Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/processes.texi @ 58460:fbd266022300
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date | Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:23:57 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/processes | |
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7 @node Processes, Display, Abbrevs, Top |
6558 | 8 @chapter Processes |
9 @cindex child process | |
10 @cindex parent process | |
11 @cindex subprocess | |
12 @cindex process | |
13 | |
14 In the terminology of operating systems, a @dfn{process} is a space in | |
15 which a program can execute. Emacs runs in a process. Emacs Lisp | |
16 programs can invoke other programs in processes of their own. These are | |
17 called @dfn{subprocesses} or @dfn{child processes} of the Emacs process, | |
18 which is their @dfn{parent process}. | |
19 | |
20 A subprocess of Emacs may be @dfn{synchronous} or @dfn{asynchronous}, | |
21 depending on how it is created. When you create a synchronous | |
22 subprocess, the Lisp program waits for the subprocess to terminate | |
23 before continuing execution. When you create an asynchronous | |
24 subprocess, it can run in parallel with the Lisp program. This kind of | |
25 subprocess is represented within Emacs by a Lisp object which is also | |
26 called a ``process''. Lisp programs can use this object to communicate | |
27 with the subprocess or to control it. For example, you can send | |
28 signals, obtain status information, receive output from the process, or | |
29 send input to it. | |
30 | |
31 @defun processp object | |
32 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a process, | |
33 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
34 @end defun | |
35 | |
36 @menu | |
37 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
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38 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
6558 | 39 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
40 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
41 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
42 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
43 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
44 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
45 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
46 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
47 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
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48 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
6558 | 49 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
12098 | 50 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
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51 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
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52 * Datagrams:: |
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53 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
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54 to create connections and servers. |
6558 | 55 @end menu |
56 | |
57 @node Subprocess Creation | |
58 @section Functions that Create Subprocesses | |
59 | |
60 There are three functions that create a new subprocess in which to run | |
61 a program. One of them, @code{start-process}, creates an asynchronous | |
62 process and returns a process object (@pxref{Asynchronous Processes}). | |
63 The other two, @code{call-process} and @code{call-process-region}, | |
64 create a synchronous process and do not return a process object | |
65 (@pxref{Synchronous Processes}). | |
66 | |
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67 Synchronous and asynchronous processes are explained in the following |
6558 | 68 sections. Since the three functions are all called in a similar |
69 fashion, their common arguments are described here. | |
70 | |
71 @cindex execute program | |
72 @cindex @code{PATH} environment variable | |
73 @cindex @code{HOME} environment variable | |
74 In all cases, the function's @var{program} argument specifies the | |
75 program to be run. An error is signaled if the file is not found or | |
76 cannot be executed. If the file name is relative, the variable | |
77 @code{exec-path} contains a list of directories to search. Emacs | |
78 initializes @code{exec-path} when it starts up, based on the value of | |
79 the environment variable @code{PATH}. The standard file name | |
80 constructs, @samp{~}, @samp{.}, and @samp{..}, are interpreted as usual | |
81 in @code{exec-path}, but environment variable substitutions | |
82 (@samp{$HOME}, etc.) are not recognized; use | |
83 @code{substitute-in-file-name} to perform them (@pxref{File Name | |
84 Expansion}). | |
85 | |
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86 Executing a program can also try adding suffixes to the specified |
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87 name: |
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88 |
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89 @defvar exec-suffixes |
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90 This variable is a list of suffixes (strings) to try adding to the |
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91 specified program file name. The list should include @code{""} if you |
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92 want the name to be tried exactly as specified. The default value is |
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93 system-dependent. |
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94 @end defvar |
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95 |
6558 | 96 Each of the subprocess-creating functions has a @var{buffer-or-name} |
97 argument which specifies where the standard output from the program will | |
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98 go. It should be a buffer or a buffer name; if it is a buffer name, |
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99 that will create the buffer if it does not already exist. It can also |
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100 be @code{nil}, which says to discard the output unless a filter function |
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101 handles it. (@xref{Filter Functions}, and @ref{Read and Print}.) |
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102 Normally, you should avoid having multiple processes send output to the |
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103 same buffer because their output would be intermixed randomly. |
6558 | 104 |
105 @cindex program arguments | |
106 All three of the subprocess-creating functions have a @code{&rest} | |
107 argument, @var{args}. The @var{args} must all be strings, and they are | |
108 supplied to @var{program} as separate command line arguments. Wildcard | |
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109 characters and other shell constructs have no special meanings in these |
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110 strings, since the whole strings are passed directly to the specified |
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111 program. |
6558 | 112 |
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113 @strong{Please note:} The argument @var{program} contains only the |
6558 | 114 name of the program; it may not contain any command-line arguments. You |
115 must use @var{args} to provide those. | |
116 | |
117 The subprocess gets its current directory from the value of | |
118 @code{default-directory} (@pxref{File Name Expansion}). | |
119 | |
120 @cindex environment variables, subprocesses | |
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121 The subprocess inherits its environment from Emacs, but you can |
6558 | 122 specify overrides for it with @code{process-environment}. @xref{System |
123 Environment}. | |
124 | |
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125 @defvar exec-directory |
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126 @pindex movemail |
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127 The value of this variable is a string, the name of a directory that |
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128 contains programs that come with GNU Emacs, programs intended for Emacs |
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129 to invoke. The program @code{movemail} is an example of such a program; |
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130 Rmail uses it to fetch new mail from an inbox. |
6558 | 131 @end defvar |
132 | |
133 @defopt exec-path | |
134 The value of this variable is a list of directories to search for | |
135 programs to run in subprocesses. Each element is either the name of a | |
136 directory (i.e., a string), or @code{nil}, which stands for the default | |
137 directory (which is the value of @code{default-directory}). | |
138 @cindex program directories | |
139 | |
140 The value of @code{exec-path} is used by @code{call-process} and | |
141 @code{start-process} when the @var{program} argument is not an absolute | |
142 file name. | |
143 @end defopt | |
144 | |
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145 @node Shell Arguments |
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146 @section Shell Arguments |
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147 |
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148 Lisp programs sometimes need to run a shell and give it a command |
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149 that contains file names that were specified by the user. These |
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150 programs ought to be able to support any valid file name. But the shell |
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151 gives special treatment to certain characters, and if these characters |
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152 occur in the file name, they will confuse the shell. To handle these |
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153 characters, use the function @code{shell-quote-argument}: |
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154 |
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155 @defun shell-quote-argument argument |
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156 This function returns a string which represents, in shell syntax, |
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157 an argument whose actual contents are @var{argument}. It should |
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158 work reliably to concatenate the return value into a shell command |
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159 and then pass it to a shell for execution. |
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160 |
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161 Precisely what this function does depends on your operating system. The |
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162 function is designed to work with the syntax of your system's standard |
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163 shell; if you use an unusual shell, you will need to redefine this |
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164 function. |
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165 |
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166 @example |
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167 ;; @r{This example shows the behavior on GNU and Unix systems.} |
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168 (shell-quote-argument "foo > bar") |
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169 @result{} "foo\\ \\>\\ bar" |
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170 |
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171 ;; @r{This example shows the behavior on MS-DOS and MS-Windows systems.} |
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172 (shell-quote-argument "foo > bar") |
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173 @result{} "\"foo > bar\"" |
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174 @end example |
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175 |
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176 Here's an example of using @code{shell-quote-argument} to construct |
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177 a shell command: |
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178 |
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179 @example |
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180 (concat "diff -c " |
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181 (shell-quote-argument oldfile) |
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182 " " |
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183 (shell-quote-argument newfile)) |
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184 @end example |
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185 @end defun |
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186 |
6558 | 187 @node Synchronous Processes |
188 @section Creating a Synchronous Process | |
189 @cindex synchronous subprocess | |
190 | |
191 After a @dfn{synchronous process} is created, Emacs waits for the | |
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192 process to terminate before continuing. Starting Dired on GNU or |
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193 Unix@footnote{On other systems, Emacs uses a Lisp emulation of |
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194 @code{ls}; see @ref{Contents of Directories}.} is an example of this: it |
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195 runs @code{ls} in a synchronous process, then modifies the output |
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196 slightly. Because the process is synchronous, the entire directory |
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197 listing arrives in the buffer before Emacs tries to do anything with it. |
6558 | 198 |
199 While Emacs waits for the synchronous subprocess to terminate, the | |
200 user can quit by typing @kbd{C-g}. The first @kbd{C-g} tries to kill | |
201 the subprocess with a @code{SIGINT} signal; but it waits until the | |
202 subprocess actually terminates before quitting. If during that time the | |
203 user types another @kbd{C-g}, that kills the subprocess instantly with | |
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204 @code{SIGKILL} and quits immediately (except on MS-DOS, where killing |
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205 other processes doesn't work). @xref{Quitting}. |
6558 | 206 |
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207 The synchronous subprocess functions return an indication of how the |
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208 process terminated. |
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209 |
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210 The output from a synchronous subprocess is generally decoded using a |
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211 coding system, much like text read from a file. The input sent to a |
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212 subprocess by @code{call-process-region} is encoded using a coding |
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213 system, much like text written into a file. @xref{Coding Systems}. |
6558 | 214 |
12067 | 215 @defun call-process program &optional infile destination display &rest args |
6558 | 216 This function calls @var{program} in a separate process and waits for |
217 it to finish. | |
218 | |
219 The standard input for the process comes from file @var{infile} if | |
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220 @var{infile} is not @code{nil}, and from the null device otherwise. |
12067 | 221 The argument @var{destination} says where to put the process output. |
222 Here are the possibilities: | |
223 | |
224 @table @asis | |
225 @item a buffer | |
226 Insert the output in that buffer, before point. This includes both the | |
227 standard output stream and the standard error stream of the process. | |
228 | |
229 @item a string | |
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230 Insert the output in a buffer with that name, before point. |
12067 | 231 |
232 @item @code{t} | |
233 Insert the output in the current buffer, before point. | |
234 | |
235 @item @code{nil} | |
236 Discard the output. | |
6558 | 237 |
12067 | 238 @item 0 |
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239 Discard the output, and return @code{nil} immediately without waiting |
12067 | 240 for the subprocess to finish. |
241 | |
242 In this case, the process is not truly synchronous, since it can run in | |
243 parallel with Emacs; but you can think of it as synchronous in that | |
244 Emacs is essentially finished with the subprocess as soon as this | |
245 function returns. | |
246 | |
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247 MS-DOS doesn't support asynchronous subprocesses, so this option doesn't |
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248 work there. |
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249 |
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250 @item @code{(@var{real-destination} @var{error-destination})} |
12067 | 251 Keep the standard output stream separate from the standard error stream; |
252 deal with the ordinary output as specified by @var{real-destination}, | |
253 and dispose of the error output according to @var{error-destination}. | |
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254 If @var{error-destination} is @code{nil}, that means to discard the |
