevent quitting |
6260 | 2436 You can prevent quitting for a portion of a Lisp function by binding |
2437 the variable @code{inhibit-quit} to a non-@code{nil} value. Then, | |
2438 although @kbd{C-g} still sets @code{quit-flag} to @code{t} as usual, the | |
2439 usual result of this---a quit---is prevented. Eventually, | |
2440 @code{inhibit-quit} will become @code{nil} again, such as when its | |
2441 binding is unwound at the end of a @code{let} form. At that time, if | |
2442 @code{quit-flag} is still non-@code{nil}, the requested quit happens | |
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2443 immediately. This behavior is ideal when you wish to make sure that |
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2444 quitting does not happen within a ``critical section'' of the program. |
6260 | 2445 |
2446 @cindex @code{read-quoted-char} quitting | |
2447 In some functions (such as @code{read-quoted-char}), @kbd{C-g} is | |
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2448 handled in a special way that does not involve quitting. This is done |
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2449 by reading the input with @code{inhibit-quit} bound to @code{t}, and |
6260 | 2450 setting @code{quit-flag} to @code{nil} before @code{inhibit-quit} |
2451 becomes @code{nil} again. This excerpt from the definition of | |
2452 @code{read-quoted-char} shows how this is done; it also shows that | |
2453 normal quitting is permitted after the first character of input. | |
2454 | |
2455 @example | |
2456 (defun read-quoted-char (&optional prompt) | |
2457 "@dots{}@var{documentation}@dots{}" | |
21682
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2458 (let ((message-log-max nil) done (first t) (code 0) char) |
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2459 (while (not done) |
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2460 (let ((inhibit-quit first) |
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2461 @dots{}) |
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2462 (and prompt (message "%s-" prompt)) |
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2463 (setq char (read-event)) |
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2464 (if inhibit-quit (setq quit-flag nil))) |
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2465 @r{@dots{}set the variable @code{code}@dots{}}) |
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2466 code)) |
6260 | 2467 @end example |
2468 | |
2469 @defvar quit-flag | |
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2470 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs quits immediately, unless |
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2471 @code{inhibit-quit} is non-@code{nil}. Typing @kbd{C-g} ordinarily sets |
6260 | 2472 @code{quit-flag} non-@code{nil}, regardless of @code{inhibit-quit}. |
2473 @end defvar | |
2474 | |
2475 @defvar inhibit-quit | |
2476 This variable determines whether Emacs should quit when @code{quit-flag} | |
2477 is set to a value other than @code{nil}. If @code{inhibit-quit} is | |
2478 non-@code{nil}, then @code{quit-flag} has no special effect. | |
2479 @end defvar | |
2480 | |
2481 @deffn Command keyboard-quit | |
2482 This function signals the @code{quit} condition with @code{(signal 'quit | |
2483 nil)}. This is the same thing that quitting does. (See @code{signal} | |
2484 in @ref{Errors}.) | |
2485 @end deffn | |
2486 | |
2487 You can specify a character other than @kbd{C-g} to use for quitting. | |
2488 See the function @code{set-input-mode} in @ref{Terminal Input}. | |
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2489 |
6260 | 2490 @node Prefix Command Arguments |
2491 @section Prefix Command Arguments | |
2492 @cindex prefix argument | |
2493 @cindex raw prefix argument | |
2494 @cindex numeric prefix argument | |
2495 | |
2496 Most Emacs commands can use a @dfn{prefix argument}, a number | |
2497 specified before the command itself. (Don't confuse prefix arguments | |
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2498 with prefix keys.) The prefix argument is at all times represented by a |
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2499 value, which may be @code{nil}, meaning there is currently no prefix |
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2500 argument. Each command may use the prefix argument or ignore it. |
6260 | 2501 |
2502 There are two representations of the prefix argument: @dfn{raw} and | |
2503 @dfn{numeric}. The editor command loop uses the raw representation | |
2504 internally, and so do the Lisp variables that store the information, but | |
2505 commands can request either representation. | |
2506 | |
2507 Here are the possible values of a raw prefix argument: | |
2508 | |
2509 @itemize @bullet | |
2510 @item | |
2511 @code{nil}, meaning there is no prefix argument. Its numeric value is | |
2512 1, but numerous commands make a distinction between @code{nil} and the | |
2513 integer 1. | |
2514 | |
2515 @item | |
2516 An integer, which stands for itself. | |
2517 | |
2518 @item | |
2519 A list of one element, which is an integer. This form of prefix | |
2520 argument results from one or a succession of @kbd{C-u}'s with no | |
2521 digits. The numeric value is the integer in the list, but some | |
2522 commands make a distinction between such a list and an integer alone. | |
2523 | |
2524 @item | |
2525 The symbol @code{-}. This indicates that @kbd{M--} or @kbd{C-u -} was | |
2526 typed, without following digits. The equivalent numeric value is | |
2527 @minus{}1, but some commands make a distinction between the integer | |
2528 @minus{}1 and the symbol @code{-}. | |
2529 @end itemize | |
2530 | |
