Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/windows.texi @ 56190:f7711455b84f
(Fstring): Use SAFE_ALLOCA.
author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Mon, 21 Jun 2004 21:52:46 +0000 |
parents | fabac80da5ce |
children | 9c516248cd50 |
rev | line source |
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6564 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6564 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/windows | |
7 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
8 @chapter Windows | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes most of the functions and variables related to | |
11 Emacs windows. See @ref{Display}, for information on how text is | |
12 displayed in windows. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. |
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16 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. |
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17 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. |
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18 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. |
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19 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. |
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20 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. |
54043 | 21 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer |
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22 and choosing a window for it. |
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23 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
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24 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
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25 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text |
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26 is on-screen in the window. |
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27 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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28 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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29 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
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30 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
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31 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. |
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32 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
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33 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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34 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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35 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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36 or window configuration changes. |
6564 | 37 @end menu |
38 | |
39 @node Basic Windows | |
40 @section Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
41 @cindex window | |
42 @cindex selected window | |
43 | |
12098 | 44 A @dfn{window} in Emacs is the physical area of the screen in which a |
45 buffer is displayed. The term is also used to refer to a Lisp object that | |
6564 | 46 represents that screen area in Emacs Lisp. It should be |
47 clear from the context which is meant. | |
48 | |
12098 | 49 Emacs groups windows into frames. A frame represents an area of |
50 screen available for Emacs to use. Each frame always contains at least | |
51 one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into | |
52 multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows. | |
6564 | 53 |
12098 | 54 In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as |
55 @dfn{selected within the frame}. The frame's cursor appears in that | |
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56 window. At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the window |
12098 | 57 selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}. The selected |
58 window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when | |
59 @code{set-buffer} has been used). @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
60 | |
61 For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in | |
62 a frame. Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted | |
63 and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references | |
64 to it} from other Lisp objects. Restoring a saved window configuration | |
65 is the only way for a window no longer on the screen to come back to | |
66 life. (@xref{Deleting Windows}.) | |
6564 | 67 |
68 Each window has the following attributes: | |
69 | |
70 @itemize @bullet | |
71 @item | |
72 containing frame | |
73 | |
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74 @item |
6564 | 75 window height |
76 | |
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77 @item |
6564 | 78 window width |
79 | |
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80 @item |
6564 | 81 window edges with respect to the screen or frame |
82 | |
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83 @item |
6564 | 84 the buffer it displays |
85 | |
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86 @item |
6564 | 87 position within the buffer at the upper left of the window |
88 | |
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89 @item |
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90 amount of horizontal scrolling, in columns |
6564 | 91 |
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92 @item |
6564 | 93 point |
94 | |
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95 @item |
6564 | 96 the mark |
97 | |
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98 @item |
6564 | 99 how recently the window was selected |
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100 |
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101 @item |
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102 fringe settings |
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103 |
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104 @item |
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105 display margins |
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106 |
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107 @item |
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108 scroll-bar settings |
6564 | 109 @end itemize |
110 | |
111 @cindex multiple windows | |
112 Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at | |
113 once. Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but | |
12098 | 114 most often to display related information. In Rmail, for example, you |
115 can move through a summary buffer in one window while the other window | |
116 shows messages one at a time as they are reached. | |
6564 | 117 |
118 The meaning of ``window'' in Emacs is similar to what it means in the | |
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119 context of general-purpose window systems such as X, but not identical. |
12098 | 120 The X Window System places X windows on the screen; Emacs uses one or |
121 more X windows as frames, and subdivides them into | |
122 Emacs windows. When you use Emacs on a character-only terminal, Emacs | |
123 treats the whole terminal screen as one frame. | |
6564 | 124 |
125 @cindex terminal screen | |
126 @cindex screen of terminal | |
127 @cindex tiled windows | |
128 Most window systems support arbitrarily located overlapping windows. | |
129 In contrast, Emacs windows are @dfn{tiled}; they never overlap, and | |
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130 together they fill the whole screen or frame. Because of the way in |
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131 which Emacs creates new windows and resizes them, not all conceivable |
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132 tilings of windows on an Emacs frame are actually possible. |
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133 @xref{Splitting Windows}, and @ref{Size of Window}. |
6564 | 134 |
135 @xref{Display}, for information on how the contents of the | |
136 window's buffer are displayed in the window. | |
137 | |
138 @defun windowp object | |
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139 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window. |
6564 | 140 @end defun |
141 | |
142 @node Splitting Windows | |
143 @section Splitting Windows | |
144 @cindex splitting windows | |
145 @cindex window splitting | |
146 | |
147 The functions described here are the primitives used to split a window | |
148 into two windows. Two higher level functions sometimes split a window, | |
149 but not always: @code{pop-to-buffer} and @code{display-buffer} | |
150 (@pxref{Displaying Buffers}). | |
151 | |
152 The functions described here do not accept a buffer as an argument. | |
153 The two ``halves'' of the split window initially display the same buffer | |
154 previously visible in the window that was split. | |
155 | |
156 @deffn Command split-window &optional window size horizontal | |
157 This function splits @var{window} into two windows. The original | |
158 window @var{window} remains the selected window, but occupies only | |
159 part of its former screen area. The rest is occupied by a newly created | |
160 window which is returned as the value of this function. | |
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161 This function returns the newly created window. |
6564 | 162 |
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163 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{window} splits into |
6564 | 164 two side by side windows. The original window @var{window} keeps the |
165 leftmost @var{size} columns, and gives the rest of the columns to the | |
166 new window. Otherwise, it splits into windows one above the other, and | |
167 @var{window} keeps the upper @var{size} lines and gives the rest of the | |
168 lines to the new window. The original window is therefore the | |
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169 left-hand or upper of the two, and the new window is the right-hand or |
6564 | 170 lower. |
171 | |
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172 If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the selected window is |
6564 | 173 split. If @var{size} is omitted or @code{nil}, then @var{window} is |
174 divided evenly into two parts. (If there is an odd line, it is | |
175 allocated to the new window.) When @code{split-window} is called | |
176 interactively, all its arguments are @code{nil}. | |
177 | |
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178 If splitting would result in making a window that is smaller than |
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179 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, the function |
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180 signals an error and does not split the window at all. |
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181 |
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182 The following example starts with one window on a screen that is 50 |
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183 lines high by 80 columns wide; then it splits the window. |
6564 | 184 |
185 @smallexample | |
186 @group | |
187 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
188 @result{} #<window 8 on windows.texi> | |
189 (window-edges) ; @r{Edges in order:} | |
190 @result{} (0 0 80 50) ; @r{left--top--right--bottom} | |
191 @end group | |
192 | |
193 @group | |
194 ;; @r{Returns window created} | |
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195 (setq w2 (split-window w 15)) |
6564 | 196 @result{} #<window 28 on windows.texi> |
197 @end group | |
198 @group | |
199 (window-edges w2) | |
200 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window;} | |
201 ; @r{top is line 15} | |
202 @end group | |
203 @group | |
204 (window-edges w) | |
205 @result{} (0 0 80 15) ; @r{Top window} | |
206 @end group | |
207 @end smallexample | |
208 | |
209 The screen looks like this: | |
210 | |
211 @smallexample | |
212 @group | |
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213 __________ |
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214 | | line 0 |
6564 | 215 | w | |
216 |__________| | |
217 | | line 15 | |
218 | w2 | | |
219 |__________| | |
220 line 50 | |
221 column 0 column 80 | |
222 @end group | |
223 @end smallexample | |
224 | |
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225 Next, split the top window horizontally: |
6564 | 226 |
227 @smallexample | |
228 @group | |
229 (setq w3 (split-window w 35 t)) | |
230 @result{} #<window 32 on windows.texi> | |
231 @end group | |
232 @group | |
233 (window-edges w3) | |
234 @result{} (35 0 80 15) ; @r{Left edge at column 35} | |
235 @end group | |
236 @group | |
237 (window-edges w) | |
238 @result{} (0 0 35 15) ; @r{Right edge at column 35} | |
239 @end group | |
240 @group | |
241 (window-edges w2) | |
242 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window unchanged} | |
243 @end group | |
244 @end smallexample | |
245 | |
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246 @need 3000 |
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247 Now the screen looks like this: |
6564 | 248 |
249 @smallexample | |
250 @group | |
251 column 35 | |
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252 __________ |
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253 | | | line 0 |
6564 | 254 | w | w3 | |
255 |___|______| | |
256 | | line 15 | |
257 | w2 | | |
258 |__________| | |
259 line 50 | |
260 column 0 column 80 | |
261 @end group | |
262 @end smallexample | |
8926 | 263 |
264 Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows | |
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265 with a scroll bar (@pxref{Window Frame Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|} |
8926 | 266 characters. The display table can specify alternative border |
267 characters; see @ref{Display Tables}. | |
6564 | 268 @end deffn |
269 | |
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270 @deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size |
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271 This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the |
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272 other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size} |
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273 lines. (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows |
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274 gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but |
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275 the upper window is still the one selected.) |
6564 | 276 @end deffn |
277 | |
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278 @deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size |
6564 | 279 This function splits the selected window into two windows |
280 side-by-side, leaving the selected window with @var{size} columns. | |
281 | |
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282 This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}. |
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283 You could define a simplified version of the function like this: |
6564 | 284 |
285 @smallexample | |
286 @group | |
287 (defun split-window-horizontally (&optional arg) | |
288 "Split selected window into two windows, side by side..." | |
289 (interactive "P") | |
26211 | 290 @end group |
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291 @group |
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292 (let ((size (and arg (prefix-numeric-value arg)))) |
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293 (and size (< size 0) |
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294 (setq size (+ (window-width) size))) |
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295 (split-window nil size t))) |
6564 | 296 @end group |
297 @end smallexample | |
298 @end deffn | |
299 | |
300 @defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames | |
301 This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window. The | |
302 argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the | |
303 minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is | |
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304 counted when it is active. |
6564 | 305 |
306 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
307 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
308 | |
309 @table @asis | |
310 @item @code{nil} | |
311 Count the windows in the selected frame, plus the minibuffer used | |
312 by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
313 | |
314 @item @code{t} | |
315 Count all windows in all existing frames. | |
316 | |
317 @item @code{visible} | |
318 Count all windows in all visible frames. | |
319 | |
12098 | 320 @item 0 |
321 Count all windows in all visible or iconified frames. | |
322 | |
6564 | 323 @item anything else |
324 Count precisely the windows in the selected frame, and no others. | |
325 @end table | |
326 @end defun | |
327 | |
328 @node Deleting Windows | |
329 @section Deleting Windows | |
330 @cindex deleting windows | |
331 | |
332 A window remains visible on its frame unless you @dfn{delete} it by | |
333 calling certain functions that delete windows. A deleted window cannot | |
334 appear on the screen, but continues to exist as a Lisp object until | |
335 there are no references to it. There is no way to cancel the deletion | |
336 of a window aside from restoring a saved window configuration | |
337 (@pxref{Window Configurations}). Restoring a window configuration also | |
338 deletes any windows that aren't part of that configuration. | |
339 | |
340 When you delete a window, the space it took up is given to one | |
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341 adjacent sibling. |
6564 | 342 |
343 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
344 @defun window-live-p window | |
345 This function returns @code{nil} if @var{window} is deleted, and | |
346 @code{t} otherwise. | |
347 | |
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348 @strong{Warning:} Erroneous information or fatal errors may result from |
6564 | 349 using a deleted window as if it were live. |
350 @end defun | |
351 | |
352 @deffn Command delete-window &optional window | |
