Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/text.texi @ 83220:fe1db7935e1a
Fix core dump in redisplay window. (Reported by Yoshiaki Kasahara.) Plus cleanups.
* src/xdisp.c (handle_single_display_prop): Use FRAME_WINDOW_P instead of
checking against specific frame types. Ignore images on non-window
frames.
(echo_area_display): Use FRAME_INITIAL_P to check for initial frame.
(redisplay_preserve_echo_area): Update for multi-tty support.
(redisplay_window): Don't bother with toolbars, fringe bitmaps or
vertical borders on tty frames.
(display_line): Remove superflous #ifdefs.
git-archimport-id: lorentey@elte.hu--2004/emacs--multi-tty--0--patch-260
author | Karoly Lorentey <lorentey@elte.hu> |
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date | Thu, 14 Oct 2004 14:58:43 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001, 2002, 2004 |
28328 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Text, Programs, Indentation, Top | |
6 @chapter Commands for Human Languages | |
7 @cindex text | |
8 @cindex manipulating text | |
9 | |
10 The term @dfn{text} has two widespread meanings in our area of the | |
11 computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. Any file | |
12 that you edit with Emacs is text, in this sense of the word. The other | |
13 meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human language | |
14 for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text formatter), as | |
15 opposed to a program or commands for a program. | |
16 | |
17 Human languages have syntactic/stylistic conventions that can be | |
18 supported or used to advantage by editor commands: conventions involving | |
19 words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter | |
20 describes Emacs commands for all of these things. There are also | |
21 commands for @dfn{filling}, which means rearranging the lines of a | |
22 paragraph to be approximately equal in length. The commands for moving | |
23 over and killing words, sentences and paragraphs, while intended | |
24 primarily for editing text, are also often useful for editing programs. | |
25 | |
26 Emacs has several major modes for editing human-language text. If the | |
27 file contains text pure and simple, use Text mode, which customizes | |
28 Emacs in small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. Outline mode | |
29 provides special commands for operating on text with an outline | |
30 structure. | |
31 @iftex | |
32 @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
33 @end iftex | |
34 | |
35 For text which contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs | |
36 has other major modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for | |
37 input to @TeX{}, you would use @TeX{} | |
38 @iftex | |
39 mode (@pxref{TeX Mode}). | |
40 @end iftex | |
41 @ifinfo | |
42 mode. | |
43 @end ifinfo | |
44 For input to nroff, use Nroff mode. | |
45 | |
46 Instead of using a text formatter, you can edit formatted text in | |
47 WYSIWYG style (``what you see is what you get''), with Enriched mode. | |
48 Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit. | |
49 @iftex | |
50 @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
51 @end iftex | |
52 | |
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53 @cindex skeletons |
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54 @cindex templates |
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55 @cindex autotyping |
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56 @cindex automatic typing |
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57 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful when writing text. |
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58 @inforef{Top,, autotype}. |
27207 | 59 |
25829 | 60 @menu |
61 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
62 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
63 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
64 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
65 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
66 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
67 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
68 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
69 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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70 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
25829 | 71 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
72 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
73 @end menu | |
74 | |
75 @node Words | |
76 @section Words | |
77 @cindex words | |
78 @cindex Meta commands and words | |
79 | |
80 Emacs has commands for moving over or operating on words. By convention, | |
81 the keys for them are all Meta characters. | |
82 | |
83 @table @kbd | |
84 @item M-f | |
85 Move forward over a word (@code{forward-word}). | |
86 @item M-b | |
87 Move backward over a word (@code{backward-word}). | |
88 @item M-d | |
89 Kill up to the end of a word (@code{kill-word}). | |
90 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
91 Kill back to the beginning of a word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
92 @item M-@@ | |
93 Mark the end of the next word (@code{mark-word}). | |
94 @item M-t | |
95 Transpose two words or drag a word across other words | |
96 (@code{transpose-words}). | |
97 @end table | |
98 | |
99 Notice how these keys form a series that parallels the character-based | |
100 @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-d}, @key{DEL} and @kbd{C-t}. @kbd{M-@@} is | |
101 cognate to @kbd{C-@@}, which is an alias for @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. | |
102 | |
103 @kindex M-f | |
104 @kindex M-b | |
105 @findex forward-word | |
106 @findex backward-word | |
107 The commands @kbd{M-f} (@code{forward-word}) and @kbd{M-b} | |
108 (@code{backward-word}) move forward and backward over words. These | |
109 Meta characters are thus analogous to the corresponding control | |
110 characters, @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b}, which move over single characters | |
111 in the text. The analogy extends to numeric arguments, which serve as | |
112 repeat counts. @kbd{M-f} with a negative argument moves backward, and | |
113 @kbd{M-b} with a negative argument moves forward. Forward motion | |
114 stops right after the last letter of the word, while backward motion | |
115 stops right before the first letter.@refill | |
116 | |
117 @kindex M-d | |
118 @findex kill-word | |
119 @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) kills the word after point. To be | |
120 precise, it kills everything from point to the place @kbd{M-f} would | |
121 move to. Thus, if point is in the middle of a word, @kbd{M-d} kills | |
122 just the part after point. If some punctuation comes between point and the | |
123 next word, it is killed along with the word. (If you wish to kill only the | |
124 next word but not the punctuation before it, simply do @kbd{M-f} to get | |
125 the end, and kill the word backwards with @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
126 @kbd{M-d} takes arguments just like @kbd{M-f}. | |
127 | |
128 @findex backward-kill-word | |
129 @kindex M-DEL | |
130 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} (@code{backward-kill-word}) kills the word before | |
131 point. It kills everything from point back to where @kbd{M-b} would | |
132 move to. If point is after the space in @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}}, then | |
133 @w{@samp{FOO, }} is killed. (If you wish to kill just @samp{FOO}, and | |
134 not the comma and the space, use @kbd{M-b M-d} instead of | |
135 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
136 | |
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137 @c Don't index M-t and transpose-words here, they are indexed in |
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138 @c fixit.texi, in the node "Transpose". |
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139 @c @kindex M-t |
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140 @c @findex transpose-words |
25829 | 141 @kbd{M-t} (@code{transpose-words}) exchanges the word before or |
142 containing point with the following word. The delimiter characters between | |
143 the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into | |
144 @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. @xref{Transpose}, for | |
145 more on transposition and on arguments to transposition commands. | |
146 | |
147 @kindex M-@@ | |
148 @findex mark-word | |
149 To operate on the next @var{n} words with an operation which applies | |
150 between point and mark, you can either set the mark at point and then move | |
151 over the words, or you can use the command @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) | |
152 which does not move point, but sets the mark where @kbd{M-f} would move | |
153 to. @kbd{M-@@} accepts a numeric argument that says how many words to | |
154 scan for the place to put the mark. In Transient Mark mode, this command | |
155 activates the mark. | |
156 | |
157 The word commands' understanding of syntax is completely controlled by | |
158 the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be declared to be a word | |
159 delimiter. @xref{Syntax}. | |
160 | |
161 @node Sentences | |
162 @section Sentences | |
163 @cindex sentences | |
164 @cindex manipulating sentences | |
165 | |
166 The Emacs commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are mostly | |
167 on Meta keys, so as to be like the word-handling commands. | |
168 | |
169 @table @kbd | |
170 @item M-a | |
171 Move back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-sentence}). | |
172 @item M-e | |
173 Move forward to the end of the sentence (@code{forward-sentence}). | |
174 @item M-k | |
175 Kill forward to the end of the sentence (@code{kill-sentence}). | |
176 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
177 Kill back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
178 @end table | |
179 | |
180 @kindex M-a | |
181 @kindex M-e | |
182 @findex backward-sentence | |
183 @findex forward-sentence | |
184 The commands @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} (@code{backward-sentence} and | |
185 @code{forward-sentence}) move to the beginning and end of the current | |
186 sentence, respectively. They were chosen to resemble @kbd{C-a} and | |
187 @kbd{C-e}, which move to the beginning and end of a line. Unlike them, | |
188 @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} if repeated or given numeric arguments move over | |
189 successive sentences. | |
190 | |
191 Moving backward over a sentence places point just before the first | |
192 character of the sentence; moving forward places point right after the | |
193 punctuation that ends the sentence. Neither one moves over the | |
194 whitespace at the sentence boundary. | |
195 | |
196 @kindex M-k | |
197 @kindex C-x DEL | |
198 @findex kill-sentence | |
199 @findex backward-kill-sentence | |
200 Just as @kbd{C-a} and @kbd{C-e} have a kill command, @kbd{C-k}, to go | |
201 with them, so @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} have a corresponding kill command | |
202 @kbd{M-k} (@code{kill-sentence}) which kills from point to the end of | |
203 the sentence. With minus one as an argument it kills back to the | |
204 beginning of the sentence. Larger arguments serve as a repeat count. | |
205 There is also a command, @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} | |
206 (@code{backward-kill-sentence}), for killing back to the beginning of a | |
207 sentence. This command is useful when you change your mind in the | |
208 middle of composing text.@refill | |
209 | |
210 The sentence commands assume that you follow the American typist's | |
211 convention of putting two spaces at the end of a sentence; they consider | |
212 a sentence to end wherever there is a @samp{.}, @samp{?} or @samp{!} | |
213 followed by the end of a line or two spaces, with any number of | |
214 @samp{)}, @samp{]}, @samp{'}, or @samp{"} characters allowed in between. | |
215 A sentence also begins or ends wherever a paragraph begins or ends. | |
216 | |
217 @vindex sentence-end | |
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218 The variable @code{sentence-end} controls recognition of the end of |
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219 a sentence. If non-@code{nil}, it is a regexp that matches the last |
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220 few characters of a sentence, together with the whitespace following |
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221 the sentence. If the value is @code{nil}, the default, then Emacs |
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222 computes the regexp according to various criteria. The result is |
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223 normally similar to the following regexp: |
25829 | 224 |
225 @example | |
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226 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\| $\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" |
25829 | 227 @end example |
228 | |
229 @noindent | |
230 This example is explained in the section on regexps. @xref{Regexps}. | |
231 | |
232 If you want to use just one space between sentences, you should | |
233 set @code{sentence-end} to this value: | |
234 | |
235 @example | |
236 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" | |
237 @end example | |
238 | |
239 @noindent | |
240 You should also set the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} to | |