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2531 We illustrate these possibilities by calling the following function with |
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2532 various prefixes: |
6260 | 2533 |
2534 @example | |
2535 @group | |
2536 (defun display-prefix (arg) | |
2537 "Display the value of the raw prefix arg." | |
2538 (interactive "P") | |
2539 (message "%s" arg)) | |
2540 @end group | |
2541 @end example | |
2542 | |
2543 @noindent | |
2544 Here are the results of calling @code{display-prefix} with various | |
2545 raw prefix arguments: | |
2546 | |
2547 @example | |
2548 M-x display-prefix @print{} nil | |
2549 | |
2550 C-u M-x display-prefix @print{} (4) | |
2551 | |
2552 C-u C-u M-x display-prefix @print{} (16) | |
2553 | |
2554 C-u 3 M-x display-prefix @print{} 3 | |
2555 | |
2556 M-3 M-x display-prefix @print{} 3 ; @r{(Same as @code{C-u 3}.)} | |
2557 | |
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2558 C-u - M-x display-prefix @print{} - |
6260 | 2559 |
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2560 M-- M-x display-prefix @print{} - ; @r{(Same as @code{C-u -}.)} |
6260 | 2561 |
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2562 C-u - 7 M-x display-prefix @print{} -7 |
6260 | 2563 |
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2564 M-- 7 M-x display-prefix @print{} -7 ; @r{(Same as @code{C-u -7}.)} |
6260 | 2565 @end example |
2566 | |
2567 Emacs uses two variables to store the prefix argument: | |
2568 @code{prefix-arg} and @code{current-prefix-arg}. Commands such as | |
2569 @code{universal-argument} that set up prefix arguments for other | |
2570 commands store them in @code{prefix-arg}. In contrast, | |
2571 @code{current-prefix-arg} conveys the prefix argument to the current | |
2572 command, so setting it has no effect on the prefix arguments for future | |
2573 commands. | |
2574 | |
2575 Normally, commands specify which representation to use for the prefix | |
2576 argument, either numeric or raw, in the @code{interactive} declaration. | |
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2577 (@xref{Using Interactive}.) Alternatively, functions may look at the |
6260 | 2578 value of the prefix argument directly in the variable |
2579 @code{current-prefix-arg}, but this is less clean. | |
2580 | |
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2581 @defun prefix-numeric-value arg |
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2582 This function returns the numeric meaning of a valid raw prefix argument |
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2583 value, @var{arg}. The argument may be a symbol, a number, or a list. |
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2584 If it is @code{nil}, the value 1 is returned; if it is @code{-}, the |
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2585 value @minus{}1 is returned; if it is a number, that number is returned; |
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2586 if it is a list, the @sc{car} of that list (which should be a number) is |
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2587 returned. |
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2588 @end defun |
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2589 |
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2590 @defvar current-prefix-arg |
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2591 This variable holds the raw prefix argument for the @emph{current} |
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2592 command. Commands may examine it directly, but the usual method for |
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2593 accessing it is with @code{(interactive "P")}. |
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2594 @end defvar |
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2595 |
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2596 @defvar prefix-arg |
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2597 The value of this variable is the raw prefix argument for the |
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2598 @emph{next} editing command. Commands such as @code{universal-argument} |
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2599 that specify prefix arguments for the following command work by setting |
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2600 this variable. |
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2601 @end defvar |
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2602 |
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2603 @defvar last-prefix-arg |
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2604 The raw prefix argument value used by the previous command. |
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2605 @end defvar |
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2606 |
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2607 The following commands exist to set up prefix arguments for the |
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2608 following command. Do not call them for any other reason. |
6260 | 2609 |
2610 @deffn Command universal-argument | |
2611 This command reads input and specifies a prefix argument for the | |
2612 following command. Don't call this command yourself unless you know | |
2613 what you are doing. | |
2614 @end deffn | |
2615 | |
2616 @deffn Command digit-argument arg | |
2617 This command adds to the prefix argument for the following command. The | |
2618 argument @var{arg} is the raw prefix argument as it was before this | |
2619 command; it is used to compute the updated prefix argument. Don't call | |
2620 this command yourself unless you know what you are doing. | |
2621 @end deffn | |
2622 | |
2623 @deffn Command negative-argument arg | |
2624 This command adds to the numeric argument for the next command. The | |