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255 error output, @code{t} means mix it with the ordinary output, and a |
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256 string specifies a file name to redirect error output into. |
12067 | 257 |
258 You can't directly specify a buffer to put the error output in; that is | |
259 too difficult to implement. But you can achieve this result by sending | |
260 the error output to a temporary file and then inserting the file into a | |
261 buffer. | |
262 @end table | |
6558 | 263 |
264 If @var{display} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{call-process} redisplays | |
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265 the buffer as output is inserted. (However, if the coding system chosen |
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266 for decoding output is @code{undecided}, meaning deduce the encoding |
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267 from the actual data, then redisplay sometimes cannot continue once |
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268 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters are encountered. There are fundamental |
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269 reasons why it is hard to fix this; see @ref{Output from Processes}.) |
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270 |
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271 Otherwise the function @code{call-process} does no redisplay, and the |
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272 results become visible on the screen only when Emacs redisplays that |
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273 buffer in the normal course of events. |
6558 | 274 |
275 The remaining arguments, @var{args}, are strings that specify command | |
276 line arguments for the program. | |
277 | |
278 The value returned by @code{call-process} (unless you told it not to | |
279 wait) indicates the reason for process termination. A number gives the | |
280 exit status of the subprocess; 0 means success, and any other value | |
281 means failure. If the process terminated with a signal, | |
282 @code{call-process} returns a string describing the signal. | |
283 | |
284 In the examples below, the buffer @samp{foo} is current. | |
285 | |
286 @smallexample | |
287 @group | |
288 (call-process "pwd" nil t) | |
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289 @result{} 0 |
6558 | 290 |
291 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
292 /usr/user/lewis/manual | |
293 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
294 @end group | |
295 | |
296 @group | |
297 (call-process "grep" nil "bar" nil "lewis" "/etc/passwd") | |
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298 @result{} 0 |
6558 | 299 |
300 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- | |
301 lewis:5LTsHm66CSWKg:398:21:Bil Lewis:/user/lewis:/bin/csh | |
302 | |
303 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- | |
304 @end group | |
305 @end smallexample | |
306 | |
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307 Here is a good example of the use of @code{call-process}, which used to |
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308 be found in the definition of @code{insert-directory}: |
6558 | 309 |
310 @smallexample | |
311 @group | |
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312 (call-process insert-directory-program nil t nil @var{switches} |
6558 | 313 (if full-directory-p |
314 (concat (file-name-as-directory file) ".") | |
315 file)) | |
316 @end group | |
317 @end smallexample | |
318 @end defun | |
319 | |
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320 @defun process-file program &optional infile buffer display &rest args |
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321 This function processes files synchronously in a separate process. It |
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322 is similar to @code{call-process} but may invoke a file handler based |
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323 on the value of the variable @code{default-directory}. The current |
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324 working directory of the subprocess is @code{default-directory}. |
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325 |
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326 The arguments are handled in almost the same way as for |
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327 @code{call-process}, with the following differences: |
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328 |
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329 Some file handlers may not support all combinations and forms of the |
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330 arguments @var{infile}, @var{buffer}, and @var{display}. For example, |
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331 some file handlers might behave as if @var{display} was @code{nil}, |
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332 regardless of the value actually passed. As another example, some |
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333 file handlers might not support separating standard output and error |
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334 output by way of the @var{buffer} argument. |
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335 |
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336 If a file handler is invoked, it determines the program to run based |
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337 on the first argument @var{program}. For instance, consider that a |
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338 handler for remote files is invoked. Then the path that is used for |
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339 searching the program might be different than @code{exec-path}. |
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340 |
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341 The second argument @var{infile} may invoke a file handler. The file |
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342 handler could be different from the handler chosen for the |
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343 @code{process-file} function itself. (For example, |
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344 @code{default-directory} could be on a remote host, whereas |
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345 @var{infile} is on another remote host. Or @code{default-directory} |
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346 could be non-special, whereas @var{infile} is on a remote host.) |
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347 |
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348 If @var{buffer} has the form @code{(@var{real-destination} |
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349 @var{error-destination})}, and @var{error-destination} names a file, |
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350 then the same remarks as for @var{infile} apply. |
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351 |
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352 The remaining arguments (@var{args}) will be passed to the process |
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353 verbatim. Emacs is not involved in processing file names that are |
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354 present in @var{args}. To avoid confusion, it may be best to avoid |
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355 absolute file names in @var{args}, but rather to specify all file |
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356 names as relative to @code{default-directory}. The function |
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357 @code{file-relative-name} is useful for constructing such relative |
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358 file names. |
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359 @end defun |
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360 |
12067 | 361 @defun call-process-region start end program &optional delete destination display &rest args |
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362 This function sends the text from @var{start} to @var{end} as |
6558 | 363 standard input to a process running @var{program}. It deletes the text |
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364 sent if @var{delete} is non-@code{nil}; this is useful when |
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365 @var{destination} is @code{t}, to insert the output in the current |
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366 buffer in place of the input. |
6558 | 367 |
12067 | 368 The arguments @var{destination} and @var{display} control what to do |
6558 | 369 with the output from the subprocess, and whether to update the display |
370 as it comes in. For details, see the description of | |
12067 | 371 @code{call-process}, above. If @var{destination} is the integer 0, |
6558 | 372 @code{call-process-region} discards the output and returns @code{nil} |
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373 immediately, without waiting for the subprocess to finish (this only |
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374 works if asynchronous subprocesses are supported). |
6558 | 375 |
376 The remaining arguments, @var{args}, are strings that specify command | |
377 line arguments for the program. | |
378 | |
379 The return value of @code{call-process-region} is just like that of | |
380 @code{call-process}: @code{nil} if you told it to return without | |
381 waiting; otherwise, a number or string which indicates how the | |
382 subprocess terminated. | |
383 | |
384 In the following example, we use @code{call-process-region} to run the | |
385 @code{cat} utility, with standard input being the first five characters | |
386 in buffer @samp{foo} (the word @samp{input}). @code{cat} copies its | |
387 standard input into its standard output. Since the argument | |
12067 | 388 @var{destination} is @code{t}, this output is inserted in the current |
6558 | 389 buffer. |
390 | |
391 @smallexample | |
392 @group | |
393 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
394 input@point{} | |
395 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
396 @end group | |
397 | |
398 @group | |
399 (call-process-region 1 6 "cat" nil t) | |
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400 @result{} 0 |
6558 | 401 |
402 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
403 inputinput@point{} | |
404 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
405 @end group | |
406 @end smallexample | |
407 | |
408 The @code{shell-command-on-region} command uses | |
409 @code{call-process-region} like this: | |
410 | |
411 @smallexample | |
412 @group | |
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413 (call-process-region |
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414 start end |
6558 | 415 shell-file-name ; @r{Name of program.} |
416 nil ; @r{Do not delete region.} | |
417 buffer ; @r{Send output to @code{buffer}.} | |
418 nil ; @r{No redisplay during output.} | |
419 "-c" command) ; @r{Arguments for the shell.} | |
420 @end group | |
421 @end smallexample | |
422 @end defun | |
423 | |
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424 @defun call-process-shell-command command &optional infile destination display &rest args |
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425 This function executes the shell command @var{command} synchronously |
54265 | 426 in a separate process. The final arguments @var{args} are additional |
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427 arguments to add at the end of @var{command}. The other arguments |
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428 are handled as in @code{call-process}. |
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429 @end defun |
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430 |
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431 @defun shell-command-to-string command |
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432 This function executes @var{command} (a string) as a shell command, |
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433 then returns the command's output as a string. |
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434 @end defun |
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435 |
6558 | 436 @node Asynchronous Processes |
437 @section Creating an Asynchronous Process | |
438 @cindex asynchronous subprocess | |
439 | |
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440 After an @dfn{asynchronous process} is created, Emacs and the subprocess |
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441 both continue running immediately. The process thereafter runs |
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442 in parallel with Emacs, and the two can communicate with each other |
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443 using the functions described in the following sections. However, |
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444 communication is only partially asynchronous: Emacs sends data to the |
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445 process only when certain functions are called, and Emacs accepts data |
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446 from the process only when Emacs is waiting for input or for a time |
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447 delay. |
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448 |
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449 Here we describe how to create an asynchronous process. |
6558 | 450 |
451 @defun start-process name buffer-or-name program &rest args | |
452 This function creates a new asynchronous subprocess and starts the | |
453 program @var{program} running in it. It returns a process object that | |
454 stands for the new subprocess in Lisp. The argument @var{name} | |
455 specifies the name for the process object; if a process with this name | |
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456 already exists, then @var{name} is modified (by appending @samp{<1>}, |
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457 etc.) to be unique. The buffer @var{buffer-or-name} is the buffer to |
6558 | 458 associate with the process. |
459 | |
460 The remaining arguments, @var{args}, are strings that specify command | |
461 line arguments for the program. | |
462 | |
463 In the example below, the first process is started and runs (rather, | |
464 sleeps) for 100 seconds. Meanwhile, the second process is started, and | |
465 given the name @samp{my-process<1>} for the sake of uniqueness. It | |
466 inserts the directory listing at the end of the buffer @samp{foo}, | |
467 before the first process finishes. Then it finishes, and a message to | |
468 that effect is inserted in the buffer. Much later, the first process | |
469 finishes, and another message is inserted in the buffer for it. | |
470 | |
471 @smallexample | |
472 @group | |
473 (start-process "my-process" "foo" "sleep" "100") | |
474 @result{} #<process my-process> | |
475 @end group | |
476 | |
477 @group | |
478 (start-process "my-process" "foo" "ls" "-l" "/user/lewis/bin") | |
479 @result{} #<process my-process<1>> | |
480 | |
481 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
482 total 2 | |
483 lrwxrwxrwx 1 lewis 14 Jul 22 10:12 gnuemacs --> /emacs | |
484 -rwxrwxrwx 1 lewis 19 Jul 30 21:02 lemon | |
485 | |
486 Process my-process<1> finished | |
487 | |
488 Process my-process finished | |
489 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
490 @end group | |
491 @end smallexample | |
492 @end defun | |
493 | |
494 @defun start-process-shell-command name buffer-or-name command &rest command-args | |
495 This function is like @code{start-process} except that it uses a shell | |
496 to execute the specified command. The argument @var{command} is a shell | |
497 command name, and @var{command-args} are the arguments for the shell | |
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498 command. The variable @code{shell-file-name} specifies which shell to |
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499 use. |
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500 |
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501 The point of running a program through the shell, rather than directly |
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502 with @code{start-process}, is so that you can employ shell features such |
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503 as wildcards in the arguments. It follows that if you include an |
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504 arbitrary user-specified arguments in the command, you should quote it |
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505 with @code{shell-quote-argument} first, so that any special shell |
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506 characters do @emph{not} have their special shell meanings. @xref{Shell |
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507 Arguments}. |
6558 | 508 @end defun |
509 | |
510 @defvar process-connection-type | |
511 @cindex pipes | |
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512 @cindex @acronym{PTY}s |
6558 | 513 This variable controls the type of device used to communicate with |
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514 asynchronous subprocesses. If it is non-@code{nil}, then @acronym{PTY}s are |
