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annotate lispref/eval.texi @ 89508:f698e4b63097
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author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 16 Sep 2003 17:34:00 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/eval | |
6 @node Evaluation, Control Structures, Symbols, Top | |
7 @chapter Evaluation | |
8 @cindex evaluation | |
9 @cindex interpreter | |
10 @cindex interpreter | |
11 @cindex value of expression | |
12 | |
13 The @dfn{evaluation} of expressions in Emacs Lisp is performed by the | |
14 @dfn{Lisp interpreter}---a program that receives a Lisp object as input | |
15 and computes its @dfn{value as an expression}. How it does this depends | |
16 on the data type of the object, according to rules described in this | |
17 chapter. The interpreter runs automatically to evaluate portions of | |
18 your program, but can also be called explicitly via the Lisp primitive | |
19 function @code{eval}. | |
20 | |
27193 | 21 @ifnottex |
6558 | 22 @menu |
23 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
24 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
25 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in the program). | |
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26 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
6558 | 27 @end menu |
28 | |
29 @node Intro Eval | |
30 @section Introduction to Evaluation | |
31 | |
7119 | 32 The Lisp interpreter, or evaluator, is the program that computes |
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33 the value of an expression that is given to it. When a function |
6558 | 34 written in Lisp is called, the evaluator computes the value of the |
35 function by evaluating the expressions in the function body. Thus, | |
36 running any Lisp program really means running the Lisp interpreter. | |
37 | |
38 How the evaluator handles an object depends primarily on the data | |
39 type of the object. | |
27193 | 40 @end ifnottex |
6558 | 41 |
42 @cindex forms | |
43 @cindex expression | |
7119 | 44 A Lisp object that is intended for evaluation is called an |
6558 | 45 @dfn{expression} or a @dfn{form}. The fact that expressions are data |
46 objects and not merely text is one of the fundamental differences | |
47 between Lisp-like languages and typical programming languages. Any | |
48 object can be evaluated, but in practice only numbers, symbols, lists | |
49 and strings are evaluated very often. | |
50 | |
51 It is very common to read a Lisp expression and then evaluate the | |
52 expression, but reading and evaluation are separate activities, and | |
53 either can be performed alone. Reading per se does not evaluate | |
54 anything; it converts the printed representation of a Lisp object to the | |
55 object itself. It is up to the caller of @code{read} whether this | |
56 object is a form to be evaluated, or serves some entirely different | |
57 purpose. @xref{Input Functions}. | |
58 | |
59 Do not confuse evaluation with command key interpretation. The | |
60 editor command loop translates keyboard input into a command (an | |
61 interactively callable function) using the active keymaps, and then | |
62 uses @code{call-interactively} to invoke the command. The execution of | |
63 the command itself involves evaluation if the command is written in | |
64 Lisp, but that is not a part of command key interpretation itself. | |
65 @xref{Command Loop}. | |
66 | |
67 @cindex recursive evaluation | |
68 Evaluation is a recursive process. That is, evaluation of a form may | |
69 call @code{eval} to evaluate parts of the form. For example, evaluation | |
70 of a function call first evaluates each argument of the function call, | |
71 and then evaluates each form in the function body. Consider evaluation | |
72 of the form @code{(car x)}: the subform @code{x} must first be evaluated | |
73 recursively, so that its value can be passed as an argument to the | |
74 function @code{car}. | |
75 | |
12098 | 76 Evaluation of a function call ultimately calls the function specified |
77 in it. @xref{Functions}. The execution of the function may itself work | |
78 by evaluating the function definition; or the function may be a Lisp | |
79 primitive implemented in C, or it may be a byte-compiled function | |
80 (@pxref{Byte Compilation}). | |
81 | |
6558 | 82 @cindex environment |
83 The evaluation of forms takes place in a context called the | |
84 @dfn{environment}, which consists of the current values and bindings of | |
85 all Lisp variables.@footnote{This definition of ``environment'' is | |
7119 | 86 specifically not intended to include all the data that can affect the |
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87 result of a program.} Whenever a form refers to a variable without |
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88 creating a new binding for it, the value of the variable's binding in |
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89 the current environment is used. @xref{Variables}. |
6558 | 90 |
91 @cindex side effect | |
92 Evaluation of a form may create new environments for recursive | |
93 evaluation by binding variables (@pxref{Local Variables}). These | |
94 environments are temporary and vanish by the time evaluation of the form | |
95 is complete. The form may also make changes that persist; these changes | |
96 are called @dfn{side effects}. An example of a form that produces side | |