241 @code{nil} so that the fill commands expect and leave just one space at | |
242 the end of a sentence. Note that this makes it impossible to | |
243 distinguish between periods that end sentences and those that indicate | |
244 abbreviations. | |
245 | |
246 @node Paragraphs | |
247 @section Paragraphs | |
248 @cindex paragraphs | |
249 @cindex manipulating paragraphs | |
250 @kindex M-@{ | |
251 @kindex M-@} | |
252 @findex backward-paragraph | |
253 @findex forward-paragraph | |
254 | |
255 The Emacs commands for manipulating paragraphs are also Meta keys. | |
256 | |
257 @table @kbd | |
258 @item M-@{ | |
259 Move back to previous paragraph beginning (@code{backward-paragraph}). | |
260 @item M-@} | |
261 Move forward to next paragraph end (@code{forward-paragraph}). | |
262 @item M-h | |
263 Put point and mark around this or next paragraph (@code{mark-paragraph}). | |
264 @end table | |
265 | |
266 @kbd{M-@{} moves to the beginning of the current or previous | |
267 paragraph, while @kbd{M-@}} moves to the end of the current or next | |
268 paragraph. Blank lines and text-formatter command lines separate | |
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269 paragraphs and are not considered part of any paragraph. In Indented |
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270 Text mode, but not in Text mode, an indented line also starts a new |
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271 paragraph. (If a paragraph is preceded by a blank line, these |
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272 commands treat that blank line as the beginning of the paragraph.) |
25829 | 273 |
274 In major modes for programs, paragraphs begin and end only at blank | |
275 lines. This makes the paragraph commands continue to be useful even | |
276 though there are no paragraphs per se. | |
277 | |
278 When there is a fill prefix, then paragraphs are delimited by all lines | |
279 which don't start with the fill prefix. @xref{Filling}. | |
280 | |
281 @kindex M-h | |
282 @findex mark-paragraph | |
283 When you wish to operate on a paragraph, you can use the command | |
284 @kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) to set the region around it. Thus, | |
285 for example, @kbd{M-h C-w} kills the paragraph around or after point. | |
286 The @kbd{M-h} command puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of | |
287 the paragraph point was in. In Transient Mark mode, it activates the | |
288 mark. If point is between paragraphs (in a run of blank lines, or at a | |
289 boundary), the paragraph following point is surrounded by point and | |
290 mark. If there are blank lines preceding the first line of the | |
291 paragraph, one of these blank lines is included in the region. | |
292 | |
293 @vindex paragraph-start | |
294 @vindex paragraph-separate | |
295 The precise definition of a paragraph boundary is controlled by the | |
296 variables @code{paragraph-separate} and @code{paragraph-start}. The | |
297 value of @code{paragraph-start} is a regexp that should match any line | |
298 that either starts or separates paragraphs. The value of | |
299 @code{paragraph-separate} is another regexp that should match only lines | |
300 that separate paragraphs without being part of any paragraph (for | |
301 example, blank lines). Lines that start a new paragraph and are | |
302 contained in it must match only @code{paragraph-start}, not | |
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303 @code{paragraph-separate}. Each regular expression must match at the |
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304 left margin. For example, in Fundamental mode, @code{paragraph-start} |
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305 is @w{@code{"\f\\|[ \t]*$"}}, and @code{paragraph-separate} is |
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306 @w{@code{"[ \t\f]*$"}}. |
25829 | 307 |
308 Normally it is desirable for page boundaries to separate paragraphs. | |
309 The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for | |
310 pages. | |
311 | |
312 @node Pages | |
313 @section Pages | |
314 | |
315 @cindex pages | |
316 @cindex formfeed | |
317 Files are often thought of as divided into @dfn{pages} by the | |
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318 @dfn{formfeed} character (@acronym{ASCII} control-L, octal code 014). |
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319 When you print hardcopy for a file, this character forces a page break; |
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320 thus, each page of the file goes on a separate page on paper. Most Emacs |
25829 | 321 commands treat the page-separator character just like any other |
322 character: you can insert it with @kbd{C-q C-l}, and delete it with | |
323 @key{DEL}. Thus, you are free to paginate your file or not. However, | |
324 since pages are often meaningful divisions of the file, Emacs provides | |
325 commands to move over them and operate on them. | |
326 | |
327 @table @kbd | |
328 @item C-x [ | |
329 Move point to previous page boundary (@code{backward-page}). | |
330 @item C-x ] | |
331 Move point to next page boundary (@code{forward-page}). | |
332 @item C-x C-p | |
333 Put point and mark around this page (or another page) (@code{mark-page}). | |
334 @item C-x l | |
335 Count the lines in this page (@code{count-lines-page}). | |
336 @end table | |
337 | |
338 @kindex C-x [ | |
339 @kindex C-x ] | |
340 @findex forward-page | |
341 @findex backward-page | |
342 The @kbd{C-x [} (@code{backward-page}) command moves point to immediately | |
343 after the previous page delimiter. If point is already right after a page | |
344 delimiter, it skips that one and stops at the previous one. A numeric | |
345 argument serves as a repeat count. The @kbd{C-x ]} (@code{forward-page}) | |
346 command moves forward past the next page delimiter. | |
347 | |
348 @kindex C-x C-p | |
349 @findex mark-page | |
350 The @kbd{C-x C-p} command (@code{mark-page}) puts point at the | |
351 beginning of the current page and the mark at the end. The page | |
352 delimiter at the end is included (the mark follows it). The page | |
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353 delimiter at the front is excluded (point follows it). In Transient |
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354 Mark mode, this command activates the mark. |
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355 |
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356 @kbd{C-x C-p C-w} is a handy way to kill a page to move it |
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357 elsewhere. If you move to another page delimiter with @kbd{C-x [} and |
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358 @kbd{C-x ]}, then yank the killed page, all the pages will be properly |
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359 delimited once again. The reason @kbd{C-x C-p} includes only the |
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360 following page delimiter in the region is to ensure that. |
25829 | 361 |
362 A numeric argument to @kbd{C-x C-p} is used to specify which page to go | |
363 to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One means | |
364 the next page, and @minus{}1 means the previous one. | |
365 | |
366 @kindex C-x l | |
367 @findex count-lines-page | |
368 The @kbd{C-x l} command (@code{count-lines-page}) is good for deciding | |
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369 where to break a page in two. It displays in the echo area the total number |
25829 | 370 of lines in the current page, and then divides it up into those preceding |
371 the current line and those following, as in | |
372 | |
373 @example | |
374 Page has 96 (72+25) lines | |
375 @end example | |
376 | |
377 @noindent | |
378 Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at the | |
379 beginning of a line. | |
380 | |
381 @vindex page-delimiter | |
382 The variable @code{page-delimiter} controls where pages begin. Its | |
383 value is a regexp that matches the beginning of a line that separates | |
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384 pages. The normal value of this variable is @code{"^\f"}, which |
25829 | 385 matches a formfeed character at the beginning of a line. |
386 | |
387 @node Filling | |
388 @section Filling Text | |
389 @cindex filling text | |
390 | |
391 @dfn{Filling} text means breaking it up into lines that fit a | |
392 specified width. Emacs does filling in two ways. In Auto Fill mode, | |
393 inserting text with self-inserting characters also automatically fills | |
394 it. There are also explicit fill commands that you can use when editing | |
395 text leaves it unfilled. When you edit formatted text, you can specify | |
396 a style of filling for each portion of the text (@pxref{Formatted | |
397 Text}). | |
398 | |
399 @menu | |
400 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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401 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
25829 | 402 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
403 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
404 or in a comment, etc. | |
405 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
406 @end menu | |
407 | |
408 @node Auto Fill | |
409 @subsection Auto Fill Mode | |
410 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
411 @cindex mode, Auto Fill | |
412 @cindex word wrap | |
413 | |
414 @dfn{Auto Fill} mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken | |
415 automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when | |
416 you type a @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. | |
417 | |
418 @table @kbd | |
419 @item M-x auto-fill-mode | |
420 Enable or disable Auto Fill mode. | |
421 @item @key{SPC} | |
422 @itemx @key{RET} | |
423 In Auto Fill mode, break lines when appropriate. | |
424 @end table | |
425 | |
426 @findex auto-fill-mode | |
427 @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode} turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off | |
428 if it was on. With a positive numeric argument it always turns Auto | |
429 Fill mode on, and with a negative argument always turns it off. You can | |
430 see when Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word | |
431 @samp{Fill} in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Auto Fill mode is | |
432 a minor mode which is enabled or disabled for each buffer individually. | |
433 @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
434 | |
435 In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when they | |
436 get longer than the desired width. Line breaking and rearrangement | |
437 takes place only when you type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. If you wish to | |
438 insert a space or newline without permitting line-breaking, type | |
439 @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}} or @kbd{C-q C-j} (recall that a newline is really a | |
440 control-J). Also, @kbd{C-o} inserts a newline without line breaking. | |
441 | |
442 Auto Fill mode works well with programming-language modes, because it | |
443 indents new lines with @key{TAB}. If a line ending in a comment gets | |
444 too long, the text of the comment is split into two comment lines. | |
445 Optionally, new comment delimiters are inserted at the end of the first | |
446 line and the beginning of the second so that each line is a separate | |
447 comment; the variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls the choice | |
448 (@pxref{Comments}). | |
449 | |
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450 Adaptive filling (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}) works for Auto Filling as |
25829 | 451 well as for explicit fill commands. It takes a fill prefix |
452 automatically from the second or first line of a paragraph. | |
453 | |
454 Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs; it can break lines but | |
455 cannot merge lines. So editing in the middle of a paragraph can result in | |
456 a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to make the | |
457 paragraph properly filled again is usually with the explicit fill commands. | |
458 @ifinfo | |
459 @xref{Fill Commands}. | |
460 @end ifinfo | |
461 | |
462 Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. | |
463 The section on init files says how to arrange this permanently for yourself. | |
464 @xref{Init File}. | |
465 | |
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466 @node Refill |
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467 @subsection Refill Mode |
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468 @cindex refilling text, word processor style |
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469 @cindex modes, Refill |
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470 @cindex Refill minor mode |
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471 |
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472 Refill minor mode provides support for keeping paragraphs filled as |
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473 you type or modify them in other ways. It provides an effect similar |
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474 to typical word processor behavior. This works by running a |
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475 paragraph-filling command at suitable times. |
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476 |
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477 When you are typing text, only characters which normally trigger |