12098 | 515 used, when available. Otherwise, pipes are used. |
6558 | 516 |
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517 @acronym{PTY}s are usually preferable for processes visible to the user, as |
6558 | 518 in Shell mode, because they allow job control (@kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-z}, |
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519 etc.) to work between the process and its children, whereas pipes do |
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520 not. For subprocesses used for internal purposes by programs, it is |
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521 often better to use a pipe, because they are more efficient. In |
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522 addition, the total number of @acronym{PTY}s is limited on many systems and |
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523 it is good not to waste them. |
6558 | 524 |
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525 The value of @code{process-connection-type} takes effect when |
6558 | 526 @code{start-process} is called. So you can specify how to communicate |
527 with one subprocess by binding the variable around the call to | |
528 @code{start-process}. | |
529 | |
530 @smallexample | |
531 @group | |
532 (let ((process-connection-type nil)) ; @r{Use a pipe.} | |
533 (start-process @dots{})) | |
534 @end group | |
535 @end smallexample | |
12067 | 536 |
537 To determine whether a given subprocess actually got a pipe or a | |
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538 @acronym{PTY}, use the function @code{process-tty-name} (@pxref{Process |
12067 | 539 Information}). |
6558 | 540 @end defvar |
541 | |
542 @node Deleting Processes | |
543 @section Deleting Processes | |
544 @cindex deleting processes | |
545 | |
546 @dfn{Deleting a process} disconnects Emacs immediately from the | |
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547 subprocess. Processes are deleted automatically after they terminate, |
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548 but not necessarily right away. You can delete a process explicitly |
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549 at any time. If you delete a terminated process explicitly before it |
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550 is deleted automatically, no harm results. Deletion of a running |
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551 process sends a signal to terminate it (and its child processes if |
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552 any), and calls the process sentinel if it has one. |
6558 | 553 |
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554 @code{get-buffer-process} and @code{process-list} do not remember a |
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555 deleted process, but the process object itself continues to exist as |
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556 long as other Lisp objects point to it. All the Lisp primitives that |
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557 work on process objects accept deleted processes, but those that do |
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558 I/O or send signals will report an error. The process mark continues |
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559 to point to the same place as before, usually into a buffer where |
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560 output from the process was being inserted. |
6558 | 561 |
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562 @defopt delete-exited-processes |
6558 | 563 This variable controls automatic deletion of processes that have |
564 terminated (due to calling @code{exit} or to a signal). If it is | |
565 @code{nil}, then they continue to exist until the user runs | |
566 @code{list-processes}. Otherwise, they are deleted immediately after | |
567 they exit. | |
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568 @end defopt |
6558 | 569 |
570 @defun delete-process name | |
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571 This function deletes the process associated with @var{name}, killing |
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572 it with a @code{SIGKILL} signal. The argument @var{name} may be a |
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573 process, the name of a process, a buffer, or the name of a buffer. |
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574 Calling @code{delete-process} on a running process terminates it, |
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575 updates the process status, and runs the sentinel (if any) immediately. |
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576 If the process has already terminated, calling @code{delete-process} |
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577 has no effect on its status, or on the running of its sentinel (which |
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578 will happen sooner or later). |
6558 | 579 |
580 @smallexample | |
581 @group | |
582 (delete-process "*shell*") | |
583 @result{} nil | |
584 @end group | |
585 @end smallexample | |
586 @end defun | |
587 | |
588 @node Process Information | |
589 @section Process Information | |
590 | |
591 Several functions return information about processes. | |
592 @code{list-processes} is provided for interactive use. | |
593 | |
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594 @deffn Command list-processes &optional query-only |
6558 | 595 This command displays a listing of all living processes. In addition, |
596 it finally deletes any process whose status was @samp{Exited} or | |
597 @samp{Signaled}. It returns @code{nil}. | |
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598 |
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599 If @var{query-only} is non-@code{nil} then it lists only processes |
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600 whose query flag is non-@code{nil}. @xref{Query Before Exit}. |
6558 | 601 @end deffn |
602 | |
603 @defun process-list | |
604 This function returns a list of all processes that have not been deleted. | |
605 | |
606 @smallexample | |
607 @group | |
608 (process-list) | |
609 @result{} (#<process display-time> #<process shell>) | |
610 @end group | |
611 @end smallexample | |
612 @end defun | |
613 | |
614 @defun get-process name | |
615 This function returns the process named @var{name}, or @code{nil} if | |
616 there is none. An error is signaled if @var{name} is not a string. | |
617 | |
618 @smallexample | |
619 @group | |
620 (get-process "shell") | |
621 @result{} #<process shell> | |
622 @end group | |
623 @end smallexample | |
624 @end defun | |
625 | |
626 @defun process-command process | |
627 This function returns the command that was executed to start | |
628 @var{process}. This is a list of strings, the first string being the | |
629 program executed and the rest of the strings being the arguments that | |
630 were given to the program. | |
631 | |
632 @smallexample | |
633 @group | |
634 (process-command (get-process "shell")) | |
635 @result{} ("/bin/csh" "-i") | |
636 @end group | |
637 @end smallexample | |
638 @end defun | |
639 | |
640 @defun process-id process | |
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641 This function returns the @acronym{PID} of @var{process}. This is an |
9009 | 642 integer that distinguishes the process @var{process} from all other |
6558 | 643 processes running on the same computer at the current time. The |
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644 @acronym{PID} of a process is chosen by the operating system kernel when the |
6558 | 645 process is started and remains constant as long as the process exists. |
646 @end defun | |
647 | |
648 @defun process-name process | |
649 This function returns the name of @var{process}. | |
650 @end defun | |
651 | |
652 @defun process-status process-name | |
653 This function returns the status of @var{process-name} as a symbol. | |
654 The argument @var{process-name} must be a process, a buffer, a | |
655 process name (string) or a buffer name (string). | |
656 | |
657 The possible values for an actual subprocess are: | |
658 | |
659 @table @code | |
660 @item run | |
661 for a process that is running. | |
662 @item stop | |
663 for a process that is stopped but continuable. | |
664 @item exit | |
665 for a process that has exited. | |
666 @item signal | |
667 for a process that has received a fatal signal. | |
668 @item open | |
669 for a network connection that is open. | |
670 @item closed | |
671 for a network connection that is closed. Once a connection | |
672 is closed, you cannot reopen it, though you might be able to open | |
673 a new connection to the same place. | |
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674 @item connect |
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675 for a non-blocking connection that is waiting to complete. |
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676 @item failed |
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677 for a non-blocking connection that has failed to complete. |
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678 @item listen |
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679 for a network server that is listening. |
6558 | 680 @item nil |
681 if @var{process-name} is not the name of an existing process. | |
682 @end table | |
683 | |
684 @smallexample | |
685 @group | |
686 (process-status "shell") | |
687 @result{} run | |
688 @end group | |
689 @group | |
690 (process-status (get-buffer "*shell*")) | |
691 @result{} run | |
692 @end group | |
693 @group | |
694 x | |
695 @result{} #<process xx<1>> | |
696 (process-status x) | |
697 @result{} exit | |
698 @end group | |
699 @end smallexample | |
700 | |
701 For a network connection, @code{process-status} returns one of the symbols | |
702 @code{open} or @code{closed}. The latter means that the other side | |
703 closed the connection, or Emacs did @code{delete-process}. | |
704 @end defun | |
705 | |
706 @defun process-exit-status process | |
707 This function returns the exit status of @var{process} or the signal | |
708 number that killed it. (Use the result of @code{process-status} to | |
709 determine which of those it is.) If @var{process} has not yet | |
710 terminated, the value is 0. | |
711 @end defun | |
712 | |
12067 | 713 @defun process-tty-name process |
714 This function returns the terminal name that @var{process} is using for | |
715 its communication with Emacs---or @code{nil} if it is using pipes | |
716 instead of a terminal (see @code{process-connection-type} in | |
717 @ref{Asynchronous Processes}). | |
718 @end defun | |
719 | |
56215 | 720 @defun process-coding-system process |
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721 @anchor{Coding systems for a subprocess} |
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722 This function returns a cons cell describing the coding systems in use |
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723 for decoding output from @var{process} and for encoding input to |
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724 @var{process} (@pxref{Coding Systems}). The value has this form: |
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725 |
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726 @example |
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727 (@var{coding-system-for-decoding} . @var{coding-system-for-encoding}) |
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728 @end example |
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729 @end defun |
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730 |
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731 @defun set-process-coding-system process decoding-system encoding-system |
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732 This function specifies the coding systems to use for subsequent output |
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733 from and input to @var{process}. It will use @var{decoding-system} to |
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734 decode subprocess output, and @var{encoding-system} to encode subprocess |
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735 input. |
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736 @end defun |
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737 |
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738 Every process also has a property list that you can use to store |
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739 miscellaneous values associated with the process. |
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740 |
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741 @defun process-get process propname |
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742 This function returns the value of the @var{propname} property |
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743 of @var{process}. |
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744 @end defun |
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745 |
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746 @defun process-put process propname value |
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747 This function sets the value of the @var{propname} property |
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748 of @var{process} to @var{value}. |
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749 @end defun |
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750 |
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751 @defun process-plist process |
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752 This function returns the process plist of @var{process}. |
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753 @end defun |
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754 |
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755 @defun set-process-plist process plist |
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756 This function sets the process plist of @var{process} to @var{plist}. |
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757 @end defun |
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758 |
6558 | 759 @node Input to Processes |
760 @section Sending Input to Processes | |
761 @cindex process input | |
762 | |
763 Asynchronous subprocesses receive input when it is sent to them by | |
764 Emacs, which is done with the functions in this section. You must | |
765 specify the process to send input to, and the input data to send. The | |
766 data appears on the ``standard input'' of the subprocess. | |
767 | |
768 Some operating systems have limited space for buffered input in a | |
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769 @acronym{PTY}. On these systems, Emacs sends an @acronym{EOF} periodically amidst |
6558 | 770 the other characters, to force them through. For most programs, |
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771 these @acronym{EOF}s do no harm. |
6558 | 772 |
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773 Subprocess input is normally encoded using a coding system before the |
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774 subprocess receives it, much like text written into a file. You can use |
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775 @code{set-process-coding-system} to specify which coding system to use |
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776 (@pxref{Process Information}). Otherwise, the coding system comes from |
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777 @code{coding-system-for-write}, if that is non-@code{nil}; or else from |
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778 the defaulting mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). |
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779 |
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780 Sometimes the system is unable to accept input for that process, |
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781 because the input buffer is full. When this happens, the send functions |
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782 wait a short while, accepting output from subprocesses, and then try |
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783 again. This gives the subprocess a chance to read more of its pending |
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784 input and make space in the buffer. It also allows filters, sentinels |
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785 and timers to run---so take account of that in writing your code. |
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786 |
6558 | 787 @defun process-send-string process-name string |
788 This function sends @var{process-name} the contents of @var{string} as | |
789 standard input. The argument @var{process-name} must be a process or | |
790 the name of a process. If it is @code{nil}, the current buffer's | |
791 process is used. | |
792 | |
793 The function returns @code{nil}. | |
794 | |
795 @smallexample | |
796 @group | |
797 (process-send-string "shell<1>" "ls\n") | |
798 @result{} nil | |
799 @end group | |
800 | |
801 | |
802 @group | |
803 ---------- Buffer: *shell* ---------- | |
804 ... | |
805 introduction.texi syntax-tables.texi~ | |
806 introduction.texi~ text.texi | |
807 introduction.txt text.texi~ | |
808 ... | |
809 ---------- Buffer: *shell* ---------- | |
810 @end group | |
811 @end smallexample | |
812 @end defun | |
813 | |
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814 @defun process-send-region process-name start end |