97 effects is @code{(setq foo 1)}. | |
98 | |
99 The details of what evaluation means for each kind of form are | |
100 described below (@pxref{Forms}). | |
101 | |
102 @node Forms | |
103 @section Kinds of Forms | |
104 | |
105 A Lisp object that is intended to be evaluated is called a @dfn{form}. | |
106 How Emacs evaluates a form depends on its data type. Emacs has three | |
107 different kinds of form that are evaluated differently: symbols, lists, | |
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108 and ``all other types''. This section describes all three kinds, one by |
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109 one, starting with the ``all other types'' which are self-evaluating |
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110 forms. |
6558 | 111 |
112 @menu | |
113 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
114 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
115 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
116 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, | |
117 we find the real function via the symbol. | |
118 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
119 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
120 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
121 most of them extremely important. | |
122 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
123 containing their real definitions. | |
124 @end menu | |
125 | |
126 @node Self-Evaluating Forms | |
127 @subsection Self-Evaluating Forms | |
128 @cindex vector evaluation | |
129 @cindex literal evaluation | |
130 @cindex self-evaluating form | |
131 | |
132 A @dfn{self-evaluating form} is any form that is not a list or symbol. | |
133 Self-evaluating forms evaluate to themselves: the result of evaluation | |
134 is the same object that was evaluated. Thus, the number 25 evaluates to | |
135 25, and the string @code{"foo"} evaluates to the string @code{"foo"}. | |
136 Likewise, evaluation of a vector does not cause evaluation of the | |
137 elements of the vector---it returns the same vector with its contents | |
138 unchanged. | |
139 | |
140 @example | |
141 @group | |
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142 '123 ; @r{A number, shown without evaluation.} |
6558 | 143 @result{} 123 |
144 @end group | |
145 @group | |
146 123 ; @r{Evaluated as usual---result is the same.} | |
147 @result{} 123 | |
148 @end group | |
149 @group | |
150 (eval '123) ; @r{Evaluated ``by hand''---result is the same.} | |
151 @result{} 123 | |
152 @end group | |
153 @group | |
154 (eval (eval '123)) ; @r{Evaluating twice changes nothing.} | |
155 @result{} 123 | |
156 @end group | |
157 @end example | |
158 | |
159 It is common to write numbers, characters, strings, and even vectors | |
160 in Lisp code, taking advantage of the fact that they self-evaluate. | |
161 However, it is quite unusual to do this for types that lack a read | |
12098 | 162 syntax, because there's no way to write them textually. It is possible |
163 to construct Lisp expressions containing these types by means of a Lisp | |
164 program. Here is an example: | |
6558 | 165 |
166 @example | |
167 @group | |
168 ;; @r{Build an expression containing a buffer object.} | |
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169 (setq print-exp (list 'print (current-buffer))) |
6558 | 170 @result{} (print #<buffer eval.texi>) |
171 @end group | |
172 @group | |
173 ;; @r{Evaluate it.} | |
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174 (eval print-exp) |
6558 | 175 @print{} #<buffer eval.texi> |
176 @result{} #<buffer eval.texi> | |
177 @end group | |
178 @end example | |
179 | |
180 @node Symbol Forms | |
181 @subsection Symbol Forms | |
182 @cindex symbol evaluation | |
183 | |
184 When a symbol is evaluated, it is treated as a variable. The result | |
185 is the variable's value, if it has one. If it has none (if its value | |
186 cell is void), an error is signaled. For more information on the use of | |
187 variables, see @ref{Variables}. | |
188 | |
189 In the following example, we set the value of a symbol with | |
190 @code{setq}. Then we evaluate the symbol, and get back the value that | |
191 @code{setq} stored. | |
192 | |
193 @example | |
194 @group | |
195 (setq a 123) | |
196 @result{} 123 | |
197 @end group | |
198 @group | |
199 (eval 'a) | |
200 @result{} 123 | |
201 @end group | |
202 @group | |
203 a | |
204 @result{} 123 | |
205 @end group | |
206 @end example | |
207 | |
208 The symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are treated specially, so that the | |
209 value of @code{nil} is always @code{nil}, and the value of @code{t} is | |
7119 | 210 always @code{t}; you cannot set or bind them to any other values. Thus, |
211 these two symbols act like self-evaluating forms, even though | |
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212 @code{eval} treats them like any other symbol. A symbol whose name |
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213 starts with @samp{:} also self-evaluates in the same way; likewise, |
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214 its value ordinarily cannot be changed. @xref{Constant Variables}. |
6558 | 215 |
216 @node Classifying Lists | |
217 @subsection Classification of List Forms | |
218 @cindex list form evaluation | |
219 | |
220 A form that is a nonempty list is either a function call, a macro | |
221 call, or a special form, according to its first element. These three | |