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478 auto filling, like the space character, will trigger refilling. This |
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479 is to avoid making it too slow. Apart from self-inserting characters, |
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480 other commands which modify the text cause refilling. |
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481 |
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482 The current implementation is preliminary and probably not robust. |
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483 We expect to improve on it. |
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484 |
36299 | 485 To toggle the use of Refill mode in the current buffer, type |
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486 @kbd{M-x refill-mode}. |
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487 |
25829 | 488 @node Fill Commands |
489 @subsection Explicit Fill Commands | |
490 | |
491 @table @kbd | |
492 @item M-q | |
493 Fill current paragraph (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
494 @item C-x f | |
495 Set the fill column (@code{set-fill-column}). | |
496 @item M-x fill-region | |
497 Fill each paragraph in the region (@code{fill-region}). | |
498 @item M-x fill-region-as-paragraph | |
499 Fill the region, considering it as one paragraph. | |
500 @item M-s | |
501 Center a line. | |
502 @end table | |
503 | |
504 @kindex M-q | |
505 @findex fill-paragraph | |
506 To refill a paragraph, use the command @kbd{M-q} | |
507 (@code{fill-paragraph}). This operates on the paragraph that point is | |
508 inside, or the one after point if point is between paragraphs. | |
509 Refilling works by removing all the line-breaks, then inserting new ones | |
510 where necessary. | |
511 | |
512 @findex fill-region | |
513 To refill many paragraphs, use @kbd{M-x fill-region}, which | |
514 divides the region into paragraphs and fills each of them. | |
515 | |
516 @findex fill-region-as-paragraph | |
517 @kbd{M-q} and @code{fill-region} use the same criteria as @kbd{M-h} | |
518 for finding paragraph boundaries (@pxref{Paragraphs}). For more | |
519 control, you can use @kbd{M-x fill-region-as-paragraph}, which refills | |
520 everything between point and mark. This command deletes any blank lines | |
521 within the region, so separate blocks of text end up combined into one | |
522 block.@refill | |
523 | |
524 @cindex justification | |
525 A numeric argument to @kbd{M-q} causes it to @dfn{justify} the text as | |
526 well as filling it. This means that extra spaces are inserted to make | |
527 the right margin line up exactly at the fill column. To remove the | |
528 extra spaces, use @kbd{M-q} with no argument. (Likewise for | |
529 @code{fill-region}.) Another way to control justification, and choose | |
530 other styles of filling, is with the @code{justification} text property; | |
531 see @ref{Format Justification}. | |
532 | |
533 @kindex M-s @r{(Text mode)} | |
534 @cindex centering | |
535 @findex center-line | |
536 The command @kbd{M-s} (@code{center-line}) centers the current line | |
537 within the current fill column. With an argument @var{n}, it centers | |
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538 @var{n} lines individually and moves past them. This binding is |
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539 made by Text mode and is available only in that and related modes |
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540 (@pxref{Text Mode}). |
25829 | 541 |
542 @vindex fill-column | |
543 @kindex C-x f | |
544 @findex set-fill-column | |
545 The maximum line width for filling is in the variable | |
546 @code{fill-column}. Altering the value of @code{fill-column} makes it | |
547 local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in | |
548 effect. The default is initially 70. @xref{Locals}. The easiest way | |
549 to set @code{fill-column} is to use the command @kbd{C-x f} | |
550 (@code{set-fill-column}). With a numeric argument, it uses that as the | |
551 new fill column. With just @kbd{C-u} as argument, it sets | |
552 @code{fill-column} to the current horizontal position of point. | |
553 | |
554 Emacs commands normally consider a period followed by two spaces or by | |
555 a newline as the end of a sentence; a period followed by just one space | |
556 indicates an abbreviation and not the end of a sentence. To preserve | |
557 the distinction between these two ways of using a period, the fill | |
558 commands do not break a line after a period followed by just one space. | |
559 | |
560 @vindex sentence-end-double-space | |
561 If the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} is @code{nil}, the | |
562 fill commands expect and leave just one space at the end of a sentence. | |
563 Ordinarily this variable is @code{t}, so the fill commands insist on | |
564 two spaces for the end of a sentence, as explained above. @xref{Sentences}. | |
565 | |
566 @vindex colon-double-space | |
567 If the variable @code{colon-double-space} is non-@code{nil}, the | |
568 fill commands put two spaces after a colon. | |
569 | |
31950 | 570 @vindex sentence-end-without-period |
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571 Some languages do not use period to indicate end of sentence. For |
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572 example, a sentence in Thai text ends with double space but without a |
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573 period. Set the variable @code{sentence-end-without-period} to |
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574 @code{t} to tell the sentence commands that a period is not necessary. |
31950 | 575 |
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576 @vindex fill-nobreak-predicate |
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577 The variable @code{fill-nobreak-predicate} specifies additional |
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578 conditions for where line-breaking is allowed. Its value is either |
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579 @code{nil} or a Lisp function; the function is called with no |
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580 arguments, and if it returns a non-@code{nil} value, then point is not |
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581 a good place to break the line. Two standard functions you can use are |
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582 @code{fill-single-word-nobreak-p} (don't break after the first word of |
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583 a sentence or before the last) and @code{fill-french-nobreak-p} (don't |
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584 break after @samp{(} or before @samp{)}, @samp{:} or @samp{?}). |
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585 |
25829 | 586 @node Fill Prefix |
587 @subsection The Fill Prefix | |
588 | |
589 @cindex fill prefix | |
590 To fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker | |
591 (which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), you can use | |
592 the @dfn{fill prefix} feature. The fill prefix is a string that Emacs | |
593 expects every line to start with, and which is not included in filling. | |
594 You can specify a fill prefix explicitly; Emacs can also deduce the | |
595 fill prefix automatically (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}). | |
596 | |
597 @table @kbd | |
598 @item C-x . | |
599 Set the fill prefix (@code{set-fill-prefix}). | |
600 @item M-q | |
601 Fill a paragraph using current fill prefix (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
602 @item M-x fill-individual-paragraphs | |
603 Fill the region, considering each change of indentation as starting a | |
604 new paragraph. | |
605 @item M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
606 Fill the region, considering only paragraph-separator lines as starting | |
607 a new paragraph. | |
608 @end table | |
609 | |
610 @kindex C-x . | |
611 @findex set-fill-prefix | |
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612 To specify a fill prefix for the current buffer, move to a line that |
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613 starts with the desired prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, |
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614 and give the command @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: (@code{set-fill-prefix}). |
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615 That's a period after the @kbd{C-x}. To turn off the fill prefix, |
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616 specify an empty prefix: type @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: with point at the |
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617 beginning of a line.@refill |
25829 | 618 |
619 When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill | |
620 prefix from each line before filling and insert it on each line after | |
621 filling. Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix automatically when | |
622 it makes a new line. The @kbd{C-o} command inserts the fill prefix on | |
623 new lines it creates, when you use it at the beginning of a line | |
624 (@pxref{Blank Lines}). Conversely, the command @kbd{M-^} deletes the | |
625 prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it deletes | |
626 (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
627 | |
628 For example, if @code{fill-column} is 40 and you set the fill prefix | |
629 to @samp{;; }, then @kbd{M-q} in the following text | |
630 | |
631 @example | |
632 ;; This is an | |
633 ;; example of a paragraph | |
634 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
635 @end example | |
636 | |
637 @noindent | |
638 produces this: | |
639 | |
640 @example | |
641 ;; This is an example of a paragraph | |
642 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
643 @end example | |
644 | |
645 Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are considered to start | |
646 paragraphs, both in @kbd{M-q} and the paragraph commands; this gives | |
647 good results for paragraphs with hanging indentation (every line | |
648 indented except the first one). Lines which are blank or indented once | |
649 the prefix is removed also separate or start paragraphs; this is what | |
650 you want if you are writing multi-paragraph comments with a comment | |
651 delimiter on each line. | |
652 | |
653 @findex fill-individual-paragraphs | |
654 You can use @kbd{M-x fill-individual-paragraphs} to set the fill | |
655 prefix for each paragraph automatically. This command divides the | |
656 region into paragraphs, treating every change in the amount of | |
657 indentation as the start of a new paragraph, and fills each of these | |
658 paragraphs. Thus, all the lines in one ``paragraph'' have the same | |
659 amount of indentation. That indentation serves as the fill prefix for | |
660 that paragraph. | |
661 | |
662 @findex fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
663 @kbd{M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs} is a similar command that divides | |
664 the region into paragraphs in a different way. It considers only | |
665 paragraph-separating lines (as defined by @code{paragraph-separate}) as | |
666 starting a new paragraph. Since this means that the lines of one | |
667 paragraph may have different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix | |
668 used is the smallest amount of indentation of any of the lines of the | |
669 paragraph. This gives good results with styles that indent a paragraph's | |
670 first line more or less that the rest of the paragraph. | |
671 | |
672 @vindex fill-prefix | |
673 The fill prefix is stored in the variable @code{fill-prefix}. Its value | |
674 is a string, or @code{nil} when there is no fill prefix. This is a | |
675 per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, | |
676 but there is a default value which you can change as well. @xref{Locals}. | |
677 | |
678 The @code{indentation} text property provides another way to control | |
679 the amount of indentation paragraphs receive. @xref{Format Indentation}. | |
680 | |
681 @node Adaptive Fill | |
682 @subsection Adaptive Filling | |
683 | |
684 @cindex adaptive filling | |
685 The fill commands can deduce the proper fill prefix for a paragraph | |
686 automatically in certain cases: either whitespace or certain punctuation | |
687 characters at the beginning of a line are propagated to all lines of the | |
688 paragraph. | |
689 | |
690 If the paragraph has two or more lines, the fill prefix is taken from | |
691 the paragraph's second line, but only if it appears on the first line as | |
692 well. | |
693 | |
694 If a paragraph has just one line, fill commands @emph{may} take a | |
695 prefix from that line. The decision is complicated because there are | |
696 three reasonable things to do in such a case: | |
697 | |
698 @itemize @bullet | |
699 @item | |
700 Use the first line's prefix on all the lines of the paragraph. | |
701 | |
702 @item | |
703 Indent subsequent lines with whitespace, so that they line up under the | |
704 text that follows the prefix on the first line, but don't actually copy | |
705 the prefix from the first line. | |
706 | |
707 @item | |
708 Don't do anything special with the second and following lines. | |
709 @end itemize | |
710 | |
711 All three of these styles of formatting are commonly used. So the | |
712 fill commands try to determine what you would like, based on the prefix | |
713 that appears and on the major mode. Here is how. | |
