Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/windows.texi @ 53504:f657faa17ea1
Fix comment to recommend
before-save-hook instead of write-file-functions.
author | Simon Josefsson <jas@extundo.com> |
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date | Mon, 05 Jan 2004 18:19:11 +0000 |
parents | 9b4db8b28d9e |
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6564 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6564 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/windows | |
7 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
8 @chapter Windows | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes most of the functions and variables related to | |
11 Emacs windows. See @ref{Display}, for information on how text is | |
12 displayed in windows. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. |
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16 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. |
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17 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. |
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18 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. |
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19 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. |
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20 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. |
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21 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer |
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22 and choosing a window for it. |
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23 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
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24 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
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25 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text |
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26 is on-screen in the window. |
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27 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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28 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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29 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
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30 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
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31 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. |
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32 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
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33 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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34 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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35 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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36 or window configuration changes. |
6564 | 37 @end menu |
38 | |
39 @node Basic Windows | |
40 @section Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
41 @cindex window | |
42 @cindex selected window | |
43 | |
12098 | 44 A @dfn{window} in Emacs is the physical area of the screen in which a |
45 buffer is displayed. The term is also used to refer to a Lisp object that | |
6564 | 46 represents that screen area in Emacs Lisp. It should be |
47 clear from the context which is meant. | |
48 | |
12098 | 49 Emacs groups windows into frames. A frame represents an area of |
50 screen available for Emacs to use. Each frame always contains at least | |
51 one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into | |
52 multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows. | |
6564 | 53 |
12098 | 54 In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as |
55 @dfn{selected within the frame}. The frame's cursor appears in that | |
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56 window. At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the window |
12098 | 57 selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}. The selected |
58 window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when | |
59 @code{set-buffer} has been used). @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
60 | |
61 For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in | |
62 a frame. Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted | |
63 and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references | |
64 to it} from other Lisp objects. Restoring a saved window configuration | |
65 is the only way for a window no longer on the screen to come back to | |
66 life. (@xref{Deleting Windows}.) | |
6564 | 67 |
68 Each window has the following attributes: | |
69 | |
70 @itemize @bullet | |
71 @item | |
72 containing frame | |
73 | |
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74 @item |
6564 | 75 window height |
76 | |
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77 @item |
6564 | 78 window width |
79 | |
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80 @item |
6564 | 81 window edges with respect to the screen or frame |
82 | |
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83 @item |
6564 | 84 the buffer it displays |
85 | |
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86 @item |
6564 | 87 position within the buffer at the upper left of the window |
88 | |
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89 @item |
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90 amount of horizontal scrolling, in columns |
6564 | 91 |
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92 @item |
6564 | 93 point |
94 | |
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95 @item |
6564 | 96 the mark |
97 | |
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98 @item |
6564 | 99 how recently the window was selected |
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100 |
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101 @item |
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102 fringe settings |
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103 |
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104 @item |
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105 display margins |
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106 |
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107 @item |
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108 scroll-bar settings |
6564 | 109 @end itemize |
110 | |
111 @cindex multiple windows | |
112 Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at | |
113 once. Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but | |
12098 | 114 most often to display related information. In Rmail, for example, you |
115 can move through a summary buffer in one window while the other window | |
116 shows messages one at a time as they are reached. | |
6564 | 117 |
118 The meaning of ``window'' in Emacs is similar to what it means in the | |
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119 context of general-purpose window systems such as X, but not identical. |
12098 | 120 The X Window System places X windows on the screen; Emacs uses one or |
121 more X windows as frames, and subdivides them into | |
122 Emacs windows. When you use Emacs on a character-only terminal, Emacs | |
123 treats the whole terminal screen as one frame. | |
6564 | 124 |
125 @cindex terminal screen | |
126 @cindex screen of terminal | |
127 @cindex tiled windows | |
128 Most window systems support arbitrarily located overlapping windows. | |
129 In contrast, Emacs windows are @dfn{tiled}; they never overlap, and | |
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130 together they fill the whole screen or frame. Because of the way in |
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131 which Emacs creates new windows and resizes them, not all conceivable |
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132 tilings of windows on an Emacs frame are actually possible. |
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133 @xref{Splitting Windows}, and @ref{Size of Window}. |
6564 | 134 |
135 @xref{Display}, for information on how the contents of the | |
136 window's buffer are displayed in the window. | |
137 | |
138 @defun windowp object | |
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139 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window. |
6564 | 140 @end defun |
141 | |
142 @node Splitting Windows | |
143 @section Splitting Windows | |
144 @cindex splitting windows | |
145 @cindex window splitting | |
146 | |
147 The functions described here are the primitives used to split a window | |
148 into two windows. Two higher level functions sometimes split a window, | |
149 but not always: @code{pop-to-buffer} and @code{display-buffer} | |
150 (@pxref{Displaying Buffers}). | |
151 | |
152 The functions described here do not accept a buffer as an argument. | |
153 The two ``halves'' of the split window initially display the same buffer | |
154 previously visible in the window that was split. | |
155 | |
156 @deffn Command split-window &optional window size horizontal | |
157 This function splits @var{window} into two windows. The original | |
158 window @var{window} remains the selected window, but occupies only | |
159 part of its former screen area. The rest is occupied by a newly created | |
160 window which is returned as the value of this function. | |
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161 This function returns the newly created window. |
6564 | 162 |
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163 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{window} splits into |
6564 | 164 two side by side windows. The original window @var{window} keeps the |
165 leftmost @var{size} columns, and gives the rest of the columns to the | |
166 new window. Otherwise, it splits into windows one above the other, and | |
167 @var{window} keeps the upper @var{size} lines and gives the rest of the | |
168 lines to the new window. The original window is therefore the | |
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169 left-hand or upper of the two, and the new window is the right-hand or |
6564 | 170 lower. |
171 | |
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172 If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the selected window is |
6564 | 173 split. If @var{size} is omitted or @code{nil}, then @var{window} is |
174 divided evenly into two parts. (If there is an odd line, it is | |
175 allocated to the new window.) When @code{split-window} is called | |
176 interactively, all its arguments are @code{nil}. | |
177 | |
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178 If splitting would result in making a window that is smaller than |
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179 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, the function |
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180 signals an error and does not split the window at all. |
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181 |
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182 The following example starts with one window on a screen that is 50 |
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183 lines high by 80 columns wide; then it splits the window. |
6564 | 184 |
185 @smallexample | |
186 @group | |
187 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
188 @result{} #<window 8 on windows.texi> | |
189 (window-edges) ; @r{Edges in order:} | |
190 @result{} (0 0 80 50) ; @r{left--top--right--bottom} | |
191 @end group | |
192 | |
193 @group | |
194 ;; @r{Returns window created} | |
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195 (setq w2 (split-window w 15)) |
6564 | 196 @result{} #<window 28 on windows.texi> |
197 @end group | |
198 @group | |
199 (window-edges w2) | |
200 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window;} | |
201 ; @r{top is line 15} | |
202 @end group | |
203 @group | |
204 (window-edges w) | |
205 @result{} (0 0 80 15) ; @r{Top window} | |
206 @end group | |
207 @end smallexample | |
208 | |
209 The screen looks like this: | |
210 | |
211 @smallexample | |
212 @group | |
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213 __________ |
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214 | | line 0 |
6564 | 215 | w | |
216 |__________| | |
217 | | line 15 | |
218 | w2 | | |
219 |__________| | |
220 line 50 | |
221 column 0 column 80 | |
222 @end group | |
223 @end smallexample | |
224 | |
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225 Next, split the top window horizontally: |
6564 | 226 |
227 @smallexample | |
228 @group | |
229 (setq w3 (split-window w 35 t)) | |
230 @result{} #<window 32 on windows.texi> | |
231 @end group | |
232 @group | |
233 (window-edges w3) | |
234 @result{} (35 0 80 15) ; @r{Left edge at column 35} | |
235 @end group | |
236 @group | |
237 (window-edges w) | |
238 @result{} (0 0 35 15) ; @r{Right edge at column 35} | |
239 @end group | |
240 @group | |
241 (window-edges w2) | |
242 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window unchanged} | |
243 @end group | |
244 @end smallexample | |
245 | |
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246 @need 3000 |
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247 Now the screen looks like this: |
6564 | 248 |
249 @smallexample | |
250 @group | |
251 column 35 | |
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252 __________ |
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253 | | | line 0 |
6564 | 254 | w | w3 | |
255 |___|______| | |
256 | | line 15 | |
257 | w2 | | |
258 |__________| | |
259 line 50 | |
260 column 0 column 80 | |
261 @end group | |
262 @end smallexample | |
8926 | 263 |
264 Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows | |
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265 with a scroll bar (@pxref{Window Frame Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|} |
8926 | 266 characters. The display table can specify alternative border |
267 characters; see @ref{Display Tables}. | |
6564 | 268 @end deffn |
269 | |
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270 @deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size |
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271 This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the |
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272 other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size} |
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273 lines. (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows |
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274 gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but |
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275 the upper window is still the one selected.) |
6564 | 276 @end deffn |
277 | |
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278 @deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size |
6564 | 279 This function splits the selected window into two windows |
280 side-by-side, leaving the selected window with @var{size} columns. | |
281 | |
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282 This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}. |
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283 You could define a simplified version of the function like this: |
6564 | 284 |
285 @smallexample | |
286 @group | |
287 (defun split-window-horizontally (&optional arg) | |
288 "Split selected window into two windows, side by side..." | |
289 (interactive "P") | |
26211 | 290 @end group |
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291 @group |
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292 (let ((size (and arg (prefix-numeric-value arg)))) |
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293 (and size (< size 0) |
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294 (setq size (+ (window-width) size))) |
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295 (split-window nil size t))) |
6564 | 296 @end group |
297 @end smallexample | |
298 @end deffn | |
299 | |
300 @defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames | |
301 This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window. The | |
302 argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the | |
303 minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is | |
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304 counted when it is active. |
6564 | 305 |
306 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
307 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
308 | |
309 @table @asis | |
310 @item @code{nil} | |
311 Count the windows in the selected frame, plus the minibuffer used | |
312 by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
313 | |
314 @item @code{t} | |
315 Count all windows in all existing frames. | |
316 | |
317 @item @code{visible} | |
318 Count all windows in all visible frames. | |
319 | |
12098 | 320 @item 0 |
321 Count all windows in all visible or iconified frames. | |
322 | |
6564 | 323 @item anything else |
324 Count precisely the windows in the selected frame, and no others. | |
325 @end table | |
326 @end defun | |
327 | |
328 @node Deleting Windows | |
329 @section Deleting Windows | |
330 @cindex deleting windows | |
331 | |
332 A window remains visible on its frame unless you @dfn{delete} it by | |
333 calling certain functions that delete windows. A deleted window cannot | |
334 appear on the screen, but continues to exist as a Lisp object until | |
335 there are no references to it. There is no way to cancel the deletion | |
336 of a window aside from restoring a saved window configuration | |
337 (@pxref{Window Configurations}). Restoring a window configuration also | |
338 deletes any windows that aren't part of that configuration. | |
339 | |
340 When you delete a window, the space it took up is given to one | |
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341 adjacent sibling. |
6564 | 342 |
343 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
344 @defun window-live-p window | |
345 This function returns @code{nil} if @var{window} is deleted, and | |
346 @code{t} otherwise. | |
347 | |
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348 @strong{Warning:} Erroneous information or fatal errors may result from |
6564 | 349 using a deleted window as if it were live. |
350 @end defun | |
351 | |
352 @deffn Command delete-window &optional window | |
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353 This function removes @var{window} from display, and returns @code{nil}. |