2625 argument @var{arg} is the raw prefix argument as it was before this | |
2626 command; its value is negated to form the new prefix argument. Don't | |
2627 call this command yourself unless you know what you are doing. | |
2628 @end deffn | |
2629 | |
2630 @node Recursive Editing | |
2631 @section Recursive Editing | |
2632 @cindex recursive command loop | |
2633 @cindex recursive editing level | |
2634 @cindex command loop, recursive | |
2635 | |
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2636 The Emacs command loop is entered automatically when Emacs starts up. |
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2637 This top-level invocation of the command loop never exits; it keeps |
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2638 running as long as Emacs does. Lisp programs can also invoke the |
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2639 command loop. Since this makes more than one activation of the command |
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2640 loop, we call it @dfn{recursive editing}. A recursive editing level has |
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2641 the effect of suspending whatever command invoked it and permitting the |
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2642 user to do arbitrary editing before resuming that command. |
6260 | 2643 |
2644 The commands available during recursive editing are the same ones | |
2645 available in the top-level editing loop and defined in the keymaps. | |
2646 Only a few special commands exit the recursive editing level; the others | |
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2647 return to the recursive editing level when they finish. (The special |
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2648 commands for exiting are always available, but they do nothing when |
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2649 recursive editing is not in progress.) |
6260 | 2650 |
2651 All command loops, including recursive ones, set up all-purpose error | |
2652 handlers so that an error in a command run from the command loop will | |
2653 not exit the loop. | |
2654 | |
2655 @cindex minibuffer input | |
2656 Minibuffer input is a special kind of recursive editing. It has a few | |
2657 special wrinkles, such as enabling display of the minibuffer and the | |
2658 minibuffer window, but fewer than you might suppose. Certain keys | |
2659 behave differently in the minibuffer, but that is only because of the | |
2660 minibuffer's local map; if you switch windows, you get the usual Emacs | |
2661 commands. | |
2662 | |
2663 @cindex @code{throw} example | |
2664 @kindex exit | |
2665 @cindex exit recursive editing | |
2666 @cindex aborting | |
2667 To invoke a recursive editing level, call the function | |
2668 @code{recursive-edit}. This function contains the command loop; it also | |
2669 contains a call to @code{catch} with tag @code{exit}, which makes it | |
2670 possible to exit the recursive editing level by throwing to @code{exit} | |
2671 (@pxref{Catch and Throw}). If you throw a value other than @code{t}, | |
2672 then @code{recursive-edit} returns normally to the function that called | |
2673 it. The command @kbd{C-M-c} (@code{exit-recursive-edit}) does this. | |
2674 Throwing a @code{t} value causes @code{recursive-edit} to quit, so that | |
2675 control returns to the command loop one level up. This is called | |
2676 @dfn{aborting}, and is done by @kbd{C-]} (@code{abort-recursive-edit}). | |
2677 | |
2678 Most applications should not use recursive editing, except as part of | |
2679 using the minibuffer. Usually it is more convenient for the user if you | |
2680 change the major mode of the current buffer temporarily to a special | |
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2681 major mode, which should have a command to go back to the previous mode. |
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2682 (The @kbd{e} command in Rmail uses this technique.) Or, if you wish to |
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2683 give the user different text to edit ``recursively'', create and select |
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2684 a new buffer in a special mode. In this mode, define a command to |
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2685 complete the processing and go back to the previous buffer. (The |
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2686 @kbd{m} command in Rmail does this.) |
6260 | 2687 |
2688 Recursive edits are useful in debugging. You can insert a call to | |
2689 @code{debug} into a function definition as a sort of breakpoint, so that | |
2690 you can look around when the function gets there. @code{debug} invokes | |
2691 a recursive edit but also provides the other features of the debugger. | |
2692 | |
2693 Recursive editing levels are also used when you type @kbd{C-r} in | |
2694 @code{query-replace} or use @kbd{C-x q} (@code{kbd-macro-query}). | |
2695 | |
2696 @defun recursive-edit | |
2697 @cindex suspend evaluation | |
2698 This function invokes the editor command loop. It is called | |
2699 automatically by the initialization of Emacs, to let the user begin | |
2700 editing. When called from a Lisp program, it enters a recursive editing | |
2701 level. | |
2702 | |
2703 In the following example, the function @code{simple-rec} first | |
2704 advances point one word, then enters a recursive edit, printing out a | |
2705 message in the echo area. The user can then do any editing desired, and | |
2706 then type @kbd{C-M-c} to exit and continue executing @code{simple-rec}. | |
2707 | |
2708 @example | |
2709 (defun simple-rec () | |
2710 (forward-word 1) | |