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353 This function removes @var{window} from display, and returns @code{nil}. |
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354 If @var{window} is omitted, then the selected window is deleted. An |
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355 error is signaled if there is only one window when @code{delete-window} |
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356 is called. |
6564 | 357 @end deffn |
358 | |
359 @deffn Command delete-other-windows &optional window | |
360 This function makes @var{window} the only window on its frame, by | |
361 deleting the other windows in that frame. If @var{window} is omitted or | |
362 @code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default. | |
363 | |
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364 The return value is @code{nil}. |
6564 | 365 @end deffn |
366 | |
367 @deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer &optional frame | |
368 This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer}. If there are | |
369 no windows showing @var{buffer}, it does nothing. | |
370 | |
371 @code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame. If a frame has | |
372 several windows showing different buffers, then those showing | |
373 @var{buffer} are removed, and the others expand to fill the space. If | |
374 all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer} (including the case | |
375 where there is only one window), then the frame reverts to having a | |
376 single window showing another buffer chosen with @code{other-buffer}. | |
377 @xref{The Buffer List}. | |
378 | |
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379 The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on. This |
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380 function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions |
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381 which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil} |
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382 have the opposite of their meanings in other functions. Here are the |
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383 full details: |
6564 | 384 |
385 @itemize @bullet | |
386 @item | |
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387 If it is @code{nil}, operate on all frames. |
6564 | 388 @item |
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389 If it is @code{t}, operate on the selected frame. |
6564 | 390 @item |
391 If it is @code{visible}, operate on all visible frames. | |
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392 @item |
12098 | 393 If it is 0, operate on all visible or iconified frames. |
6564 | 394 @item |
395 If it is a frame, operate on that frame. | |
396 @end itemize | |
397 | |
398 This function always returns @code{nil}. | |
399 @end deffn | |
400 | |
401 @node Selecting Windows | |
402 @section Selecting Windows | |
403 @cindex selecting windows | |
404 | |
405 When a window is selected, the buffer in the window becomes the current | |
406 buffer, and the cursor will appear in it. | |
407 | |
408 @defun selected-window | |
409 This function returns the selected window. This is the window in | |
410 which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply. | |
411 @end defun | |
412 | |
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413 @defun select-window window &optional norecord |
6564 | 414 This function makes @var{window} the selected window. The cursor then |
415 appears in @var{window} (on redisplay). The buffer being displayed in | |
416 @var{window} is immediately designated the current buffer. | |
417 | |
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418 Normally @var{window}'s selected buffer is moved to the front of the |
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419 buffer list, but if @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, the buffer list |
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420 order is unchanged. |
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421 |
6564 | 422 The return value is @var{window}. |
423 | |
424 @example | |
425 @group | |
426 (setq w (next-window)) | |
427 (select-window w) | |
428 @result{} #<window 65 on windows.texi> | |
429 @end group | |
430 @end example | |
431 @end defun | |
432 | |
12098 | 433 @defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{} |
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434 This macro records the selected window of each frame, executes |
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435 @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the earlier selected windows. |
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436 |
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437 This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes, |
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438 arrangement or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms} |
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439 change them, the change persists. If the previously selected window |
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440 of some frame is no longer live at the time of exit from this form, |
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441 that frame's selected window is left alone. |
12098 | 442 @end defmac |
443 | |
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444 @defmac with-selected-window window forms@dots{} |
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445 This macro selects @var{window} (without changing the buffer list), |
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446 executes @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the previously |
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447 selected window (unless that window is no longer alive). It is similar |
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448 to @code{save-selected-window} except that it explicitly selects |
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449 @var{window} and that it does not alter the buffer list sequence. |
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450 @end defmac |
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451 |
6564 | 452 @cindex finding windows |
453 The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen, | |
454 offering various criteria for the choice. | |
455 | |
456 @defun get-lru-window &optional frame | |
457 This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is, | |
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458 selected). If any full-width windows are present, it only considers |
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459 these. The selected window is always the most recently used window. |
6564 | 460 |
461 The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the | |
462 only window. A newly created window becomes the least recently used | |
463 window until it is selected. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
464 | |
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465 The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered. |
6564 | 466 |
467 @itemize @bullet | |
468 @item | |
469 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
470 @item | |
471 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
472 @item | |
473 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
474 @item | |
12098 | 475 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
476 @item | |
6564 | 477 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
478 @end itemize | |
479 @end defun | |
480 | |
481 @defun get-largest-window &optional frame | |
482 This function returns the window with the largest area (height times | |
483 width). If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window | |
484 with the most lines. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
485 | |
486 If there are two windows of the same size, then the function returns | |
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487 the window that is first in the cyclic ordering of windows (see |
6564 | 488 following section), starting from the selected window. |
489 | |
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490 The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to |
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491 consider. See @code{get-lru-window}, above. |
6564 | 492 @end defun |
493 | |
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494 @cindex window that satisfies a predicate |
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495 @cindex conditional selection of windows |
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496 @defun get-window-with-predicate predicate &optional minibuf all-frames default |
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497 This function returns a window satisfying @var{predicate}. It cycles |
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498 through all visible windows using @code{walk-windows} (@pxref{Cyclic |
51704 | 499 Window Ordering}), calling @var{predicate} on each one of them |
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500 with that window as its argument. The function returns the first |
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501 window for which @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value; if |
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502 that never happens, it returns @var{default}. |
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503 |
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504 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the |
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505 set of windows to include in the scan. See the description of |
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506 @code{next-window} in @ref{Cyclic Window Ordering}, for details. |
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507 @end defun |
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508 |
6564 | 509 @node Cyclic Window Ordering |
510 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
511 @section Cyclic Ordering of Windows | |
512 @cindex cyclic ordering of windows | |
513 @cindex ordering of windows, cyclic | |
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514 @cindex window ordering, cyclic |
6564 | 515 |
516 When you use the command @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}) to select | |
517 the next window, it moves through all the windows on the screen in a | |
518 specific cyclic order. For any given configuration of windows, this | |
519 order never varies. It is called the @dfn{cyclic ordering of windows}. | |
520 | |
521 This ordering generally goes from top to bottom, and from left to | |
522 right. But it may go down first or go right first, depending on the | |
523 order in which the windows were split. | |
524 | |
525 If the first split was vertical (into windows one above each other), | |
526 and then the subwindows were split horizontally, then the ordering is | |
527 left to right in the top of the frame, and then left to right in the | |
528 next lower part of the frame, and so on. If the first split was | |
529 horizontal, the ordering is top to bottom in the left part, and so on. | |
530 In general, within each set of siblings at any level in the window tree, | |
531 the order is left to right, or top to bottom. | |
532 | |
533 @defun next-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
534 @cindex minibuffer window | |
535 This function returns the window following @var{window} in the cyclic | |
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536 ordering of windows. This is the window that @kbd{C-x o} would select |
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537 if typed when @var{window} is selected. If @var{window} is the only |
6564 | 538 window visible, then this function returns @var{window}. If omitted, |
539 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. | |
540 | |
541 The value of the argument @var{minibuf} determines whether the | |
542 minibuffer is included in the window order. Normally, when | |
543 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil}, the minibuffer is included if it is | |
544 currently active; this is the behavior of @kbd{C-x o}. (The minibuffer | |
545 window is active while the minibuffer is in use. @xref{Minibuffers}.) | |
546 | |
547 If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, then the cyclic ordering includes the | |
548 minibuffer window even if it is not active. | |
549 | |
550 If @var{minibuf} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then the minibuffer | |
551 window is not included even if it is active. | |
552 | |
553 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
554 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
555 | |
556 @table @asis | |
557 @item @code{nil} | |
558 Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer | |
559 used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
560 | |
561 @item @code{t} | |
562 Consider all windows in all existing frames. | |
563 | |
564 @item @code{visible} | |
565 Consider all windows in all visible frames. (To get useful results, you | |
566 must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.) | |
567 | |
12099 | 568 @item 0 |
12098 | 569 Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames. |
570 | |
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571 @item a frame |
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572 Consider all windows on that frame. |
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573 |
6564 | 574 @item anything else |
575 Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others. | |
576 @end table | |
577 | |
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578 This example assumes there are two windows, both displaying the |
6564 | 579 buffer @samp{windows.texi}: |
580 | |
581 @example | |
582 @group | |
583 (selected-window) | |
584 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
585 @end group | |
586 @group | |
587 (next-window (selected-window)) | |
588 @result{} #<window 52 on windows.texi> | |
589 @end group | |
590 @group | |
591 (next-window (next-window (selected-window))) | |
592 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
593 @end group | |
594 @end example | |
595 @end defun | |
596 | |
597 @defun previous-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
598 This function returns the window preceding @var{window} in the cyclic | |
599 ordering of windows. The other arguments specify which windows to | |
600 include in the cycle, as in @code{next-window}. | |
601 @end defun | |
602 | |
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603 @deffn Command other-window count &optional all-frames |
6564 | 604 This function selects the @var{count}th following window in the cyclic |
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605 order. If count is negative, then it moves back @minus{}@var{count} |
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606 windows in the cycle, rather than forward. It returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 607 |
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608 The argument @var{all-frames} has the same meaning as in |
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609 @code{next-window}, but the @var{minibuf} argument of @code{next-window} |
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610 is always effectively @code{nil}. |
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611 |
6564 | 612 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. |
613 @end deffn | |
614 | |
615 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
616 @defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames | |
617 This function cycles through all windows, calling @code{proc} | |
618 once for each window with the window as its sole argument. | |
619 | |
620 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the | |
621 set of windows to include in the scan. See @code{next-window}, above, | |
622 for details. | |
623 @end defun | |
624 | |
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625 @defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window |
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626 This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting |
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627 with @var{window}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted, the |
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628 selected frame is used instead; if @var{window} is @code{nil} or |
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629 omitted, the selected window is used instead. |
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630 |
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631 The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window will be |
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632 included in the result list. If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the |
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633 minibuffer window will be included, even if it isn't active. If |
33826 | 634 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil} or omitted, the minibuffer window will |
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635 only be included in the list if it is active. If @var{minibuf} is |
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636 neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the minibuffer window is not |
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637 included, whether or not it is active. |
33826 | 638 @end defun |
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639 |
6564 | 640 @node Buffers and Windows |
641 @section Buffers and Windows | |
642 @cindex examining windows | |
643 @cindex windows, controlling precisely | |
644 @cindex buffers, controlled in windows | |
645 | |
646 This section describes low-level functions to examine windows or to | |
647 display buffers in windows in a precisely controlled fashion. | |
648 @iftex | |
649 See the following section for | |
650 @end iftex | |
27193 | 651 @ifnottex |
6564 | 652 @xref{Displaying Buffers}, for |
27193 | 653 @end ifnottex |
6564 | 654 related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it. |
655 The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they | |
656 employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions | |
