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annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 61178:f929f1de61ac
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 31 Mar 2005 21:19:34 +0000 |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
6 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
7 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
8 | |
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9 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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10 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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11 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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12 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 13 |
14 @menu | |
15 * Common Keywords:: | |
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16 * Group Definitions:: |
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17 * Variable Definitions:: |
21006 | 18 * Customization Types:: |
19 @end menu | |
20 | |
21 @node Common Keywords | |
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22 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 23 |
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24 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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25 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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26 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 27 |
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28 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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29 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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30 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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31 display one name. |
21006 | 32 |
33 @table @code | |
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34 @item :tag @var{label} |
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35 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the item |
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36 in customization menus and buffers. |
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37 |
21006 | 38 @item :group @var{group} |
39 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
40 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
41 @var{group}. | |
42 | |
43 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
44 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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45 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 46 |
47 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
48 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. | |
49 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
50 other documentation. | |
51 | |
43477 | 52 There are four alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 53 |
54 @table @code | |
55 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
56 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
57 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
58 @samp{[manual]} in the customization buffer. | |
59 | |
60 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
61 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
62 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
63 | |
64 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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65 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the @acronym{URL}. |
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66 The link appears in the customization buffer as @var{url}. |
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67 |
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68 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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69 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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70 which specifies the library name. |
21006 | 71 @end table |
72 | |
73 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
74 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
75 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
76 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
77 | |
78 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
79 none at all. | |
80 | |
81 @item :load @var{file} | |
82 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization | |
83 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
84 not already loaded. | |
85 | |
86 @item :require @var{feature} | |
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87 Execute @code{(require '@var{feature})} when your saved customizations |
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88 set the value of this item. @var{feature} should be a symbol. |
21006 | 89 |
90 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
91 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
92 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
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93 |
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94 @item :version @var{version} |
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95 This option specifies that the item was first introduced in Emacs |
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96 version @var{version}, or that its default value was changed in that |
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97 version. The value @var{version} must be a string. |
21006 | 98 @end table |
99 | |
100 @node Group Definitions | |
101 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
102 | |
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103 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 104 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
105 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
106 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
107 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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108 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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109 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 110 the subgroups. |
111 | |
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112 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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113 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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114 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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115 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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116 keyword. |
21006 | 117 |
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118 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 119 |
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120 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]... |
21006 | 121 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
122 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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123 the documentation string for the group. It should not start with a |
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124 @samp{*} as in @code{defcustom}; that convention is for variables only. |
21006 | 125 |
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126 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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127 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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128 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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129 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 130 |
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131 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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132 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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133 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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134 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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135 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 136 |
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137 When you introduce a new group into Emacs, use the @code{:version} |
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138 keyword in the @code{defgroup}; then you need not use it for |
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139 the individual members of the group. |
33150 | 140 |
21006 | 141 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 142 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 143 |
144 @table @code | |
145 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
146 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the | |
147 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
148 | |
149 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
150 @end table | |
151 @end defmac | |
152 | |
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153 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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154 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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155 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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156 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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157 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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158 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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159 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 160 |
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161 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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162 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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163 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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164 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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165 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 166 |
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167 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 168 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
169 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
170 | |
171 @node Variable Definitions | |
172 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
173 | |
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174 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
21006 | 175 |
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176 @defmac defcustom option default doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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177 Declare @var{option} as a customizable user option variable. Do not |
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178 quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} specifies the documentation |
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179 string for the variable. It should often start with a @samp{*} to mark |
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180 it as a @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining Variables}). Do not start |
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181 the documentation string with @samp{*} for options which cannot or |
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182 normally should not be set with @code{set-variable}; examples of the |
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183 former are global minor mode options such as |
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184 @code{global-font-lock-mode} and examples of the latter are hooks. |
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185 |
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186 If @var{option} is void, @code{defcustom} initializes it to |
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187 @var{default}. @var{default} should be an expression to compute the |
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188 value; be careful in writing it, because it can be evaluated on more |
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189 than one occasion. You should normally avoid using backquotes in |
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190 @var{default} because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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191 causing list values to appear to have the wrong structure. |
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192 |
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193 If you specify the @code{:set} option, to make the variable take other |
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194 special actions when set through the customization buffer, the |
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195 variable's documentation string should tell the user specifically how |
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196 to do the same job in hand-written Lisp code. |
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197 |
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198 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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199 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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200 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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201 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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202 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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203 @end defmac |
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205 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 206 |
207 @table @code | |
208 @item :type @var{type} | |
209 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
210 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
211 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
212 | |
213 @item :options @var{list} | |
214 Specify @var{list} as the list of reasonable values for use in this | |
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215 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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216 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 217 |
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218 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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219 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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220 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