222 kinds of forms are evaluated in different ways, described below. The | |
223 remaining list elements constitute the @dfn{arguments} for the function, | |
224 macro, or special form. | |
225 | |
226 The first step in evaluating a nonempty list is to examine its first | |
227 element. This element alone determines what kind of form the list is | |
228 and how the rest of the list is to be processed. The first element is | |
229 @emph{not} evaluated, as it would be in some Lisp dialects such as | |
230 Scheme. | |
231 | |
232 @node Function Indirection | |
233 @subsection Symbol Function Indirection | |
234 @cindex symbol function indirection | |
235 @cindex indirection | |
236 @cindex void function | |
237 | |
238 If the first element of the list is a symbol then evaluation examines | |
239 the symbol's function cell, and uses its contents instead of the | |
240 original symbol. If the contents are another symbol, this process, | |
241 called @dfn{symbol function indirection}, is repeated until it obtains a | |
242 non-symbol. @xref{Function Names}, for more information about using a | |
243 symbol as a name for a function stored in the function cell of the | |
244 symbol. | |
245 | |
246 One possible consequence of this process is an infinite loop, in the | |
247 event that a symbol's function cell refers to the same symbol. Or a | |
248 symbol may have a void function cell, in which case the subroutine | |
249 @code{symbol-function} signals a @code{void-function} error. But if | |
250 neither of these things happens, we eventually obtain a non-symbol, | |
251 which ought to be a function or other suitable object. | |
252 | |
253 @kindex invalid-function | |
254 @cindex invalid function | |
255 More precisely, we should now have a Lisp function (a lambda | |
256 expression), a byte-code function, a primitive function, a Lisp macro, a | |
257 special form, or an autoload object. Each of these types is a case | |
258 described in one of the following sections. If the object is not one of | |
259 these types, the error @code{invalid-function} is signaled. | |
260 | |
261 The following example illustrates the symbol indirection process. We | |
262 use @code{fset} to set the function cell of a symbol and | |
263 @code{symbol-function} to get the function cell contents | |
264 (@pxref{Function Cells}). Specifically, we store the symbol @code{car} | |
265 into the function cell of @code{first}, and the symbol @code{first} into | |
266 the function cell of @code{erste}. | |
267 | |
268 @smallexample | |
269 @group | |
270 ;; @r{Build this function cell linkage:} | |
271 ;; ------------- ----- ------- ------- | |
272 ;; | #<subr car> | <-- | car | <-- | first | <-- | erste | | |
273 ;; ------------- ----- ------- ------- | |
274 @end group | |
275 @end smallexample | |
276 | |
277 @smallexample | |
278 @group | |
279 (symbol-function 'car) | |
280 @result{} #<subr car> | |
281 @end group | |
282 @group | |
283 (fset 'first 'car) | |
284 @result{} car | |
285 @end group | |
286 @group | |
287 (fset 'erste 'first) | |
288 @result{} first | |
289 @end group | |
290 @group | |
291 (erste '(1 2 3)) ; @r{Call the function referenced by @code{erste}.} | |
292 @result{} 1 | |
293 @end group | |
294 @end smallexample | |
295 | |
296 By contrast, the following example calls a function without any symbol | |
297 function indirection, because the first element is an anonymous Lisp | |
298 function, not a symbol. | |
299 | |
300 @smallexample | |
301 @group | |
302 ((lambda (arg) (erste arg)) | |
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303 '(1 2 3)) |
6558 | 304 @result{} 1 |
305 @end group | |
306 @end smallexample | |
307 | |
308 @noindent | |
7119 | 309 Executing the function itself evaluates its body; this does involve |
310 symbol function indirection when calling @code{erste}. | |
6558 | 311 |
312 The built-in function @code{indirect-function} provides an easy way to | |
313 perform symbol function indirection explicitly. | |
314 | |
315 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
316 @defun indirect-function function | |
317 This function returns the meaning of @var{function} as a function. If | |
318 @var{function} is a symbol, then it finds @var{function}'s function | |
319 definition and starts over with that value. If @var{function} is not a | |
320 symbol, then it returns @var{function} itself. | |
321 | |
322 Here is how you could define @code{indirect-function} in Lisp: | |
323 | |
324 @smallexample | |
325 (defun indirect-function (function) | |
326 (if (symbolp function) | |
327 (indirect-function (symbol-function function)) | |
328 function)) | |
329 @end smallexample | |
330 @end defun | |
331 | |
332 @node Function Forms | |
333 @subsection Evaluation of Function Forms | |
334 @cindex function form evaluation | |
335 @cindex function call | |
336 | |
337 If the first element of a list being evaluated is a Lisp function | |
338 object, byte-code object or primitive function object, then that list is | |
339 a @dfn{function call}. For example, here is a call to the function | |
340 @code{+}: | |
341 | |
342 @example | |
343 (+ 1 x) | |
344 @end example | |
345 | |
7119 | 346 The first step in evaluating a function call is to evaluate the |
347 remaining elements of the list from left to right. The results are the | |
348 actual argument values, one value for each list element. The next step | |