657 when you need complete control. | |
658 | |
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659 @defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name &optional keep-margins |
6564 | 660 This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its |
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661 contents. It returns @code{nil}. This is the fundamental primitive |
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662 for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all ways |
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663 of doing that call this function. |
6564 | 664 |
665 @example | |
666 @group | |
667 (set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo") | |
668 @result{} nil | |
669 @end group | |
670 @end example | |
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671 |
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672 Normally, displaying @var{buffer} in @var{window} resets the window's |
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673 display margins, fringe widths, scroll bar settings, and position |
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674 based on the local variables of @var{buffer}. However, if |
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675 @var{keep-margins} is non-@code{nil}, the display margins and fringe |
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676 widths of @var{window} remain unchanged. @xref{Fringes}. |
6564 | 677 @end defun |
678 | |
679 @defun window-buffer &optional window | |
680 This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying. If | |
681 @var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the | |
682 selected window. | |
683 | |
684 @example | |
685 @group | |
686 (window-buffer) | |
687 @result{} #<buffer windows.texi> | |
688 @end group | |
689 @end example | |
690 @end defun | |
691 | |
692 @defun get-buffer-window buffer-or-name &optional all-frames | |
693 This function returns a window currently displaying | |
694 @var{buffer-or-name}, or @code{nil} if there is none. If there are | |
695 several such windows, then the function returns the first one in the | |
696 cyclic ordering of windows, starting from the selected window. | |
697 @xref{Cyclic Window Ordering}. | |
698 | |
699 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. | |
700 | |
701 @itemize @bullet | |
702 @item | |
703 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
704 @item | |
705 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
706 @item | |
707 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
708 @item | |
12098 | 709 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
710 @item | |
6564 | 711 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
712 @end itemize | |
713 @end defun | |
714 | |
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715 @defun get-buffer-window-list buffer-or-name &optional minibuf all-frames |
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716 This function returns a list of all the windows currently displaying |
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717 @var{buffer-or-name}. |
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718 |
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719 The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of |
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720 @code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not} |
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721 like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}. Perhaps |
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722 we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it |
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723 compatible with the other functions. |
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724 @end defun |
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725 |
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726 @defvar buffer-display-time |
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727 This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible |
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728 in a window. It is always local in each buffer; each time |
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729 @code{set-window-buffer} is called, it sets this variable to |
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730 @code{(current-time)} in the specified buffer (@pxref{Time of Day}). |
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731 When a buffer is first created, @code{buffer-display-time} starts out |
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732 with the value @code{nil}. |
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733 @end defvar |
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734 |
6564 | 735 @node Displaying Buffers |
736 @section Displaying Buffers in Windows | |
737 @cindex switching to a buffer | |
738 @cindex displaying a buffer | |
739 | |
740 In this section we describe convenient functions that choose a window | |
741 automatically and use it to display a specified buffer. These functions | |
742 can also split an existing window in certain circumstances. We also | |
743 describe variables that parameterize the heuristics used for choosing a | |
744 window. | |
745 @iftex | |
746 See the preceding section for | |
747 @end iftex | |
27193 | 748 @ifnottex |
6564 | 749 @xref{Buffers and Windows}, for |
27193 | 750 @end ifnottex |
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751 low-level functions that give you more precise control. All of these |
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752 functions work by calling @code{set-window-buffer}. |
6564 | 753 |
754 Do not use the functions in this section in order to make a buffer | |
755 current so that a Lisp program can access or modify it; they are too | |
756 drastic for that purpose, since they change the display of buffers in | |
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757 windows, which would be gratuitous and surprise the user. Instead, use |
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758 @code{set-buffer} and @code{save-current-buffer} (@pxref{Current |
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759 Buffer}), which designate buffers as current for programmed access |
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760 without affecting the display of buffers in windows. |
6564 | 761 |
762 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional norecord | |
763 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer, and also | |
764 displays the buffer in the selected window. This means that a human can | |
765 see the buffer and subsequent keyboard commands will apply to it. | |
766 Contrast this with @code{set-buffer}, which makes @var{buffer-or-name} | |
767 the current buffer but does not display it in the selected window. | |
768 @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
769 | |
12067 | 770 If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new |
771 buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new buffer is | |
772 set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. @xref{Auto | |
773 Major Mode}. | |
6564 | 774 |
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775 Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list |
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776 (both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer |
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777 list). This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}. However, if |
6564 | 778 @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done. @xref{The Buffer |
779 List}. | |
780 | |
781 The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as | |
782 the binding of @kbd{C-x b}. It is also used frequently in programs. It | |
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783 returns the buffer that it switched to. |
6564 | 784 @end deffn |
785 | |
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786 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord |
6564 | 787 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
788 displays it in a window not currently selected. It then selects that | |
789 window. The handling of the buffer is the same as in | |
790 @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
791 | |
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792 The currently selected window is absolutely never used to do the job. |
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793 If it is the only window, then it is split to make a distinct window for |
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794 this purpose. If the selected window is already displaying the buffer, |
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795 then it continues to do so, but another window is nonetheless found to |
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796 display it in as well. |
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797 |
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798 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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799 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 800 @end deffn |
801 | |
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802 @defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord |
6564 | 803 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
804 switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously | |
805 selected. The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within | |
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806 its frame. The return value is the buffer that was switched to. |
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807 If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil}, that means to choose some |
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808 other buffer, but you don't specify which. |
6564 | 809 |
810 If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}, | |
811 @code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already | |
812 displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes | |
813 it be selected within its frame. If there is none, it creates a new | |
814 frame and displays the buffer in it. | |
815 | |
816 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{pop-to-buffer} | |
817 operates entirely within the selected frame. (If the selected frame has | |
818 just a minibuffer, @code{pop-to-buffer} operates within the most | |
819 recently selected frame that was not just a minibuffer.) | |
820 | |
821 If the variable @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}, windows may | |
822 be split to create a new window that is different from the original | |
823 window. For details, see @ref{Choosing Window}. | |
824 | |
825 If @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, @code{pop-to-buffer} finds or | |
826 creates another window even if @var{buffer-or-name} is already visible | |
827 in the selected window. Thus @var{buffer-or-name} could end up | |
828 displayed in two windows. On the other hand, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
829 already displayed in the selected window and @var{other-window} is | |
830 @code{nil}, then the selected window is considered sufficient display | |
831 for @var{buffer-or-name}, so that nothing needs to be done. | |
832 | |
12098 | 833 All the variables that affect @code{display-buffer} affect |
834 @code{pop-to-buffer} as well. @xref{Choosing Window}. | |
835 | |
6564 | 836 If @var{buffer-or-name} is a string that does not name an existing |
12067 | 837 buffer, a buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new |
838 buffer is set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. | |
839 @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
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840 |
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841 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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842 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 843 @end defun |
844 | |
12098 | 845 @deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer |
846 This function replaces @var{buffer} with some other buffer in all | |
847 windows displaying it. The other buffer used is chosen with | |
848 @code{other-buffer}. In the usual applications of this function, you | |
849 don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that | |
850 @var{buffer} is no longer displayed. | |
851 | |
852 This function returns @code{nil}. | |
853 @end deffn | |
854 | |
6564 | 855 @node Choosing Window |
856 @section Choosing a Window for Display | |
857 | |
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858 This section describes the basic facility that chooses a window to |
6564 | 859 display a buffer in---@code{display-buffer}. All the higher-level |
860 functions and commands use this subroutine. Here we describe how to use | |
861 @code{display-buffer} and how to customize it. | |
862 | |
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863 @deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame |
6564 | 864 This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like |
865 @code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not | |
866 make the buffer current. The identity of the selected window is | |
867 unaltered by this function. | |
868 | |
869 If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the | |
870 specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is | |
871 already on display in the selected window. This can cause the buffer to | |
872 appear in two windows at once. Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
873 already being displayed in any window, that is good enough, so this | |
874 function does nothing. | |
875 | |
876 @code{display-buffer} returns the window chosen to display | |
877 @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
878 | |
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879 If the argument @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies which frames |
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880 to check when deciding whether the buffer is already displayed. If the |
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881 buffer is already displayed in some window on one of these frames, |
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882 @code{display-buffer} simply returns that window. Here are the possible |
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883 values of @var{frame}: |
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884 |
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885 @itemize @bullet |
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886 @item |
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887 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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888 @item |
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889 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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890 @item |
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891 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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892 @item |
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893 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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894 @item |
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895 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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896 @end itemize |
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897 |
6564 | 898 Precisely how @code{display-buffer} finds or creates a window depends on |
899 the variables described below. | |
900 @end deffn | |
901 | |
30665 | 902 @defopt display-buffer-reuse-frames |
903 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} searches | |
904 existing frames for a window displaying the buffer. If the buffer is | |
905 already displayed in a window in some frame, @code{display-buffer} makes | |
906 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. If the buffer is | |
907 not already displayed, or if @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is | |
908 @code{nil}, @code{display-buffer}'s behavior is determined by other | |
909 variables, described below. | |
910 @end defopt | |
911 | |
6564 | 912 @defopt pop-up-windows |
913 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new windows. | |
914 If it is non-@code{nil} and there is only one window, then that window | |
915 is split. If it is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} does not | |
916 split the single window, but uses it whole. | |
917 @end defopt | |
918 | |
919 @defopt split-height-threshold | |
920 This variable determines when @code{display-buffer} may split a window, | |
921 if there are multiple windows. @code{display-buffer} always splits the | |
922 largest window if it has at least this many lines. If the largest | |
923 window is not this tall, it is split only if it is the sole window and | |
924 @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}. | |
925 @end defopt | |
926 | |
34269 | 927 @defopt even-window-heights |
928 This variable determines if @code{display-buffer} should even out window | |
929 heights if the buffer gets displayed in an existing window, above or | |
930 beneath another existing window. If @code{even-window-heights} is | |
931 @code{t}, the default, window heights will be evened out. If | |
48700 | 932 @code{even-window-heights} is @code{nil}, the original window heights |
34269 | 933 will be left alone. |
34307 | 934 @end defopt |
34269 | 935 |
6564 | 936 @c Emacs 19 feature |
937 @defopt pop-up-frames | |
938 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new frames. | |
939 If it is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} looks for an existing | |
940 window already displaying the desired buffer, on any visible frame. If | |
941 it finds one, it returns that window. Otherwise it makes a new frame. | |
942 The variables @code{pop-up-windows} and @code{split-height-threshold} do | |
943 not matter if @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}. | |
944 | |
945 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} either | |
946 splits a window or reuses one. | |
947 | |