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222 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
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223 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this |
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224 option. The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a |
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225 symbol (the option name) and the new value, and should do whatever is |
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226 necessary to update the value properly for this option (which may not |
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227 mean simply setting the option as a Lisp variable). The default for |
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228 @var{setfunction} is @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 229 |
230 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
231 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this | |
232 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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233 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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234 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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235 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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236 |
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237 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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238 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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239 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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240 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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241 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 242 |
243 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
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244 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable |
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245 when the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, |
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246 the option name (a symbol) and the value. Here are some predefined |
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247 functions meant for use in this way: |
21006 | 248 |
249 @table @code | |
250 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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251 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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252 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 253 |
254 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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255 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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256 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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257 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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258 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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259 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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260 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 261 |
262 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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263 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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264 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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265 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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266 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 267 |
268 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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269 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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270 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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271 @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 272 @end table |
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273 |
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274 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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275 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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276 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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277 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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278 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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279 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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280 @end table |
21006 | 281 |
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282 The @code{:require} option is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 283 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
284 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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285 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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286 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{tooltip.el}: |
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287 |
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288 @example |
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289 (defcustom tooltip-mode nil |
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290 "Non-nil if Tooltip mode is enabled..." |
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291 :set (lambda (symbol value) |
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292 (tooltip-mode (or value 0))) |
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293 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default |
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294 :type 'boolean |
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295 :require 'tooltip |
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296 :group 'tooltip) |
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297 @end example |
21006 | 298 |
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299 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or @code{alist}, |
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300 which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional options to the |
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301 item, outside the @code{defcustom} declaration, by calling |
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302 @code{custom-add-option}. For example, if you define a function |
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303 @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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304 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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305 options for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing its |
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306 definition. You can do it thus: |
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307 |
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308 @example |
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309 (custom-add-option 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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310 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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311 @end example |
21006 | 312 |
313 @defun custom-add-option symbol option | |
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314 To the customization @var{symbol}, add @var{option}. |
21006 | 315 |
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316 The precise effect of adding @var{option} depends on the customization |
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317 type of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 318 @end defun |
319 | |
320 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
321 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the default value, | |
322 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the | |
323 customization buffer. The @code{saved-value} property is actually a | |
324 list whose car is an expression which evaluates to the value. | |
325 | |
326 @node Customization Types | |
327 @section Customization Types | |
328 | |
329 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify | |
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330 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 331 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
332 customization buffer for editing. | |
333 | |
334 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the | |
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335 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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336 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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337 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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338 example: |
21006 | 339 |
340 @example | |
341 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
342 "*The command to use to run diff." | |
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343 :type '(string) |
21006 | 344 :group 'diff) |
345 @end example | |
346 | |
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347 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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348 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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349 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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350 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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351 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
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353 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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354 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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355 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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356 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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357 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 358 |
359 @menu | |
360 * Simple Types:: | |
361 * Composite Types:: | |
362 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
363 * Type Keywords:: | |
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364 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 365 @end menu |
366 | |
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367 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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368 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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369 |
21006 | 370 @node Simple Types |
371 @subsection Simple Types | |
372 | |
373 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
374 | |
375 @table @code | |
376 @item sexp | |
377 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
378 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
379 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
380 | |
381 @item integer | |
382 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
383 in the customization buffer. | |
384 | |
385 @item number | |
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386 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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387 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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388 |
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389 @item float |
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390 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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391 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 392 |
393 @item string | |
394 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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395 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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396 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 397 |
398 @item regexp | |
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399 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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400 expression. |
21006 | 401 |
402 @item character | |
403 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
404 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
405 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
406 | |
407 @item file | |
408 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
409 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
410 | |
411 @item (file :must-match t) | |
412 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
413 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
414 | |
415 @item directory | |
416 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
417 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
418 | |
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419 @item hook |
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420 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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421 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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422 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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423 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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424 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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425 |
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426 @item alist |
24952 | 427 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
428 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
429 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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430 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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431 |
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432 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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433 |
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434 @smallexample |