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2711 (message "Recursive edit in progress") |
6260 | 2712 (recursive-edit) |
2713 (forward-word 1)) | |
2714 @result{} simple-rec | |
2715 (simple-rec) | |
2716 @result{} nil | |
2717 @end example | |
2718 @end defun | |
2719 | |
2720 @deffn Command exit-recursive-edit | |
2721 This function exits from the innermost recursive edit (including | |
2722 minibuffer input). Its definition is effectively @code{(throw 'exit | |
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2723 nil)}. |
6260 | 2724 @end deffn |
2725 | |
2726 @deffn Command abort-recursive-edit | |
2727 This function aborts the command that requested the innermost recursive | |
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2728 edit (including minibuffer input), by signaling @code{quit} |
6260 | 2729 after exiting the recursive edit. Its definition is effectively |
2730 @code{(throw 'exit t)}. @xref{Quitting}. | |
2731 @end deffn | |
2732 | |
2733 @deffn Command top-level | |
2734 This function exits all recursive editing levels; it does not return a | |
2735 value, as it jumps completely out of any computation directly back to | |
2736 the main command loop. | |
2737 @end deffn | |
2738 | |
2739 @defun recursion-depth | |
2740 This function returns the current depth of recursive edits. When no | |
2741 recursive edit is active, it returns 0. | |
2742 @end defun | |
2743 | |
2744 @node Disabling Commands | |
2745 @section Disabling Commands | |
2746 @cindex disabled command | |
2747 | |
2748 @dfn{Disabling a command} marks the command as requiring user | |
2749 confirmation before it can be executed. Disabling is used for commands | |
2750 which might be confusing to beginning users, to prevent them from using | |
2751 the commands by accident. | |
2752 | |
2753 @kindex disabled | |
2754 The low-level mechanism for disabling a command is to put a | |
2755 non-@code{nil} @code{disabled} property on the Lisp symbol for the | |
2756 command. These properties are normally set up by the user's | |
25875 | 2757 init file (@pxref{Init File}) with Lisp expressions such as this: |
6260 | 2758 |
2759 @example | |
2760 (put 'upcase-region 'disabled t) | |
2761 @end example | |
2762 | |
2763 @noindent | |
25875 | 2764 For a few commands, these properties are present by default (you can |
2765 remove them in your init file if you wish). | |
6260 | 2766 |
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2767 If the value of the @code{disabled} property is a string, the message |
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2768 saying the command is disabled includes that string. For example: |
6260 | 2769 |
2770 @example | |
2771 (put 'delete-region 'disabled | |
2772 "Text deleted this way cannot be yanked back!\n") | |
2773 @end example | |
2774 | |
2775 @xref{Disabling,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for the details on | |
2776 what happens when a disabled command is invoked interactively. | |
2777 Disabling a command has no effect on calling it as a function from Lisp | |
2778 programs. | |
2779 | |
2780 @deffn Command enable-command command | |
2781 Allow @var{command} to be executed without special confirmation from now | |
25875 | 2782 on, and (if the user confirms) alter the user's init file (@pxref{Init |
2783 File}) so that this will apply to future sessions. | |
6260 | 2784 @end deffn |
2785 | |
2786 @deffn Command disable-command command | |
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2787 Require special confirmation to execute @var{command} from now on, and |
25875 | 2788 (if the user confirms) alter the user's init file so that this |
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2789 will apply to future sessions. |
6260 | 2790 @end deffn |
2791 | |
2792 @defvar disabled-command-hook | |
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2793 When the user invokes a disabled command interactively, this normal hook |
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2794 is run instead of the disabled command. The hook functions can use |
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2795 @code{this-command-keys} to determine what the user typed to run the |
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2796 command, and thus find the command itself. @xref{Hooks}. |
6260 | 2797 |
2798 By default, @code{disabled-command-hook} contains a function that asks | |
2799 the user whether to proceed. | |
2800 @end defvar | |
2801 | |
2802 @node Command History | |
2803 @section Command History | |
2804 @cindex command history | |
2805 @cindex complex command | |
2806 @cindex history of commands | |
2807 | |
2808 The command loop keeps a history of the complex commands that have | |
2809 been executed, to make it convenient to repeat these commands. A | |
2810 @dfn{complex command} is one for which the interactive argument reading | |
2811 uses the minibuffer. This includes any @kbd{M-x} command, any | |
12098 | 2812 @kbd{M-:} command, and any command whose @code{interactive} |
6260 | 2813 specification reads an argument from the minibuffer. Explicit use of |
2814 the minibuffer during the execution of the command itself does not cause | |
2815 the command to be considered complex. | |
2816 | |
2817 @defvar command-history | |
2818 This variable's value is a list of recent complex commands, each | |
2819 represented as a form to evaluate. It continues to accumulate all | |
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2820 complex commands for the duration of the editing session, but when it |
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2821 reaches the maximum size (@pxref{Minibuffer History}), the oldest |
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2822 elements are deleted as new ones are added. |