948 @xref{Frames}, for more information. | |
949 @end defopt | |
950 | |
951 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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952 @defopt pop-up-frame-function |
6564 | 953 This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames} |
954 is non-@code{nil}. | |
955 | |
956 Its value should be a function of no arguments. When | |
957 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that | |
958 function, which should return a frame. The default value of the | |
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959 variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from |
6564 | 960 @code{pop-up-frame-alist}. |
52849 | 961 @end defopt |
6564 | 962 |
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963 @defopt pop-up-frame-alist |
6564 | 964 This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when |
965 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame. @xref{Frame Parameters}, for | |
966 more information about frame parameters. | |
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967 @end defopt |
6564 | 968 |
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969 @defopt special-display-buffer-names |
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970 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed specially. |
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971 If the buffer's name is in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the |
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972 buffer specially. |
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973 |
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974 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 975 |
976 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
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977 list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create |
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978 the frame. There are two possibilities for the rest of the list (its |
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979 @sc{cdr}). It can be an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can |
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980 contain a function and arguments to give to it. (The function's first |
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981 argument is always the buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the |
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982 list come after that.) |
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983 |
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984 For example: |
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985 |
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986 @example |
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987 (("myfile" (minibuffer) (menu-bar-lines . 0))) |
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988 @end example |
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989 |
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990 @noindent |
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991 specifies to display a buffer named @samp{myfile} in a dedicated frame |
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992 with specified @code{minibuffer} and @code{menu-bar-lines} parameters. |
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993 |
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994 The list of frame parameters can also use the phony frame parameters |
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995 @code{same-frame} and @code{same-window}. If the specified frame |
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996 parameters include @code{(same-window . @var{value})} and @var{value} |
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997 is non-@code{nil}, that means to display the buffer in the current |
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998 selected window. Otherwise, if they include @code{(same-frame . |
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999 @var{value})} and @var{value} is non-@code{nil}, that means to display |
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1000 the buffer in a new window in the currently selected frame. |
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1001 @end defopt |
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1002 |
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1003 @defopt special-display-regexps |
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1004 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
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1005 displayed specially. If the buffer's name matches any of the regular |
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1006 expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer |
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1007 specially. |
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1008 |
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1009 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 1010 |
1011 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
1012 list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to | |
1013 create the frame. See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}. | |
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1014 @end defopt |
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1015 |
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1016 @defun special-display-p buffer-name |
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1017 This function returns non-@code{nil} if displaying a buffer |
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1018 named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would |
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1019 create a special frame. The value is @code{t} if it would |
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1020 use the default frame paramaters, or else the specified list |
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1021 of frame parameters. |
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1022 @end defun |
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1023 |
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1024 @defvar special-display-function |
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1025 This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially. |
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1026 It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in |
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1027 which it is displayed. |
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1028 |
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1029 The default value of this variable is |
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1030 @code{special-display-popup-frame}. |
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1031 @end defvar |
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1032 |
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1033 @defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &rest args |
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1034 This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own. If |
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1035 @var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes |
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1036 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. Otherwise, it |
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1037 creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}. |
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1038 |
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1039 If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new |
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1040 frame. |
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1041 |
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1042 If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car |
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1043 @var{args})} is called as a function to actually create and set up the |
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1044 frame; it is called with @var{buffer} as first argument, and @code{(cdr |
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1045 @var{args})} as additional arguments. |
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1046 |
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1047 This function always uses an existing window displaying @var{buffer}, |
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1048 whether or not it is in a frame of its own; but if you set up the above |
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1049 variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then |
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1050 presumably the window was previously made by this function. |
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1051 @end defun |
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1052 |
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1053 @defopt special-display-frame-alist |
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1054 This variable holds frame parameters for |
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1055 @code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame. |
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1056 @end defopt |
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1057 |
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1058 @defopt same-window-buffer-names |
12098 | 1059 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed in the |
1060 selected window. If the buffer's name is in this list, | |
1061 @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer by switching to it in the | |
1062 selected window. | |
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1063 @end defopt |
12098 | 1064 |
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1065 @defopt same-window-regexps |
12098 | 1066 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
1067 displayed in the selected window. If the buffer's name matches any of | |
1068 the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the | |
1069 buffer by switching to it in the selected window. | |
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1070 @end defopt |
12098 | 1071 |
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1072 @defun same-window-p buffer-name |
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1073 This function returns @code{t} if displaying a buffer |
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1074 named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would |
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1075 put it in the selected window. |
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1076 @end defun |
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1077 |
6564 | 1078 @c Emacs 19 feature |
1079 @defvar display-buffer-function | |
1080 This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of | |
1081 @code{display-buffer}. If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function | |
1082 that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work. The function should | |
1083 accept two arguments, the same two arguments that @code{display-buffer} | |
1084 received. It should choose or create a window, display the specified | |
1085 buffer, and then return the window. | |
1086 | |
1087 This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks | |
1088 described above. | |
1089 @end defvar | |
1090 | |
1091 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1092 @cindex dedicated window | |
1093 A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer. Then | |
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1094 @code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any |
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1095 other buffer. |
6564 | 1096 |
1097 @defun window-dedicated-p window | |
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1098 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is marked as |
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1099 dedicated; otherwise @code{nil}. |
6564 | 1100 @end defun |
1101 | |
1102 @defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag | |
1103 This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is | |
1104 non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise. | |
1105 @end defun | |
1106 | |
1107 @node Window Point | |
1108 @section Windows and Point | |
1109 @cindex window position | |
1110 @cindex window point | |
1111 @cindex position in window | |
1112 @cindex point in window | |
1113 | |
1114 Each window has its own value of point, independent of the value of | |
1115 point in other windows displaying the same buffer. This makes it useful | |
1116 to have multiple windows showing one buffer. | |
1117 | |
1118 @itemize @bullet | |
1119 @item | |
1120 The window point is established when a window is first created; it is | |
1121 initialized from the buffer's point, or from the window point of another | |
1122 window opened on the buffer if such a window exists. | |
1123 | |
1124 @item | |
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1125 Selecting a window sets the value of point in its buffer from the |
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1126 window's value of point. Conversely, deselecting a window sets the |
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1127 window's value of point from that of the buffer. Thus, when you switch |
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1128 between windows that display a given buffer, the point value for the |
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1129 selected window is in effect in the buffer, while the point values for |
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1130 the other windows are stored in those windows. |
6564 | 1131 |
1132 @item | |
1133 As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's | |
1134 point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal. | |
1135 | |
1136 @item | |
1137 @xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions. | |
1138 @end itemize | |
1139 | |
1140 As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and | |
1141 when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the | |
1142 position of point in that buffer. | |
1143 | |
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1144 @defun window-point &optional window |
6564 | 1145 This function returns the current position of point in @var{window}. |
1146 For a nonselected window, this is the value point would have (in that | |
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1147 window's buffer) if that window were selected. If @var{window} is |
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1148 @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
6564 | 1149 |
1150 When @var{window} is the selected window and its buffer is also the | |
1151 current buffer, the value returned is the same as point in that buffer. | |
1152 | |
1153 Strictly speaking, it would be more correct to return the | |
1154 ``top-level'' value of point, outside of any @code{save-excursion} | |
1155 forms. But that value is hard to find. | |
1156 @end defun | |
1157 | |
1158 @defun set-window-point window position | |
1159 This function positions point in @var{window} at position | |
1160 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. | |
1161 @end defun | |
1162 | |
1163 @node Window Start | |
1164 @section The Window Start Position | |
1165 | |
1166 Each window contains a marker used to keep track of a buffer position | |
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1167 that specifies where in the buffer display should start. This position |
6564 | 1168 is called the @dfn{display-start} position of the window (or just the |
1169 @dfn{start}). The character after this position is the one that appears | |
1170 at the upper left corner of the window. It is usually, but not | |
1171 inevitably, at the beginning of a text line. | |
1172 | |
1173 @defun window-start &optional window | |
1174 @cindex window top line | |
1175 This function returns the display-start position of window | |
1176 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
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1177 used. For example, |
6564 | 1178 |
1179 @example | |
1180 @group | |
1181 (window-start) | |
1182 @result{} 7058 | |
1183 @end group | |
1184 @end example | |
1185 | |
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1186 When you create a window, or display a different buffer in it, the |
6564 | 1187 display-start position is set to a display-start position recently used |
1188 for the same buffer, or 1 if the buffer doesn't have any. | |
1189 | |
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1190 Redisplay updates the window-start position (if you have not specified |
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1191 it explicitly since the previous redisplay)---for example, to make sure |
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1192 point appears on the screen. Nothing except redisplay automatically |
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1193 changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the |
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1194 window-start position to change in response until after the next |
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1195 redisplay. |
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1196 |
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1197 For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the |
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1198 description of @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. |
6564 | 1199 @end defun |
1200 | |
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1201 @defun window-end &optional window update |
6564 | 1202 This function returns the position of the end of the display in window |
1203 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
1204 used. | |
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1205 |
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1206 Simply changing the buffer text or moving point does not update the |
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1207 value that @code{window-end} returns. The value is updated only when |