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435 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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436 @end smallexample |
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437 |
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438 @noindent |
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439 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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440 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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441 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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442 |
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443 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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444 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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445 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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446 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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447 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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448 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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449 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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450 |
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451 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of option |
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452 specifications. Ordinarily, the options are simply atoms, which are the |
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453 specified keys. For example: |
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454 |
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455 @smallexample |
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456 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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457 @end smallexample |
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458 |
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459 @noindent |
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460 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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461 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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462 |
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463 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for example, |
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464 the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an integer. |
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465 You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in the option |
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466 specification. The first element will specify the key, like before, |
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467 while the second element will specify the value type. |
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468 |
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469 @smallexample |
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470 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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471 @end smallexample |
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472 |
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473 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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474 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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475 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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476 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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477 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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478 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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479 symbol for the key. |
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480 |
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481 @smallexample |
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482 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) "baz") |
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483 @end smallexample |
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484 |
24952 | 485 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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486 example, |
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487 |
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488 @smallexample |
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489 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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490 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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491 @end smallexample |
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492 |
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493 @noindent |
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494 instead of |
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495 |
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496 @smallexample |
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497 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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498 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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499 @end smallexample |
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500 |
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501 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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502 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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503 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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504 value. |
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505 |
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506 @smallexample |
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507 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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508 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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509 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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510 @end smallexample |
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511 |
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512 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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513 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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514 |
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515 Similarly, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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516 key, using variations of this trick: |
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517 |
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518 @smallexample |
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519 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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520 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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521 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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522 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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523 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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524 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer boolean))) |
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525 |
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526 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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527 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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528 ("ken" "cat")) |
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529 "Alist of people's pets. |
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530 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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531 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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532 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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533 @end smallexample |
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534 |
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535 @item plist |
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536 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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537 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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538 this form: |
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539 |
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540 @smallexample |
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541 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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542 @end smallexample |
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543 |
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544 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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545 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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546 |
21006 | 547 @item symbol |
548 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
549 the name of the symbol. | |
550 | |
551 @item function | |
552 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
553 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
554 | |
555 @item variable | |
556 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
557 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
558 | |
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559 @item face |
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560 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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561 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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562 |
21006 | 563 @item boolean |
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564 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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565 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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566 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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567 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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568 meaning of the alternative. |
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569 |
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570 @item coding-system |
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571 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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572 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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573 |
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574 @item color |
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575 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 576 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 577 @end table |
578 | |
579 @node Composite Types | |
580 @subsection Composite Types | |
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581 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 582 |
583 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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584 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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585 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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586 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 587 |
588 @example | |
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589 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 590 @end example |
591 | |
592 @noindent | |
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593 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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594 this: |
21006 | 595 |
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596 @example |
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597 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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598 @end example |
21006 | 599 |
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600 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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601 composite types: |
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602 |
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603 @table @code |
21006 | 604 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
605 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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606 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 607 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
608 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
609 | |
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610 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 611 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
612 that you specify for it. | |
613 | |
614 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
615 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
616 @var{element-types} you have specified; and each element must fit the | |
617 corresponding @var{element-type}. | |
618 | |
619 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
620 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
621 string, and the third a function. | |
622 | |
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623 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 624 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
625 | |
626 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
627 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
628 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
629 | |
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630 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 631 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
632 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
633 integer or a string. | |
634 | |
635 In the customization buffer, the user selects one of the alternatives | |