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354 If @var{window} is omitted, then the selected window is deleted. An |
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355 error is signaled if there is only one window when @code{delete-window} |
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356 is called. |
6564 | 357 @end deffn |
358 | |
359 @deffn Command delete-other-windows &optional window | |
360 This function makes @var{window} the only window on its frame, by | |
361 deleting the other windows in that frame. If @var{window} is omitted or | |
362 @code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default. | |
363 | |
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364 The return value is @code{nil}. |
6564 | 365 @end deffn |
366 | |
367 @deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer &optional frame | |
368 This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer}. If there are | |
369 no windows showing @var{buffer}, it does nothing. | |
370 | |
371 @code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame. If a frame has | |
372 several windows showing different buffers, then those showing | |
373 @var{buffer} are removed, and the others expand to fill the space. If | |
374 all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer} (including the case | |
375 where there is only one window), then the frame reverts to having a | |
376 single window showing another buffer chosen with @code{other-buffer}. | |
377 @xref{The Buffer List}. | |
378 | |
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379 The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on. This |
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380 function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions |
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381 which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil} |
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382 have the opposite of their meanings in other functions. Here are the |
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383 full details: |
6564 | 384 |
385 @itemize @bullet | |
386 @item | |
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387 If it is @code{nil}, operate on all frames. |
6564 | 388 @item |
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389 If it is @code{t}, operate on the selected frame. |
6564 | 390 @item |
391 If it is @code{visible}, operate on all visible frames. | |
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392 @item |
12098 | 393 If it is 0, operate on all visible or iconified frames. |
6564 | 394 @item |
395 If it is a frame, operate on that frame. | |
396 @end itemize | |
397 | |
398 This function always returns @code{nil}. | |
399 @end deffn | |
400 | |
401 @node Selecting Windows | |
402 @section Selecting Windows | |
403 @cindex selecting windows | |
404 | |
405 When a window is selected, the buffer in the window becomes the current | |
406 buffer, and the cursor will appear in it. | |
407 | |
408 @defun selected-window | |
409 This function returns the selected window. This is the window in | |
410 which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply. | |
411 @end defun | |
412 | |
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413 @defun select-window window &optional norecord |
6564 | 414 This function makes @var{window} the selected window. The cursor then |
415 appears in @var{window} (on redisplay). The buffer being displayed in | |
416 @var{window} is immediately designated the current buffer. | |
417 | |
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418 Normally @var{window}'s selected buffer is moved to the front of the |
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419 buffer list, but if @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, the buffer list |
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420 order is unchanged. |
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421 |
6564 | 422 The return value is @var{window}. |
423 | |
424 @example | |
425 @group | |
426 (setq w (next-window)) | |
427 (select-window w) | |
428 @result{} #<window 65 on windows.texi> | |
429 @end group | |
430 @end example | |
431 @end defun | |
432 | |
12098 | 433 @defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{} |
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434 This macro records the selected window of each frame, executes |
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435 @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the earlier selected windows. |
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436 |
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437 This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes, |
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438 arrangement or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms} |
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439 change them, the change persists. If the previously selected window |
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440 of some frame is no longer live at the time of exit from this form, |
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441 that frame's selected window is left alone. |
12098 | 442 @end defmac |
443 | |
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444 @defmac with-selected-window window forms@dots{} |
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445 This macro selects @var{window} (without changing the buffer list), |
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446 executes @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the previously |
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447 selected window (unless that window is no longer alive). It is similar |
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448 to @code{save-selected-window} except that it explicitly selects |
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449 @var{window} and that it does not alter the buffer list sequence. |
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450 @end defmac |
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451 |
6564 | 452 @cindex finding windows |
453 The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen, | |
454 offering various criteria for the choice. | |
455 | |
456 @defun get-lru-window &optional frame | |
457 This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is, | |
458 selected). The selected window is always the most recently used window. | |
459 | |
460 The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the | |
461 only window. A newly created window becomes the least recently used | |
462 window until it is selected. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
463 | |
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464 The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered. |
6564 | 465 |
466 @itemize @bullet | |
467 @item | |
468 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
469 @item | |
470 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
471 @item | |
472 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
473 @item | |
12098 | 474 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
475 @item | |
6564 | 476 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
477 @end itemize | |
478 @end defun | |
479 | |
480 @defun get-largest-window &optional frame | |
481 This function returns the window with the largest area (height times | |
482 width). If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window | |
483 with the most lines. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
484 | |
485 If there are two windows of the same size, then the function returns | |
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486 the window that is first in the cyclic ordering of windows (see |
6564 | 487 following section), starting from the selected window. |
488 | |
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489 The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to |
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490 consider. See @code{get-lru-window}, above. |
6564 | 491 @end defun |
492 | |
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493 @cindex window that satisfies a predicate |
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494 @cindex conditional selection of windows |
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495 @defun get-window-with-predicate predicate &optional minibuf all-frames default |
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496 This function returns a window satisfying @var{predicate}. It cycles |
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497 through all visible windows using @code{walk-windows} (@pxref{Cyclic |
51704 | 498 Window Ordering}), calling @var{predicate} on each one of them |
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499 with that window as its argument. The function returns the first |
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500 window for which @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value; if |
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501 that never happens, it returns @var{default}. |
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502 |
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503 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the |
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504 set of windows to include in the scan. See the description of |
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505 @code{next-window} in @ref{Cyclic Window Ordering}, for details. |
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506 @end defun |
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507 |
6564 | 508 @node Cyclic Window Ordering |
509 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
510 @section Cyclic Ordering of Windows | |
511 @cindex cyclic ordering of windows | |
512 @cindex ordering of windows, cyclic | |
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513 @cindex window ordering, cyclic |
6564 | 514 |
515 When you use the command @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}) to select | |
516 the next window, it moves through all the windows on the screen in a | |
517 specific cyclic order. For any given configuration of windows, this | |
518 order never varies. It is called the @dfn{cyclic ordering of windows}. | |
519 | |
520 This ordering generally goes from top to bottom, and from left to | |
521 right. But it may go down first or go right first, depending on the | |
522 order in which the windows were split. | |
523 | |
524 If the first split was vertical (into windows one above each other), | |
525 and then the subwindows were split horizontally, then the ordering is | |
526 left to right in the top of the frame, and then left to right in the | |
527 next lower part of the frame, and so on. If the first split was | |
528 horizontal, the ordering is top to bottom in the left part, and so on. | |
529 In general, within each set of siblings at any level in the window tree, | |
530 the order is left to right, or top to bottom. | |
531 | |
532 @defun next-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
533 @cindex minibuffer window | |
534 This function returns the window following @var{window} in the cyclic | |
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535 ordering of windows. This is the window that @kbd{C-x o} would select |
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536 if typed when @var{window} is selected. If @var{window} is the only |
6564 | 537 window visible, then this function returns @var{window}. If omitted, |
538 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. | |
539 | |
540 The value of the argument @var{minibuf} determines whether the | |
541 minibuffer is included in the window order. Normally, when | |
542 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil}, the minibuffer is included if it is | |
543 currently active; this is the behavior of @kbd{C-x o}. (The minibuffer | |
544 window is active while the minibuffer is in use. @xref{Minibuffers}.) | |
545 | |
546 If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, then the cyclic ordering includes the | |
547 minibuffer window even if it is not active. | |
548 | |
549 If @var{minibuf} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then the minibuffer | |
550 window is not included even if it is active. | |
551 | |
552 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
553 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
554 | |
555 @table @asis | |
556 @item @code{nil} | |
557 Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer | |
558 used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
559 | |
560 @item @code{t} | |
561 Consider all windows in all existing frames. | |
562 | |
563 @item @code{visible} | |
564 Consider all windows in all visible frames. (To get useful results, you | |
565 must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.) | |
566 | |
12099 | 567 @item 0 |
12098 | 568 Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames. |
569 | |
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570 @item a frame |
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571 Consider all windows on that frame. |
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572 |
6564 | 573 @item anything else |
574 Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others. | |
575 @end table | |
576 | |
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577 This example assumes there are two windows, both displaying the |
6564 | 578 buffer @samp{windows.texi}: |
579 | |
580 @example | |
581 @group | |
582 (selected-window) | |
583 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
584 @end group | |
585 @group | |
586 (next-window (selected-window)) | |
587 @result{} #<window 52 on windows.texi> | |
588 @end group | |
589 @group | |
590 (next-window (next-window (selected-window))) | |
591 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
592 @end group | |
593 @end example | |
594 @end defun | |
595 | |
596 @defun previous-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
597 This function returns the window preceding @var{window} in the cyclic | |
598 ordering of windows. The other arguments specify which windows to | |
599 include in the cycle, as in @code{next-window}. | |
600 @end defun | |
601 | |
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602 @deffn Command other-window count &optional all-frames |
6564 | 603 This function selects the @var{count}th following window in the cyclic |
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604 order. If count is negative, then it moves back @minus{}@var{count} |
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605 windows in the cycle, rather than forward. It returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 606 |
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607 The argument @var{all-frames} has the same meaning as in |
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608 @code{next-window}, but the @var{minibuf} argument of @code{next-window} |
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609 is always effectively @code{nil}. |
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610 |
6564 | 611 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. |
612 @end deffn | |
613 | |
614 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
615 @defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames | |
616 This function cycles through all windows, calling @code{proc} | |
617 once for each window with the window as its sole argument. | |
618 | |
619 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the | |
620 set of windows to include in the scan. See @code{next-window}, above, | |
621 for details. | |
622 @end defun | |
623 | |
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624 @defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window |
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625 This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting |
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626 with @var{window}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted, the |
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627 selected frame is used instead; if @var{window} is @code{nil} or |
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628 omitted, the selected window is used instead. |
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629 |
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630 The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window will be |
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631 included in the result list. If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the |
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632 minibuffer window will be included, even if it isn't active. If |
33826 | 633 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil} or omitted, the minibuffer window will |
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634 only be included in the list if it is active. If @var{minibuf} is |
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635 neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the minibuffer window is not |
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636 included, whether or not it is active. |
33826 | 637 @end defun |
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638 |
6564 | 639 @node Buffers and Windows |
640 @section Buffers and Windows | |
641 @cindex examining windows | |
642 @cindex windows, controlling precisely | |
643 @cindex buffers, controlled in windows | |
644 | |
645 This section describes low-level functions to examine windows or to | |
646 display buffers in windows in a precisely controlled fashion. | |
647 @iftex | |
648 See the following section for | |
649 @end iftex | |
27193 | 650 @ifnottex |
6564 | 651 @xref{Displaying Buffers}, for |
27193 | 652 @end ifnottex |
6564 | 653 related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it. |
654 The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they | |
655 employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions | |
656 when you need complete control. | |
657 | |
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658 @defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name &optional keep-margins |
6564 | 659 This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its |
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660 contents. It returns @code{nil}. This is the fundamental primitive |