6558 | 815 This function sends the text in the region defined by @var{start} and |
816 @var{end} as standard input to @var{process-name}, which is a process or | |
817 a process name. (If it is @code{nil}, the current buffer's process is | |
818 used.) | |
819 | |
820 An error is signaled unless both @var{start} and @var{end} are | |
821 integers or markers that indicate positions in the current buffer. (It | |
822 is unimportant which number is larger.) | |
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823 @end defun |
6558 | 824 |
825 @defun process-send-eof &optional process-name | |
826 This function makes @var{process-name} see an end-of-file in its | |
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827 input. The @acronym{EOF} comes after any text already sent to it. |
6558 | 828 |
829 If @var{process-name} is not supplied, or if it is @code{nil}, then | |
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830 this function sends the @acronym{EOF} to the current buffer's process. An |
6558 | 831 error is signaled if the current buffer has no process. |
832 | |
833 The function returns @var{process-name}. | |
834 | |
835 @smallexample | |
836 @group | |
837 (process-send-eof "shell") | |
838 @result{} "shell" | |
839 @end group | |
840 @end smallexample | |
841 @end defun | |
842 | |
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843 @defun process-running-child-p process |
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844 @tindex process-running-child-p process |
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845 This function will tell you whether a subprocess has given control of |
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846 its terminal to its own child process. The value is @code{t} if this is |
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847 true, or if Emacs cannot tell; it is @code{nil} if Emacs can be certain |
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848 that this is not so. |
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849 @end defun |
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850 |
6558 | 851 @node Signals to Processes |
852 @section Sending Signals to Processes | |
853 @cindex process signals | |
854 @cindex sending signals | |
855 @cindex signals | |
856 | |
857 @dfn{Sending a signal} to a subprocess is a way of interrupting its | |
858 activities. There are several different signals, each with its own | |
859 meaning. The set of signals and their names is defined by the operating | |
860 system. For example, the signal @code{SIGINT} means that the user has | |
861 typed @kbd{C-c}, or that some analogous thing has happened. | |
862 | |
863 Each signal has a standard effect on the subprocess. Most signals | |
864 kill the subprocess, but some stop or resume execution instead. Most | |
865 signals can optionally be handled by programs; if the program handles | |
866 the signal, then we can say nothing in general about its effects. | |
867 | |
868 You can send signals explicitly by calling the functions in this | |
869 section. Emacs also sends signals automatically at certain times: | |
870 killing a buffer sends a @code{SIGHUP} signal to all its associated | |
871 processes; killing Emacs sends a @code{SIGHUP} signal to all remaining | |
872 processes. (@code{SIGHUP} is a signal that usually indicates that the | |
873 user hung up the phone.) | |
874 | |
875 Each of the signal-sending functions takes two optional arguments: | |
876 @var{process-name} and @var{current-group}. | |
877 | |
878 The argument @var{process-name} must be either a process, the name of | |
879 one, or @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the process defaults to the | |
880 process associated with the current buffer. An error is signaled if | |
881 @var{process-name} does not identify a process. | |
882 | |
883 The argument @var{current-group} is a flag that makes a difference | |
884 when you are running a job-control shell as an Emacs subprocess. If it | |
885 is non-@code{nil}, then the signal is sent to the current process-group | |
9009 | 886 of the terminal that Emacs uses to communicate with the subprocess. If |
6558 | 887 the process is a job-control shell, this means the shell's current |
888 subjob. If it is @code{nil}, the signal is sent to the process group of | |
889 the immediate subprocess of Emacs. If the subprocess is a job-control | |
890 shell, this is the shell itself. | |
891 | |
892 The flag @var{current-group} has no effect when a pipe is used to | |
893 communicate with the subprocess, because the operating system does not | |
894 support the distinction in the case of pipes. For the same reason, | |
895 job-control shells won't work when a pipe is used. See | |
896 @code{process-connection-type} in @ref{Asynchronous Processes}. | |
897 | |
898 @defun interrupt-process &optional process-name current-group | |
899 This function interrupts the process @var{process-name} by sending the | |
900 signal @code{SIGINT}. Outside of Emacs, typing the ``interrupt | |
901 character'' (normally @kbd{C-c} on some systems, and @code{DEL} on | |
902 others) sends this signal. When the argument @var{current-group} is | |
903 non-@code{nil}, you can think of this function as ``typing @kbd{C-c}'' | |
904 on the terminal by which Emacs talks to the subprocess. | |
905 @end defun | |
906 | |
907 @defun kill-process &optional process-name current-group | |
908 This function kills the process @var{process-name} by sending the | |
909 signal @code{SIGKILL}. This signal kills the subprocess immediately, | |
910 and cannot be handled by the subprocess. | |
911 @end defun | |
912 | |
913 @defun quit-process &optional process-name current-group | |
914 This function sends the signal @code{SIGQUIT} to the process | |
915 @var{process-name}. This signal is the one sent by the ``quit | |
916 character'' (usually @kbd{C-b} or @kbd{C-\}) when you are not inside | |
917 Emacs. | |
918 @end defun | |
919 | |
920 @defun stop-process &optional process-name current-group | |
921 This function stops the process @var{process-name} by sending the | |
922 signal @code{SIGTSTP}. Use @code{continue-process} to resume its | |
923 execution. | |
924 | |
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925 Outside of Emacs, on systems with job control, the ``stop character'' |
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926 (usually @kbd{C-z}) normally sends this signal. When |
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927 @var{current-group} is non-@code{nil}, you can think of this function as |
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928 ``typing @kbd{C-z}'' on the terminal Emacs uses to communicate with the |
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929 subprocess. |
6558 | 930 @end defun |
931 | |
932 @defun continue-process &optional process-name current-group | |
933 This function resumes execution of the process @var{process} by sending | |
934 it the signal @code{SIGCONT}. This presumes that @var{process-name} was | |
935 stopped previously. | |
936 @end defun | |
937 | |
938 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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939 @defun signal-process process signal |
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940 This function sends a signal to process @var{process}. The argument |
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941 @var{signal} specifies which signal to send; it should be an integer. |
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942 |
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943 You can specify the target process by its process @acronym{ID}; that allows |
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944 you to send signals to processes that are not children of Emacs. |
6558 | 945 @end defun |
946 | |
947 @node Output from Processes | |
948 @section Receiving Output from Processes | |
949 @cindex process output | |
950 @cindex output from processes | |
951 | |
952 There are two ways to receive the output that a subprocess writes to | |
953 its standard output stream. The output can be inserted in a buffer, | |
954 which is called the associated buffer of the process, or a function | |
9009 | 955 called the @dfn{filter function} can be called to act on the output. If |
956 the process has no buffer and no filter function, its output is | |
957 discarded. | |
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958 |
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959 When a subprocess terminates, Emacs reads any pending output, |
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960 then stops reading output from that subprocess. Therefore, if the |
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961 subprocess has children that are still live and still producing |
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962 output, Emacs won't receive that output. |
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963 |
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964 Output from a subprocess can arrive only while Emacs is waiting: when |
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965 reading terminal input, in @code{sit-for} and @code{sleep-for} |
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966 (@pxref{Waiting}), and in @code{accept-process-output} (@pxref{Accepting |
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967 Output}). This minimizes the problem of timing errors that usually |
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968 plague parallel programming. For example, you can safely create a |
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969 process and only then specify its buffer or filter function; no output |
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970 can arrive before you finish, if the code in between does not call any |
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971 primitive that waits. |
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972 |
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973 @defvar process-adaptive-read-buffering |
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974 On some systems, when Emacs reads the output from a subprocess, the |
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975 output data is read in very small blocks, potentially resulting in |
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976 very poor performance. This behaviour can be remedied to some extent |
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977 by setting the variable @var{process-adaptive-read-buffering} to a |
58405
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978 non-@code{nil} value (the default), as it will automatically delay reading |
56704
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979 from such processes, thus allowing them to produce more output before |
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980 Emacs tries to read it. |
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981 @end defvar |
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982 |
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983 It is impossible to separate the standard output and standard error |
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984 streams of the subprocess, because Emacs normally spawns the subprocess |
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985 inside a pseudo-TTY, and a pseudo-TTY has only one output channel. If |
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986 you want to keep the output to those streams separate, you should |
54916 | 987 redirect one of them to a file---for example, by using an appropriate |
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988 shell command. |
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989 |
6558 | 990 @menu |
51993
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991 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. |
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992 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. |
51994 | 993 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
51993
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994 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
6558 | 995 @end menu |
996 | |
997 @node Process Buffers | |
998 @subsection Process Buffers | |
999 | |
1000 A process can (and usually does) have an @dfn{associated buffer}, | |
1001 which is an ordinary Emacs buffer that is used for two purposes: storing | |
1002 the output from the process, and deciding when to kill the process. You | |
1003 can also use the buffer to identify a process to operate on, since in | |
1004 normal practice only one process is associated with any given buffer. | |
1005 Many applications of processes also use the buffer for editing input to | |
1006 be sent to the process, but this is not built into Emacs Lisp. | |
1007 | |
1008 Unless the process has a filter function (@pxref{Filter Functions}), | |
1009 its output is inserted in the associated buffer. The position to insert | |
9009 | 1010 the output is determined by the @code{process-mark}, which is then |
1011 updated to point to the end of the text just inserted. Usually, but not | |
1012 always, the @code{process-mark} is at the end of the buffer. | |
6558 | 1013 |
1014 @defun process-buffer process | |
1015 This function returns the associated buffer of the process | |
1016 @var{process}. | |
1017 | |
1018 @smallexample | |
1019 @group | |
1020 (process-buffer (get-process "shell")) | |
1021 @result{} #<buffer *shell*> | |
1022 @end group | |
1023 @end smallexample | |
1024 @end defun | |
1025 | |
1026 @defun process-mark process | |
1027 This function returns the process marker for @var{process}, which is the | |
1028 marker that says where to insert output from the process. | |
1029 | |
1030 If @var{process} does not have a buffer, @code{process-mark} returns a | |
1031 marker that points nowhere. | |
1032 | |
1033 Insertion of process output in a buffer uses this marker to decide where | |
1034 to insert, and updates it to point after the inserted text. That is why | |
1035 successive batches of output are inserted consecutively. | |
1036 | |
1037 Filter functions normally should use this marker in the same fashion | |
1038 as is done by direct insertion of output in the buffer. A good | |
1039 example of a filter function that uses @code{process-mark} is found at | |
1040 the end of the following section. | |
1041 | |
1042 When the user is expected to enter input in the process buffer for | |
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1043 transmission to the process, the process marker separates the new input |
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1044 from previous output. |
6558 | 1045 @end defun |
1046 | |
1047 @defun set-process-buffer process buffer | |
1048 This function sets the buffer associated with @var{process} to | |
1049 @var{buffer}. If @var{buffer} is @code{nil}, the process becomes | |
1050 associated with no buffer. | |
1051 @end defun | |
1052 | |
1053 @defun get-buffer-process buffer-or-name | |
44345
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1054 This function returns a nondeleted process associated with the buffer |
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1055 specified by @var{buffer-or-name}. If there are several processes |
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1056 associated with it, this function chooses one (currently, the one most |
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1057 recently created, but don't count on that). Deletion of a process |
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1058 (see @code{delete-process}) makes it ineligible for this function to |
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1059 return. |
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1060 |
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1061 It is usually a bad idea to have more than one process associated with |
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1062 the same buffer. |
6558 | 1063 |
1064 @smallexample | |
1065 @group | |
1066 (get-buffer-process "*shell*") | |
1067 @result{} #<process shell> | |
1068 @end group | |
1069 @end smallexample | |
1070 | |
1071 Killing the process's buffer deletes the process, which kills the | |
1072 subprocess with a @code{SIGHUP} signal (@pxref{Signals to Processes}). | |
1073 @end defun | |
1074 | |
1075 @node Filter Functions | |
1076 @subsection Process Filter Functions | |
1077 @cindex filter function | |
1078 @cindex process filter | |
1079 | |
1080 A process @dfn{filter function} is a function that receives the | |
1081 standard output from the associated process. If a process has a filter, | |
9009 | 1082 then @emph{all} output from that process is passed to the filter. The |
1083 process buffer is used directly for output from the process only when | |
1084 there is no filter. | |
6558 | 1085 |
22138
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1086 The filter function can only be called when Emacs is waiting for |
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1087 something, because process output arrives only at such times. Emacs |
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1088 waits when reading terminal input, in @code{sit-for} and |
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1089 @code{sleep-for} (@pxref{Waiting}), and in @code{accept-process-output} |
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1090 (@pxref{Accepting Output}). |
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1091 |