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1208 Emacs redisplays and redisplay completes without being preempted. |
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1209 |
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1210 If the last redisplay of @var{window} was preempted, and did not finish, |
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1211 Emacs does not know the position of the end of display in that window. |
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1212 In that case, this function returns @code{nil}. |
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1213 |
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1214 If @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} always returns an |
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1215 up-to-date value for where the window ends, based on the current |
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1216 @code{window-start} value. If the saved value is valid, |
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1217 @code{window-end} returns that; otherwise it computes the correct |
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1218 value by scanning the buffer text. |
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1219 |
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1220 Even if @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} does not |
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1221 attempt to scroll the display if point has moved off the screen, the |
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1222 way real redisplay would do. It does not alter the |
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1223 @code{window-start} value. In effect, it reports where the displayed |
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1224 text will end if scrolling is not required. |
6564 | 1225 @end defun |
1226 | |
1227 @defun set-window-start window position &optional noforce | |
1228 This function sets the display-start position of @var{window} to | |
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1229 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. It returns @var{position}. |
6564 | 1230 |
1231 The display routines insist that the position of point be visible when a | |
1232 buffer is displayed. Normally, they change the display-start position | |
1233 (that is, scroll the window) whenever necessary to make point visible. | |
1234 However, if you specify the start position with this function using | |
1235 @code{nil} for @var{noforce}, it means you want display to start at | |
1236 @var{position} even if that would put the location of point off the | |
1237 screen. If this does place point off screen, the display routines move | |
1238 point to the left margin on the middle line in the window. | |
1239 | |
1240 For example, if point @w{is 1} and you set the start of the window @w{to | |
1241 2}, then point would be ``above'' the top of the window. The display | |
1242 routines will automatically move point if it is still 1 when redisplay | |
1243 occurs. Here is an example: | |
1244 | |
1245 @example | |
1246 @group | |
1247 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like before executing} | |
1248 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1249 @end group | |
1250 | |
1251 @group | |
1252 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1253 @point{}This is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1254 2 | |
1255 3 | |
1256 4 | |
1257 5 | |
1258 6 | |
1259 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1260 @end group | |
1261 | |
1262 @group | |
1263 (set-window-start | |
1264 (selected-window) | |
1265 (1+ (window-start))) | |
1266 @result{} 2 | |
1267 @end group | |
1268 | |
1269 @group | |
1270 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like after executing} | |
1271 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1272 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1273 his is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1274 2 | |
1275 3 | |
1276 @point{}4 | |
1277 5 | |
1278 6 | |
1279 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1280 @end group | |
1281 @end example | |
1282 | |
1283 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, and @var{position} would place point | |
1284 off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start | |
1285 position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used. | |
1286 @end defun | |
1287 | |
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1288 @defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window partially |
33992 | 1289 This function returns @code{t} if @var{position} is within the range of |
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1290 text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}. It returns |
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1291 @code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled vertically or horizontally out |
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1292 of view. Locations that are partially obscured are not considered |
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1293 visible unless @var{partially} is non-@code{nil}. The argument |
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1294 @var{position} defaults to the current position of point in |
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1295 @var{window}; @var{window}, to the selected window. |
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1296 |
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1297 Here is an example: |
6564 | 1298 |
1299 @example | |
1300 @group | |
1301 (or (pos-visible-in-window-p | |
1302 (point) (selected-window)) | |
1303 (recenter 0)) | |
1304 @end group | |
1305 @end example | |
1306 @end defun | |
1307 | |
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1308 @node Textual Scrolling |
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1309 @section Textual Scrolling |
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1310 @cindex textual scrolling |
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1311 @cindex scrolling textually |
6564 | 1312 |
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1313 @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down though a |
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1314 window. It works by changing the value of the window's display-start |
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1315 location. It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep |
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1316 point on the screen. |
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1317 |
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1318 Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we |
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1319 changed its name to distinguish it from the new vertical fractional |
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1320 scrolling feature (@pxref{Vertical Scrolling}). |
6564 | 1321 |
1322 In the commands @code{scroll-up} and @code{scroll-down}, the directions | |
1323 ``up'' and ``down'' refer to the motion of the text in the buffer at which | |
1324 you are looking through the window. Imagine that the text is | |
1325 written on a long roll of paper and that the scrolling commands move the | |
1326 paper up and down. Thus, if you are looking at text in the middle of a | |
1327 buffer and repeatedly call @code{scroll-down}, you will eventually see | |
1328 the beginning of the buffer. | |
1329 | |
1330 Some people have urged that the opposite convention be used: they | |
1331 imagine that the window moves over text that remains in place. Then | |
1332 ``down'' commands would take you to the end of the buffer. This view is | |
1333 more consistent with the actual relationship between windows and the | |
1334 text in the buffer, but it is less like what the user sees. The | |
1335 position of a window on the terminal does not move, and short scrolling | |
1336 commands clearly move the text up or down on the screen. We have chosen | |
1337 names that fit the user's point of view. | |
1338 | |
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1339 The textual scrolling functions (aside from |
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1340 @code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current |
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1341 buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected |
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1342 window. @xref{Current Buffer}. |
6564 | 1343 |
1344 @deffn Command scroll-up &optional count | |
1345 This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward | |
1346 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1347 downward. | |
1348 | |
1349 If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll | |
1350 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
1351 the window (not counting its mode line). | |
1352 | |
52846
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1353 @code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error |
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1354 because it can't scroll any further. |
6564 | 1355 @end deffn |
1356 | |
1357 @deffn Command scroll-down &optional count | |
1358 This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward | |
1359 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1360 upward. | |
1361 | |
1362 If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll | |
1363 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
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1364 the window (not counting its mode line). |
6564 | 1365 |
52846
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1366 @code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error because |
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1367 it can't scroll any further. |
6564 | 1368 @end deffn |
1369 | |
1370 @deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count | |
1371 This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count} | |
1372 lines. Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled | |
1373 as in @code{scroll-up}. | |
1374 | |
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1375 You can specify which buffer to scroll by setting the variable |
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1376 @code{other-window-scroll-buffer} to a buffer. If that buffer isn't |
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1377 already displayed, @code{scroll-other-window} displays it in some |
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1378 window. |
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1379 |
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1380 When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally |
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1381 the one at the top left corner. You can specify a different window to |
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1382 scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable |
6564 | 1383 @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. This variable has no effect when any |
1384 other window is selected. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}. | |
1385 | |
1386 When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected | |
1387 window is the one at the bottom right corner. In this case, | |
1388 @code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer. If the | |
1389 minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the | |
1390 line reappears after the echo area momentarily displays the message | |
1391 ``Beginning of buffer''. | |
1392 @end deffn | |
1393 | |
1394 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1395 @defvar other-window-scroll-buffer | |
1396 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it tells @code{scroll-other-window} | |
1397 which buffer to scroll. | |
1398 @end defvar | |
1399 | |
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1400 @defopt scroll-margin |
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1401 This option specifies the size of the scroll margin---a minimum number |
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1402 of lines between point and the top or bottom of a window. Whenever |
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1403 point gets within this many lines of the top or bottom of the window, |
42985 | 1404 redisplay scrolls the text automatically (if possible) to move point |
1405 out of the margin, closer to the center of the window. | |
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1406 @end defopt |
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1407 |
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1408 @defopt scroll-conservatively |
6564 | 1409 This variable controls how scrolling is done automatically when point |
42985 | 1410 moves off the screen (or into the scroll margin). If the value is a |
1411 positive integer @var{n}, then redisplay scrolls the text up to | |
1412 @var{n} lines in either direction, if that will bring point back into | |
1413 proper view. This action is called @dfn{conservative scrolling}. | |
1414 Otherwise, scrolling happens in the usual way, under the control of | |
1415 other variables such as @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and | |
1416 @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. | |
1417 | |
1418 The default value is zero, which means that conservative scrolling | |
1419 never happens. | |
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1420 @end defopt |
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1421 |
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1422 @defopt scroll-down-aggressively |
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1423 @tindex scroll-down-aggressively |
26210 | 1424 The value of this variable should be either @code{nil} or a fraction |
1425 @var{f} between 0 and 1. If it is a fraction, that specifies where on | |
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1426 the screen to put point when scrolling down. More precisely, when a |
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1427 window scrolls down because point is above the window start, the new |
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1428 start position is chosen to put point @var{f} part of the window |
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1429 height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more aggressive the |
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1430 scrolling. |
26210 | 1431 |
26696
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1432 A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since its effect is to center |
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1433 point. This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any |
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1434 fashion. |
26210 | 1435 @end defopt |
1436 | |
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1437 @defopt scroll-up-aggressively |
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1438 @tindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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1439 Likewise, for scrolling up. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far |
26210 | 1440 point should be placed from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
1441 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value scrolls more aggressively. | |
1442 @end defopt | |
1443 | |
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1444 @defopt scroll-step |
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1445 This variable is an older variant of @code{scroll-conservatively}. The |
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1446 difference is that it if its value is @var{n}, that permits scrolling |
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1447 only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number. This feature |
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1448 does not work with @code{scroll-margin}. The default value is zero. |
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1449 @end defopt |
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1450 |
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1451 @defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position |
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1452 If this option is non-@code{nil}, the scroll functions move point so |
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1453 that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, when that is |
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1454 possible. |
6564 | 1455 @end defopt |
1456 | |
1457 @defopt next-screen-context-lines | |
1458 The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to | |
1459 retain when scrolling by full screens. For example, @code{scroll-up} | |
1460 with an argument of @code{nil} scrolls so that this many lines at the | |
1461 bottom of the window appear instead at the top. The default value is | |
1462 @code{2}. | |
1463 @end defopt | |
1464 | |
1465 @deffn Command recenter &optional count | |
1466 @cindex centering point | |
42985 | 1467 This function scrolls the text in the selected window so that point is |
1468 displayed at a specified vertical position within the window. It does | |
1469 not ``move point'' with respect to the text. | |
6564 | 1470 |
42985 | 1471 If @var{count} is a nonnegative number, that puts the line containing |
1472 point @var{count} lines down from the top of the window. If | |
1473 @var{count} is a negative number, then it counts upward from the | |
1474 bottom of the window, so that @minus{}1 stands for the last usable | |
1475 line in the window. If @var{count} is a non-@code{nil} list, then it | |
1476 stands for the line in the middle of the window. | |
6564 | 1477 |
1478 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, @code{recenter} puts the line containing | |
1479 point in the middle of the window, then clears and redisplays the entire | |
1480 selected frame. | |
1481 | |
1482 When @code{recenter} is called interactively, @var{count} is the raw | |
1483 prefix argument. Thus, typing @kbd{C-u} as the prefix sets the | |
1484 @var{count} to a non-@code{nil} list, while typing @kbd{C-u 4} sets | |