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661 for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all ways |
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662 of doing that call this function. |
6564 | 663 |
664 @example | |
665 @group | |
666 (set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo") | |
667 @result{} nil | |
668 @end group | |
669 @end example | |
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670 |
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671 Normally, displaying @var{buffer} in @var{window} resets the window's |
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672 display margins, fringe widths, scroll bar settings, and position |
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673 based on the local variables of @var{buffer}. However, if |
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674 @var{keep-margins} is non-@code{nil}, the display margins and fringe |
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675 widths of @var{window} remain unchanged. @xref{Fringes}. |
6564 | 676 @end defun |
677 | |
678 @defun window-buffer &optional window | |
679 This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying. If | |
680 @var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the | |
681 selected window. | |
682 | |
683 @example | |
684 @group | |
685 (window-buffer) | |
686 @result{} #<buffer windows.texi> | |
687 @end group | |
688 @end example | |
689 @end defun | |
690 | |
691 @defun get-buffer-window buffer-or-name &optional all-frames | |
692 This function returns a window currently displaying | |
693 @var{buffer-or-name}, or @code{nil} if there is none. If there are | |
694 several such windows, then the function returns the first one in the | |
695 cyclic ordering of windows, starting from the selected window. | |
696 @xref{Cyclic Window Ordering}. | |
697 | |
698 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. | |
699 | |
700 @itemize @bullet | |
701 @item | |
702 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
703 @item | |
704 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
705 @item | |
706 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
707 @item | |
12098 | 708 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
709 @item | |
6564 | 710 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
711 @end itemize | |
712 @end defun | |
713 | |
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714 @defun get-buffer-window-list buffer-or-name &optional minibuf all-frames |
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715 This function returns a list of all the windows currently displaying |
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716 @var{buffer-or-name}. |
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717 |
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718 The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of |
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719 @code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not} |
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720 like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}. Perhaps |
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721 we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it |
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722 compatible with the other functions. |
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723 |
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724 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. |
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725 |
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726 @itemize @bullet |
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727 @item |
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728 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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729 @item |
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730 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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731 @item |
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732 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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733 @item |
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734 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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735 @item |
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736 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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737 @end itemize |
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738 @end defun |
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739 |
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740 @defvar buffer-display-time |
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741 This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible |
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742 in a window. It is always local in each buffer; each time |
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743 @code{set-window-buffer} is called, it sets this variable to |
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744 @code{(current-time)} in the specified buffer (@pxref{Time of Day}). |
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745 When a buffer is first created, @code{buffer-display-time} starts out |
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746 with the value @code{nil}. |
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747 @end defvar |
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748 |
6564 | 749 @node Displaying Buffers |
750 @section Displaying Buffers in Windows | |
751 @cindex switching to a buffer | |
752 @cindex displaying a buffer | |
753 | |
754 In this section we describe convenient functions that choose a window | |
755 automatically and use it to display a specified buffer. These functions | |
756 can also split an existing window in certain circumstances. We also | |
757 describe variables that parameterize the heuristics used for choosing a | |
758 window. | |
759 @iftex | |
760 See the preceding section for | |
761 @end iftex | |
27193 | 762 @ifnottex |
6564 | 763 @xref{Buffers and Windows}, for |
27193 | 764 @end ifnottex |
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765 low-level functions that give you more precise control. All of these |
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766 functions work by calling @code{set-window-buffer}. |
6564 | 767 |
768 Do not use the functions in this section in order to make a buffer | |
769 current so that a Lisp program can access or modify it; they are too | |
770 drastic for that purpose, since they change the display of buffers in | |
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771 windows, which would be gratuitous and surprise the user. Instead, use |
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772 @code{set-buffer} and @code{save-current-buffer} (@pxref{Current |
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773 Buffer}), which designate buffers as current for programmed access |
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774 without affecting the display of buffers in windows. |
6564 | 775 |
776 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional norecord | |
777 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer, and also | |
778 displays the buffer in the selected window. This means that a human can | |
779 see the buffer and subsequent keyboard commands will apply to it. | |
780 Contrast this with @code{set-buffer}, which makes @var{buffer-or-name} | |
781 the current buffer but does not display it in the selected window. | |
782 @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
783 | |
12067 | 784 If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new |
785 buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new buffer is | |
786 set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. @xref{Auto | |
787 Major Mode}. | |
6564 | 788 |
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789 Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list |
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790 (both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer |
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791 list). This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}. However, if |
6564 | 792 @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done. @xref{The Buffer |
793 List}. | |
794 | |
795 The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as | |
796 the binding of @kbd{C-x b}. It is also used frequently in programs. It | |
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797 returns the buffer that it switched to. |
6564 | 798 @end deffn |
799 | |
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800 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord |
6564 | 801 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
802 displays it in a window not currently selected. It then selects that | |
803 window. The handling of the buffer is the same as in | |
804 @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
805 | |
8491
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806 The currently selected window is absolutely never used to do the job. |
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807 If it is the only window, then it is split to make a distinct window for |
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808 this purpose. If the selected window is already displaying the buffer, |
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809 then it continues to do so, but another window is nonetheless found to |
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810 display it in as well. |
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811 |
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812 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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813 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 814 @end deffn |
815 | |
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816 @defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord |
6564 | 817 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
818 switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously | |
819 selected. The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within | |
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820 its frame. The return value is the buffer that was switched to. |
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821 If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil}, that means to choose some |
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822 other buffer, but you don't specify which. |
6564 | 823 |
824 If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}, | |
825 @code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already | |
826 displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes | |
827 it be selected within its frame. If there is none, it creates a new | |
828 frame and displays the buffer in it. | |
829 | |
830 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{pop-to-buffer} | |
831 operates entirely within the selected frame. (If the selected frame has | |
832 just a minibuffer, @code{pop-to-buffer} operates within the most | |
833 recently selected frame that was not just a minibuffer.) | |
834 | |
835 If the variable @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}, windows may | |
836 be split to create a new window that is different from the original | |
837 window. For details, see @ref{Choosing Window}. | |
838 | |
839 If @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, @code{pop-to-buffer} finds or | |
840 creates another window even if @var{buffer-or-name} is already visible | |
841 in the selected window. Thus @var{buffer-or-name} could end up | |
842 displayed in two windows. On the other hand, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
843 already displayed in the selected window and @var{other-window} is | |
844 @code{nil}, then the selected window is considered sufficient display | |
845 for @var{buffer-or-name}, so that nothing needs to be done. | |
846 | |
12098 | 847 All the variables that affect @code{display-buffer} affect |
848 @code{pop-to-buffer} as well. @xref{Choosing Window}. | |
849 | |
6564 | 850 If @var{buffer-or-name} is a string that does not name an existing |
12067 | 851 buffer, a buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new |
852 buffer is set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. | |
853 @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
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854 |
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855 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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856 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 857 @end defun |
858 | |
12098 | 859 @deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer |
860 This function replaces @var{buffer} with some other buffer in all | |
861 windows displaying it. The other buffer used is chosen with | |
862 @code{other-buffer}. In the usual applications of this function, you | |
863 don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that | |
864 @var{buffer} is no longer displayed. | |
865 | |
866 This function returns @code{nil}. | |
867 @end deffn | |
868 | |
6564 | 869 @node Choosing Window |
870 @section Choosing a Window for Display | |
871 | |
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872 This section describes the basic facility that chooses a window to |
6564 | 873 display a buffer in---@code{display-buffer}. All the higher-level |
874 functions and commands use this subroutine. Here we describe how to use | |
875 @code{display-buffer} and how to customize it. | |
876 | |
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877 @deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame |
6564 | 878 This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like |
879 @code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not | |
880 make the buffer current. The identity of the selected window is | |
881 unaltered by this function. | |
882 | |
883 If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the | |
884 specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is | |
885 already on display in the selected window. This can cause the buffer to | |
886 appear in two windows at once. Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
887 already being displayed in any window, that is good enough, so this | |
888 function does nothing. | |
889 | |
890 @code{display-buffer} returns the window chosen to display | |
891 @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
892 | |
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893 If the argument @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies which frames |
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894 to check when deciding whether the buffer is already displayed. If the |
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895 buffer is already displayed in some window on one of these frames, |
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896 @code{display-buffer} simply returns that window. Here are the possible |
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897 values of @var{frame}: |
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898 |
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899 @itemize @bullet |
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900 @item |
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901 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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902 @item |
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903 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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904 @item |
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905 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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906 @item |
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907 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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908 @item |
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909 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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910 @end itemize |
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911 |
6564 | 912 Precisely how @code{display-buffer} finds or creates a window depends on |
913 the variables described below. | |
914 @end deffn | |
915 | |
30665 | 916 @defopt display-buffer-reuse-frames |
917 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} searches | |
918 existing frames for a window displaying the buffer. If the buffer is | |
919 already displayed in a window in some frame, @code{display-buffer} makes | |
920 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. If the buffer is | |
921 not already displayed, or if @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is | |
922 @code{nil}, @code{display-buffer}'s behavior is determined by other | |
923 variables, described below. | |
924 @end defopt | |
925 | |
6564 | 926 @defopt pop-up-windows |
927 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new windows. | |
928 If it is non-@code{nil} and there is only one window, then that window | |
929 is split. If it is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} does not | |
930 split the single window, but uses it whole. | |
931 @end defopt | |
932 | |
933 @defopt split-height-threshold | |
934 This variable determines when @code{display-buffer} may split a window, | |
935 if there are multiple windows. @code{display-buffer} always splits the | |
936 largest window if it has at least this many lines. If the largest | |
937 window is not this tall, it is split only if it is the sole window and | |
938 @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}. | |
939 @end defopt | |
940 | |
34269 | 941 @defopt even-window-heights |
942 This variable determines if @code{display-buffer} should even out window | |
943 heights if the buffer gets displayed in an existing window, above or | |
944 beneath another existing window. If @code{even-window-heights} is | |
945 @code{t}, the default, window heights will be evened out. If | |
48700 | 946 @code{even-window-heights} is @code{nil}, the original window heights |
34269 | 947 will be left alone. |
34307 | 948 @end defopt |
34269 | 949 |
6564 | 950 @c Emacs 19 feature |