349 is to call the function with this list of arguments, effectively using | |
350 the function @code{apply} (@pxref{Calling Functions}). If the function | |
351 is written in Lisp, the arguments are used to bind the argument | |
352 variables of the function (@pxref{Lambda Expressions}); then the forms | |
353 in the function body are evaluated in order, and the value of the last | |
354 body form becomes the value of the function call. | |
6558 | 355 |
356 @node Macro Forms | |
357 @subsection Lisp Macro Evaluation | |
358 @cindex macro call evaluation | |
359 | |
360 If the first element of a list being evaluated is a macro object, then | |
361 the list is a @dfn{macro call}. When a macro call is evaluated, the | |
362 elements of the rest of the list are @emph{not} initially evaluated. | |
363 Instead, these elements themselves are used as the arguments of the | |
364 macro. The macro definition computes a replacement form, called the | |
365 @dfn{expansion} of the macro, to be evaluated in place of the original | |
366 form. The expansion may be any sort of form: a self-evaluating | |
7119 | 367 constant, a symbol, or a list. If the expansion is itself a macro call, |
6558 | 368 this process of expansion repeats until some other sort of form results. |
369 | |
7119 | 370 Ordinary evaluation of a macro call finishes by evaluating the |
371 expansion. However, the macro expansion is not necessarily evaluated | |
372 right away, or at all, because other programs also expand macro calls, | |
373 and they may or may not evaluate the expansions. | |
374 | |
6558 | 375 Normally, the argument expressions are not evaluated as part of |
376 computing the macro expansion, but instead appear as part of the | |
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377 expansion, so they are computed when the expansion is evaluated. |
6558 | 378 |
379 For example, given a macro defined as follows: | |
380 | |
381 @example | |
382 @group | |
383 (defmacro cadr (x) | |
384 (list 'car (list 'cdr x))) | |
385 @end group | |
386 @end example | |
387 | |
388 @noindent | |
389 an expression such as @code{(cadr (assq 'handler list))} is a macro | |
390 call, and its expansion is: | |
391 | |
392 @example | |
393 (car (cdr (assq 'handler list))) | |
394 @end example | |
395 | |
396 @noindent | |
397 Note that the argument @code{(assq 'handler list)} appears in the | |
398 expansion. | |
399 | |
400 @xref{Macros}, for a complete description of Emacs Lisp macros. | |
401 | |
402 @node Special Forms | |
403 @subsection Special Forms | |
404 @cindex special form evaluation | |
405 | |
406 A @dfn{special form} is a primitive function specially marked so that | |
407 its arguments are not all evaluated. Most special forms define control | |
408 structures or perform variable bindings---things which functions cannot | |
409 do. | |
410 | |
411 Each special form has its own rules for which arguments are evaluated | |
412 and which are used without evaluation. Whether a particular argument is | |
413 evaluated may depend on the results of evaluating other arguments. | |
414 | |
415 Here is a list, in alphabetical order, of all of the special forms in | |
416 Emacs Lisp with a reference to where each is described. | |
417 | |
418 @table @code | |
419 @item and | |
420 @pxref{Combining Conditions} | |
421 | |
422 @item catch | |
423 @pxref{Catch and Throw} | |
424 | |
425 @item cond | |
426 @pxref{Conditionals} | |
427 | |
428 @item condition-case | |
429 @pxref{Handling Errors} | |
430 | |
431 @item defconst | |
432 @pxref{Defining Variables} | |
433 | |
434 @item defmacro | |
435 @pxref{Defining Macros} | |
436 | |
437 @item defun | |
438 @pxref{Defining Functions} | |
439 | |
440 @item defvar | |
441 @pxref{Defining Variables} | |
442 | |
443 @item function | |
444 @pxref{Anonymous Functions} | |
445 | |
446 @item if | |
447 @pxref{Conditionals} | |
448 | |
449 @item interactive | |
450 @pxref{Interactive Call} | |
451 | |
452 @item let | |
453 @itemx let* | |
454 @pxref{Local Variables} | |
455 | |
456 @item or | |
457 @pxref{Combining Conditions} | |
458 | |
459 @item prog1 | |
460 @itemx prog2 | |
461 @itemx progn | |
462 @pxref{Sequencing} | |
463 | |
464 @item quote | |
465 @pxref{Quoting} | |
466 | |
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467 @item save-current-buffer |
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468 @pxref{Current Buffer} |
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469 |
6558 | 470 @item save-excursion |
471 @pxref{Excursions} | |
472 | |
473 @item save-restriction | |
474 @pxref{Narrowing} | |
475 | |
476 @item save-window-excursion | |
477 @pxref{Window Configurations} | |
478 | |
479 @item setq | |
480 @pxref{Setting Variables} | |
481 | |
482 @item setq-default | |
483 @pxref{Creating Buffer-Local} | |
484 | |
485 @item track-mouse | |
486 @pxref{Mouse Tracking} | |
487 | |
488 @item unwind-protect | |
489 @pxref{Nonlocal Exits} | |
490 | |
491 @item while | |
492 @pxref{Iteration} | |
493 | |
494 @item with-output-to-temp-buffer | |
495 @pxref{Temporary Displays} | |
496 @end table | |
497 | |
498 @cindex CL note---special forms compared | |
499 @quotation | |
7119 | 500 @b{Common Lisp note:} Here are some comparisons of special forms in |
6558 | 501 GNU Emacs Lisp and Common Lisp. @code{setq}, @code{if}, and |
502 @code{catch} are special forms in both Emacs Lisp and Common Lisp. | |
503 @code{defun} is a special form in Emacs Lisp, but a macro in Common | |