636 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that | |
637 alternative. | |
638 | |
639 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
640 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
641 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
642 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
643 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
644 | |
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645 @example |
21006 | 646 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
647 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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648 @end example |
21006 | 649 |
650 @noindent | |
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651 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal text}. |
21006 | 652 |
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653 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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654 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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655 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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656 |
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657 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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658 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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659 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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660 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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661 |
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662 @example |
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663 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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664 @end example |
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665 |
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666 @noindent |
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667 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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668 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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669 |
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670 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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671 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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672 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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673 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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674 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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675 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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676 |
21006 | 677 @item (const @var{value}) |
678 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
679 | |
680 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
681 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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682 @code{nil}. |
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683 |
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684 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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685 For example, |
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686 |
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687 @example |
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688 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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689 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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690 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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691 @end example |
21006 | 692 |
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693 @noindent |
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694 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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695 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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696 |
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697 @item (other @var{value}) |
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698 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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699 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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700 |
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701 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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702 For example, |
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703 |
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704 @example |
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705 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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706 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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707 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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708 @end example |
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709 |
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710 @noindent |
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711 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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712 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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713 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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714 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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715 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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716 |
21006 | 717 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
718 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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719 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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720 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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721 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 722 |
723 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
724 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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725 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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726 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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727 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 728 |
23902 | 729 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
730 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
731 the @var{types} specified. | |
732 | |
733 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
734 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
735 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
736 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
737 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
738 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
739 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
740 | |
741 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
742 shown here: | |
743 | |
744 @example | |
745 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
746 @end example | |
747 | |
748 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
749 | |
750 @example | |
751 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
752 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
753 @end example | |
754 | |
755 @noindent | |
756 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
757 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 758 |
759 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
760 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
761 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
762 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
763 more elements or removing elements. | |
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764 |
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765 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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766 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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767 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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768 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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769 possibilities: |
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770 |
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771 @itemize @bullet |
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772 @item |
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773 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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774 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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775 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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776 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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777 |
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778 @item |
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779 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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780 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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781 @end itemize |
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782 |
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783 For example, |
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784 |
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785 @example |
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786 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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787 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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788 @end example |
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789 |
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790 @noindent |
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791 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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792 |
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793 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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794 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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795 @end table |
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796 |
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797 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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798 in a composite type: |
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799 |
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800 @table @code |
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801 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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802 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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803 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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804 @code{choice}. |
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805 |
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806 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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807 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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808 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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809 |
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810 @item :args @var{argument-list} |
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811 Use the elements of @var{argument-list} as the arguments of the type |
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812 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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813 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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814 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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815 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 816 @end table |
817 | |
818 @node Splicing into Lists | |
819 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
820 | |
821 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
822 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
823 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
824 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
825 | |
826 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
827 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
828 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
829 length which appears as one element. | |
830 | |
831 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
832 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
833 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
834 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
835 construct. | |
836 | |
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837 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 838 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
839 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
840 | |
841 @example | |
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842 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 843 @end example |
844 | |
845 @noindent | |
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846 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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847 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 848 |
849 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
850 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
851 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
852 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
853 this customization type: | |
854 | |
855 @example | |
856 (list file | |
857 (choice (const t) | |
858 (list :inline t string string))) | |
859 @end example | |
860 | |
861 @noindent | |
862 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
863 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