951 @defopt pop-up-frames | |
952 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new frames. | |
953 If it is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} looks for an existing | |
954 window already displaying the desired buffer, on any visible frame. If | |
955 it finds one, it returns that window. Otherwise it makes a new frame. | |
956 The variables @code{pop-up-windows} and @code{split-height-threshold} do | |
957 not matter if @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}. | |
958 | |
959 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} either | |
960 splits a window or reuses one. | |
961 | |
962 @xref{Frames}, for more information. | |
963 @end defopt | |
964 | |
965 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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966 @defopt pop-up-frame-function |
6564 | 967 This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames} |
968 is non-@code{nil}. | |
969 | |
970 Its value should be a function of no arguments. When | |
971 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that | |
972 function, which should return a frame. The default value of the | |
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973 variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from |
6564 | 974 @code{pop-up-frame-alist}. |
52849 | 975 @end defopt |
6564 | 976 |
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977 @defopt pop-up-frame-alist |
6564 | 978 This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when |
979 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame. @xref{Frame Parameters}, for | |
980 more information about frame parameters. | |
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981 @end defopt |
6564 | 982 |
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983 @defopt special-display-buffer-names |
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984 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed specially. |
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985 If the buffer's name is in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the |
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986 buffer specially. |
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987 |
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988 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 989 |
990 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
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991 list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create |
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992 the frame. There are two possibilities for the rest of the list (its |
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993 @sc{cdr}). It can be an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can |
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994 contain a function and arguments to give to it. (The function's first |
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995 argument is always the buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the |
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996 list come after that.) |
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997 |
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998 For example: |
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999 |
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1000 @example |
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1001 (("myfile" (minibuffer) (menu-bar-lines . 0))) |
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1002 @end example |
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1003 |
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1004 @noindent |
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1005 specifies to display a buffer named @samp{myfile} in a dedicated frame |
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1006 with specified @code{minibuffer} and @code{menu-bar-lines} parameters. |
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1007 |
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1008 The list of frame parameters can also use the phony frame parameters |
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1009 @code{same-frame} and @code{same-window}. If the specified frame |
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1010 parameters include @code{(same-window . @var{value})} and @var{value} |
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1011 is non-@code{nil}, that means to display the buffer in the current |
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1012 selected window. Otherwise, if they include @code{(same-frame . |
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1013 @var{value})} and @var{value} is non-@code{nil}, that means to display |
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1014 the buffer in a new window in the currently selected frame. |
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1015 @end defopt |
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1016 |
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1017 @defopt special-display-regexps |
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1018 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
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1019 displayed specially. If the buffer's name matches any of the regular |
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1020 expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer |
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1021 specially. |
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1022 |
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1023 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 1024 |
1025 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
1026 list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to | |
1027 create the frame. See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}. | |
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1028 @end defopt |
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1029 |
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1030 @defun special-display-p buffer-name |
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1031 This function returns non-@code{nil} if displaying a buffer |
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1032 named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would |
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1033 create a special frame. The value is @code{t} if it would |
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1034 use the default frame paramaters, or else the specified list |
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1035 of frame parameters. |
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1036 @end defun |
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1037 |
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1038 @defvar special-display-function |
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1039 This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially. |
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1040 It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in |
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1041 which it is displayed. |
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1042 |
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1043 The default value of this variable is |
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1044 @code{special-display-popup-frame}. |
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1045 @end defvar |
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1046 |
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1047 @defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &rest args |
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1048 This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own. If |
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1049 @var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes |
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1050 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. Otherwise, it |
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1051 creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}. |
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1052 |
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1053 If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new |
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1054 frame. |
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1055 |
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1056 If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car |
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1057 @var{args})} is called as a function to actually create and set up the |
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1058 frame; it is called with @var{buffer} as first argument, and @code{(cdr |
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1059 @var{args})} as additional arguments. |
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1060 |
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1061 This function always uses an existing window displaying @var{buffer}, |
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1062 whether or not it is in a frame of its own; but if you set up the above |
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1063 variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then |
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1064 presumably the window was previously made by this function. |
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1065 @end defun |
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1066 |
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1067 @defopt special-display-frame-alist |
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1068 This variable holds frame parameters for |
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1069 @code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame. |
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1070 @end defopt |
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1071 |
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1072 @defopt same-window-buffer-names |
12098 | 1073 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed in the |
1074 selected window. If the buffer's name is in this list, | |
1075 @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer by switching to it in the | |
1076 selected window. | |
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1077 @end defopt |
12098 | 1078 |
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1079 @defopt same-window-regexps |
12098 | 1080 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
1081 displayed in the selected window. If the buffer's name matches any of | |
1082 the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the | |
1083 buffer by switching to it in the selected window. | |
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1084 @end defopt |
12098 | 1085 |
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1086 @defun same-window-p buffer-name |
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1087 This function returns @code{t} if displaying a buffer |
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1088 named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would |
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1089 put it in the selected window. |
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1090 @end defun |
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1091 |
6564 | 1092 @c Emacs 19 feature |
1093 @defvar display-buffer-function | |
1094 This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of | |
1095 @code{display-buffer}. If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function | |
1096 that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work. The function should | |
1097 accept two arguments, the same two arguments that @code{display-buffer} | |
1098 received. It should choose or create a window, display the specified | |
1099 buffer, and then return the window. | |
1100 | |
1101 This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks | |
1102 described above. | |
1103 @end defvar | |
1104 | |
1105 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1106 @cindex dedicated window | |
1107 A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer. Then | |
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1108 @code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any |
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1109 other buffer. |
6564 | 1110 |
1111 @defun window-dedicated-p window | |
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1112 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is marked as |
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1113 dedicated; otherwise @code{nil}. |
6564 | 1114 @end defun |
1115 | |
1116 @defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag | |
1117 This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is | |
1118 non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise. | |
1119 @end defun | |
1120 | |
1121 @node Window Point | |
1122 @section Windows and Point | |
1123 @cindex window position | |
1124 @cindex window point | |
1125 @cindex position in window | |
1126 @cindex point in window | |
1127 | |
1128 Each window has its own value of point, independent of the value of | |
1129 point in other windows displaying the same buffer. This makes it useful | |
1130 to have multiple windows showing one buffer. | |
1131 | |
1132 @itemize @bullet | |
1133 @item | |
1134 The window point is established when a window is first created; it is | |
1135 initialized from the buffer's point, or from the window point of another | |
1136 window opened on the buffer if such a window exists. | |
1137 | |
1138 @item | |
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1139 Selecting a window sets the value of point in its buffer from the |
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1140 window's value of point. Conversely, deselecting a window sets the |
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1141 window's value of point from that of the buffer. Thus, when you switch |
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1142 between windows that display a given buffer, the point value for the |
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1143 selected window is in effect in the buffer, while the point values for |
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1144 the other windows are stored in those windows. |
6564 | 1145 |
1146 @item | |
1147 As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's | |
1148 point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal. | |
1149 | |
1150 @item | |
1151 @xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions. | |
1152 @end itemize | |
1153 | |
1154 As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and | |
1155 when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the | |
1156 position of point in that buffer. | |
1157 | |
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1158 @defun window-point &optional window |
6564 | 1159 This function returns the current position of point in @var{window}. |
1160 For a nonselected window, this is the value point would have (in that | |
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1161 window's buffer) if that window were selected. If @var{window} is |
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1162 @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
6564 | 1163 |
1164 When @var{window} is the selected window and its buffer is also the | |
1165 current buffer, the value returned is the same as point in that buffer. | |
1166 | |
1167 Strictly speaking, it would be more correct to return the | |
1168 ``top-level'' value of point, outside of any @code{save-excursion} | |
1169 forms. But that value is hard to find. | |
1170 @end defun | |
1171 | |
1172 @defun set-window-point window position | |
1173 This function positions point in @var{window} at position | |
1174 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. | |
1175 @end defun | |
1176 | |
1177 @node Window Start | |
1178 @section The Window Start Position | |
1179 | |
1180 Each window contains a marker used to keep track of a buffer position | |
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1181 that specifies where in the buffer display should start. This position |
6564 | 1182 is called the @dfn{display-start} position of the window (or just the |
1183 @dfn{start}). The character after this position is the one that appears | |
1184 at the upper left corner of the window. It is usually, but not | |
1185 inevitably, at the beginning of a text line. | |
1186 | |
1187 @defun window-start &optional window | |
1188 @cindex window top line | |
1189 This function returns the display-start position of window | |
1190 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
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1191 used. For example, |
6564 | 1192 |
1193 @example | |
1194 @group | |
1195 (window-start) | |
1196 @result{} 7058 | |
1197 @end group | |
1198 @end example | |
1199 | |
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1200 When you create a window, or display a different buffer in it, the |
6564 | 1201 display-start position is set to a display-start position recently used |
1202 for the same buffer, or 1 if the buffer doesn't have any. | |
1203 | |
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1204 Redisplay updates the window-start position (if you have not specified |
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1205 it explicitly since the previous redisplay)---for example, to make sure |
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1206 point appears on the screen. Nothing except redisplay automatically |
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1207 changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the |
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1208 window-start position to change in response until after the next |
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1209 redisplay. |
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1210 |
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1211 For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the |
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1212 description of @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. |
6564 | 1213 @end defun |
1214 | |