714 | |
715 @vindex adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp | |
716 If the prefix found on the first line matches | |
717 @code{adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp}, or if it appears to be a | |
718 comment-starting sequence (this depends on the major mode), then the | |
719 prefix found is used for filling the paragraph, provided it would not | |
720 act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. | |
721 | |
722 Otherwise, the prefix found is converted to an equivalent number of | |
723 spaces, and those spaces are used as the fill prefix for the rest of the | |
724 lines, provided they would not act as a paragraph starter on subsequent | |
725 lines. | |
726 | |
727 In Text mode, and other modes where only blank lines and page | |
728 delimiters separate paragraphs, the prefix chosen by adaptive filling | |
729 never acts as a paragraph starter, so it can always be used for filling. | |
730 | |
731 @vindex adaptive-fill-mode | |
732 @vindex adaptive-fill-regexp | |
733 The variable @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} determines what kinds of line | |
734 beginnings can serve as a fill prefix: any characters at the start of | |
735 the line that match this regular expression are used. If you set the | |
736 variable @code{adaptive-fill-mode} to @code{nil}, the fill prefix is | |
737 never chosen automatically. | |
738 | |
739 @vindex adaptive-fill-function | |
740 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix | |
741 automatically by setting the variable @code{adaptive-fill-function} to a | |
742 function. This function is called with point after the left margin of a | |
743 line, and it should return the appropriate fill prefix based on that | |
744 line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees no fill prefix in | |
745 that line. | |
746 | |
747 @node Case | |
748 @section Case Conversion Commands | |
749 @cindex case conversion | |
750 | |
751 Emacs has commands for converting either a single word or any arbitrary | |
752 range of text to upper case or to lower case. | |
753 | |
754 @table @kbd | |
755 @item M-l | |
756 Convert following word to lower case (@code{downcase-word}). | |
757 @item M-u | |
758 Convert following word to upper case (@code{upcase-word}). | |
759 @item M-c | |
760 Capitalize the following word (@code{capitalize-word}). | |
761 @item C-x C-l | |
762 Convert region to lower case (@code{downcase-region}). | |
763 @item C-x C-u | |
764 Convert region to upper case (@code{upcase-region}). | |
765 @end table | |
766 | |
767 @kindex M-l | |
768 @kindex M-u | |
769 @kindex M-c | |
770 @cindex words, case conversion | |
771 @cindex converting text to upper or lower case | |
772 @cindex capitalizing words | |
773 @findex downcase-word | |
774 @findex upcase-word | |
775 @findex capitalize-word | |
776 The word conversion commands are the most useful. @kbd{M-l} | |
777 (@code{downcase-word}) converts the word after point to lower case, moving | |
778 past it. Thus, repeating @kbd{M-l} converts successive words. | |
779 @kbd{M-u} (@code{upcase-word}) converts to all capitals instead, while | |
780 @kbd{M-c} (@code{capitalize-word}) puts the first letter of the word | |
781 into upper case and the rest into lower case. All these commands convert | |
782 several words at once if given an argument. They are especially convenient | |
783 for converting a large amount of text from all upper case to mixed case, | |
784 because you can move through the text using @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} or | |
785 @kbd{M-c} on each word as appropriate, occasionally using @kbd{M-f} instead | |
786 to skip a word. | |
787 | |
788 When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands apply | |
789 to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move point. | |
790 This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case: you | |
791 can give the case conversion command and continue typing. | |
792 | |
793 If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word, it | |
794 applies only to the part of the word which follows point. This is just | |
795 like what @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) does. With a negative argument, | |
796 case conversion applies only to the part of the word before point. | |
797 | |
798 @kindex C-x C-l | |
799 @kindex C-x C-u | |
800 @findex downcase-region | |
801 @findex upcase-region | |
802 The other case conversion commands are @kbd{C-x C-u} | |
803 (@code{upcase-region}) and @kbd{C-x C-l} (@code{downcase-region}), which | |
804 convert everything between point and mark to the specified case. Point and | |
805 mark do not move. | |
806 | |
807 The region case conversion commands @code{upcase-region} and | |
808 @code{downcase-region} are normally disabled. This means that they ask | |
809 for confirmation if you try to use them. When you confirm, you may | |
810 enable the command, which means it will not ask for confirmation again. | |
811 @xref{Disabling}. | |
812 | |
813 @node Text Mode | |
814 @section Text Mode | |
815 @cindex Text mode | |
816 @cindex mode, Text | |
817 @findex text-mode | |
818 | |
819 When you edit files of text in a human language, it's more convenient | |
820 to use Text mode rather than Fundamental mode. To enter Text mode, type | |
821 @kbd{M-x text-mode}. | |
822 | |
823 In Text mode, only blank lines and page delimiters separate | |
824 paragraphs. As a result, paragraphs can be indented, and adaptive | |
825 filling determines what indentation to use when filling a paragraph. | |
826 @xref{Adaptive Fill}. | |
827 | |
828 @kindex TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
829 Text mode defines @key{TAB} to run @code{indent-relative} | |
830 (@pxref{Indentation}), so that you can conveniently indent a line like | |
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831 the previous line. |
25829 | 832 |
833 Text mode turns off the features concerned with comments except when | |
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834 you explicitly invoke them. It changes the syntax table so that |
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835 single-quotes are considered part of words. However, if a word starts |
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836 with single-quotes, then these are treated as a prefix for purposes |
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837 such as capitalization. That is, @kbd{M-c} will convert |
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838 @samp{'hello'} into @samp{'Hello'}, as expected. |
25829 | 839 |
840 @cindex Paragraph-Indent Text mode | |
841 @cindex mode, Paragraph-Indent Text | |
842 @findex paragraph-indent-text-mode | |
27207 | 843 @findex paragraph-indent-minor-mode |
25829 | 844 If you indent the first lines of paragraphs, then you should use |
845 Paragraph-Indent Text mode rather than Text mode. In this mode, you do | |
846 not need to have blank lines between paragraphs, because the first-line | |
847 indentation is sufficient to start a paragraph; however paragraphs in | |
848 which every line is indented are not supported. Use @kbd{M-x | |
27207 | 849 paragraph-indent-text-mode} to enter this mode. Use @kbd{M-x |
850 paragraph-indent-minor-mode} to enter an equivalent minor mode, for | |
851 instance during mail composition. | |
25829 | 852 |
853 @kindex M-TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
854 Text mode, and all the modes based on it, define @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} as | |
855 the command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which performs completion of | |
856 the partial word in the buffer before point, using the spelling | |
857 dictionary as the space of possible words. @xref{Spelling}. | |
858 | |
859 @vindex text-mode-hook | |
860 Entering Text mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}. Other major | |
861 modes related to Text mode also run this hook, followed by hooks of | |
862 their own; this includes Paragraph-Indent Text mode, Nroff mode, @TeX{} | |
863 mode, Outline mode, and Mail mode. Hook functions on | |
864 @code{text-mode-hook} can look at the value of @code{major-mode} to see | |
865 which of these modes is actually being entered. @xref{Hooks}. | |
866 | |
867 @ifinfo | |
868 Emacs provides two other modes for editing text that is to be passed | |
869 through a text formatter to produce fancy formatted printed output. | |
870 @xref{Nroff Mode}, for editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
871 @xref{TeX Mode}, for editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
872 | |
873 Another mode is used for editing outlines. It allows you to view the | |
874 text at various levels of detail. You can view either the outline | |
875 headings alone or both headings and text; you can also hide some of the | |
876 headings at lower levels from view to make the high level structure more | |
877 visible. @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
878 @end ifinfo | |
879 | |
880 @node Outline Mode | |
881 @section Outline Mode | |
882 @cindex Outline mode | |
883 @cindex mode, Outline | |
884 @cindex invisible lines | |
885 | |
886 @findex outline-mode | |
887 @findex outline-minor-mode | |
888 @vindex outline-minor-mode-prefix | |
889 Outline mode is a major mode much like Text mode but intended for | |
890 editing outlines. It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily | |
891 invisible so that you can see the outline structure. Type @kbd{M-x | |
892 outline-mode} to switch to Outline mode as the major mode of the current | |
893 buffer. | |
894 | |
895 When Outline mode makes a line invisible, the line does not appear on | |
896 the screen. The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line were | |
897 deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears at the | |
898 end of the previous visible line (only one ellipsis no matter how many | |
899 invisible lines follow). | |
900 | |
901 Editing commands that operate on lines, such as @kbd{C-n} and | |
902 @kbd{C-p}, treat the text of the invisible line as part of the previous | |
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903 visible line. Killing the ellipsis at the end of a visible line |
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904 really kills all the following invisible lines. |
25829 | 905 |
906 Outline minor mode provides the same commands as the major mode, | |
907 Outline mode, but you can use it in conjunction with other major modes. | |
908 Type @kbd{M-x outline-minor-mode} to enable the Outline minor mode in | |
909 the current buffer. You can also specify this in the text of a file, | |
910 with a file local variable of the form @samp{mode: outline-minor} | |
911 (@pxref{File Variables}). | |
912 | |
913 @kindex C-c @@ @r{(Outline minor mode)} | |
914 The major mode, Outline mode, provides special key bindings on the | |
915 @kbd{C-c} prefix. Outline minor mode provides similar bindings with | |
916 @kbd{C-c @@} as the prefix; this is to reduce the conflicts with the | |
917 major mode's special commands. (The variable | |
918 @code{outline-minor-mode-prefix} controls the prefix used.) | |
919 | |
920 @vindex outline-mode-hook | |
921 Entering Outline mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook} followed by | |
922 the hook @code{outline-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
923 | |
924 @menu | |
925 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. | |
926 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through | |
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927 outlines. |
25829 | 928 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. |
929 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. | |
28328 | 930 * Foldout:: Folding editing. |
25829 | 931 @end menu |
932 | |
933 @node Outline Format | |
934 @subsection Format of Outlines | |
935 | |
936 @cindex heading lines (Outline mode) | |
937 @cindex body lines (Outline mode) | |
938 Outline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types: | |
939 @dfn{heading lines} and @dfn{body lines}. A heading line represents a | |
940 topic in the outline. Heading lines start with one or more stars; the | |
941 number of stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline | |
942 structure. Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the | |
943 heading lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading | |
944 are its subtopics; and so on. Any line that is not a heading line is a | |
945 body line. Body lines belong with the preceding heading line. Here is | |
946 an example: | |
947 | |
948 @example | |
949 * Food | |
950 This is the body, | |
951 which says something about the topic of food. | |
952 | |
953 ** Delicious Food | |
954 This is the body of the second-level header. | |
955 | |
956 ** Distasteful Food | |
957 This could have | |
958 a body too, with | |
959 several lines. | |
960 | |
961 *** Dormitory Food | |
962 | |
963 * Shelter | |
964 Another first-level topic with its header line. | |
965 @end example | |
966 | |
967 A heading line together with all following body lines is called | |
968 collectively an @dfn{entry}. A heading line together with all following | |
969 deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a @dfn{subtree}. | |
970 | |
971 @vindex outline-regexp | |
972 You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines | |
973 by setting the variable @code{outline-regexp}. Any line whose | |
974 beginning has a match for this regexp is considered a heading line. | |