1485 @var{count} to 4, which positions the current line four lines from the | |
1486 top. | |
1487 | |
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1488 With an argument of zero, @code{recenter} positions the current line at |
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1489 the top of the window. This action is so handy that some people make a |
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1490 separate key binding to do this. For example, |
6564 | 1491 |
1492 @example | |
1493 @group | |
1494 (defun line-to-top-of-window () | |
1495 "Scroll current line to top of window. | |
1496 Replaces three keystroke sequence C-u 0 C-l." | |
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1497 (interactive) |
6564 | 1498 (recenter 0)) |
1499 | |
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1500 (global-set-key [kp-multiply] 'line-to-top-of-window) |
6564 | 1501 @end group |
1502 @end example | |
1503 @end deffn | |
1504 | |
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1505 @node Vertical Scrolling |
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1506 @section Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1507 @cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1508 |
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1509 @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the |
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1510 window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line. |
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1511 Starting in Emacs 21, each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position}, |
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1512 which is a number, never less than zero. It specifies how far to raise |
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1513 the contents of the window. Raising the window contents generally makes |
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1514 all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some |
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1515 other lines appear at the bottom. The usual value is zero. |
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1516 |
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1517 The vertical scroll position is measured in units of the normal line |
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1518 height, which is the height of the default font. Thus, if the value is |
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1519 .5, that means the window contents are scrolled up half the normal line |
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1520 height. If it is 3.3, that means the window contents are scrolled up |
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1521 somewhat over three times the normal line height. |
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1522 |
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1523 What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many |
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1524 lines, depends on what the lines contain. A value of .5 could scroll a |
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1525 line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3 |
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1526 could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image. |
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1527 |
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1528 @defun window-vscroll &optional window |
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1529 This function returns the current vertical scroll position of |
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1530 @var{window}, If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is |
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1531 used. |
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1532 |
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1533 @example |
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1534 @group |
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1535 (window-vscroll) |
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1536 @result{} 0 |
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1537 @end group |
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1538 @end example |
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1539 @end defun |
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1540 |
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1541 @defun set-window-vscroll window lines |
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1542 This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to |
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1543 @var{lines}. The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if |
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1544 not, it is taken as zero. |
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1545 |
41504
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1546 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
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1547 |
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1548 The actual vertical scroll position must always correspond |
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1549 to an integral number of pixels, so the value you specify |
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1550 is rounded accordingly. |
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1551 |
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1552 The return value is the result of this rounding. |
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1553 |
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1554 @example |
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1555 @group |
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1556 (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2) |
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1557 @result{} 1.13 |
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1558 @end group |
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1559 @end example |
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1560 @end defun |
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1561 |
6564 | 1562 @node Horizontal Scrolling |
1563 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
1564 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
1565 | |
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1566 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting the image in the window left |
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1567 or right by a specified multiple of the normal character width. Each |
42895 | 1568 window has a @dfn{horizontal scroll position}, which is a number, never |
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1569 less than zero. It specifies how far to shift the contents left. |
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1570 Shifting the window contents left generally makes all or part of some |
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1571 characters disappear off the left, and all or part of some other |
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1572 characters appear at the right. The usual value is zero. |
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1573 |
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1574 The horizontal scroll position is measured in units of the normal |
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1575 character width, which is the width of space in the default font. Thus, |
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1576 if the value is 5, that means the window contents are scrolled left by 5 |
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1577 times the normal character width. How many characters actually |
25751
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1578 disappear off to the left depends on their width, and could vary from |
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1579 line to line. |
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1580 |
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1581 Because we read from side to side in the ``inner loop'', and from top |
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1582 to bottom in the ``outer loop'', the effect of horizontal scrolling is |
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1583 not like that of textual or vertical scrolling. Textual scrolling |
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1584 involves selection of a portion of text to display, and vertical |
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1585 scrolling moves the window contents contiguously; but horizontal |
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1586 scrolling causes part of @emph{each line} to go off screen. |
6564 | 1587 |
1588 Usually, no horizontal scrolling is in effect; then the leftmost | |
1589 column is at the left edge of the window. In this state, scrolling to | |
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1590 the right is meaningless, since there is no data to the left of the edge |
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1591 to be revealed by it; so this is not allowed. Scrolling to the left is |
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1592 allowed; it scrolls the first columns of text off the edge of the window |
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1593 and can reveal additional columns on the right that were truncated |
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1594 before. Once a window has a nonzero amount of leftward horizontal |
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1595 scrolling, you can scroll it back to the right, but only so far as to |
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1596 reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero. There is no limit to how far |
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1597 left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the |
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1598 left edge. |
6564 | 1599 |
43665
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1600 @vindex auto-hscroll-mode |
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1601 If @code{auto-hscroll-mode} is set, redisplay automatically alters |
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1602 the horizontal scrolling of a window as necessary to ensure that point |
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1603 is always visible. However, you can still set the horizontal |
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1604 scrolling value explicitly. The value you specify serves as a lower |
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1605 bound for automatic scrolling, i.e. automatic scrolling will not |
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1606 scroll a window to a column less than the specified one. |
25751
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1607 |
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1608 @deffn Command scroll-left &optional count |
6564 | 1609 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
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1610 left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1611 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1612 |
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1613 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1614 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1615 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1616 @end deffn |
1617 | |
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1618 @deffn Command scroll-right &optional count |
6564 | 1619 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
25751
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1620 right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1621 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1622 |
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1623 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1624 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1625 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1626 |
1627 Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal | |
1628 position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll | |
1629 any farther right have no effect. | |
1630 @end deffn | |
1631 | |
1632 @defun window-hscroll &optional window | |
1633 This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of | |
1634 @var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window} | |
1635 is scrolled left past the left margin. | |
1636 | |
1637 The value is never negative. It is zero when no horizontal scrolling | |
1638 has been done in @var{window} (which is usually the case). | |
1639 | |
1640 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1641 | |
1642 @example | |
1643 @group | |
1644 (window-hscroll) | |
1645 @result{} 0 | |
1646 @end group | |
1647 @group | |
1648 (scroll-left 5) | |
1649 @result{} 5 | |
1650 @end group | |
1651 @group | |
1652 (window-hscroll) | |
1653 @result{} 5 | |
1654 @end group | |
1655 @end example | |
1656 @end defun | |
1657 | |
1658 @defun set-window-hscroll window columns | |
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1659 This function sets horizontal scrolling of @var{window}. The value of |
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1660 @var{columns} specifies the amount of scrolling, in terms of columns |
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1661 from the left margin. The argument @var{columns} should be zero or |
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1662 positive; if not, it is taken as zero. Fractional values of |
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1663 @var{columns} are not supported at present. |
6564 | 1664 |
45679
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1665 Note that @code{set-window-hscroll} may appear not to work if you test |
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1666 it by evaluating a call with @kbd{M-:} in a simple way. What happens |
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1667 is that the function sets the horizontal scroll value and returns, but |
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1668 then redisplay adjusts the horizontal scrolling to make point visible, |
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1669 and this overrides what the function did. You can observe the |
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1670 function's effect if you call it while point is sufficiently far from |
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1671 the left margin that it will remain visible. |
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1672 |
6564 | 1673 The value returned is @var{columns}. |
1674 | |
1675 @example | |
1676 @group | |
1677 (set-window-hscroll (selected-window) 10) | |
1678 @result{} 10 | |
1679 @end group | |
1680 @end example | |
1681 @end defun | |
1682 | |
1683 Here is how you can determine whether a given position @var{position} | |
1684 is off the screen due to horizontal scrolling: | |
1685 | |
1686 @example | |
1687 @group | |
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1688 (defun hscroll-on-screen (window position) |
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1689 (save-excursion |
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1690 (goto-char position) |
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1691 (and |
8491
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1692 (>= (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) 0) |
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1693 (< (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) |
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1694 (window-width window))))) |
6564 | 1695 @end group |
1696 @end example | |
1697 | |
1698 @node Size of Window | |
1699 @section The Size of a Window | |
1700 @cindex window size | |
1701 @cindex size of window | |
1702 | |
1703 An Emacs window is rectangular, and its size information consists of | |
1704 the height (the number of lines) and the width (the number of character | |
1705 positions in each line). The mode line is included in the height. But | |
1706 the width does not count the scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} | |
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1707 characters that separates side-by-side windows. |
6564 | 1708 |
1709 The following three functions return size information about a window: | |
1710 | |
1711 @defun window-height &optional window | |
42819
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1712 This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including |
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1713 its mode line and header line, if any. If @var{window} fills its |
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1714 entire frame except for the echo area, this is typically one less than |
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1715 the value of @code{frame-height} on that frame. |
6564 | 1716 |
1717 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1718 | |
1719 @example | |
1720 @group | |
1721 (window-height) | |
1722 @result{} 23 | |
1723 @end group | |
1724 @group | |
1725 (split-window-vertically) | |
1726 @result{} #<window 4 on windows.texi> | |
1727 @end group | |
1728 @group | |
1729 (window-height) | |
1730 @result{} 11 | |
1731 @end group | |
1732 @end example | |
1733 @end defun | |
1734 | |
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1735 @tindex window-body-height |
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1736 @defun window-body-height &optional window |
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1737 Like @code{window-height} but the value does not include the |
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1738 mode line (if any) or the header line (if any). |
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1739 @end defun |
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1740 |
6564 | 1741 @defun window-width &optional window |
1742 This function returns the number of columns in @var{window}. If | |
1743 @var{window} fills its entire frame, this is the same as the value of | |
1744 @code{frame-width} on that frame. The width does not include the | |