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1215 @defun window-end &optional window update |
6564 | 1216 This function returns the position of the end of the display in window |
1217 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
1218 used. | |
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1219 |
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1220 Simply changing the buffer text or moving point does not update the |
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1221 value that @code{window-end} returns. The value is updated only when |
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1222 Emacs redisplays and redisplay completes without being preempted. |
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1223 |
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1224 If the last redisplay of @var{window} was preempted, and did not finish, |
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1225 Emacs does not know the position of the end of display in that window. |
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1226 In that case, this function returns @code{nil}. |
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1227 |
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1228 If @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} always returns an |
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1229 up-to-date value for where the window ends, based on the current |
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1230 @code{window-start} value. If the saved value is valid, |
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1231 @code{window-end} returns that; otherwise it computes the correct |
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1232 value by scanning the buffer text. |
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1233 |
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1234 Even if @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} does not |
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1235 attempt to scroll the display if point has moved off the screen, the |
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1236 way real redisplay would do. It does not alter the |
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1237 @code{window-start} value. In effect, it reports where the displayed |
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1238 text will end if scrolling is not required. |
6564 | 1239 @end defun |
1240 | |
1241 @defun set-window-start window position &optional noforce | |
1242 This function sets the display-start position of @var{window} to | |
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1243 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. It returns @var{position}. |
6564 | 1244 |
1245 The display routines insist that the position of point be visible when a | |
1246 buffer is displayed. Normally, they change the display-start position | |
1247 (that is, scroll the window) whenever necessary to make point visible. | |
1248 However, if you specify the start position with this function using | |
1249 @code{nil} for @var{noforce}, it means you want display to start at | |
1250 @var{position} even if that would put the location of point off the | |
1251 screen. If this does place point off screen, the display routines move | |
1252 point to the left margin on the middle line in the window. | |
1253 | |
1254 For example, if point @w{is 1} and you set the start of the window @w{to | |
1255 2}, then point would be ``above'' the top of the window. The display | |
1256 routines will automatically move point if it is still 1 when redisplay | |
1257 occurs. Here is an example: | |
1258 | |
1259 @example | |
1260 @group | |
1261 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like before executing} | |
1262 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1263 @end group | |
1264 | |
1265 @group | |
1266 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1267 @point{}This is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1268 2 | |
1269 3 | |
1270 4 | |
1271 5 | |
1272 6 | |
1273 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1274 @end group | |
1275 | |
1276 @group | |
1277 (set-window-start | |
1278 (selected-window) | |
1279 (1+ (window-start))) | |
1280 @result{} 2 | |
1281 @end group | |
1282 | |
1283 @group | |
1284 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like after executing} | |
1285 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1286 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1287 his is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1288 2 | |
1289 3 | |
1290 @point{}4 | |
1291 5 | |
1292 6 | |
1293 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1294 @end group | |
1295 @end example | |
1296 | |
1297 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, and @var{position} would place point | |
1298 off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start | |
1299 position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used. | |
1300 @end defun | |
1301 | |
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1302 @defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window partially |
33992 | 1303 This function returns @code{t} if @var{position} is within the range of |
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1304 text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}. It returns |
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1305 @code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled vertically or horizontally out |
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1306 of view. Locations that are partially obscured are not considered |
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1307 visible unless @var{partially} is non-@code{nil}. The argument |
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1308 @var{position} defaults to the current position of point in |
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1309 @var{window}; @var{window}, to the selected window. |
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1310 |
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1311 Here is an example: |
6564 | 1312 |
1313 @example | |
1314 @group | |
1315 (or (pos-visible-in-window-p | |
1316 (point) (selected-window)) | |
1317 (recenter 0)) | |
1318 @end group | |
1319 @end example | |
1320 @end defun | |
1321 | |
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1322 @node Textual Scrolling |
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1323 @section Textual Scrolling |
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1324 @cindex textual scrolling |
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1325 @cindex scrolling textually |
6564 | 1326 |
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1327 @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down though a |
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1328 window. It works by changing the value of the window's display-start |
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1329 location. It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep |
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1330 point on the screen. |
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1331 |
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1332 Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we |
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1333 changed its name to distinguish it from the new vertical fractional |
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1334 scrolling feature (@pxref{Vertical Scrolling}). |
6564 | 1335 |
1336 In the commands @code{scroll-up} and @code{scroll-down}, the directions | |
1337 ``up'' and ``down'' refer to the motion of the text in the buffer at which | |
1338 you are looking through the window. Imagine that the text is | |
1339 written on a long roll of paper and that the scrolling commands move the | |
1340 paper up and down. Thus, if you are looking at text in the middle of a | |
1341 buffer and repeatedly call @code{scroll-down}, you will eventually see | |
1342 the beginning of the buffer. | |
1343 | |
1344 Some people have urged that the opposite convention be used: they | |
1345 imagine that the window moves over text that remains in place. Then | |
1346 ``down'' commands would take you to the end of the buffer. This view is | |
1347 more consistent with the actual relationship between windows and the | |
1348 text in the buffer, but it is less like what the user sees. The | |
1349 position of a window on the terminal does not move, and short scrolling | |
1350 commands clearly move the text up or down on the screen. We have chosen | |
1351 names that fit the user's point of view. | |
1352 | |
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1353 The textual scrolling functions (aside from |
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1354 @code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current |
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1355 buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected |
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1356 window. @xref{Current Buffer}. |
6564 | 1357 |
1358 @deffn Command scroll-up &optional count | |
1359 This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward | |
1360 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1361 downward. | |
1362 | |
1363 If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll | |
1364 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
1365 the window (not counting its mode line). | |
1366 | |
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1367 @code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error |
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1368 because it can't scroll any further. |
6564 | 1369 @end deffn |
1370 | |
1371 @deffn Command scroll-down &optional count | |
1372 This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward | |
1373 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1374 upward. | |
1375 | |
1376 If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll | |
1377 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
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1378 the window (not counting its mode line). |
6564 | 1379 |
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1380 @code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error because |
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1381 it can't scroll any further. |
6564 | 1382 @end deffn |
1383 | |
1384 @deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count | |
1385 This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count} | |
1386 lines. Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled | |
1387 as in @code{scroll-up}. | |
1388 | |
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1389 You can specify which buffer to scroll by setting the variable |
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1390 @code{other-window-scroll-buffer} to a buffer. If that buffer isn't |
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1391 already displayed, @code{scroll-other-window} displays it in some |
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1392 window. |
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1393 |
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1394 When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally |
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1395 the one at the top left corner. You can specify a different window to |
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1396 scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable |
6564 | 1397 @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. This variable has no effect when any |
1398 other window is selected. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}. | |
1399 | |
1400 When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected | |
1401 window is the one at the bottom right corner. In this case, | |
1402 @code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer. If the | |
1403 minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the | |
1404 line reappears after the echo area momentarily displays the message | |
1405 ``Beginning of buffer''. | |
1406 @end deffn | |
1407 | |
1408 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1409 @defvar other-window-scroll-buffer | |
1410 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it tells @code{scroll-other-window} | |
1411 which buffer to scroll. | |
1412 @end defvar | |
1413 | |
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1414 @defopt scroll-margin |
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1415 This option specifies the size of the scroll margin---a minimum number |
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1416 of lines between point and the top or bottom of a window. Whenever |
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1417 point gets within this many lines of the top or bottom of the window, |
42985 | 1418 redisplay scrolls the text automatically (if possible) to move point |
1419 out of the margin, closer to the center of the window. | |
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1420 @end defopt |
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1421 |
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1422 @defopt scroll-conservatively |
6564 | 1423 This variable controls how scrolling is done automatically when point |
42985 | 1424 moves off the screen (or into the scroll margin). If the value is a |
1425 positive integer @var{n}, then redisplay scrolls the text up to | |
1426 @var{n} lines in either direction, if that will bring point back into | |
1427 proper view. This action is called @dfn{conservative scrolling}. | |
1428 Otherwise, scrolling happens in the usual way, under the control of | |
1429 other variables such as @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and | |
1430 @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. | |
1431 | |
1432 The default value is zero, which means that conservative scrolling | |
1433 never happens. | |
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1434 @end defopt |
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1435 |
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1436 @defopt scroll-down-aggressively |
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1437 @tindex scroll-down-aggressively |
26210 | 1438 The value of this variable should be either @code{nil} or a fraction |
1439 @var{f} between 0 and 1. If it is a fraction, that specifies where on | |
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1440 the screen to put point when scrolling down. More precisely, when a |
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1441 window scrolls down because point is above the window start, the new |
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1442 start position is chosen to put point @var{f} part of the window |
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1443 height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more aggressive the |
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1444 scrolling. |
26210 | 1445 |
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1446 A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since its effect is to center |
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1447 point. This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any |
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1448 fashion. |
26210 | 1449 @end defopt |
1450 | |
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1451 @defopt scroll-up-aggressively |
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1452 @tindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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1453 Likewise, for scrolling up. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far |
26210 | 1454 point should be placed from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
1455 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value scrolls more aggressively. | |
1456 @end defopt | |
1457 | |
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1458 @defopt scroll-step |
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1459 This variable is an older variant of @code{scroll-conservatively}. The |
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1460 difference is that it if its value is @var{n}, that permits scrolling |
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1461 only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number. This feature |
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1462 does not work with @code{scroll-margin}. The default value is zero. |
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1463 @end defopt |
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1464 |
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1465 @defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position |
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1466 If this option is non-@code{nil}, the scroll functions move point so |
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1467 that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, when that is |
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1468 possible. |
6564 | 1469 @end defopt |
1470 | |
1471 @defopt next-screen-context-lines | |
1472 The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to | |
1473 retain when scrolling by full screens. For example, @code{scroll-up} | |
1474 with an argument of @code{nil} scrolls so that this many lines at the | |
1475 bottom of the window appear instead at the top. The default value is | |
1476 @code{2}. | |
1477 @end defopt | |
1478 | |
1479 @deffn Command recenter &optional count | |
1480 @cindex centering point | |
42985 | 1481 This function scrolls the text in the selected window so that point is |
1482 displayed at a specified vertical position within the window. It does | |
1483 not ``move point'' with respect to the text. | |
6564 | 1484 |
42985 | 1485 If @var{count} is a nonnegative number, that puts the line containing |
1486 point @var{count} lines down from the top of the window. If | |
1487 @var{count} is a negative number, then it counts upward from the | |
1488 bottom of the window, so that @minus{}1 stands for the last usable | |
1489 line in the window. If @var{count} is a non-@code{nil} list, then it | |
1490 stands for the line in the middle of the window. | |
6564 | 1491 |
1492 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, @code{recenter} puts the line containing | |
1493 point in the middle of the window, then clears and redisplays the entire | |