975 Matches that start within a line (not at the left margin) do not count. | |
976 The length of the matching text determines the level of the heading; | |
977 longer matches make a more deeply nested level. Thus, for example, | |
978 if a text formatter has commands @samp{@@chapter}, @samp{@@section} | |
979 and @samp{@@subsection} to divide the document into chapters and | |
980 sections, you could make those lines count as heading lines by | |
981 setting @code{outline-regexp} to @samp{"@@chap\\|@@\\(sub\\)*section"}. | |
982 Note the trick: the two words @samp{chapter} and @samp{section} are equally | |
983 long, but by defining the regexp to match only @samp{chap} we ensure | |
984 that the length of the text matched on a chapter heading is shorter, | |
985 so that Outline mode will know that sections are contained in chapters. | |
986 This works as long as no other command starts with @samp{@@chap}. | |
987 | |
988 @vindex outline-level | |
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989 You can change the rule for calculating the level of a heading line |
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990 by setting the variable @code{outline-level}. The value of |
25829 | 991 @code{outline-level} should be a function that takes no arguments and |
992 returns the level of the current heading. Some major modes such as C, | |
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993 Nroff, and Emacs Lisp mode set this variable and @code{outline-regexp} |
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994 in order to work with Outline minor mode. |
25829 | 995 |
996 @node Outline Motion | |
997 @subsection Outline Motion Commands | |
998 | |
999 Outline mode provides special motion commands that move backward and | |
1000 forward to heading lines. | |
1001 | |
1002 @table @kbd | |
1003 @item C-c C-n | |
1004 Move point to the next visible heading line | |
1005 (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}). | |
1006 @item C-c C-p | |
1007 Move point to the previous visible heading line | |
1008 (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}). | |
1009 @item C-c C-f | |
1010 Move point to the next visible heading line at the same level | |
1011 as the one point is on (@code{outline-forward-same-level}). | |
1012 @item C-c C-b | |
1013 Move point to the previous visible heading line at the same level | |
1014 (@code{outline-backward-same-level}). | |
1015 @item C-c C-u | |
1016 Move point up to a lower-level (more inclusive) visible heading line | |
1017 (@code{outline-up-heading}). | |
1018 @end table | |
1019 | |
1020 @findex outline-next-visible-heading | |
1021 @findex outline-previous-visible-heading | |
1022 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1023 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1024 @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}) moves down to the next | |
1025 heading line. @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}) moves | |
1026 similarly backward. Both accept numeric arguments as repeat counts. The | |
1027 names emphasize that invisible headings are skipped, but this is not really | |
1028 a special feature. All editing commands that look for lines ignore the | |
1029 invisible lines automatically.@refill | |
1030 | |
1031 @findex outline-up-heading | |
1032 @findex outline-forward-same-level | |
1033 @findex outline-backward-same-level | |
1034 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1035 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1036 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1037 More powerful motion commands understand the level structure of headings. | |
1038 @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{outline-forward-same-level}) and | |
1039 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{outline-backward-same-level}) move from one | |
1040 heading line to another visible heading at the same depth in | |
1041 the outline. @kbd{C-c C-u} (@code{outline-up-heading}) moves | |
1042 backward to another heading that is less deeply nested. | |
1043 | |
1044 @node Outline Visibility | |
1045 @subsection Outline Visibility Commands | |
1046 | |
1047 The other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines visible | |
1048 or invisible. Their names all start with @code{hide} or @code{show}. | |
1049 Most of them fall into pairs of opposites. They are not undoable; instead, | |
1050 you can undo right past them. Making lines visible or invisible is simply | |
1051 not recorded by the undo mechanism. | |
1052 | |
1053 @table @kbd | |
1054 @item C-c C-t | |
1055 Make all body lines in the buffer invisible (@code{hide-body}). | |
1056 @item C-c C-a | |
1057 Make all lines in the buffer visible (@code{show-all}). | |
1058 @item C-c C-d | |
1059 Make everything under this heading invisible, not including this | |
1060 heading itself (@code{hide-subtree}). | |
1061 @item C-c C-s | |
1062 Make everything under this heading visible, including body, | |
1063 subheadings, and their bodies (@code{show-subtree}). | |
1064 @item C-c C-l | |
1065 Make the body of this heading line, and of all its subheadings, | |
1066 invisible (@code{hide-leaves}). | |
1067 @item C-c C-k | |
1068 Make all subheadings of this heading line, at all levels, visible | |
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1069 (@code{show-branches}). |
25829 | 1070 @item C-c C-i |
1071 Make immediate subheadings (one level down) of this heading line | |
1072 visible (@code{show-children}). | |
1073 @item C-c C-c | |
1074 Make this heading line's body invisible (@code{hide-entry}). | |
1075 @item C-c C-e | |
1076 Make this heading line's body visible (@code{show-entry}). | |
1077 @item C-c C-q | |
1078 Hide everything except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines | |
1079 (@code{hide-sublevels}). | |
1080 @item C-c C-o | |
1081 Hide everything except for the heading or body that point is in, plus | |
1082 the headings leading up from there to the top level of the outline | |
1083 (@code{hide-other}). | |
1084 @end table | |
1085 | |
1086 @findex hide-entry | |
1087 @findex show-entry | |
1088 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1089 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1090 Two commands that are exact opposites are @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1091 (@code{hide-entry}) and @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{show-entry}). They are | |
1092 used with point on a heading line, and apply only to the body lines of | |
1093 that heading. Subheadings and their bodies are not affected. | |
1094 | |
1095 @findex hide-subtree | |
1096 @findex show-subtree | |
1097 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1098 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1099 @cindex subtree (Outline mode) | |
1100 Two more powerful opposites are @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{hide-subtree}) and | |
1101 @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{show-subtree}). Both expect to be used when point is | |
1102 on a heading line, and both apply to all the lines of that heading's | |
1103 @dfn{subtree}: its body, all its subheadings, both direct and indirect, and | |
1104 all of their bodies. In other words, the subtree contains everything | |
1105 following this heading line, up to and not including the next heading of | |
1106 the same or higher rank.@refill | |
1107 | |
1108 @findex hide-leaves | |
1109 @findex show-branches | |
1110 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1111 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1112 Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having | |
1113 all the subheadings visible but none of the body. There are two | |
1114 commands for doing this, depending on whether you want to hide the | |
1115 bodies or make the subheadings visible. They are @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
1116 (@code{hide-leaves}) and @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{show-branches}). | |
1117 | |
1118 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1119 @findex show-children | |
1120 A little weaker than @code{show-branches} is @kbd{C-c C-i} | |
1121 (@code{show-children}). It makes just the direct subheadings | |
1122 visible---those one level down. Deeper subheadings remain invisible, if | |
1123 they were invisible.@refill | |
1124 | |
1125 @findex hide-body | |
1126 @findex show-all | |
1127 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1128 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1129 Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file. @kbd{C-c C-t} | |
1130 (@code{hide-body}) makes all body lines invisible, so that you see just | |
1131 the outline structure. @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{show-all}) makes all lines | |
1132 visible. These commands can be thought of as a pair of opposites even | |
1133 though @kbd{C-c C-a} applies to more than just body lines. | |
1134 | |
1135 @findex hide-sublevels | |
1136 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1137 The command @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{hide-sublevels}) hides all but the | |
1138 top level headings. With a numeric argument @var{n}, it hides everything | |
1139 except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines. | |
1140 | |
1141 @findex hide-other | |
1142 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1143 The command @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{hide-other}) hides everything except | |
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1144 the heading and body text that point is in, plus its parents (the headers |
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1145 leading up from there to top level in the outline) and the top level |
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1146 headings. |
25829 | 1147 |
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1148 @findex reveal-mode |
25829 | 1149 When incremental search finds text that is hidden by Outline mode, |
1150 it makes that part of the buffer visible. If you exit the search | |
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1151 at that position, the text remains visible. You can also |
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1152 automatically make text visible as you navigate in it by using |
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1153 @kbd{M-x reveal-mode}. |
25829 | 1154 |
1155 @node Outline Views | |
1156 @subsection Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views | |
1157 | |
1158 @cindex multiple views of outline | |
1159 @cindex views of an outline | |
1160 @cindex outline with multiple views | |
1161 @cindex indirect buffers and outlines | |
1162 You can display two views of a single outline at the same time, in | |
1163 different windows. To do this, you must create an indirect buffer using | |
1164 @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. The first argument of this command is | |
1165 the existing outline buffer name, and its second argument is the name to | |
1166 use for the new indirect buffer. @xref{Indirect Buffers}. | |
1167 | |
1168 Once the indirect buffer exists, you can display it in a window in the | |
1169 normal fashion, with @kbd{C-x 4 b} or other Emacs commands. The Outline | |
1170 mode commands to show and hide parts of the text operate on each buffer | |
1171 independently; as a result, each buffer can have its own view. If you | |
1172 want more than two views on the same outline, create additional indirect | |
1173 buffers. | |
1174 | |
28328 | 1175 @node Foldout |
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1176 @subsection Folding Editing |
28328 | 1177 |
1178 @cindex folding editing | |
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1179 The Foldout package extends Outline mode and Outline minor mode with |
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1180 ``folding'' commands. The idea of folding is that you zoom in on a |
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1181 nested portion of the outline, while hiding its relatives at higher |
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1182 levels. |
30867 | 1183 |
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1184 Consider an Outline mode buffer with all the text and subheadings under |
28328 | 1185 level-1 headings hidden. To look at what is hidden under one of these |
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1186 headings, you could use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@kbd{M-x show-entry}) to expose |
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1187 the body, or @kbd{C-c C-i} to expose the child (level-2) headings. |
28328 | 1188 |
1189 @kindex C-c C-z | |
1190 @findex foldout-zoom-subtree | |
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1191 With Foldout, you use @kbd{C-c C-z} (@kbd{M-x foldout-zoom-subtree}). |
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1192 This exposes the body and child subheadings, and narrows the buffer so |
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1193 that only the @w{level-1} heading, the body and the level-2 headings are |
28328 | 1194 visible. Now to look under one of the level-2 headings, position the |
1195 cursor on it and use @kbd{C-c C-z} again. This exposes the level-2 body | |
1196 and its level-3 child subheadings and narrows the buffer again. Zooming | |
1197 in on successive subheadings can be done as much as you like. A string | |
39267 | 1198 in the mode line shows how deep you've gone. |
28328 | 1199 |