504 Lisp. @code{save-excursion} is a special form in Emacs Lisp, but | |
505 doesn't exist in Common Lisp. @code{throw} is a special form in | |
506 Common Lisp (because it must be able to throw multiple values), but it | |
507 is a function in Emacs Lisp (which doesn't have multiple | |
508 values).@refill | |
509 @end quotation | |
510 | |
511 @node Autoloading | |
512 @subsection Autoloading | |
513 | |
514 The @dfn{autoload} feature allows you to call a function or macro | |
515 whose function definition has not yet been loaded into Emacs. It | |
516 specifies which file contains the definition. When an autoload object | |
517 appears as a symbol's function definition, calling that symbol as a | |
518 function automatically loads the specified file; then it calls the real | |
519 definition loaded from that file. @xref{Autoload}. | |
520 | |
521 @node Quoting | |
522 @section Quoting | |
523 @cindex quoting | |
524 | |
12098 | 525 The special form @code{quote} returns its single argument, as written, |
526 without evaluating it. This provides a way to include constant symbols | |
527 and lists, which are not self-evaluating objects, in a program. (It is | |
528 not necessary to quote self-evaluating objects such as numbers, strings, | |
529 and vectors.) | |
6558 | 530 |
531 @defspec quote object | |
12098 | 532 This special form returns @var{object}, without evaluating it. |
533 @end defspec | |
6558 | 534 |
535 @cindex @samp{'} for quoting | |
536 @cindex quoting using apostrophe | |
537 @cindex apostrophe for quoting | |
538 Because @code{quote} is used so often in programs, Lisp provides a | |
539 convenient read syntax for it. An apostrophe character (@samp{'}) | |
540 followed by a Lisp object (in read syntax) expands to a list whose first | |
541 element is @code{quote}, and whose second element is the object. Thus, | |
542 the read syntax @code{'x} is an abbreviation for @code{(quote x)}. | |
543 | |
544 Here are some examples of expressions that use @code{quote}: | |
545 | |
546 @example | |
547 @group | |
548 (quote (+ 1 2)) | |
549 @result{} (+ 1 2) | |
550 @end group | |
551 @group | |
552 (quote foo) | |
553 @result{} foo | |
554 @end group | |
555 @group | |
556 'foo | |
557 @result{} foo | |
558 @end group | |
559 @group | |
560 ''foo | |
561 @result{} (quote foo) | |
562 @end group | |
563 @group | |
564 '(quote foo) | |
565 @result{} (quote foo) | |
566 @end group | |
567 @group | |
568 ['foo] | |
569 @result{} [(quote foo)] | |
570 @end group | |
571 @end example | |
572 | |
573 Other quoting constructs include @code{function} (@pxref{Anonymous | |
574 Functions}), which causes an anonymous lambda expression written in Lisp | |
12098 | 575 to be compiled, and @samp{`} (@pxref{Backquote}), which is used to quote |
6558 | 576 only part of a list, while computing and substituting other parts. |
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577 |
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578 @node Eval |
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579 @section Eval |
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580 |
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581 Most often, forms are evaluated automatically, by virtue of their |
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582 occurrence in a program being run. On rare occasions, you may need to |
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583 write code that evaluates a form that is computed at run time, such as |
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584 after reading a form from text being edited or getting one from a |
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585 property list. On these occasions, use the @code{eval} function. |
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586 |
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587 The functions and variables described in this section evaluate forms, |
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588 specify limits to the evaluation process, or record recently returned |
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589 values. Loading a file also does evaluation (@pxref{Loading}). |
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590 |
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591 @strong{Note:} it is generally cleaner and more flexible to store a |
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592 function in a data structure, and call it with @code{funcall} or |
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593 @code{apply}, than to store an expression in the data structure and |
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594 evaluate it. Using functions provides the ability to pass information |
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595 to them as arguments. |
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596 |
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597 @defun eval form |
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598 This is the basic function evaluating an expression. It evaluates |
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599 @var{form} in the current environment and returns the result. How the |
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600 evaluation proceeds depends on the type of the object (@pxref{Forms}). |
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601 |