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1092 A filter function must accept two arguments: the associated process |
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1093 and a string, which is output just received from it. The function is |
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1094 then free to do whatever it chooses with the output. |
6558 | 1095 |
1096 Quitting is normally inhibited within a filter function---otherwise, | |
1097 the effect of typing @kbd{C-g} at command level or to quit a user | |
1098 command would be unpredictable. If you want to permit quitting inside a | |
1099 filter function, bind @code{inhibit-quit} to @code{nil}. | |
1100 @xref{Quitting}. | |
1101 | |
12067 | 1102 If an error happens during execution of a filter function, it is |
1103 caught automatically, so that it doesn't stop the execution of whatever | |
12125
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1104 program was running when the filter function was started. However, if |
12067 | 1105 @code{debug-on-error} is non-@code{nil}, the error-catching is turned |
1106 off. This makes it possible to use the Lisp debugger to debug the | |
1107 filter function. @xref{Debugger}. | |
1108 | |
6558 | 1109 Many filter functions sometimes or always insert the text in the |
1110 process's buffer, mimicking the actions of Emacs when there is no | |
1111 filter. Such filter functions need to use @code{set-buffer} in order to | |
1112 be sure to insert in that buffer. To avoid setting the current buffer | |
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1113 semipermanently, these filter functions must save and restore the |
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1114 current buffer. They should also update the process marker, and in some |
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1115 cases update the value of point. Here is how to do these things: |
6558 | 1116 |
1117 @smallexample | |
1118 @group | |
1119 (defun ordinary-insertion-filter (proc string) | |
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1120 (with-current-buffer (process-buffer proc) |
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1121 (let ((moving (= (point) (process-mark proc)))) |
6558 | 1122 @end group |
1123 @group | |
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1124 (save-excursion |
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1125 ;; @r{Insert the text, advancing the process marker.} |
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1126 (goto-char (process-mark proc)) |
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1127 (insert string) |
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1128 (set-marker (process-mark proc) (point))) |
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1129 (if moving (goto-char (process-mark proc)))))) |
6558 | 1130 @end group |
1131 @end smallexample | |
1132 | |
1133 @noindent | |
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1134 The reason to use @code{with-current-buffer}, rather than using |
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1135 @code{save-excursion} to save and restore the current buffer, is so as |
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1136 to preserve the change in point made by the second call to |
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1137 @code{goto-char}. |
6558 | 1138 |
1139 To make the filter force the process buffer to be visible whenever new | |
1140 text arrives, insert the following line just before the | |
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1141 @code{with-current-buffer} construct: |
6558 | 1142 |
1143 @smallexample | |
1144 (display-buffer (process-buffer proc)) | |
1145 @end smallexample | |
1146 | |
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1147 To force point to the end of the new output, no matter where it was |
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1148 previously, eliminate the variable @code{moving} and call |
6558 | 1149 @code{goto-char} unconditionally. |
1150 | |
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1151 In earlier Emacs versions, every filter function that did regular |
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1152 expression searching or matching had to explicitly save and restore the |
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1153 match data. Now Emacs does this automatically for filter functions; |
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1154 they never need to do it explicitly. @xref{Match Data}. |
6558 | 1155 |
1156 A filter function that writes the output into the buffer of the | |
12098 | 1157 process should check whether the buffer is still alive. If it tries to |
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1158 insert into a dead buffer, it will get an error. The expression |
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1159 @code{(buffer-name (process-buffer @var{process}))} returns @code{nil} |
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1160 if the buffer is dead. |
6558 | 1161 |
1162 The output to the function may come in chunks of any size. A program | |
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1163 that produces the same output twice in a row may send it as one batch of |
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1164 200 characters one time, and five batches of 40 characters the next. If |
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1165 the filter looks for certain text strings in the subprocess output, make |
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1166 sure to handle the case where one of these strings is split across two |
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1167 or more batches of output. |
6558 | 1168 |
1169 @defun set-process-filter process filter | |
1170 This function gives @var{process} the filter function @var{filter}. If | |
1171 @var{filter} is @code{nil}, it gives the process no filter. | |
1172 @end defun | |
1173 | |
1174 @defun process-filter process | |
1175 This function returns the filter function of @var{process}, or @code{nil} | |
1176 if it has none. | |
1177 @end defun | |
1178 | |
1179 Here is an example of use of a filter function: | |
1180 | |
1181 @smallexample | |
1182 @group | |
1183 (defun keep-output (process output) | |
1184 (setq kept (cons output kept))) | |
1185 @result{} keep-output | |
1186 @end group | |
1187 @group | |
1188 (setq kept nil) | |
1189 @result{} nil | |
1190 @end group | |
1191 @group | |
1192 (set-process-filter (get-process "shell") 'keep-output) | |
1193 @result{} keep-output | |
1194 @end group | |
1195 @group | |
1196 (process-send-string "shell" "ls ~/other\n") | |
1197 @result{} nil | |
1198 kept | |
1199 @result{} ("lewis@@slug[8] % " | |
1200 @end group | |
1201 @group | |
1202 "FINAL-W87-SHORT.MSS backup.otl kolstad.mss~ | |
1203 address.txt backup.psf kolstad.psf | |
1204 backup.bib~ david.mss resume-Dec-86.mss~ | |
1205 backup.err david.psf resume-Dec.psf | |
1206 backup.mss dland syllabus.mss | |
1207 " | |
1208 "#backups.mss# backup.mss~ kolstad.mss | |
1209 ") | |
1210 @end group | |
1211 @end smallexample | |
1212 | |
1213 @ignore @c The code in this example doesn't show the right way to do things. | |
1214 Here is another, more realistic example, which demonstrates how to use | |
1215 the process mark to do insertion in the same fashion as is done when | |
1216 there is no filter function: | |
1217 | |
1218 @smallexample | |
1219 @group | |
1220 ;; @r{Insert input in the buffer specified by @code{my-shell-buffer}} | |
1221 ;; @r{and make sure that buffer is shown in some window.} | |
1222 (defun my-process-filter (proc str) | |
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1223 (let ((cur (selected-window)) |
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1224 (pop-up-windows t)) |
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1225 (pop-to-buffer my-shell-buffer) |
6558 | 1226 @end group |
1227 @group | |
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1228 (goto-char (point-max)) |
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1229 (insert str) |
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1230 (set-marker (process-mark proc) (point-max)) |
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1231 (select-window cur))) |
6558 | 1232 @end group |
1233 @end smallexample | |
1234 @end ignore | |
1235 | |
51993
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1236 @node Decoding Output |
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|
1237 @subsection Decoding Process Output |
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|
1238 |
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|
1239 When Emacs writes process output directly into a multibyte buffer, |
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|
1240 it decodes the output according to the process output coding system. |
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|
1241 If the coding system is @code{raw-text} or @code{no-conversion}, Emacs |
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|
1242 converts the unibyte output to multibyte using |
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|
1243 @code{string-to-multibyte}, inserts the resulting multibyte text. |
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|
1244 |
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|
1245 You can use @code{set-process-coding-system} to specify which coding |
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|
1246 system to use (@pxref{Process Information}). Otherwise, the coding |
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|
1247 system comes from @code{coding-system-for-read}, if that is |
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|
1248 non-@code{nil}; or else from the defaulting mechanism (@pxref{Default |
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|
1249 Coding Systems}). |
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|
1250 |
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1251 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided} which |
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|
1252 determine the coding system from the data do not work entirely |
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|
1253 reliably with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs |
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|
1254 has to process asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it |
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|
1255 arrives. Emacs must try to detect the proper coding system from one |
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1256 batch at a time, and this does not always work. Therefore, if at all |
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1257 possible, specify a coding system that determines both the character |
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|
1258 code conversion and the end of line conversion---that is, one like |
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|
1259 @code{latin-1-unix}, rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. |
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|
1260 |
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|
1261 @cindex filter multibyte flag, of process |
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|
1262 @cindex process filter multibyte flag |
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1263 When Emacs calls a process filter function, it provides the process |
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1264 output as a multibyte string or as a unibyte string according to the |
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|
1265 process's filter multibyte flag. If the flag is non-@code{nil}, Emacs |
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1266 decodes the output according to the process output coding system to |
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|
1267 produce a multibyte string, and passes that to the process. If the |
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1268 flag is @code{nil}, Emacs puts the output into a unibyte string, with |
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|
1269 no decoding, and passes that. |
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|
1270 |
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|
1271 When you create a process, the filter multibyte flag takes its |
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|
1272 initial value from @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters}. If you |
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|
1273 want to change the flag later on, use |
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|
1274 @code{set-process-filter-multibyte}. |
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|
1275 |
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|
1276 @defun set-process-filter-multibyte process multibyte |
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|
1277 This function sets the filter multibyte flag of @var{process} |
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|
1278 to @var{multibyte}. |
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|
1279 @end defun |
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|
1280 |
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|
1281 @defun process-filter-multibyte-p process |
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|
1282 This function returns the filter multibyte flag of @var{process}. |
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|
1283 @end defun |
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1284 |
6558 | 1285 @node Accepting Output |
1286 @subsection Accepting Output from Processes | |
1287 | |
1288 Output from asynchronous subprocesses normally arrives only while | |
1289 Emacs is waiting for some sort of external event, such as elapsed time | |
1290 or terminal input. Occasionally it is useful in a Lisp program to | |
1291 explicitly permit output to arrive at a specific point, or even to wait | |
1292 until output arrives from a process. | |
1293 | |
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1294 @defun accept-process-output &optional process seconds millisec just-this-one |
6558 | 1295 This function allows Emacs to read pending output from processes. The |
1296 output is inserted in the associated buffers or given to their filter | |
1297 functions. If @var{process} is non-@code{nil} then this function does | |
1298 not return until some output has been received from @var{process}. | |
1299 | |
1300 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1301 The arguments @var{seconds} and @var{millisec} let you specify timeout | |
1302 periods. The former specifies a period measured in seconds and the | |
1303 latter specifies one measured in milliseconds. The two time periods | |
1304 thus specified are added together, and @code{accept-process-output} | |
1305 returns after that much time whether or not there has been any | |
1306 subprocess output. | |
1307 | |
12098 | 1308 The argument @var{seconds} need not be an integer. If it is a floating |
1309 point number, this function waits for a fractional number of seconds. | |
1310 Some systems support only a whole number of seconds; on these systems, | |
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1311 @var{seconds} is rounded down. |
12098 | 1312 |
6558 | 1313 Not all operating systems support waiting periods other than multiples |
1314 of a second; on those that do not, you get an error if you specify | |
1315 nonzero @var{millisec}. | |
1316 | |
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|
1317 @c Emacs 21.4 feature |
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|
1318 If @var{process} is a process, and the argument @var{just-this-one} is |
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1319 non-@code{nil}, only output from that process is handled, suspending output |
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|
1320 from other processes until some output has been received from that |
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1321 process or the timeout expires. If @var{just-this-one} is an integer, |
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|
1322 also inhibit running timers. This feature is generally not |
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|
1323 recommended, but may be necessary for specific applications, such as |
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|
1324 speech synthesis. |
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|
1325 |
6558 | 1326 The function @code{accept-process-output} returns non-@code{nil} if it |
1327 did get some output, or @code{nil} if the timeout expired before output | |
1328 arrived. | |
1329 @end defun | |
1330 | |
1331 @node Sentinels | |
1332 @section Sentinels: Detecting Process Status Changes | |
1333 @cindex process sentinel | |
1334 @cindex sentinel | |
1335 | |
1336 A @dfn{process sentinel} is a function that is called whenever the | |
1337 associated process changes status for any reason, including signals | |
1338 (whether sent by Emacs or caused by the process's own actions) that | |
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1339 terminate, stop, or continue the process. The process sentinel is |
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1340 also called if the process exits. The sentinel receives two |
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1341 arguments: the process for which the event occurred, and a string |