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1200 When zooming in on a heading, to see only the child subheadings specify |
28328 | 1201 a numeric argument: @kbd{C-u C-c C-z}. The number of levels of children |
1202 can be specified too (compare @kbd{M-x show-children}), e.g.@: @kbd{M-2 | |
1203 C-c C-z} exposes two levels of child subheadings. Alternatively, the | |
39267 | 1204 body can be specified with a negative argument: @kbd{M-- C-c C-z}. The |
28328 | 1205 whole subtree can be expanded, similarly to @kbd{C-c C-s} (@kbd{M-x |
1206 show-subtree}), by specifying a zero argument: @kbd{M-0 C-c C-z}. | |
1207 | |
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1208 While you're zoomed in, you can still use Outline mode's exposure and |
28328 | 1209 hiding functions without disturbing Foldout. Also, since the buffer is |
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1210 narrowed, ``global'' editing actions will only affect text under the |
28328 | 1211 zoomed-in heading. This is useful for restricting changes to a |
1212 particular chapter or section of your document. | |
1213 | |
1214 @kindex C-c C-x | |
1215 @findex foldout-exit-fold | |
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1216 To unzoom (exit) a fold, use @kbd{C-c C-x} (@kbd{M-x foldout-exit-fold}). |
28328 | 1217 This hides all the text and subheadings under the top-level heading and |
1218 returns you to the previous view of the buffer. Specifying a numeric | |
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1219 argument exits that many levels of folds. Specifying a zero argument |
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1220 exits all folds. |
28328 | 1221 |
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1222 To cancel the narrowing of a fold without hiding the text and |
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1223 subheadings, specify a negative argument. For example, @kbd{M--2 C-c |
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1224 C-x} exits two folds and leaves the text and subheadings exposed. |
28328 | 1225 |
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1226 Foldout mode also provides mouse commands for entering and exiting |
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1227 folds, and for showing and hiding text: |
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1228 |
28328 | 1229 @table @asis |
40651 | 1230 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-1} zooms in on the heading clicked on |
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1231 @itemize @asis |
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1232 @item |
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1233 single click: expose body. |
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1234 @item |
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1235 double click: expose subheadings. |
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1236 @item |
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1237 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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1238 @item |
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1239 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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1240 @end itemize |
40651 | 1241 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-2} exposes text under the heading clicked on |
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1242 @itemize @asis |
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1243 @item |
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1244 single click: expose body. |
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1245 @item |
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1246 double click: expose subheadings. |
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1247 @item |
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1248 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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1249 @item |
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1250 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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1251 @end itemize |
40651 | 1252 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-3} hides text under the heading clicked on or exits fold |
38951
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1253 @itemize @asis |
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1254 @item |
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1255 single click: hide subtree. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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1256 @item |
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|
1257 double click: exit fold and hide text. |
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1258 @item |
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1259 triple click: exit fold without hiding text. |
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|
1260 @item |
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|
1261 quad click: exit all folds and hide text. |
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1262 @end itemize |
28328 | 1263 @end table |
1264 | |
1265 @vindex foldout-mouse-modifiers | |
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1266 You can specify different modifier keys (instead of |
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1267 @kbd{Control-Meta-}) by setting @code{foldout-mouse-modifiers}; but if |
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1268 you have already loaded the @file{foldout.el} library, you must reload |
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1269 it in order for this to take effect. |
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1270 |
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1271 To use the Foldout package, you can type @kbd{M-x load-library |
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1272 @key{RET} foldout @key{RET}}; or you can arrange for to do that |
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1273 automatically by putting this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
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1274 |
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1275 @example |
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1276 (eval-after-load "outline" '(require 'foldout)) |
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1277 @end example |
28328 | 1278 |
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(TeX Mode): Remove explicit next/prev/up in @node line.
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1279 @node TeX Mode |
25829 | 1280 @section @TeX{} Mode |
1281 @cindex @TeX{} mode | |
1282 @cindex La@TeX{} mode | |
1283 @cindex Sli@TeX{} mode | |
1284 @cindex mode, @TeX{} | |
1285 @cindex mode, La@TeX{} | |
1286 @cindex mode, Sli@TeX{} | |
1287 @findex tex-mode | |
1288 @findex plain-tex-mode | |
1289 @findex latex-mode | |
1290 @findex slitex-mode | |
1291 | |
1292 @TeX{} is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; it is also | |
1293 free, like GNU Emacs. La@TeX{} is a simplified input format for @TeX{}, | |
1294 implemented by @TeX{} macros; it comes with @TeX{}. Sli@TeX{} is a special | |
30867 | 1295 form of La@TeX{}.@footnote{Sli@TeX{} is obsoleted by the @samp{slides} |
1296 document class in recent La@TeX{} versions.} | |
25829 | 1297 |
1298 Emacs has a special @TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{} input files. | |
1299 It provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for | |
1300 invoking @TeX{} on all or part of the file. | |
1301 | |
1302 @vindex tex-default-mode | |
1303 @TeX{} mode has three variants, Plain @TeX{} mode, La@TeX{} mode, and | |
1304 Sli@TeX{} mode (these three distinct major modes differ only slightly). | |
1305 They are designed for editing the three different formats. The command | |
1306 @kbd{M-x tex-mode} looks at the contents of the buffer to determine | |
1307 whether the contents appear to be either La@TeX{} input or Sli@TeX{} | |
1308 input; if so, it selects the appropriate mode. If the file contents do | |
1309 not appear to be La@TeX{} or Sli@TeX{}, it selects Plain @TeX{} mode. | |
1310 If the contents are insufficient to determine this, the variable | |
1311 @code{tex-default-mode} controls which mode is used. | |
1312 | |
1313 When @kbd{M-x tex-mode} does not guess right, you can use the commands | |
1314 @kbd{M-x plain-tex-mode}, @kbd{M-x latex-mode}, and @kbd{M-x | |
1315 slitex-mode} to select explicitly the particular variants of @TeX{} | |
1316 mode. | |
1317 | |
1318 @menu | |
1319 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
1320 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
1321 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
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1322 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
25829 | 1323 @end menu |
1324 | |
1325 @node TeX Editing | |
1326 @subsection @TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1327 | |
1328 Here are the special commands provided in @TeX{} mode for editing the | |
1329 text of the file. | |
1330 | |
1331 @table @kbd | |
1332 @item " | |
1333 Insert, according to context, either @samp{``} or @samp{"} or | |
1334 @samp{''} (@code{tex-insert-quote}). | |
1335 @item C-j | |
1336 Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous | |
1337 paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs | |
1338 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}). | |
1339 @item M-x tex-validate-region | |
1340 Check each paragraph in the region for unbalanced braces or dollar signs. | |
1341 @item C-c @{ | |
1342 Insert @samp{@{@}} and position point between them (@code{tex-insert-braces}). | |
1343 @item C-c @} | |
1344 Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (@code{up-list}). | |
1345 @end table | |
1346 | |
1347 @findex tex-insert-quote | |
1348 @kindex " @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1349 In @TeX{}, the character @samp{"} is not normally used; we use | |
1350 @samp{``} to start a quotation and @samp{''} to end one. To make | |
1351 editing easier under this formatting convention, @TeX{} mode overrides | |
1352 the normal meaning of the key @kbd{"} with a command that inserts a pair | |
1353 of single-quotes or backquotes (@code{tex-insert-quote}). To be | |
1354 precise, this command inserts @samp{``} after whitespace or an open | |
1355 brace, @samp{"} after a backslash, and @samp{''} after any other | |
1356 character. | |
1357 | |
1358 If you need the character @samp{"} itself in unusual contexts, use | |
1359 @kbd{C-q} to insert it. Also, @kbd{"} with a numeric argument always | |
1360 inserts that number of @samp{"} characters. You can turn off the | |
1361 feature of @kbd{"} expansion by eliminating that binding in the local | |
1362 map (@pxref{Key Bindings}). | |
1363 | |
1364 In @TeX{} mode, @samp{$} has a special syntax code which attempts to | |
1365 understand the way @TeX{} math mode delimiters match. When you insert a | |
1366 @samp{$} that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching | |
1367 @samp{$} that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the | |
1368 same feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that | |
1369 is inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a @samp{$} enters | |
1370 math mode or leaves it; so when you insert a @samp{$} that enters math | |
1371 mode, the previous @samp{$} position is shown as if it were a match, even | |
1372 though they are actually unrelated. | |
1373 | |
1374 @findex tex-insert-braces | |
1375 @kindex C-c @{ @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1376 @findex up-list | |
1377 @kindex C-c @} @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1378 @TeX{} uses braces as delimiters that must match. Some users prefer | |
1379 to keep braces balanced at all times, rather than inserting them | |
1380 singly. Use @kbd{C-c @{} (@code{tex-insert-braces}) to insert a pair of | |
1381 braces. It leaves point between the two braces so you can insert the | |
1382 text that belongs inside. Afterward, use the command @kbd{C-c @}} | |
1383 (@code{up-list}) to move forward past the close brace. | |
1384 | |
1385 @findex tex-validate-region | |
1386 @findex tex-terminate-paragraph | |
1387 @kindex C-j @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1388 There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. @kbd{C-j} | |
1389 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}) checks the paragraph before point, and | |
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1390 inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph. It outputs a message in |
25829 | 1391 the echo area if any mismatch is found. @kbd{M-x tex-validate-region} |
1392 checks a region, paragraph by paragraph. The errors are listed in the | |
1393 @samp{*Occur*} buffer, and you can use @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{Mouse-2} in | |
1394 that buffer to go to a particular mismatch. | |
1395 | |
1396 Note that Emacs commands count square brackets and parentheses in | |
1397 @TeX{} mode, not just braces. This is not strictly correct for the | |
1398 purpose of checking @TeX{} syntax. However, parentheses and square | |
1399 brackets are likely to be used in text as matching delimiters and it is | |
1400 useful for the various motion commands and automatic match display to | |
1401 work with them. | |
1402 | |
1403 @node LaTeX Editing | |
1404 @subsection La@TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1405 | |