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602 Since @code{eval} is a function, the argument expression that appears |
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603 in a call to @code{eval} is evaluated twice: once as preparation before |
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604 @code{eval} is called, and again by the @code{eval} function itself. |
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605 Here is an example: |
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606 |
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607 @example |
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608 @group |
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609 (setq foo 'bar) |
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610 @result{} bar |
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611 @end group |
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612 @group |
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613 (setq bar 'baz) |
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614 @result{} baz |
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615 ;; @r{Here @code{eval} receives argument @code{foo}} |
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616 (eval 'foo) |
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617 @result{} bar |
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618 ;; @r{Here @code{eval} receives argument @code{bar}, which is the value of @code{foo}} |
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619 (eval foo) |
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620 @result{} baz |
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621 @end group |
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622 @end example |
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623 |
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624 The number of currently active calls to @code{eval} is limited to |
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625 @code{max-lisp-eval-depth} (see below). |
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626 @end defun |
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627 |
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628 @deffn Command eval-region start end &optional stream read-function |
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629 This function evaluates the forms in the current buffer in the region |
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630 defined by the positions @var{start} and @var{end}. It reads forms from |
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631 the region and calls @code{eval} on them until the end of the region is |
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632 reached, or until an error is signaled and not handled. |
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633 |
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634 If @var{stream} is non-@code{nil}, the values that result from |
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635 evaluating the expressions in the region are printed using @var{stream}. |
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636 @xref{Output Streams}. |
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637 |
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638 If @var{read-function} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function, which |
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639 is used instead of @code{read} to read expressions one by one. This |
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640 function is called with one argument, the stream for reading input. You |
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641 can also use the variable @code{load-read-function} (@pxref{How Programs |
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642 Do Loading}) to specify this function, but it is more robust to use the |
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643 @var{read-function} argument. |
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644 |
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645 @code{eval-region} always returns @code{nil}. |
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646 @end deffn |
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647 |
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648 @cindex evaluation of buffer contents |
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649 @deffn Command eval-current-buffer &optional stream |
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650 This is like @code{eval-region} except that it operates on the whole |
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651 buffer. |
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652 @end deffn |
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653 |
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654 @defvar max-lisp-eval-depth |
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655 This variable defines the maximum depth allowed in calls to @code{eval}, |
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656 @code{apply}, and @code{funcall} before an error is signaled (with error |
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657 message @code{"Lisp nesting exceeds max-lisp-eval-depth"}). This limit, |
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658 with the associated error when it is exceeded, is one way that Lisp |