1745 window's scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} characters that separates | |
1746 side-by-side windows. | |
1747 | |
1748 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1749 | |
1750 @example | |
1751 @group | |
1752 (window-width) | |
1753 @result{} 80 | |
1754 @end group | |
1755 @end example | |
1756 @end defun | |
1757 | |
1758 @defun window-edges &optional window | |
1759 This function returns a list of the edge coordinates of @var{window}. | |
1760 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1761 | |
1762 The order of the list is @code{(@var{left} @var{top} @var{right} | |
1763 @var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of | |
1764 the frame. The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the | |
1765 rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than | |
1766 the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line. | |
1767 | |
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1768 If a window has a scroll bar, the right edge value includes the width of |
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1769 the scroll bar. Otherwise, if the window has a neighbor on the right, |
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1770 its right edge value includes the width of the separator line between |
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1771 the window and that neighbor. Since the width of the window does not |
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1772 include this separator, the width does not usually equal the difference |
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1773 between the right and left edges. |
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1774 @end defun |
6564 | 1775 |
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1776 @defun window-inside-edges window |
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1777 This is similar to @code{window-edges}, but the edge values |
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1778 it returns include only the text area of the window. They |
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1779 do not include the header line, mode line, scroll bar or |
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1780 vertical separator, fringes, or display margins. |
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1781 @end defun |
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1782 |
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1783 Here are the results obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just |
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1784 one window, with menu bar enabled: |
6564 | 1785 |
1786 @example | |
1787 @group | |
1788 (window-edges (selected-window)) | |
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1789 @result{} (0 1 80 23) |
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1790 @end group |
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1791 @group |
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1792 (window-inside-edges (selected-window)) |
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1793 @result{} (0 1 80 22) |
6564 | 1794 @end group |
1795 @end example | |
1796 | |
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1797 @noindent |
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1798 The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area. |
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1799 The bottom inside edge is at line 22, which is the window's mode line. |
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1800 |
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1801 If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, and there is |
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1802 no menu bar, then @var{bottom} returned by @code{window-edges} is the |
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1803 same as the value of @code{(window-height)}, @var{right} is almost the |
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1804 same as the value of @code{(window-width)}, and @var{top} and |
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1805 @var{left} are zero. For example, the edges of the following window |
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1806 are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}. Assuming that the frame has more than 8 |
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1807 columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a border |
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1808 rather than text. The last row (row 4) holds the mode line, shown |
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1809 here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}. |
6564 | 1810 |
1811 @example | |
1812 @group | |
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1813 0 |
6564 | 1814 _______ |
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1815 0 | | |
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1816 | | |
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1817 | | |
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1818 | | |
6564 | 1819 xxxxxxxxx 4 |
1820 | |
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1821 7 |
6564 | 1822 @end group |
1823 @end example | |
1824 | |
1825 In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7 | |
1826 columns wide. Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}} | |
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1827 and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 3}}. |
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1828 The inside edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 3 2}}, |
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1829 and the inside edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 2}}, |
6564 | 1830 |
1831 @example | |
1832 @group | |
1833 ___ ___ | |
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1834 | | | |
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1835 | | | |
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1836 xxxxxxxxx |
6564 | 1837 |
1838 0 34 7 | |
1839 @end group | |
1840 @end example | |
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1841 |
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1842 @defun window-pixel-edges window |
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1843 This function is like @code{window-edges} except that, on a graphical |
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1844 display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of in |
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1845 character lines and columns. |
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1846 @end defun |
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1847 |
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1848 @defun window-inside-pixel-edges window |
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1849 This function is like @code{window-inside-edges} except that, on a |
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1850 graphical display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of |
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1851 in character lines and columns. |
6564 | 1852 @end defun |
1853 | |
1854 @node Resizing Windows | |
1855 @section Changing the Size of a Window | |
1856 @cindex window resizing | |
1857 @cindex changing window size | |
1858 @cindex window size, changing | |
1859 | |
1860 The window size functions fall into two classes: high-level commands | |
1861 that change the size of windows and low-level functions that access | |
1862 window size. Emacs does not permit overlapping windows or gaps between | |
1863 windows, so resizing one window affects other windows. | |
1864 | |
1865 @deffn Command enlarge-window size &optional horizontal | |
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1866 This function makes the selected window @var{size} lines taller, |
6564 | 1867 stealing lines from neighboring windows. It takes the lines from one |
1868 window at a time until that window is used up, then takes from another. | |
1869 If a window from which lines are stolen shrinks below | |
1870 @code{window-min-height} lines, that window disappears. | |
1871 | |
1872 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, this function makes | |
1873 @var{window} wider by @var{size} columns, stealing columns instead of | |
1874 lines. If a window from which columns are stolen shrinks below | |
1875 @code{window-min-width} columns, that window disappears. | |
1876 | |
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1877 If the requested size would exceed that of the window's frame, then the |
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1878 function makes the window occupy the entire height (or width) of the |
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1879 frame. |
6564 | 1880 |
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1881 If there are various other windows from which lines or columns can be |
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1882 stolen, and some of them specify fixed size (using |
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1883 @code{window-size-fixed}, see below), they are left untouched while |
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1884 other windows are ``robbed.'' If it would be necessary to alter the |
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1885 size of a fixed-size window, @code{enlarge-window} gets an error |
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1886 instead. |
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1887 |
6564 | 1888 If @var{size} is negative, this function shrinks the window by |
1889 @minus{}@var{size} lines or columns. If that makes the window smaller | |
1890 than the minimum size (@code{window-min-height} and | |
1891 @code{window-min-width}), @code{enlarge-window} deletes the window. | |
1892 | |
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1893 @code{enlarge-window} returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 1894 @end deffn |
1895 | |
1896 @deffn Command enlarge-window-horizontally columns | |
1897 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} wider. | |
1898 It could be defined as follows: | |
1899 | |
1900 @example | |
1901 @group | |
1902 (defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1903 (enlarge-window columns t)) | |
1904 @end group | |
1905 @end example | |
1906 @end deffn | |
1907 | |
1908 @deffn Command shrink-window size &optional horizontal | |
1909 This function is like @code{enlarge-window} but negates the argument | |
1910 @var{size}, making the selected window smaller by giving lines (or | |
1911 columns) to the other windows. If the window shrinks below | |
1912 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, then it disappears. | |
1913 | |
1914 If @var{size} is negative, the window is enlarged by @minus{}@var{size} | |
1915 lines or columns. | |
1916 @end deffn | |
1917 | |
1918 @deffn Command shrink-window-horizontally columns | |
1919 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} narrower. | |
1920 It could be defined as follows: | |
1921 | |
1922 @example | |
1923 @group | |
1924 (defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1925 (shrink-window columns t)) | |
1926 @end group | |
1927 @end example | |
1928 @end deffn | |
1929 | |
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1930 @deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window |
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1931 This command shrinks @var{window} to be as small as possible while still |
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1932 showing the full contents of its buffer---but not less than |
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1933 @code{window-min-height} lines. If @var{window} is not given, |
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1934 it defaults to the selected window. |
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1935 |
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1936 However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to |
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1937 display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are |
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1938 currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of |
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1939 its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame. |
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1940 @end deffn |
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1941 |
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1942 @tindex window-size-fixed |
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1943 @defvar window-size-fixed |
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1944 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer, |
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1945 then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed |
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1946 unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice. |
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1947 (This feature is new in Emacs 21.) |
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1948 |
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1949 If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed; |
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1950 if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed. |
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1951 Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height. |
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1952 |
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1953 The usual way to use this variable is to give it a buffer-local value in |
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1954 a particular buffer. That way, the windows (but usually there is only |
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1955 one) displaying that buffer have fixed size. |
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1956 |
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1957 Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window} |
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1958 get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed. |
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1959 Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window, |
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1960 you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this: |
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1961 |
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1962 @example |
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1963 (let ((window-size-fixed nil)) |
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1964 (enlarge-window 10)) |
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1965 @end example |
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1966 |
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1967 Note that changing the frame size will change the size of a |
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1968 fixed-size window, if there is no other alternative. |
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1969 @end defvar |
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1970 |
6564 | 1971 @cindex minimum window size |
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1972 The following two variables constrain the window-structure-changing |
6564 | 1973 functions to a minimum height and width. |
1974 | |
1975 @defopt window-min-height | |
1976 The value of this variable determines how short a window may become | |
1977 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than | |
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1978 @code{window-min-height} automatically deletes it, and no window may |
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1979 be created shorter than this. The default value is 4. |
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1980 |
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1981 The absolute minimum window height is one; actions that change window |
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1982 sizes reset this variable to one if it is less than one. |
6564 | 1983 @end defopt |
1984 | |
1985 @defopt window-min-width | |
1986 The value of this variable determines how narrow a window may become | |
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1987 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than |
6564 | 1988 @code{window-min-width} automatically deletes it, and no window may be |
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1989 created narrower than this. The default value is 10. |
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1990 |
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1991 The absolute minimum window width is two; actions that change window |
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1992 sizes reset this variable to two if it is less than two. |
6564 | 1993 @end defopt |
1994 | |
1995 @node Coordinates and Windows | |
1996 @section Coordinates and Windows | |
1997 | |
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1998 This section describes how to relate screen coordinates to windows. |
6564 | 1999 |
2000 @defun window-at x y &optional frame | |
2001 This function returns the window containing the specified cursor | |
2002 position in the frame @var{frame}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} | |
2003 are measured in characters and count from the top left corner of the | |
2004 frame. If they are out of range, @code{window-at} returns @code{nil}. | |
2005 | |
2006 If you omit @var{frame}, the selected frame is used. | |
2007 @end defun | |
2008 | |
2009 @defun coordinates-in-window-p coordinates window | |
2010 This function checks whether a particular frame position falls within | |
2011 the window @var{window}. | |
2012 | |
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2013 The argument @var{coordinates} is a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{x} |
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2014 . @var{y})}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} are measured in |
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2015 characters, and count from the top left corner of the screen or frame. |