1494 selected frame. | |
1495 | |
1496 When @code{recenter} is called interactively, @var{count} is the raw | |
1497 prefix argument. Thus, typing @kbd{C-u} as the prefix sets the | |
1498 @var{count} to a non-@code{nil} list, while typing @kbd{C-u 4} sets | |
1499 @var{count} to 4, which positions the current line four lines from the | |
1500 top. | |
1501 | |
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1502 With an argument of zero, @code{recenter} positions the current line at |
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1503 the top of the window. This action is so handy that some people make a |
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1504 separate key binding to do this. For example, |
6564 | 1505 |
1506 @example | |
1507 @group | |
1508 (defun line-to-top-of-window () | |
1509 "Scroll current line to top of window. | |
1510 Replaces three keystroke sequence C-u 0 C-l." | |
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1511 (interactive) |
6564 | 1512 (recenter 0)) |
1513 | |
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1514 (global-set-key [kp-multiply] 'line-to-top-of-window) |
6564 | 1515 @end group |
1516 @end example | |
1517 @end deffn | |
1518 | |
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1519 @node Vertical Scrolling |
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1520 @section Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1521 @cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1522 |
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1523 @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the |
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1524 window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line. |
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1525 Starting in Emacs 21, each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position}, |
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1526 which is a number, never less than zero. It specifies how far to raise |
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1527 the contents of the window. Raising the window contents generally makes |
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1528 all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some |
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1529 other lines appear at the bottom. The usual value is zero. |
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1530 |
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1531 The vertical scroll position is measured in units of the normal line |
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1532 height, which is the height of the default font. Thus, if the value is |
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1533 .5, that means the window contents are scrolled up half the normal line |
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1534 height. If it is 3.3, that means the window contents are scrolled up |
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1535 somewhat over three times the normal line height. |
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1536 |
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1537 What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many |
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1538 lines, depends on what the lines contain. A value of .5 could scroll a |
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1539 line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3 |
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1540 could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image. |
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1541 |
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1542 @defun window-vscroll &optional window |
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1543 This function returns the current vertical scroll position of |
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1544 @var{window}, If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is |
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1545 used. |
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1546 |
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1547 @example |
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1548 @group |
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1549 (window-vscroll) |
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1550 @result{} 0 |
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1551 @end group |
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1552 @end example |
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1553 @end defun |
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1554 |
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1555 @defun set-window-vscroll window lines |
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1556 This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to |
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1557 @var{lines}. The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if |
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1558 not, it is taken as zero. |
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1559 |
41504
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1560 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
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1561 |
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1562 The actual vertical scroll position must always correspond |
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1563 to an integral number of pixels, so the value you specify |
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1564 is rounded accordingly. |
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1565 |
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1566 The return value is the result of this rounding. |
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1567 |
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1568 @example |
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1569 @group |
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1570 (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2) |
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1571 @result{} 1.13 |
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1572 @end group |
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1573 @end example |
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1574 @end defun |
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1575 |
6564 | 1576 @node Horizontal Scrolling |
1577 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
1578 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
1579 | |
25751
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1580 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting the image in the window left |
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1581 or right by a specified multiple of the normal character width. Each |
42895 | 1582 window has a @dfn{horizontal scroll position}, which is a number, never |
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1583 less than zero. It specifies how far to shift the contents left. |
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1584 Shifting the window contents left generally makes all or part of some |
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1585 characters disappear off the left, and all or part of some other |
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1586 characters appear at the right. The usual value is zero. |
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1587 |
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1588 The horizontal scroll position is measured in units of the normal |
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1589 character width, which is the width of space in the default font. Thus, |
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1590 if the value is 5, that means the window contents are scrolled left by 5 |
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(Horizontal Scrolling): Remove doubled `the'.
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1591 times the normal character width. How many characters actually |
25751
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1592 disappear off to the left depends on their width, and could vary from |
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1593 line to line. |
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1594 |
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1595 Because we read from side to side in the ``inner loop'', and from top |
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1596 to bottom in the ``outer loop'', the effect of horizontal scrolling is |
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1597 not like that of textual or vertical scrolling. Textual scrolling |
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1598 involves selection of a portion of text to display, and vertical |
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1599 scrolling moves the window contents contiguously; but horizontal |
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1600 scrolling causes part of @emph{each line} to go off screen. |
6564 | 1601 |
1602 Usually, no horizontal scrolling is in effect; then the leftmost | |
1603 column is at the left edge of the window. In this state, scrolling to | |
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1604 the right is meaningless, since there is no data to the left of the edge |
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1605 to be revealed by it; so this is not allowed. Scrolling to the left is |
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1606 allowed; it scrolls the first columns of text off the edge of the window |
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1607 and can reveal additional columns on the right that were truncated |
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1608 before. Once a window has a nonzero amount of leftward horizontal |
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1609 scrolling, you can scroll it back to the right, but only so far as to |
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1610 reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero. There is no limit to how far |
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1611 left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the |
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1612 left edge. |
6564 | 1613 |
43665
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(Horizontal Scrolling): Rename automatic-hscrolling to auto-hscroll-mode.
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1614 @vindex auto-hscroll-mode |
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1615 If @code{auto-hscroll-mode} is set, redisplay automatically alters |
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1616 the horizontal scrolling of a window as necessary to ensure that point |
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1617 is always visible. However, you can still set the horizontal |
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1618 scrolling value explicitly. The value you specify serves as a lower |
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1619 bound for automatic scrolling, i.e. automatic scrolling will not |
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1620 scroll a window to a column less than the specified one. |
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1621 |
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1622 @deffn Command scroll-left &optional count |
6564 | 1623 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
25751
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1624 left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1625 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1626 |
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1627 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1628 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1629 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1630 @end deffn |
1631 | |
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1632 @deffn Command scroll-right &optional count |
6564 | 1633 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
25751
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1634 right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1635 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1636 |
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1637 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1638 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1639 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1640 |
1641 Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal | |
1642 position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll | |
1643 any farther right have no effect. | |
1644 @end deffn | |
1645 | |
1646 @defun window-hscroll &optional window | |
1647 This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of | |
1648 @var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window} | |
1649 is scrolled left past the left margin. | |
1650 | |
1651 The value is never negative. It is zero when no horizontal scrolling | |
1652 has been done in @var{window} (which is usually the case). | |
1653 | |
1654 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1655 | |
1656 @example | |
1657 @group | |
1658 (window-hscroll) | |
1659 @result{} 0 | |
1660 @end group | |
1661 @group | |
1662 (scroll-left 5) | |
1663 @result{} 5 | |
1664 @end group | |
1665 @group | |
1666 (window-hscroll) | |
1667 @result{} 5 | |
1668 @end group | |
1669 @end example | |
1670 @end defun | |
1671 | |
1672 @defun set-window-hscroll window columns | |
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1673 This function sets horizontal scrolling of @var{window}. The value of |
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1674 @var{columns} specifies the amount of scrolling, in terms of columns |
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1675 from the left margin. The argument @var{columns} should be zero or |
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1676 positive; if not, it is taken as zero. Fractional values of |
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1677 @var{columns} are not supported at present. |
6564 | 1678 |
45679
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1679 Note that @code{set-window-hscroll} may appear not to work if you test |
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1680 it by evaluating a call with @kbd{M-:} in a simple way. What happens |
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|
1681 is that the function sets the horizontal scroll value and returns, but |
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1682 then redisplay adjusts the horizontal scrolling to make point visible, |
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1683 and this overrides what the function did. You can observe the |
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1684 function's effect if you call it while point is sufficiently far from |
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1685 the left margin that it will remain visible. |
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1686 |
6564 | 1687 The value returned is @var{columns}. |
1688 | |
1689 @example | |
1690 @group | |
1691 (set-window-hscroll (selected-window) 10) | |
1692 @result{} 10 | |
1693 @end group | |
1694 @end example | |
1695 @end defun | |
1696 | |
1697 Here is how you can determine whether a given position @var{position} | |
1698 is off the screen due to horizontal scrolling: | |
1699 | |
1700 @example | |
1701 @group | |
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1702 (defun hscroll-on-screen (window position) |
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1703 (save-excursion |
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1704 (goto-char position) |
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1705 (and |
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1706 (>= (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) 0) |
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1707 (< (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) |
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1708 (window-width window))))) |
6564 | 1709 @end group |
1710 @end example | |
1711 | |
1712 @node Size of Window | |
1713 @section The Size of a Window | |
1714 @cindex window size | |
1715 @cindex size of window | |
1716 | |
1717 An Emacs window is rectangular, and its size information consists of | |
1718 the height (the number of lines) and the width (the number of character | |
1719 positions in each line). The mode line is included in the height. But | |
1720 the width does not count the scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} | |
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1721 characters that separates side-by-side windows. |
6564 | 1722 |
1723 The following three functions return size information about a window: | |
1724 | |
1725 @defun window-height &optional window | |
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1726 This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including |
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1727 its mode line and header line, if any. If @var{window} fills its |
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1728 entire frame except for the echo area, this is typically one less than |
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1729 the value of @code{frame-height} on that frame. |
6564 | 1730 |
1731 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1732 | |
1733 @example | |
1734 @group | |
1735 (window-height) | |
1736 @result{} 23 | |
1737 @end group | |
1738 @group | |
1739 (split-window-vertically) | |
1740 @result{} #<window 4 on windows.texi> | |
1741 @end group | |
1742 @group | |
1743 (window-height) | |
1744 @result{} 11 | |
1745 @end group | |
1746 @end example | |
1747 @end defun | |
1748 | |
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1749 @tindex window-body-height |
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1750 @defun window-body-height &optional window |
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1751 Like @code{window-height} but the value does not include the |
42819
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1752 mode line (if any) or the header line (if any). |
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1753 @end defun |