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659 avoids infinite recursion on an ill-defined function. |
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660 @cindex Lisp nesting error |
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661 |
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662 The depth limit counts internal uses of @code{eval}, @code{apply}, and |
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663 @code{funcall}, such as for calling the functions mentioned in Lisp |
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664 expressions, and recursive evaluation of function call arguments and |
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665 function body forms, as well as explicit calls in Lisp code. |
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666 |
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667 The default value of this variable is 300. If you set it to a value |
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668 less than 100, Lisp will reset it to 100 if the given value is reached. |
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669 Entry to the Lisp debugger increases the value, if there is little room |
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670 left, to make sure the debugger itself has room to execute. |
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671 |
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672 @code{max-specpdl-size} provides another limit on nesting. |
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673 @xref{Local Variables}. |
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674 @end defvar |
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675 |
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676 @defvar values |
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677 The value of this variable is a list of the values returned by all the |
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678 expressions that were read, evaluated, and printed from buffers |
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679 (including the minibuffer) by the standard Emacs commands which do this. |
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680 The elements are ordered most recent first. |
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681 |
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682 @example |
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683 @group |
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684 (setq x 1) |
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685 @result{} 1 |
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686 @end group |
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687 @group |
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688 (list 'A (1+ 2) auto-save-default) |
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689 @result{} (A 3 t) |
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690 @end group |
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691 @group |
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692 values |
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693 @result{} ((A 3 t) 1 @dots{}) |
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694 @end group |
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695 @end example |
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696 |
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697 This variable is useful for referring back to values of forms recently |
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698 evaluated. It is generally a bad idea to print the value of |
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699 @code{values} itself, since this may be very long. Instead, examine |
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700 particular elements, like this: |
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701 |
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702 @example |
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703 @group |
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704 ;; @r{Refer to the most recent evaluation result.} |
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705 (nth 0 values) |
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706 @result{} (A 3 t) |
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707 @end group |
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708 @group |
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709 ;; @r{That put a new element on,} |
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710 ;; @r{so all elements move back one.} |
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711 (nth 1 values) |
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712 @result{} (A 3 t) |
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713 @end group |
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714 @group |
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715 ;; @r{This gets the element that was next-to-most-recent} |
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716 ;; @r{before this example.} |
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717 (nth 3 values) |
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718 @result{} 1 |
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719 @end group |
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720 @end example |
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721 @end defvar |