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1342 describing the type of event. |
6558 | 1343 |
1344 The string describing the event looks like one of the following: | |
1345 | |
1346 @itemize @bullet | |
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1347 @item |
6558 | 1348 @code{"finished\n"}. |
1349 | |
1350 @item | |
1351 @code{"exited abnormally with code @var{exitcode}\n"}. | |
1352 | |
1353 @item | |
1354 @code{"@var{name-of-signal}\n"}. | |
1355 | |
1356 @item | |
1357 @code{"@var{name-of-signal} (core dumped)\n"}. | |
1358 @end itemize | |
1359 | |
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1360 A sentinel runs only while Emacs is waiting (e.g., for terminal |
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1361 input, or for time to elapse, or for process output). This avoids the |
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1362 timing errors that could result from running them at random places in |
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1363 the middle of other Lisp programs. A program can wait, so that |
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1364 sentinels will run, by calling @code{sit-for} or @code{sleep-for} |
9009 | 1365 (@pxref{Waiting}), or @code{accept-process-output} (@pxref{Accepting |
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1366 Output}). Emacs also allows sentinels to run when the command loop is |
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1367 reading input. @code{delete-process} calls the sentinel when it |
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1368 terminates a running process. |
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1369 |
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1370 Emacs does not keep a queue of multiple reasons to call the sentinel |
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1371 of one process; it records just the current status and the fact that |
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1372 there has been a change. Therefore two changes in status, coming in |
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1373 quick succession, can call the sentinel just once. However, process |
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1374 termination will always run the sentinel exactly once. This is |
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1375 because the process status can't change again after termination. |
6558 | 1376 |
1377 Quitting is normally inhibited within a sentinel---otherwise, the | |
1378 effect of typing @kbd{C-g} at command level or to quit a user command | |
1379 would be unpredictable. If you want to permit quitting inside a | |
1380 sentinel, bind @code{inhibit-quit} to @code{nil}. @xref{Quitting}. | |
1381 | |
1382 A sentinel that writes the output into the buffer of the process | |
12098 | 1383 should check whether the buffer is still alive. If it tries to insert |
6558 | 1384 into a dead buffer, it will get an error. If the buffer is dead, |
1385 @code{(buffer-name (process-buffer @var{process}))} returns @code{nil}. | |
1386 | |
12067 | 1387 If an error happens during execution of a sentinel, it is caught |
1388 automatically, so that it doesn't stop the execution of whatever | |
1389 programs was running when the sentinel was started. However, if | |
1390 @code{debug-on-error} is non-@code{nil}, the error-catching is turned | |
1391 off. This makes it possible to use the Lisp debugger to debug the | |
1392 sentinel. @xref{Debugger}. | |
1393 | |
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1394 While a sentinel is running, the process sentinel is temporarily |
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1395 set to @code{nil} so that the sentinel won't run recursively. |
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1396 For this reason it is not possible for a sentinel to specify |
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1397 a new sentinel. |
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1398 |
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1399 In earlier Emacs versions, every sentinel that did regular expression |
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1400 searching or matching had to explicitly save and restore the match data. |
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1401 Now Emacs does this automatically for sentinels; they never need to do |
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1402 it explicitly. @xref{Match Data}. |
12098 | 1403 |
6558 | 1404 @defun set-process-sentinel process sentinel |
1405 This function associates @var{sentinel} with @var{process}. If | |
1406 @var{sentinel} is @code{nil}, then the process will have no sentinel. | |
1407 The default behavior when there is no sentinel is to insert a message in | |
1408 the process's buffer when the process status changes. | |
1409 | |
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1410 Changes in process sentinel take effect immediately---if the sentinel |
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1411 is slated to be run but has not been called yet, and you specify a new |
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|
1412 sentinel, the eventual call to the sentinel will use the new one. |
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|
1413 |
6558 | 1414 @smallexample |
1415 @group | |
1416 (defun msg-me (process event) | |
1417 (princ | |
1418 (format "Process: %s had the event `%s'" process event))) | |
1419 (set-process-sentinel (get-process "shell") 'msg-me) | |
1420 @result{} msg-me | |
1421 @end group | |
1422 @group | |
1423 (kill-process (get-process "shell")) | |
1424 @print{} Process: #<process shell> had the event `killed' | |
1425 @result{} #<process shell> | |
1426 @end group | |
1427 @end smallexample | |
1428 @end defun | |
1429 | |
1430 @defun process-sentinel process | |
1431 This function returns the sentinel of @var{process}, or @code{nil} if it | |
1432 has none. | |
1433 @end defun | |
1434 | |
1435 @defun waiting-for-user-input-p | |
1436 While a sentinel or filter function is running, this function returns | |
1437 non-@code{nil} if Emacs was waiting for keyboard input from the user at | |
1438 the time the sentinel or filter function was called, @code{nil} if it | |
1439 was not. | |
1440 @end defun | |
1441 | |
46340
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1442 @node Query Before Exit |
49600
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|
1443 @section Querying Before Exit |
46340
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1444 |
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1445 When Emacs exits, it terminates all its subprocesses by sending them |
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|
1446 the @code{SIGHUP} signal. Because some subprocesses are doing |
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|
1447 valuable work, Emacs normally asks the user to confirm that it is ok |
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|
1448 to terminate them. Each process has a query flag which, if |
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|
1449 non-@code{nil}, says that Emacs should ask for confirmation before |
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1450 exiting and thus killing that process. The default for the query flag |
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1451 is @code{t}, meaning @emph{do} query. |
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|
1452 |
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|
1453 @tindex process-query-on-exit-flag |
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1454 @defun process-query-on-exit-flag process |
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1455 This returns the query flag of @var{process}. |
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1456 @end defun |
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1457 |
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1458 @tindex set-process-query-on-exit-flag |
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1459 @defun set-process-query-on-exit-flag process flag |
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1460 This function sets the query flag of @var{process} to @var{flag}. It |
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1461 returns @var{flag}. |
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|
1462 |
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|
1463 @smallexample |
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1464 @group |
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1465 ;; @r{Don't query about the shell process} |
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|
1466 (set-process-query-on-exit-flag (get-process "shell") nil) |
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1467 @result{} t |
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1468 @end group |
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1469 @end smallexample |
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1470 @end defun |
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|
1471 |
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1472 @defun process-kill-without-query process &optional do-query |
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1473 This function clears the query flag of @var{process}, so that |
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|
1474 Emacs will not query the user on account of that process. |
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|
1475 |
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1476 Actually, the function does more than that: it returns the old value of |
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|
1477 the process's query flag, and sets the query flag to @var{do-query}. |
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1478 Please don't use this function to do those things any more---please |
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1479 use the newer, cleaner functions @code{process-query-on-exit-flag} and |
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|
1480 @code{set-process-query-on-exit-flag} in all but the simplest cases. |
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|
1481 The only way you should use @code{process-kill-without-query} nowadays |
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|
1482 is like this: |
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|
1483 |
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|
1484 @smallexample |
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|
1485 @group |
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|
1486 ;; @r{Don't query about the shell process} |
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|
1487 (process-kill-without-query (get-process "shell")) |
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|
1488 @end group |
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|
1489 @end smallexample |
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|
1490 @end defun |
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|
1491 |
6558 | 1492 @node Transaction Queues |
1493 @section Transaction Queues | |
1494 @cindex transaction queue | |
1495 | |
21007
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1496 You can use a @dfn{transaction queue} to communicate with a subprocess |
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1497 using transactions. First use @code{tq-create} to create a transaction |
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1498 queue communicating with a specified process. Then you can call |
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1499 @code{tq-enqueue} to send a transaction. |
6558 | 1500 |
1501 @defun tq-create process | |
1502 This function creates and returns a transaction queue communicating with | |
1503 @var{process}. The argument @var{process} should be a subprocess | |
1504 capable of sending and receiving streams of bytes. It may be a child | |
9009 | 1505 process, or it may be a TCP connection to a server, possibly on another |
6558 | 1506 machine. |
1507 @end defun | |
1508 | |
1509 @defun tq-enqueue queue question regexp closure fn | |
1510 This function sends a transaction to queue @var{queue}. Specifying the | |
1511 queue has the effect of specifying the subprocess to talk to. | |
1512 | |
9009 | 1513 The argument @var{question} is the outgoing message that starts the |
6558 | 1514 transaction. The argument @var{fn} is the function to call when the |
1515 corresponding answer comes back; it is called with two arguments: | |
1516 @var{closure}, and the answer received. | |
1517 | |
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4520697c8aa5
(tq-enqueue): Clarify meaning of REGEXP.
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|
1518 The argument @var{regexp} is a regular expression that should match |
4520697c8aa5
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|
1519 text at the end of the entire answer, but nothing before; that's how |
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|
1520 @code{tq-enqueue} determines where the answer ends. |
6558 | 1521 |
1522 The return value of @code{tq-enqueue} itself is not meaningful. | |
1523 @end defun | |
1524 | |
1525 @defun tq-close queue | |
1526 Shut down transaction queue @var{queue}, waiting for all pending transactions | |
1527 to complete, and then terminate the connection or child process. | |
1528 @end defun | |
1529 | |
1530 Transaction queues are implemented by means of a filter function. | |
1531 @xref{Filter Functions}. | |
1532 | |
12098 | 1533 @node Network |
1534 @section Network Connections | |
1535 @cindex network connection | |
6558 | 1536 @cindex TCP |
52596
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(Network, Network Servers): Fix typos.
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|
1537 @cindex UDP |
6558 | 1538 |
52596
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|
1539 Emacs Lisp programs can open stream (TCP) and datagram (UDP) network |
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1540 connections to other processes on the same machine or other machines. |
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1541 A network connection is handled by Lisp much like a subprocess, and is |
52542
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1542 represented by a process object. However, the process you are |
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|
1543 communicating with is not a child of the Emacs process, so it has no |
52978
1a5c50faf357
Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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52830
diff
changeset
|
1544 process @acronym{ID}, and you can't kill it or send it signals. All you |
52542
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1545 can do is send and receive data. @code{delete-process} closes the |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1546 connection, but does not kill the program at the other end; that |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1547 program must decide what to do about closure of the connection. |
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|
1548 |
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|
1549 Lisp programs can listen for connections by creating network |
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|
1550 servers. A network server is also represented by a kind of process |
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|
1551 object, but unlike a network connection, the network server never |
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|
1552 transfers data itself. When it receives a connection request, it |
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|
1553 creates a new network connection to represent the connection just |
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|
1554 made. (The network connection inherits certain information, including |
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|
1555 the process plist, from the server.) The network server then goes |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1556 back to listening for more connection requests. |
6558 | 1557 |
52818
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(Network): Introduce make-network-process.
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|
1558 Network connections and servers are created by calling |
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|
1559 @code{make-network-process} with an argument list consisting of |
39239421c7e3
(Network): Introduce make-network-process.
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|
1560 keyword/argument pairs, for example @code{:server t} to create a |
39239421c7e3
(Network): Introduce make-network-process.
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changeset
|
1561 server process, or @code{:type 'datagram} to create a datagram |
52830
b4281fb5cff8
(Network): Fix typo in xref (from Robert J. Chassell).
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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52818
diff
changeset
|
1562 connection. @xref{Low-Level Network}, for details. You can also use |
52818
39239421c7e3
(Network): Introduce make-network-process.
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|
1563 one of the @code{open-network-...} functions descibed below; |
39239421c7e3
(Network): Introduce make-network-process.
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|
1564 internally, they just call @code{make-network-process} with suitable |
39239421c7e3
(Network): Introduce make-network-process.