1406 La@TeX{} mode, and its variant, Sli@TeX{} mode, provide a few extra | |
1407 features not applicable to plain @TeX{}. | |
1408 | |
1409 @table @kbd | |
1410 @item C-c C-o | |
1411 Insert @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} for La@TeX{} block and position | |
1412 point on a line between them (@code{tex-latex-block}). | |
1413 @item C-c C-e | |
1414 Close the innermost La@TeX{} block not yet closed | |
1415 (@code{tex-close-latex-block}). | |
1416 @end table | |
1417 | |
1418 @findex tex-latex-block | |
1419 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1420 @vindex latex-block-names | |
1421 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands are used to | |
1422 group blocks of text. To insert a @samp{\begin} and a matching | |
1423 @samp{\end} (on a new line following the @samp{\begin}), use @kbd{C-c | |
1424 C-o} (@code{tex-latex-block}). A blank line is inserted between the | |
1425 two, and point is left there. You can use completion when you enter the | |
1426 block type; to specify additional block type names beyond the standard | |
1427 list, set the variable @code{latex-block-names}. For example, here's | |
1428 how to add @samp{theorem}, @samp{corollary}, and @samp{proof}: | |
1429 | |
1430 @example | |
1431 (setq latex-block-names '("theorem" "corollary" "proof")) | |
1432 @end example | |
1433 | |
1434 @findex tex-close-latex-block | |
1435 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1436 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands must | |
1437 balance. You can use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{tex-close-latex-block}) to | |
1438 insert automatically a matching @samp{\end} to match the last unmatched | |
1439 @samp{\begin}. It indents the @samp{\end} to match the corresponding | |
1440 @samp{\begin}. It inserts a newline after @samp{\end} if point is at | |
1441 the beginning of a line. | |
1442 | |
1443 @node TeX Print | |
1444 @subsection @TeX{} Printing Commands | |
1445 | |
1446 You can invoke @TeX{} as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire | |
1447 contents of the buffer or just a region at a time. Running @TeX{} in | |
1448 this way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes | |
1449 look like without taking the time to format the entire file. | |
1450 | |
1451 @table @kbd | |
1452 @item C-c C-r | |
1453 Invoke @TeX{} on the current region, together with the buffer's header | |
1454 (@code{tex-region}). | |
1455 @item C-c C-b | |
1456 Invoke @TeX{} on the entire current buffer (@code{tex-buffer}). | |
1457 @item C-c @key{TAB} | |
1458 Invoke Bib@TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-bibtex-file}). | |
1459 @item C-c C-f | |
1460 Invoke @TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-file}). | |
1461 @item C-c C-l | |
1462 Recenter the window showing output from the inferior @TeX{} so that | |
1463 the last line can be seen (@code{tex-recenter-output-buffer}). | |
1464 @item C-c C-k | |
1465 Kill the @TeX{} subprocess (@code{tex-kill-job}). | |
1466 @item C-c C-p | |
1467 Print the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1468 C-f} command (@code{tex-print}). | |
1469 @item C-c C-v | |
1470 Preview the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1471 C-f} command (@code{tex-view}). | |
1472 @item C-c C-q | |
1473 Show the printer queue (@code{tex-show-print-queue}). | |
1474 @end table | |
1475 | |
1476 @findex tex-buffer | |
1477 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1478 @findex tex-print | |
1479 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1480 @findex tex-view | |
1481 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1482 @findex tex-show-print-queue | |
1483 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1484 You can pass the current buffer through an inferior @TeX{} by means of | |
1485 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{tex-buffer}). The formatted output appears in a | |
1486 temporary file; to print it, type @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{tex-print}). | |
1487 Afterward, you can use @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{tex-show-print-queue}) to | |
1488 view the progress of your output towards being printed. If your terminal | |
1489 has the ability to display @TeX{} output files, you can preview the | |
1490 output on the terminal with @kbd{C-c C-v} (@code{tex-view}). | |
1491 | |
29107 | 1492 @cindex @env{TEXINPUTS} environment variable |
25829 | 1493 @vindex tex-directory |
1494 You can specify the directory to use for running @TeX{} by setting the | |
1495 variable @code{tex-directory}. @code{"."} is the default value. If | |
29107 | 1496 your environment variable @env{TEXINPUTS} contains relative directory |
25829 | 1497 names, or if your files contains @samp{\input} commands with relative |
1498 file names, then @code{tex-directory} @emph{must} be @code{"."} or you | |
1499 will get the wrong results. Otherwise, it is safe to specify some other | |
1500 directory, such as @code{"/tmp"}. | |
1501 | |
1502 @vindex tex-run-command | |
1503 @vindex latex-run-command | |
1504 @vindex slitex-run-command | |
1505 @vindex tex-dvi-print-command | |
1506 @vindex tex-dvi-view-command | |
1507 @vindex tex-show-queue-command | |
1508 If you want to specify which shell commands are used in the inferior @TeX{}, | |
1509 you can do so by setting the values of the variables @code{tex-run-command}, | |
1510 @code{latex-run-command}, @code{slitex-run-command}, | |
1511 @code{tex-dvi-print-command}, @code{tex-dvi-view-command}, and | |
1512 @code{tex-show-queue-command}. You @emph{must} set the value of | |
1513 @code{tex-dvi-view-command} for your particular terminal; this variable | |
1514 has no default value. The other variables have default values that may | |
1515 (or may not) be appropriate for your system. | |
1516 | |
1517 Normally, the file name given to these commands comes at the end of | |
1518 the command string; for example, @samp{latex @var{filename}}. In some | |
1519 cases, however, the file name needs to be embedded in the command; an | |
1520 example is when you need to provide the file name as an argument to one | |
1521 command whose output is piped to another. You can specify where to put | |
1522 the file name with @samp{*} in the command string. For example, | |
1523 | |
1524 @example | |
1525 (setq tex-dvi-print-command "dvips -f * | lpr") | |
1526 @end example | |
1527 | |
1528 @findex tex-kill-job | |
1529 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1530 @findex tex-recenter-output-buffer | |
1531 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1532 The terminal output from @TeX{}, including any error messages, appears | |
1533 in a buffer called @samp{*tex-shell*}. If @TeX{} gets an error, you can | |
1534 switch to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; | |
1535 @pxref{Interactive Shell}). Without switching to this buffer you can | |
1536 scroll it so that its last line is visible by typing @kbd{C-c | |
1537 C-l}. | |
1538 | |
1539 Type @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{tex-kill-job}) to kill the @TeX{} process if | |
1540 you see that its output is no longer useful. Using @kbd{C-c C-b} or | |
1541 @kbd{C-c C-r} also kills any @TeX{} process still running.@refill | |
1542 | |
1543 @findex tex-region | |
1544 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1545 You can also pass an arbitrary region through an inferior @TeX{} by typing | |
1546 @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{tex-region}). This is tricky, however, because most files | |
1547 of @TeX{} input contain commands at the beginning to set parameters and | |
1548 define macros, without which no later part of the file will format | |
1549 correctly. To solve this problem, @kbd{C-c C-r} allows you to designate a | |
1550 part of the file as containing essential commands; it is included before | |
1551 the specified region as part of the input to @TeX{}. The designated part | |
1552 of the file is called the @dfn{header}. | |
1553 | |
1554 @cindex header (@TeX{} mode) | |
1555 To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain @TeX{} mode, you insert two | |
1556 special strings in the file. Insert @samp{%**start of header} before the | |
1557 header, and @samp{%**end of header} after it. Each string must appear | |
1558 entirely on one line, but there may be other text on the line before or | |
1559 after. The lines containing the two strings are included in the header. | |
1560 If @samp{%**start of header} does not appear within the first 100 lines of | |
1561 the buffer, @kbd{C-c C-r} assumes that there is no header. | |
1562 | |
1563 In La@TeX{} mode, the header begins with @samp{\documentclass} or | |
1564 @samp{\documentstyle} and ends with @samp{\begin@{document@}}. These | |
1565 are commands that La@TeX{} requires you to use in any case, so nothing | |
1566 special needs to be done to identify the header. | |
1567 | |
1568 @findex tex-file | |
1569 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1570 The commands (@code{tex-buffer}) and (@code{tex-region}) do all of their | |
1571 work in a temporary directory, and do not have available any of the auxiliary | |
1572 files needed by @TeX{} for cross-references; these commands are generally | |
1573 not suitable for running the final copy in which all of the cross-references | |
1574 need to be correct. | |
1575 | |
1576 When you want the auxiliary files for cross references, use @kbd{C-c | |
1577 C-f} (@code{tex-file}) which runs @TeX{} on the current buffer's file, | |
1578 in that file's directory. Before running @TeX{}, it offers to save any | |
1579 modified buffers. Generally, you need to use (@code{tex-file}) twice to | |
1580 get the cross-references right. | |
1581 | |
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1582 @vindex tex-start-options |
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1583 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-options} specifies |
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1584 options for the @TeX{} run. |
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1585 |
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1586 @vindex tex-start-commands |
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1587 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-commands} specifies @TeX{} |
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1588 commands for starting @TeX{}. The default value causes @TeX{} to run |
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1589 in nonstop mode. To run @TeX{} interactively, set the variable to |
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1590 @code{""}. |
25829 | 1591 |
1592 @vindex tex-main-file | |
1593 Large @TeX{} documents are often split into several files---one main | |
1594 file, plus subfiles. Running @TeX{} on a subfile typically does not | |
1595 work; you have to run it on the main file. In order to make | |
1596 @code{tex-file} useful when you are editing a subfile, you can set the | |
1597 variable @code{tex-main-file} to the name of the main file. Then | |
1598 @code{tex-file} runs @TeX{} on that file. | |
1599 | |
1600 The most convenient way to use @code{tex-main-file} is to specify it | |
1601 in a local variable list in each of the subfiles. @xref{File | |
1602 Variables}. | |
1603 | |
1604 @findex tex-bibtex-file | |
1605 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1606 @vindex tex-bibtex-command | |
1607 For La@TeX{} files, you can use Bib@TeX{} to process the auxiliary | |
1608 file for the current buffer's file. Bib@TeX{} looks up bibliographic | |
1609 citations in a data base and prepares the cited references for the | |
1610 bibliography section. The command @kbd{C-c TAB} | |
1611 (@code{tex-bibtex-file}) runs the shell command | |
1612 (@code{tex-bibtex-command}) to produce a @samp{.bbl} file for the | |
1613 current buffer's file. Generally, you need to do @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1614 (@code{tex-file}) once to generate the @samp{.aux} file, then do | |
1615 @kbd{C-c TAB} (@code{tex-bibtex-file}), and then repeat @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1616 (@code{tex-file}) twice more to get the cross-references correct. | |
1617 | |
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1618 @node TeX Misc |
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1619 @subsection @TeX{} Mode Miscellany |
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1620 |
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1621 @vindex tex-shell-hook |
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1622 @vindex tex-mode-hook |
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1623 @vindex latex-mode-hook |
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1624 @vindex slitex-mode-hook |
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1625 @vindex plain-tex-mode-hook |
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1626 Entering any variant of @TeX{} mode runs the hooks |
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1627 @code{text-mode-hook} and @code{tex-mode-hook}. Then it runs either |
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1628 @code{plain-tex-mode-hook}, @code{latex-mode-hook}, or |
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1629 @code{slitex-mode-hook}, whichever is appropriate. Starting the |
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1630 @TeX{} shell runs the hook @code{tex-shell-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
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1631 |