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1754 |
6564 | 1755 @defun window-width &optional window |
1756 This function returns the number of columns in @var{window}. If | |
1757 @var{window} fills its entire frame, this is the same as the value of | |
1758 @code{frame-width} on that frame. The width does not include the | |
1759 window's scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} characters that separates | |
1760 side-by-side windows. | |
1761 | |
1762 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1763 | |
1764 @example | |
1765 @group | |
1766 (window-width) | |
1767 @result{} 80 | |
1768 @end group | |
1769 @end example | |
1770 @end defun | |
1771 | |
1772 @defun window-edges &optional window | |
1773 This function returns a list of the edge coordinates of @var{window}. | |
1774 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1775 | |
1776 The order of the list is @code{(@var{left} @var{top} @var{right} | |
1777 @var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of | |
1778 the frame. The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the | |
1779 rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than | |
1780 the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line. | |
1781 | |
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1782 If a window has a scroll bar, the right edge value includes the width of |
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1783 the scroll bar. Otherwise, if the window has a neighbor on the right, |
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1784 its right edge value includes the width of the separator line between |
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1785 the window and that neighbor. Since the width of the window does not |
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1786 include this separator, the width does not usually equal the difference |
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1787 between the right and left edges. |
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1788 @end defun |
6564 | 1789 |
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1790 @defun window-inside-edges window |
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1791 This is similar to @code{window-edges}, but the edge values |
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1792 it returns include only the text area of the window. They |
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1793 do not include the header line, mode line, scroll bar or |
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1794 vertical separator, fringes, or display margins. |
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1795 @end defun |
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1796 |
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1797 Here are the results obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just |
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1798 one window, with menu bar enabled: |
6564 | 1799 |
1800 @example | |
1801 @group | |
1802 (window-edges (selected-window)) | |
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1803 @result{} (0 1 80 23) |
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1804 @end group |
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1805 @group |
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1806 (window-inside-edges (selected-window)) |
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1807 @result{} (0 1 80 22) |
6564 | 1808 @end group |
1809 @end example | |
1810 | |
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1811 @noindent |
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1812 The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area. |
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1813 The bottom inside edge is at line 22, which is the window's mode line. |
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1814 |
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1815 If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, and there is |
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1816 no menu bar, then @var{bottom} returned by @code{window-edges} is the |
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1817 same as the value of @code{(window-height)}, @var{right} is almost the |
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1818 same as the value of @code{(window-width)}, and @var{top} and |
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1819 @var{left} are zero. For example, the edges of the following window |
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1820 are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}. Assuming that the frame has more than 8 |
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1821 columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a border |
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1822 rather than text. The last row (row 4) holds the mode line, shown |
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1823 here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}. |
6564 | 1824 |
1825 @example | |
1826 @group | |
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1827 0 |
6564 | 1828 _______ |
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1829 0 | | |
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1830 | | |
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1831 | | |
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1832 | | |
6564 | 1833 xxxxxxxxx 4 |
1834 | |
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1835 7 |
6564 | 1836 @end group |
1837 @end example | |
1838 | |
1839 In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7 | |
1840 columns wide. Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}} | |
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1841 and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 3}}. |
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1842 The inside edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 3 2}}, |
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1843 and the inside edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 2}}, |
6564 | 1844 |
1845 @example | |
1846 @group | |
1847 ___ ___ | |
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1848 | | | |
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1849 | | | |
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1850 xxxxxxxxx |
6564 | 1851 |
1852 0 34 7 | |
1853 @end group | |
1854 @end example | |
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1855 |
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1856 @defun window-pixel-edges window |
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1857 This function is like @code{window-edges} except that, on a graphical |
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1858 display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of in |
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1859 character lines and columns. |
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1860 @end defun |
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1861 |
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1862 @defun window-inside-pixel-edges window |
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1863 This function is like @code{window-inside-edges} except that, on a |
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1864 graphical display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of |
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1865 in character lines and columns. |
6564 | 1866 @end defun |
1867 | |
1868 @node Resizing Windows | |
1869 @section Changing the Size of a Window | |
1870 @cindex window resizing | |
1871 @cindex changing window size | |
1872 @cindex window size, changing | |
1873 | |
1874 The window size functions fall into two classes: high-level commands | |
1875 that change the size of windows and low-level functions that access | |
1876 window size. Emacs does not permit overlapping windows or gaps between | |
1877 windows, so resizing one window affects other windows. | |
1878 | |
1879 @deffn Command enlarge-window size &optional horizontal | |
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1880 This function makes the selected window @var{size} lines taller, |
6564 | 1881 stealing lines from neighboring windows. It takes the lines from one |
1882 window at a time until that window is used up, then takes from another. | |
1883 If a window from which lines are stolen shrinks below | |
1884 @code{window-min-height} lines, that window disappears. | |
1885 | |
1886 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, this function makes | |
1887 @var{window} wider by @var{size} columns, stealing columns instead of | |
1888 lines. If a window from which columns are stolen shrinks below | |
1889 @code{window-min-width} columns, that window disappears. | |
1890 | |
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1891 If the requested size would exceed that of the window's frame, then the |
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1892 function makes the window occupy the entire height (or width) of the |
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1893 frame. |
6564 | 1894 |
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1895 If there are various other windows from which lines or columns can be |
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1896 stolen, and some of them specify fixed size (using |
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1897 @code{window-size-fixed}, see below), they are left untouched while |
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1898 other windows are ``robbed.'' If it would be necessary to alter the |
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1899 size of a fixed-size window, @code{enlarge-window} gets an error |
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1900 instead. |
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1901 |
6564 | 1902 If @var{size} is negative, this function shrinks the window by |
1903 @minus{}@var{size} lines or columns. If that makes the window smaller | |
1904 than the minimum size (@code{window-min-height} and | |
1905 @code{window-min-width}), @code{enlarge-window} deletes the window. | |
1906 | |
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1907 @code{enlarge-window} returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 1908 @end deffn |
1909 | |
1910 @deffn Command enlarge-window-horizontally columns | |
1911 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} wider. | |
1912 It could be defined as follows: | |
1913 | |
1914 @example | |
1915 @group | |
1916 (defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1917 (enlarge-window columns t)) | |
1918 @end group | |
1919 @end example | |
1920 @end deffn | |
1921 | |
1922 @deffn Command shrink-window size &optional horizontal | |
1923 This function is like @code{enlarge-window} but negates the argument | |
1924 @var{size}, making the selected window smaller by giving lines (or | |
1925 columns) to the other windows. If the window shrinks below | |
1926 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, then it disappears. | |
1927 | |
1928 If @var{size} is negative, the window is enlarged by @minus{}@var{size} | |
1929 lines or columns. | |
1930 @end deffn | |
1931 | |
1932 @deffn Command shrink-window-horizontally columns | |
1933 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} narrower. | |
1934 It could be defined as follows: | |
1935 | |
1936 @example | |
1937 @group | |
1938 (defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1939 (shrink-window columns t)) | |
1940 @end group | |
1941 @end example | |
1942 @end deffn | |
1943 | |
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1944 @deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window |
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1945 This command shrinks @var{window} to be as small as possible while still |
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1946 showing the full contents of its buffer---but not less than |
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1947 @code{window-min-height} lines. If @var{window} is not given, |
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1948 it defaults to the selected window. |
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1949 |
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1950 However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to |
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1951 display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are |
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1952 currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of |
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1953 its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame. |
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1954 @end deffn |
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1955 |
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1956 @tindex window-size-fixed |
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1957 @defvar window-size-fixed |
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1958 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer, |
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1959 then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed |
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1960 unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice. |
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1961 (This feature is new in Emacs 21.) |
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1962 |
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1963 If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed; |
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1964 if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed. |
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1965 Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height. |
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1966 |
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1967 The usual way to use this variable is to give it a buffer-local value in |
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1968 a particular buffer. That way, the windows (but usually there is only |
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1969 one) displaying that buffer have fixed size. |
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1970 |
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1971 Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window} |
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1972 get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed. |
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1973 Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window, |
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1974 you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this: |
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1975 |
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1976 @example |
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1977 (let ((window-size-fixed nil)) |
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1978 (enlarge-window 10)) |
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1979 @end example |
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1980 |
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1981 Note that changing the frame size will change the size of a |
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1982 fixed-size window, if there is no other alternative. |
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1983 @end defvar |
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1984 |
6564 | 1985 @cindex minimum window size |
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1986 The following two variables constrain the window-structure-changing |
6564 | 1987 functions to a minimum height and width. |
1988 | |
1989 @defopt window-min-height | |
1990 The value of this variable determines how short a window may become | |
1991 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than | |
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1992 @code{window-min-height} automatically deletes it, and no window may |
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1993 be created shorter than this. The default value is 4. |
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1994 |
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1995 The absolute minimum window height is one; actions that change window |
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1996 sizes reset this variable to one if it is less than one. |
6564 | 1997 @end defopt |
1998 | |
1999 @defopt window-min-width | |
2000 The value of this variable determines how narrow a window may become | |
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2001 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than |
6564 | 2002 @code{window-min-width} automatically deletes it, and no window may be |
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2003 created narrower than this. The default value is 10. |
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2004 |
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2005 The absolute minimum window width is two; actions that change window |
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2006 sizes reset this variable to two if it is less than two. |
6564 | 2007 @end defopt |
2008 | |
2009 @node Coordinates and Windows | |
2010 @section Coordinates and Windows | |
2011 | |
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2012 This section describes how to relate screen coordinates to windows. |
6564 | 2013 |
2014 @defun window-at x y &optional frame | |
2015 This function returns the window containing the specified cursor | |
2016 position in the frame @var{frame}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} | |
2017 are measured in characters and count from the top left corner of the | |
2018 frame. If they are out of range, @code{window-at} returns @code{nil}. | |
2019 | |
2020 If you omit @var{frame}, the selected frame is used. | |
2021 @end defun | |
2022 | |
2023 @defun coordinates-in-window-p coordinates window | |
2024 This function checks whether a particular frame position falls within | |
2025 the window @var{window}. | |
2026 | |
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2027 The argument @var{coordinates} is a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{x} |