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|
1565 arguments. |
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|
1566 |
6558 | 1567 You can distinguish process objects representing network connections |
52542
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1568 and servers from those representing subprocesses with the |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1569 @code{process-status} function. The possible status values for |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1570 network connections are @code{open}, @code{closed}, @code{connect}, |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1571 and @code{failed}. For a network server, the status is always |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1572 @code{listen}. None of those values is possible for a real |
0df4c5163e4e
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|
1573 subprocess. @xref{Process Information}. |
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|
1574 |
54265 | 1575 You can stop and resume operation of a network process by calling |
52542
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|
1576 @code{stop-process} and @code{continue-process}. For a server |
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|
1577 process, being stopped means not accepting new connections. (Up to 5 |
52596
f277840b17b2
(Network, Network Servers): Fix typos.
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52542
diff
changeset
|
1578 connection requests will be queued for when you resume the server; you |
f277840b17b2
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52542
diff
changeset
|
1579 can increase this limit, unless it is imposed by the operating |
52695
e5c94aabfe90
(Network): Say what stopped datagram connections do.
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52598
diff
changeset
|
1580 systems.) For a network stream connection, being stopped means not |
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1581 processing input (any arriving input waits until you resume the |
52695
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1582 connection). For a datagram connection, some number of packets may be |
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1583 queued but input may be lost. You can use the function |
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|
1584 @code{process-command} to determine whether a network connection or |
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1585 server is stopped; a non-@code{nil} value means yes. |
6558 | 1586 |
1587 @defun open-network-stream name buffer-or-name host service | |
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1588 This function opens a TCP connection, and returns a process object |
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1589 that represents the connection. |
6558 | 1590 |
1591 The @var{name} argument specifies the name for the process object. It | |
1592 is modified as necessary to make it unique. | |
1593 | |
1594 The @var{buffer-or-name} argument is the buffer to associate with the | |
1595 connection. Output from the connection is inserted in the buffer, | |
1596 unless you specify a filter function to handle the output. If | |
1597 @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil}, it means that the connection is not | |
1598 associated with any buffer. | |
1599 | |
1600 The arguments @var{host} and @var{service} specify where to connect to; | |
1601 @var{host} is the host name (a string), and @var{service} is the name of | |
1602 a defined network service (a string) or a port number (an integer). | |
1603 @end defun | |
52401 | 1604 |
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1605 @defun open-network-stream-nowait name buffer-or-name host service &optional sentinel filter |
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1606 This function opens a TCP connection, like @code{open-network-stream}, |
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1607 but it returns immediately without waiting for the request to be |
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1608 accepted or rejected by the remote server. When the request is |
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1609 subsequently accepted or rejected, the process's sentinel function |
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|
1610 will be called with a string that starts with @code{"open"} (on |
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1611 success) or @code{"failed"} (on error). |
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1612 |
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|
1613 Some systems do not support non-blocking connections; on those |
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|
1614 systems, @code{open-network-stream-nowait} returns @code{nil} |
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1615 and does nothing. |
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|
1616 |
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|
1617 The optional arguments @var{sentinel} and @var{filter} specify the |
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|
1618 sentinel and filter functions for this network connection. It is |
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|
1619 useful to specify them when opening the connection, because they will |
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1620 be used later asynchronously. The other arguments mean the same as in |
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|
1621 @code{open-network-stream}. |
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1622 @end defun |
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1623 |
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|
1624 @defun process-contact process &optional key |
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|
1625 This function returns information about how a network process was set |
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1626 up. For a connection, when @var{key} is @code{nil}, it returns |
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|
1627 @code{(@var{hostname} @var{service})} which specifies what you |
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|
1628 connected to. |
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|
1629 |
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|
1630 If @var{key} is @code{t}, the value is the complete status information |
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|
1631 for the connection or server; that is, the list of keywords and values |
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|
1632 specified in @code{make-network-process}, except that some of the |
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|
1633 values represent the current status instead of what you specified: |
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|
1634 |
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|
1635 @table @code |
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|
1636 @item :buffer |
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|
1637 The associated value is the process buffer. |
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|
1638 @item :filter |
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|
1639 The associated value is the process filter function. |
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|
1640 @item :sentinel |
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|
1641 The associated value is the process sentinel function. |
52542
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|
1642 @item :remote |
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|
1643 In a connection, this is the address in internal format of the remote peer. |
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|
1644 @item :local |
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|
1645 The local address, in internal format. |
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|
1646 @item :service |
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|
1647 In a server, if you specified @code{t} for @var{service}, |
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|
1648 this value is the actual port number. |
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|
1649 @end table |
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|
1650 |
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|
1651 @code{:local} and @code{:remote} are included even if they were not |
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|
1652 specified explicitly in @code{make-network-process}. |
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|
1653 |
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|
1654 If @var{key} is a keyword, the function returns the value corresponding |
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|
1655 to that keyword. |
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|
1656 |
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|
1657 For an ordinary child process, this function always returns @code{t}. |
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|
1658 @end defun |
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|
1659 |
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|
1660 @node Network Servers |
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|
1661 @section Network Servers |
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|
1662 |
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|
1663 You create a server by calling @code{make-network-process} with |
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|
1664 @code{:server t}. The server will listen for connection requests from |
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|
1665 clients. When it accepts a client connection request, that creates a |
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|
1666 new network connection, itself a process object, with the following |
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|
1667 parameters: |
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|
1668 |
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|
1669 @itemize @bullet |
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|
1670 @item |
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|
1671 The connection's process name is constructed by concatenating the |
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|
1672 server process' @var{name} with a client identification string. The |
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|
1673 client identification string for an IPv4 connection looks like |
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|
1674 @samp{<@var{a}.@var{b}.@var{c}.@var{d}:@var{p}>}. Otherwise, it is a |
52596
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|
1675 unique number in brackets, as in @samp{<@var{nnn}>}. The number |
52542
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|
1676 is unique for each connection in the Emacs session. |
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|
1677 |
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|
1678 @item |
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|
1679 If the server's filter is non-@code{nil}, the connection process does |
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|
1680 not get a separate process buffer; otherwise, Emacs creates a new |
52542
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|
1681 buffer for the purpose. The buffer name is the server's buffer name |
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1682 or process name, concatenated with the client identification string. |
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|
1683 |
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|
1684 The server's process buffer value is never used directly by Emacs, but |
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|
1685 it is passed to the log function, which can log connections by |
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|
1686 inserting text there. |
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|
1687 |
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|
1688 @item |
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|
1689 The communication type and the process filter and sentinel are |
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|
1690 inherited from those of the server. The server never directly |
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1691 uses its filter and sentinel; their sole purpose is to initialize |
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1692 connections made to the server. |
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|
1693 |
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|
1694 @item |
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1695 The connection's process contact info is set according to the client's |
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1696 addressing information (typically an IP address and a port number). |
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1697 This information is associated with the @code{process-contact} |
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1698 keywords @code{:host}, @code{:service}, @code{:remote}. |
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|
1699 |
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1700 @item |
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1701 The connection's local address is set up according to the port |
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1702 number used for the connection. |
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1703 |
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1704 @item |
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1705 The client process' plist is initialized from the server's plist. |
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1706 @end itemize |
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1707 |
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1708 @defun open-network-stream-server name buffer-or-name service &optional sentinel filter |
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1709 Create a network server process for a TCP service. |
54777 | 1710 It returns @code{nil} if server processes are not supported; otherwise, |
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1711 it returns a subprocess-object to represent the server. |
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1712 |
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1713 When a client connects to the specified service, Emacs creates a new |
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1714 subprocess to handle the new connection, and then calls its sentinel |
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1715 function (which it has inherited from the server). |
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1716 |
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1717 The optional arguments @var{sentinel} and @var{filter} specify the |
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1718 sentinel and filter functions for the server. It is useful to specify |
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1719 them now, because they will be used later asynchronously when the |
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1720 server receives a connection request. The three arguments @var{name}, |
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1721 @var{buffer-or-name} and @var{service} mean the same thing as in |
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1722 @code{open-network-stream}, but @var{service} can be @code{t} |
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1723 meaning ask the system to allocate an unused port to listen on. |
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1724 @end defun |
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1725 |
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1726 @node Datagrams |
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1727 @section Datagrams |
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1728 @cindex datagrams |
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1729 |
54265 | 1730 A datagram connection communicates with individual packets rather |
1731 than streams of data. Each call to @code{process-send} sends one | |
1732 datagram packet (@pxref{Input to Processes}), and each datagram | |
1733 received results in one call to the filter function. | |
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1734 |
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1735 The datagram connection doesn't have to talk with the same remote |
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1736 peer all the time. It has a @dfn{remote peer address} which specifies |
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1737 where to send datagrams to. Each time an incoming datagram is passed |
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1738 to the filter function, the peer address is set to the address that |
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1739 datagram came from; that way, if the filter function sends a datagram, |
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1740 it will go back to that place. You can specify the remote peer |
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1741 address when you create the datagram connection using the |
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1742 @code{:remote} keyword. You can change it later on by calling |
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1743 @code{set-process-datagram-address}. |
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1744 |
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1745 @defun process-datagram-address process |
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1746 If @var{process} is a datagram connection or server, this function |
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1747 returns its remote peer address. |
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1748 @end defun |
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1749 |
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1750 @defun set-process-datagram-address process address |
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1751 If @var{process} is a datagram connection or server, this function |
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1752 sets its remote peer address to @var{address}. |
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1753 @end defun |
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1754 |
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1755 @node Low-Level Network |
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1756 @section Low-Level Network Access |
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1757 |
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1758 The basic function for creating network connections and network |
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1759 servers is @code{make-network-process}. It can do either of those |
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1760 jobs, depending on the arguments you give it. |
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1761 |
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1762 @defun make-network-process &rest args |
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1763 This function creates a network connection or server and returns the |
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1764 process object that represents it. The arguments @var{args} are a |
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1765 list of keyword/argument pairs. Omitting a keyword is always |
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1766 equivalent to specifying it with value @code{nil}, except for |
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1767 @code{:coding}, @code{:filter-multibyte}, and @code{:reuseaddr}. Here |
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1768 are the meaningful keywords: |
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1769 |
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1770 @table @asis |
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1771 @item :name name |
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1772 Use the string @var{name} as the process name. It is modified if |
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1773 necessary to make it unique. |
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1774 |
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1775 @item :type @var{type} |
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1776 Specify the communication type. A value of @code{nil} specifies a |
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1777 stream connection (the default); @code{datagram} specifies a datagram |
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1778 connection. Both connections and servers can be of either type. |
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1779 |
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1780 @item :server @var{server-flag} |
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1781 If @var{server-flag} is non-@code{nil}, create a server. Otherwise, |
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1782 create a connection. For a stream type server, @var{server-flag} may |
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1783 be an integer which then specifies the length of the queue of pending |
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1784 connections to the server. The default queue length is 5. |
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1785 |
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1786 @item :host @var{host} |
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1787 Specify the host to connect to. @var{host} should be a host name or |
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1788 internet address, as a string, or the symbol @code{local} to specify |
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1789 the local host. If you specify @var{host} for a server, it must |
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1790 specify a valid address for the local host, and only clients |
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1791 connecting to that address will be accepted. |
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1792 |
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1793 @item :service @var{service} |
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1794 @var{service} specifies a port number to connect to, or, for a server, |
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1795 the port number to listen on. It should be a service name that |
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1796 translates to a port number, or an integer specifying the port number |
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1797 directly. For a server, it can also be @code{t}, which means to let |
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1798 the system select an unused port number. |
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1799 |
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1800 @item :family @var{family} |
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1801 @var{family} specifies the address (and protocol) family for |
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1802 communication. @code{nil} stands for IPv4. @code{local} specifies a |
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1803 Unix socket, in which case @var{host} is ignored. |
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1804 |
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1805 @item :local @var{local-address} |