6260 | 2823 |
2824 @example | |
2825 @group | |
2826 command-history | |
2827 @result{} ((switch-to-buffer "chistory.texi") | |
2828 (describe-key "^X^[") | |
2829 (visit-tags-table "~/emacs/src/") | |
2830 (find-tag "repeat-complex-command")) | |
2831 @end group | |
2832 @end example | |
2833 @end defvar | |
2834 | |
2835 This history list is actually a special case of minibuffer history | |
2836 (@pxref{Minibuffer History}), with one special twist: the elements are | |
2837 expressions rather than strings. | |
2838 | |
2839 There are a number of commands devoted to the editing and recall of | |
2840 previous commands. The commands @code{repeat-complex-command}, and | |
2841 @code{list-command-history} are described in the user manual | |
2842 (@pxref{Repetition,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). Within the | |
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2843 minibuffer, the usual minibuffer history commands are available. |
6260 | 2844 |
2845 @node Keyboard Macros | |
2846 @section Keyboard Macros | |
2847 @cindex keyboard macros | |
2848 | |
2849 A @dfn{keyboard macro} is a canned sequence of input events that can | |
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2850 be considered a command and made the definition of a key. The Lisp |
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2851 representation of a keyboard macro is a string or vector containing the |
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2852 events. Don't confuse keyboard macros with Lisp macros |
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2853 (@pxref{Macros}). |
6260 | 2854 |
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2855 @defun execute-kbd-macro kbdmacro &optional count |
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2856 This function executes @var{kbdmacro} as a sequence of events. If |
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2857 @var{kbdmacro} is a string or vector, then the events in it are executed |
6260 | 2858 exactly as if they had been input by the user. The sequence is |
2859 @emph{not} expected to be a single key sequence; normally a keyboard | |
2860 macro definition consists of several key sequences concatenated. | |
2861 | |
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2862 If @var{kbdmacro} is a symbol, then its function definition is used in |
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2863 place of @var{kbdmacro}. If that is another symbol, this process repeats. |
6260 | 2864 Eventually the result should be a string or vector. If the result is |
2865 not a symbol, string, or vector, an error is signaled. | |
2866 | |
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2867 The argument @var{count} is a repeat count; @var{kbdmacro} is executed that |
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2868 many times. If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, @var{kbdmacro} is |
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2869 executed once. If it is 0, @var{kbdmacro} is executed over and over until it |
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2870 encounters an error or a failing search. |
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2871 |
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2872 @xref{Reading One Event}, for an example of using @code{execute-kbd-macro}. |
6260 | 2873 @end defun |
2874 | |
2875 @defvar executing-macro | |
2876 This variable contains the string or vector that defines the keyboard | |
2877 macro that is currently executing. It is @code{nil} if no macro is | |
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2878 currently executing. A command can test this variable so as to behave |
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2879 differently when run from an executing macro. Do not set this variable |
6260 | 2880 yourself. |
2881 @end defvar | |
2882 | |
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2883 @defvar defining-kbd-macro |
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2884 This variable indicates whether a keyboard macro is being defined. A |
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2885 command can test this variable so as to behave differently while a macro |
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2886 is being defined. The commands @code{start-kbd-macro} and |
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2887 @code{end-kbd-macro} set this variable---do not set it yourself. |
12067 | 2888 |
12098 | 2889 The variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
12067 | 2890 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. |
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2891 @end defvar |
6260 | 2892 |
12098 | 2893 @defvar last-kbd-macro |
2894 This variable is the definition of the most recently defined keyboard | |
2895 macro. Its value is a string or vector, or @code{nil}. | |
2896 | |
2897 The variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be | |
2898 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. | |
2899 @end defvar | |
2900 | |
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2901 @defvar kbd-macro-termination-hook |
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2902 This normal hook (@pxref{Standard Hooks}) is run when a keyboard |
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2903 macro terminates, regardless of what caused it to terminate (reaching |
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2904 the macro end or an error which ended the macro prematurely). |
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2905 @end defvar |
52401 | 2906 |
2907 @ignore | |
2908 arch-tag: e34944ad-7d5c-4980-be00-36a5fe54d4b1 | |
2909 @end ignore |