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2028 . @var{y})}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} are measured in |
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2029 characters, and count from the top left corner of the screen or frame. |
6564 | 2030 |
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2031 The value returned by @code{coordinates-in-window-p} is non-@code{nil} |
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2032 if the coordinates are inside @var{window}. The value also indicates |
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2033 what part of the window the position is in, as follows: |
6564 | 2034 |
2035 @table @code | |
2036 @item (@var{relx} . @var{rely}) | |
2037 The coordinates are inside @var{window}. The numbers @var{relx} and | |
2038 @var{rely} are the equivalent window-relative coordinates for the | |
2039 specified position, counting from 0 at the top left corner of the | |
2040 window. | |
2041 | |
2042 @item mode-line | |
2043 The coordinates are in the mode line of @var{window}. | |
2044 | |
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2045 @item header-line |
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2046 The coordinates are in the header line of @var{window}. |
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2047 |
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2048 @item vertical-line |
6564 | 2049 The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its |
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2050 neighbor to the right. This value occurs only if the window doesn't |
6564 | 2051 have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the |
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2052 window for these purposes. |
6564 | 2053 |
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2054 @item left-fringe |
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2055 @itemx right-fringe |
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2056 The coordinates are in the left or right fringe of the window. |
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2057 |
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2058 @item left-margin |
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2059 @itemx right-margin |
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2060 The coordinates are in the left or right margin of the window. |
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2061 |
6564 | 2062 @item nil |
2063 The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}. | |
2064 @end table | |
2065 | |
2066 The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as | |
2067 argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on. | |
2068 @end defun | |
2069 | |
2070 @node Window Configurations | |
2071 @section Window Configurations | |
2072 @cindex window configurations | |
2073 @cindex saving window information | |
2074 | |
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2075 A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one |
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2076 frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what |
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2077 part of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the |
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2078 mark; also their fringes, margins, and scroll bar settings. It also |
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2079 includes the values of @code{window-min-height}, |
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2080 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. An |
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2081 exception is made for point in the selected window for the current |
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2082 buffer; its value is not saved in the window configuration. |
6564 | 2083 |
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2084 You can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window |
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2085 configuration previously saved. If you want to record all frames |
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2086 instead of just one, use a frame configuration instead of a window |
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2087 configuration. @xref{Frame Configurations}. |
6564 | 2088 |
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2089 @defun current-window-configuration &optional frame |
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2090 This function returns a new object representing @var{frame}'s current |
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2091 window configuration. If @var{frame} is omitted, the selected frame |
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2092 is used. |
6564 | 2093 @end defun |
2094 | |
2095 @defun set-window-configuration configuration | |
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2096 This function restores the configuration of windows and buffers as |
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2097 specified by @var{configuration}, for the frame that @var{configuration} |
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2098 was created for. |
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2099 |
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2100 The argument @var{configuration} must be a value that was previously |
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2101 returned by @code{current-window-configuration}. This configuration is |
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2102 restored in the frame from which @var{configuration} was made, whether |
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2103 that frame is selected or not. This always counts as a window size |
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2104 change and triggers execution of the @code{window-size-change-functions} |
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2105 (@pxref{Window Hooks}), because @code{set-window-configuration} doesn't |
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2106 know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the |
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2107 old one. |
6564 | 2108 |
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2109 If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this |
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2110 function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height}, |
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2111 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. |
12098 | 2112 |
6564 | 2113 Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect |
2114 as @code{save-window-excursion}: | |
2115 | |
2116 @example | |
2117 @group | |
2118 (let ((config (current-window-configuration))) | |
2119 (unwind-protect | |
2120 (progn (split-window-vertically nil) | |
2121 @dots{}) | |
2122 (set-window-configuration config))) | |
2123 @end group | |
2124 @end example | |
2125 @end defun | |
2126 | |
2127 @defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{} | |
2128 This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms} | |
2129 in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration. The window | |
2130 configuration includes the value of point and the portion of the buffer | |
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2131 that is visible. It also includes the choice of selected window. |
6564 | 2132 However, it does not include the value of point in the current buffer; |
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2133 use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to preserve that. |
6564 | 2134 |
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2135 Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is sufficient. |
12098 | 2136 |
2137 Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the | |
2138 @code{window-size-change-functions}. (It doesn't know how to tell | |
2139 whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in | |
2140 effect at the end of the @var{forms}.) | |
2141 | |
6564 | 2142 The return value is the value of the final form in @var{forms}. |
2143 For example: | |
2144 | |
2145 @example | |
2146 @group | |
2147 (split-window) | |
2148 @result{} #<window 25 on control.texi> | |
2149 @end group | |
2150 @group | |
2151 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
2152 @result{} #<window 19 on control.texi> | |
2153 @end group | |
2154 @group | |
2155 (save-window-excursion | |
2156 (delete-other-windows w) | |
2157 (switch-to-buffer "foo") | |
2158 'do-something) | |
2159 @result{} do-something | |
2160 ;; @r{The screen is now split again.} | |
2161 @end group | |
2162 @end example | |
2163 @end defspec | |
2164 | |
2165 @defun window-configuration-p object | |
2166 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window configuration. | |
2167 @end defun | |
2168 | |
21682
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2169 @defun compare-window-configurations config1 config2 |
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2170 This function compares two window configurations as regards the |
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2171 structure of windows, but ignores the values of point and mark and the |
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2172 saved scrolling positions---it can return @code{t} even if those |
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2173 aspects differ. |
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2174 |
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2175 The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it |
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2176 regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a |
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2177 saved point or mark. |
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2178 @end defun |
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2179 |
53437
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2180 @defun window-configuration-frame config |
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2181 This function returns the frame for which the window configuration |
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2182 @var{config} was made. |
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2183 @end defun |
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2184 |
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2185 Other primitives to look inside of window configurations would make |
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2186 sense, but are not implemented because we did not need them. See the |
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2187 file @file{winner.el} for some more operations on windows |
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2188 configurations. |
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2189 |
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2190 @node Window Hooks |
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2191 @section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes |
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2192 |
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2193 This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a |
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2194 window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer. |
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2195 There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window, |
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2196 switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window. |
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2197 The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs |
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2198 @code{window-size-change-functions}. The paradigmatic use of these |
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2199 hooks is in the implementation of Lazy Lock mode; see @file{lazy-lock.el}. |
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2200 |
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2201 @defvar window-scroll-functions |
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2202 This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before |
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2203 redisplaying a window with scrolling. It is not a normal hook, because |
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2204 each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new |
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2205 display-start position. |
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2206 |
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2207 Displaying a different buffer in the window also runs these functions. |
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2208 |
22252
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2209 These functions must be careful in using @code{window-end} |
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2210 (@pxref{Window Start}); if you need an up-to-date value, you must use |
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2211 the @var{update} argument to ensure you get it. |
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2212 @end defvar |
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2213 |
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2214 @defvar window-size-change-functions |
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2215 This variable holds a list of functions to be called if the size of any |
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2216 window changes for any reason. The functions are called just once per |
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2217 redisplay, and just once for each frame on which size changes have |
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2218 occurred. |
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2219 |
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2220 Each function receives the frame as its sole argument. There is no |
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2221 direct way to find out which windows on that frame have changed size, or |
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2222 precisely how. However, if a size-change function records, at each |
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2223 call, the existing windows and their sizes, it can also compare the |
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2224 present sizes and the previous sizes. |
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2225 |
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2226 Creating or deleting windows counts as a size change, and therefore |
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2227 causes these functions to be called. Changing the frame size also |
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2228 counts, because it changes the sizes of the existing windows. |
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2229 |
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2230 It is not a good idea to use @code{save-window-excursion} (@pxref{Window |
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2231 Configurations}) in these functions, because that always counts as a |
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2232 size change, and it would cause these functions to be called over and |
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2233 over. In most cases, @code{save-selected-window} (@pxref{Selecting |
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2234 Windows}) is what you need here. |
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2235 @end defvar |
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2236 |
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2237 @defvar redisplay-end-trigger-functions |
22252
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2238 This abnormal hook is run whenever redisplay in a window uses text that |
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2239 extends past a specified end trigger position. You set the end trigger |
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2240 position with the function @code{set-window-redisplay-end-trigger}. The |
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2241 functions are called with two arguments: the window, and the end trigger |
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2242 position. Storing @code{nil} for the end trigger position turns off the |
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2243 feature, and the trigger value is automatically reset to @code{nil} just |
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2244 after the hook is run. |
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2245 @end defvar |
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2246 |
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2247 @defun set-window-redisplay-end-trigger window position |
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2248 This function sets @var{window}'s end trigger position at |
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2249 @var{position}. |
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2250 @end defun |
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2251 |
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2252 @defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window |
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2253 This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position. |
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2254 @end defun |
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2255 |
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2256 @defvar window-configuration-change-hook |
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2257 A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration |
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2258 of an existing frame. This includes splitting or deleting windows, |
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2259 changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a |
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2260 window. The frame whose window configuration has changed is the |
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2261 selected frame when this hook runs. |
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2262 @end defvar |
52401 | 2263 |
2264 @ignore | |
2265 arch-tag: 3f6c36e8-df49-4986-b757-417feed88be3 | |
2266 @end ignore |