6564 | 2016 |
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2017 The value returned by @code{coordinates-in-window-p} is non-@code{nil} |
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2018 if the coordinates are inside @var{window}. The value also indicates |
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2019 what part of the window the position is in, as follows: |
6564 | 2020 |
2021 @table @code | |
2022 @item (@var{relx} . @var{rely}) | |
2023 The coordinates are inside @var{window}. The numbers @var{relx} and | |
2024 @var{rely} are the equivalent window-relative coordinates for the | |
2025 specified position, counting from 0 at the top left corner of the | |
2026 window. | |
2027 | |
2028 @item mode-line | |
2029 The coordinates are in the mode line of @var{window}. | |
2030 | |
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2031 @item header-line |
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2032 The coordinates are in the header line of @var{window}. |
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2033 |
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2034 @item vertical-line |
6564 | 2035 The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its |
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2036 neighbor to the right. This value occurs only if the window doesn't |
6564 | 2037 have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the |
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2038 window for these purposes. |
6564 | 2039 |
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2040 @item left-fringe |
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2041 @itemx right-fringe |
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2042 The coordinates are in the left or right fringe of the window. |
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2043 |
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2044 @item left-margin |
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2045 @itemx right-margin |
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2046 The coordinates are in the left or right margin of the window. |
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2047 |
6564 | 2048 @item nil |
2049 The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}. | |
2050 @end table | |
2051 | |
2052 The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as | |
2053 argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on. | |
2054 @end defun | |
2055 | |
2056 @node Window Configurations | |
2057 @section Window Configurations | |
2058 @cindex window configurations | |
2059 @cindex saving window information | |
2060 | |
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2061 A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one |
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2062 frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what |
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2063 part of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the |
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2064 mark; also their fringes, margins, and scroll bar settings. It also |
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2065 includes the values of @code{window-min-height}, |
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2066 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. An |
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2067 exception is made for point in the selected window for the current |
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2068 buffer; its value is not saved in the window configuration. |
6564 | 2069 |
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2070 You can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window |
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2071 configuration previously saved. If you want to record all frames |
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2072 instead of just one, use a frame configuration instead of a window |
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2073 configuration. @xref{Frame Configurations}. |
6564 | 2074 |
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2075 @defun current-window-configuration &optional frame |
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2076 This function returns a new object representing @var{frame}'s current |
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2077 window configuration. If @var{frame} is omitted, the selected frame |
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2078 is used. |
6564 | 2079 @end defun |
2080 | |
2081 @defun set-window-configuration configuration | |
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2082 This function restores the configuration of windows and buffers as |
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2083 specified by @var{configuration}, for the frame that @var{configuration} |
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2084 was created for. |
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2085 |
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2086 The argument @var{configuration} must be a value that was previously |
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2087 returned by @code{current-window-configuration}. This configuration is |
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2088 restored in the frame from which @var{configuration} was made, whether |
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2089 that frame is selected or not. This always counts as a window size |
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2090 change and triggers execution of the @code{window-size-change-functions} |
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2091 (@pxref{Window Hooks}), because @code{set-window-configuration} doesn't |
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2092 know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the |
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2093 old one. |
6564 | 2094 |
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2095 If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this |
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2096 function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height}, |
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2097 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. |
12098 | 2098 |
6564 | 2099 Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect |
2100 as @code{save-window-excursion}: | |
2101 | |
2102 @example | |
2103 @group | |
2104 (let ((config (current-window-configuration))) | |
2105 (unwind-protect | |
2106 (progn (split-window-vertically nil) | |
2107 @dots{}) | |
2108 (set-window-configuration config))) | |
2109 @end group | |
2110 @end example | |
2111 @end defun | |
2112 | |
2113 @defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{} | |
2114 This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms} | |
2115 in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration. The window | |
2116 configuration includes the value of point and the portion of the buffer | |
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2117 that is visible. It also includes the choice of selected window. |
6564 | 2118 However, it does not include the value of point in the current buffer; |
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2119 use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to preserve that. |
6564 | 2120 |
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2121 Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is sufficient. |
12098 | 2122 |
2123 Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the | |
2124 @code{window-size-change-functions}. (It doesn't know how to tell | |
2125 whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in | |
2126 effect at the end of the @var{forms}.) | |
2127 | |
6564 | 2128 The return value is the value of the final form in @var{forms}. |
2129 For example: | |
2130 | |
2131 @example | |
2132 @group | |
2133 (split-window) | |
2134 @result{} #<window 25 on control.texi> | |
2135 @end group | |
2136 @group | |
2137 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
2138 @result{} #<window 19 on control.texi> | |
2139 @end group | |
2140 @group | |
2141 (save-window-excursion | |
2142 (delete-other-windows w) | |
2143 (switch-to-buffer "foo") | |
2144 'do-something) | |
2145 @result{} do-something | |
2146 ;; @r{The screen is now split again.} | |
2147 @end group | |
2148 @end example | |
2149 @end defspec | |
2150 | |
2151 @defun window-configuration-p object | |
2152 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window configuration. | |
2153 @end defun | |
2154 | |
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2155 @defun compare-window-configurations config1 config2 |
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2156 This function compares two window configurations as regards the |
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2157 structure of windows, but ignores the values of point and mark and the |
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2158 saved scrolling positions---it can return @code{t} even if those |
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2159 aspects differ. |
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2160 |
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2161 The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it |
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2162 regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a |
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2163 saved point or mark. |
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2164 @end defun |
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2165 |
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2166 @defun window-configuration-frame config |
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2167 This function returns the frame for which the window configuration |
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2168 @var{config} was made. |
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2169 @end defun |
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2170 |
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2171 Other primitives to look inside of window configurations would make |
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2172 sense, but are not implemented because we did not need them. See the |
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2173 file @file{winner.el} for some more operations on windows |
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2174 configurations. |
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2175 |
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2176 @node Window Hooks |
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2177 @section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes |
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2178 |
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2179 This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a |
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2180 window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer. |
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2181 There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window, |
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2182 switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window. |
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2183 The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs |
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2184 @code{window-size-change-functions}. The paradigmatic use of these |
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2185 hooks is in the implementation of Lazy Lock mode; see @file{lazy-lock.el}. |
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2186 |
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2187 @defvar window-scroll-functions |
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2188 This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before |
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2189 redisplaying a window with scrolling. It is not a normal hook, because |
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2190 each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new |
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2191 display-start position. |
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2192 |
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2193 Displaying a different buffer in the window also runs these functions. |
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2194 |
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2195 These functions must be careful in using @code{window-end} |
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2196 (@pxref{Window Start}); if you need an up-to-date value, you must use |
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2197 the @var{update} argument to ensure you get it. |
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2198 @end defvar |
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2199 |
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2200 @defvar window-size-change-functions |
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2201 This variable holds a list of functions to be called if the size of any |
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2202 window changes for any reason. The functions are called just once per |
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2203 redisplay, and just once for each frame on which size changes have |
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2204 occurred. |
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2205 |
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2206 Each function receives the frame as its sole argument. There is no |
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2207 direct way to find out which windows on that frame have changed size, or |
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2208 precisely how. However, if a size-change function records, at each |
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2209 call, the existing windows and their sizes, it can also compare the |
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2210 present sizes and the previous sizes. |
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2211 |
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2212 Creating or deleting windows counts as a size change, and therefore |
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2213 causes these functions to be called. Changing the frame size also |
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2214 counts, because it changes the sizes of the existing windows. |
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2215 |
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2216 It is not a good idea to use @code{save-window-excursion} (@pxref{Window |
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2217 Configurations}) in these functions, because that always counts as a |
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2218 size change, and it would cause these functions to be called over and |
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2219 over. In most cases, @code{save-selected-window} (@pxref{Selecting |
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2220 Windows}) is what you need here. |
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2221 @end defvar |
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2222 |
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2223 @defvar redisplay-end-trigger-functions |
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2224 This abnormal hook is run whenever redisplay in a window uses text that |
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2225 extends past a specified end trigger position. You set the end trigger |
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2226 position with the function @code{set-window-redisplay-end-trigger}. The |
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2227 functions are called with two arguments: the window, and the end trigger |
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2228 position. Storing @code{nil} for the end trigger position turns off the |
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2229 feature, and the trigger value is automatically reset to @code{nil} just |
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2230 after the hook is run. |
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2231 @end defvar |
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2232 |
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2233 @defun set-window-redisplay-end-trigger window position |
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2234 This function sets @var{window}'s end trigger position at |
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2235 @var{position}. |
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2236 @end defun |
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2237 |
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2238 @defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window |
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2239 This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position. |
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2240 @end defun |
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2241 |
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2242 @defvar window-configuration-change-hook |
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2243 A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration |
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2244 of an existing frame. This includes splitting or deleting windows, |
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2245 changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a |
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2246 window. The frame whose window configuration has changed is the |
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2247 selected frame when this hook runs. |
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2248 @end defvar |
52401 | 2249 |
2250 @ignore | |
2251 arch-tag: 3f6c36e8-df49-4986-b757-417feed88be3 | |
2252 @end ignore |