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1806 For a server process, @var{local-address} is the address to listen on. |
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1807 It overrides @var{family}, @var{host} and @var{service}, and you |
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1808 may as well not specify them. |
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1809 |
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1810 @item :remote @var{remote-address} |
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1811 For a connection, @var{remote-address} is the address to connect to. |
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1812 It overrides @var{family}, @var{host} and @var{service}, and you |
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1813 may as well not specify them. |
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1814 |
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1815 For a datagram server, @var{remote-address} specifies the initial |
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1816 setting of the remote datagram address. |
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1817 |
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1818 The format of @var{local-address} or @var{remote-address} depends on |
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1819 the address family: |
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1820 |
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1821 @itemize - |
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1822 @item |
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1823 An IPv4 address is represented as a vector of integers @code{[@var{a} |
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1824 @var{b} @var{c} @var{d} @var{p}]} corresponding to numeric IP address |
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1825 @var{a}.@var{b}.@var{c}.@var{d} and port number @var{p}. |
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1826 |
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1827 @item |
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1828 A local address is represented as a string which specifies the address |
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1829 in the local address space. |
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1830 |
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1831 @item |
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1832 An ``unsupported family'' address is represented by a cons |
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1833 @code{(@var{f} . @var{av})}, where @var{f} is the family number and |
54265 | 1834 @var{av} is a vector specifying the socket address using one element |
1835 per address data byte. Do not rely on this format in portable code, | |
1836 as it may depend on implementation defined constants, data sizes, and | |
1837 data structure alignment. | |
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1838 @end itemize |
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1839 |
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1840 @item :nowait @var{bool} |
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1841 If @var{bool} is non-@code{nil} for a stream connection, return |
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1842 without waiting for the connection to complete. When the connection |
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1843 succeeds or fails, Emacs will call the sentinel function, with a |
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1844 second argument matching @code{"open"} (if successful) or |
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1845 @code{"failed"}. The default is to block, so that |
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1846 @code{make-network-process} does not return until the connection |
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1847 has succeeded or failed. |
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1848 |
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1849 @item :stop @var{stopped} |
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1850 Start the network connection or server in the `stopped' state if |
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1851 @var{stopped} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1852 |
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1853 @item :buffer @var{buffer} |
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1854 Use @var{buffer} as the process buffer. |
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1855 |
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1856 @item :coding @var{coding} |
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1857 Use @var{coding} as the coding system for this process. To specify |
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1858 different coding systems for decoding data from the connection and for |
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1859 encoding data sent to it, specify @code{(@var{decoding} . |
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1860 @var{encoding})} for @var{coding}. |
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1861 |
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1862 If you don't specify this keyword at all, the default |
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1863 is to determine the coding systems from the data. |
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1864 |
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1865 @item :noquery @var{query-flag} |
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1866 Initialize the process query flag to @var{query-flag}. @xref{Query Before Exit}. |
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1867 |
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1868 @item :filter @var{filter} |
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1869 Initialize the process filter to @var{filter}. |
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1870 |
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1871 @item :filter-multibyte @var{bool} |
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1872 If @var{bool} is non-@code{nil}, strings given to the process filter |
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1873 are multibyte, otherwise they are unibyte. If you don't specify this |
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1874 keyword at all, the default is that the strings are multibyte if |
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1875 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1876 |
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1877 @item :sentinel @var{sentinel} |
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1878 Initialize the process sentinel to @var{sentinel}. |
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1879 |
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1880 @item :log @var{log} |
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1881 Initialize the log function of a server process to @var{log}. The log |
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1882 function is called each time the server accepts a network connection |
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1883 from a client. The arguments passed to the log function are |
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1884 @var{server}, @var{connection}, and @var{message}, where @var{server} |
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1885 is the server process, @var{connection} is the new process for the |
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1886 connection, and @var{message} is a string describing what has |
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1887 happened. |
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1888 |
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1889 @item :plist @var{plist} |
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1890 Initialize the process plist to @var{plist}. |
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1891 @end table |
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1892 |
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1893 The following network options can be specified for the network |
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1894 process. Except for @code{:reuseaddr}, you can set or modify these |
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1895 options later using @code{set-network-process-option}. |
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1896 |
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1897 For a server process, the options specified with |
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1898 @code{make-network-process} are not inherited by the client |
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1899 connections, so you will need to set the necessary options for each |
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1900 child connection as they are created. |
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1901 |
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1902 @table @asis |
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1903 @item :bindtodevice @var{device-name} |
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1904 If @var{device-name} is a non-empty string identifying a network |
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1905 interface name (see @code{network-interface-list}), only handle |
54777 | 1906 packets received on that interface. If @var{device-name} is @code{nil} |
1907 (the default), handle packets received on any interface. | |
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1908 |
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1909 Using this option may require special privileges on some systems. |
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1910 |
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1911 @item :broadcast @var{broadcast-flag} |
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1912 If @var{broadcast-flag} is non-@code{nil} for a datagram process, the |
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1913 process will receive datagram packet sent to a broadcast address, and |
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1914 be able to send packets to a broadcast address. Ignored for a stream |
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1915 connection. |
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1916 |
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1917 @item :dontroute @var{dontroute-flag} |
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1918 If @var{dontroute-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the process can only send |
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1919 to hosts on the same network as the local host. |
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1920 |
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1921 @item :keepalive @var{keepalive-flag} |
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1922 If @var{keepalive-flag} is non-@code{nil} for a stream connection, |
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1923 enable exchange of low-level keep-alive messages. |
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1924 |
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1925 @item :linger @var{linger-arg} |
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1926 If @var{linger-arg} is non-@code{nil}, wait for successful |
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1927 transmission of all queued packets on the connection before it is |
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1928 deleted (see @code{delete-process}). If @var{linger-arg} is an |
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1929 integer, it specifies the maximum time in seconds to wait for queued |
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1930 packets to be sent before closing the connection. Default is |
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1931 @code{nil} which means to discard unsent queued packets when the |
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1932 process is deleted. |
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1933 |
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1934 @item :oobinline @var{oobinline-flag} |
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1935 If @var{oobinline-flag} is non-@code{nil} for a stream connection, |
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1936 receive out-of-band data in the normal data stream. Otherwise, ignore |
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1937 out-of-band data. |
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1938 |
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1939 @item :priority @var{priority} |
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1940 Set the priority for packets sent on this connection to the integer |
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1941 @var{priority}. The interpretation of this number is protocol |
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1942 specific, such as setting the TOS (type of service) field on IP |
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1943 packets sent on this connection. It may also have system dependent |
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1944 effects, such as selecting a specific output queue on the network |
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1945 interface. |
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1946 |
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1947 @item :reuseaddr @var{reuseaddr-flag} |
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1948 If @var{reuseaddr-flag} is non-@code{nil} (the default) for a stream |
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1949 server process, allow this server to reuse a specific port number (see |
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1950 @code{:service}) unless another process on this host is already |
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1951 listening on that port. If @var{reuseaddr-flag} is @code{nil}, there |
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1952 may be a period of time after the last use of that port (by any |
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1953 process on the host), where it is not possible to make a new server on |
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1954 that port. |
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1955 |
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1956 @end table |
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1957 |
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1958 The original argument list, modified with the actual connection |
54864 | 1959 information, is available via the @code{process-contact} function. |
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1960 @end defun |
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1961 |
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1962 @defun set-network-process-option process option value |
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1963 This function sets or modifies a network option for network process |
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1964 @var{process}. See @code{make-network-process} for details of options |
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1965 @var{option} and their corresponding values @var{value}. |
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1966 |
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1967 The current setting of an option is available via the |
54864 | 1968 @code{process-contact} function. |
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1969 @end defun |
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1970 |
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1971 @defun network-interface-list |
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1972 This function returns a list describing the network interfaces |
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1973 of the machine you are using. The value is an alist whose |
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1974 elements have the form @code{(@var{name} . @var{address})}. |
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1975 @var{address} has the same form as the @var{local-address} |
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1976 and @var{remote-address} arguments to @code{make-network-process}. |
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1977 @end defun |
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1978 |
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1979 @defun network-interface-info ifname |
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1980 This function returns information about the network interface named |
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1981 @var{ifname}. The value is a list of the form @code{(@var{addr} @var{bcast} @var{netmask} @var{hwaddr} @var{flags})}. |
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1982 |
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1983 @table @var |
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1984 @item addr |
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1985 The internet protocol address. |
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1986 @item bcast |
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1987 The broadcast address. |
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1988 @item netmask |
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1989 The network mask. |
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1990 @item hwaddr |
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1991 The layer 2 address (Ethernet MAC address, for instance). |
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1992 @item flags |
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1993 The current flags of the interface. |
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1994 @end table |
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1995 @end defun |
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1996 |
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1997 @defun format-network-address address &optional omit-port |
52759 | 1998 This function converts the Lisp representation of a network address to |
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1999 a string. For example, a five-element vector @code{[@var{a} @var{b} |
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2000 @var{c} @var{d} @var{p}]} represents an IP address |
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2001 @var{a}.@var{b}.@var{c}.@var{d} and port number @var{p}. |
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2002 @code{format-network-address} converts that to the string |
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2003 @code{"@var{a}.@var{b}.@var{c}.@var{d}:@var{p}"}. |
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2004 |
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2005 If @var{omit-port} is non-@code{nil}, the value does not include |
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2006 the port number. |
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2007 @end defun |
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2008 |
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2009 To test for the availability of a given network feature, use |
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2010 @code{featurep} like this: |
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2011 |
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2012 @example |
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2013 (featurep 'make-network-process '(@var{keyword} @var{value})) |
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2014 @end example |
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2015 |
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2016 @noindent |
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2017 The result of the first form is @code{t} if it works to specify |
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2018 @var{keyword} with value @var{value} in @code{make-network-process}. |
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2019 The result of the second form is @code{t} if @var{keyword} is |
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2020 supported by @code{make-network-process}. Here are some of the |
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2021 @var{keyword}---@var{value} pairs you can test in |
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2022 this way. |
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2023 |
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2024 @table @code |
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2025 @item (:nowait t) |
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2026 Non-@code{nil} if non-blocking connect is supported. |
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2027 @item (:type datagram) |
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2028 Non-@code{nil} if datagrams are supported. |
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2029 @item (:family local) |
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2030 Non-@code{nil} if local (aka ``UNIX domain'') sockets are supported. |
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2031 @item (:service t) |
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2032 Non-@code{nil} if the system can select the port for a server. |
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2033 @end table |
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2034 |
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2035 To test for the availability of a given network option, use |
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2036 @code{featurep} like this: |
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2037 |
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2038 @example |
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2039 (featurep 'make-network-process '@var{keyword}) |
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2040 @end example |
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2041 |
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2042 Here are some of the option @var{keyword}s you can test in |
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2043 this way. |
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2044 |
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2045 @table @code |
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2046 @item :bindtodevice |
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2047 @itemx :broadcast |
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2048 @itemx :dontroute |
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2049 @itemx :keepalive |
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2050 @itemx :linger |
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2051 @itemx :oobinline |
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2052 @itemx :priority |
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2053 @itemx :reuseaddr |
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2054 That particular network option is supported by |
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2055 @code{make-network-process} and @code{set-network-process-option}. |
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2056 @end table |
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2057 |
52401 | 2058 @ignore |
2059 arch-tag: ba9da253-e65f-4e7f-b727-08fba0a1df7a | |
2060 @end ignore | |
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2061 |