864 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
865 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
866 | |
867 @node Type Keywords | |
868 @subsection Type Keywords | |
869 | |
870 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
871 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
872 meanings: | |
873 | |
874 @table @code | |
875 @item :value @var{default} | |
876 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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877 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 878 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
879 customization buffer. | |
880 | |
881 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
882 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
883 | |
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884 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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885 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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886 |
21006 | 887 @item :format @var{format-string} |
888 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value | |
889 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
890 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
891 | |
892 @table @samp | |
893 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
894 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
895 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
896 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
897 the button appears in, and the event. | |
898 | |
899 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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900 actions. |
21006 | 901 |
902 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
903 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
904 | |
905 @item %v | |
906 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
907 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
908 | |
909 @item %d | |
910 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
911 | |
912 @item %h | |
913 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
914 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
915 first line. | |
916 | |
917 @item %t | |
918 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
919 keyword. | |
920 | |
921 @item %% | |
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922 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 923 @end table |
924 | |
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925 @item :action @var{action} |
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926 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 927 |
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928 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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929 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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930 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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931 |
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932 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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933 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
21006 | 934 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
935 Each can be: | |
936 | |
937 @table @asis | |
938 @item @code{nil} | |
939 No text is inserted. | |
940 | |
941 @item a string | |
942 The string is inserted literally. | |
943 | |
944 @item a symbol | |
945 The symbol's value is used. | |
946 @end table | |
947 | |
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948 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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949 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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950 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 951 |
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952 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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953 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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954 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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955 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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956 in that value. |
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957 |
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958 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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959 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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960 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 961 |
962 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
963 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or | |
30500 | 964 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
965 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
966 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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967 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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968 argument, the widget. |
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969 @xref{Text help-echo}. |
21006 | 970 |
971 @item :match @var{function} | |
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972 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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973 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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974 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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975 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 976 |
977 @ignore | |
978 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
979 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
980 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
981 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
982 item except for the first line. | |
983 | |
984 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
985 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
986 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
987 | |
988 @item :extra-offset | |
989 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
990 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
991 | |
992 @item :notify | |
993 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
994 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
995 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
996 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
997 | |
998 @item :menu-tag | |
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999 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1000 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1001 | |
1002 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1003 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1004 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1005 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1006 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1007 | |
1008 @item :validate | |
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1009 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1010 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1011 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1012 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1013 |
1014 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1015 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1016 | |
1017 @item :tab-order | |
1018 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1019 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1020 implemented. | |
1021 | |
1022 @enumerate a | |
1023 @item | |
1024 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1025 | |
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1026 @item |
21006 | 1027 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1028 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1029 whichever comes first. | |
1030 | |
1031 @item | |
1032 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1033 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1034 @end enumerate | |
1035 | |
1036 @item :parent | |
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1037 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1038 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1039 | |
1040 @item :sibling-args | |
1041 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1042 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1043 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1044 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1045 @end ignore | |
1046 @end table | |
52401 | 1047 |
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1048 @node Defining New Types |
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1049 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1050 |
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1051 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1052 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want |
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1053 to give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when |
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1054 you are using the same type for many user options: rather than repeat |
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1055 the specification for each option, you can give the type specification |
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1056 a name, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1057 when a user option's value is a recursive data structure. To make it |
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1058 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1059 |
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1060 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1061 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1062 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1063 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1064 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1065 types by a simple example. |
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1066 |
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1067 @example |
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1068 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1069 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1070 :offset 4 |
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1071 :tag "Node" |
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1072 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1073 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1074 :value ("" . "") |
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1075 binary-tree-of-string |
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1076 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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1077 |
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1078 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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1079 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1080 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1081 @end example |
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1082 |
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1083 The function to define a new widget is called @code{define-widget}. The |
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1084 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
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1085 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
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1086 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
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1087 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
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1088 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accepts a @code{:type} keyword |
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1089 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
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1090 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
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1091 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
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1092 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{ret} binary-tree-of-string |
54299 | 1093 @key{ret}} command. |
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1094 |
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1095 After these mandatory arguments follow the keyword arguments. The most |
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1096 important is @code{:type}, which describes the data type we want to match |
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1097 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
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1098 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
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1099 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
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1100 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
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1101 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
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1102 @code{:offset} argument is there to ensure that child nodes are |
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1103 indented four spaces relative to the parent node, making the tree |
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1104 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
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1105 |
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1106 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1107 customization type. |
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1108 |
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1109 The reason for the name @code{lazy} is that the other composite |
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1110 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
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1111 widget is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1112 the inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1113 the data structure is itself recursive, this conversion is an infinite |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1114 recursion. The @code{lazy} widget prevents the recursion: it convert |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1115 its @code{:type} argument only when needed. |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
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1116 |
52401 | 1117 @ignore |
1118 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1119 @end ignore |