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1632 @findex iso-iso2tex |
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1633 @findex iso-tex2iso |
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1634 @findex iso-iso2gtex |
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1635 @findex iso-gtex2iso |
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1636 @cindex Latin-1 @TeX{} encoding |
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1637 @cindex @TeX{} encoding |
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1638 The commands @kbd{M-x iso-iso2tex}, @kbd{M-x iso-tex2iso}, @kbd{M-x |
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1639 iso-iso2gtex} and @kbd{M-x iso-gtex2iso} can be used to convert |
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1640 between Latin-1 encoded files and @TeX{}-encoded equivalents. |
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1641 @ignore |
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1642 @c Too cryptic to be useful, too cryptic for me to make it better -- rms. |
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1643 They |
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1644 are included by default in the @code{format-alist} variable, so they |
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1645 can be used with @kbd{M-x format-find-file}, for instance. |
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1646 @end ignore |
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1647 |
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1648 @ignore @c Not worth documenting if it is only for Czech -- rms. |
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1649 @findex tildify-buffer |
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1650 @findex tildify-region |
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1651 @cindex ties, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1652 @cindex hard spaces, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1653 The commands @kbd{M-x tildify-buffer} and @kbd{M-x tildify-region} |
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1654 insert @samp{~} (@dfn{tie}) characters where they are conventionally |
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1655 required. This is set up for Czech---customize the group |
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1656 @samp{tildify} for other languages or for other sorts of markup. |
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1657 @end ignore |
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1658 |
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1659 @cindex Ref@TeX{} package |
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1660 @cindex references, La@TeX{} |
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1661 @cindex La@TeX{} references |
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1662 For managing all kinds of references for La@TeX{}, you can use |
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1663 Ref@TeX{}. @inforef{Top,, reftex}. |
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1664 |
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1665 @node HTML Mode |
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1666 @section SGML, XML, and HTML Modes |
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1667 |
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1668 The major modes for SGML and HTML include indentation support and |
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1669 commands to operate on tags. This section describes the special |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1670 commands of these modes. (HTML mode is a slightly customized variant |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1671 of SGML mode.) |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1672 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1673 @table @kbd |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1674 @item C-c C-n |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1675 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1676 @findex sgml-name-char |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1677 Interactively specify a special character and insert the SGML |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1678 @samp{&}-command for that character. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1679 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1680 @item C-c C-t |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1681 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1682 @findex sgml-tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1683 Interactively specify a tag and its attributes (@code{sgml-tag}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1684 This command asks you for a tag name and for the attribute values, |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1685 then inserts both the opening tag and the closing tag, leaving point |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1686 between them. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1687 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1688 With a prefix argument @var{n}, the command puts the tag around the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1689 @var{n} words already present in the buffer after point. With |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1690 @minus{}1 as argument, it puts the tag around the region. (In |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1691 Transient Mark mode, it does this whenever a region is active.) |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1692 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1693 @item C-c C-a |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1694 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1695 @findex sgml-attributes |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1696 Interactively insert attribute values for the current tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1697 (@code{sgml-attributes}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1698 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1699 @item C-c C-f |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1700 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1701 @findex sgml-skip-tag-forward |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1702 Skip across a balanced tag group (which extends from an opening tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1703 through its corresponding closing tag) (@code{sgml-skip-tag-forward}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1704 A numeric argument acts as a repeat count. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1705 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1706 @item C-c C-b |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1707 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1708 @findex sgml-skip-tag-backward |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1709 Skip backward across a balanced tag group (which extends from an |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1710 opening tag through its corresponding closing tag) |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1711 (@code{sgml-skip-tag-forward}). A numeric argument acts as a repeat |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1712 count. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1713 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1714 @item C-c C-d |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1715 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1716 @findex sgml-delete-tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1717 Delete the tag at or after point, and delete the matching tag too |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1718 (@code{sgml-delete-tag}). If the tag at or after point is an opening |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1719 tag, delete the closing tag too; if it is a closing tag, delete the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1720 opening tag too. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1721 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1722 @item C-c ? @var{tag} @key{RET} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1723 @kindex C-c ? @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1724 @findex sgml-tag-help |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1725 Display a description of the meaning of tag @var{tag} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1726 (@code{sgml-tag-help}). If the argument @var{tag} is empty, describe |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1727 the tag at point. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1728 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1729 @item C-c / |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1730 @kindex C-c / @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1731 @findex sgml-close-tag |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1732 Insert a close tag for the innermost unterminated tag |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1733 (@code{sgml-close-tag}). If called from within a tag or a comment, |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1734 close this element instead of inserting a close tag. |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1735 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1736 @item C-c 8 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1737 @kindex C-c 8 @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1738 @findex sgml-name-8bit-mode |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1739 Toggle a minor mode in which Latin-1 characters insert the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1740 corresponding SGML commands that stand for them, instead of the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1741 characters themselves (@code{sgml-name-8bit-mode}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1742 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1743 @item C-c C-v |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1744 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1745 @findex sgml-validate |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1746 Run a shell command (which you must specify) to validate the current |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1747 buffer as SGML (@code{sgml-validate}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1748 |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1749 @item C-x TAB |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1750 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(SGML mode)} |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1751 @findex sgml-tags-invisible |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1752 Toggle the visibility of existing tags in the buffer. This can be |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1753 used as a cheap preview. |
46398
77eee86ab97d
(HTML Mode): Put `@end table' at end of table.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
46397
diff
changeset
|
1754 @end table |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1755 |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1756 @vindex sgml-xml-mode |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1757 SGML mode and HTML mode support XML also. In XML, every opening tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1758 must have an explicit closing tag. When @code{sgml-xml-mode} is |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1759 non-@code{nil}, SGML mode (and HTML mode) always insert explicit |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1760 closing tags. When you visit a file, these modes determine from the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1761 file contents whether it is XML or not, and set @code{sgml-xml-mode} |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1762 accordingly, so that they do the right thing for the file in either |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1763 case. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1764 |
25829 | 1765 @node Nroff Mode |
1766 @section Nroff Mode | |
1767 | |
1768 @cindex nroff | |
1769 @findex nroff-mode | |
1770 Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff commands | |
1771 present in the text. Invoke @kbd{M-x nroff-mode} to enter this mode. It | |
1772 differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff command lines are | |
1773 considered paragraph separators, so that filling will never garble the | |
1774 nroff commands. Pages are separated by @samp{.bp} commands. Comments | |
1775 start with backslash-doublequote. Also, three special commands are | |
1776 provided that are not in Text mode: | |
1777 | |
1778 @findex forward-text-line | |
1779 @findex backward-text-line | |
1780 @findex count-text-lines | |
1781 @kindex M-n @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1782 @kindex M-p @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1783 @kindex M-? @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1784 @table @kbd | |
1785 @item M-n | |
1786 Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command | |
1787 (@code{forward-text-line}). An argument is a repeat count. | |
1788 @item M-p | |
1789 Like @kbd{M-n} but move up (@code{backward-text-line}). | |
1790 @item M-? | |
38870
d44abb4e68b2
Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38478
diff
changeset
|
1791 Displays in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are not |
25829 | 1792 nroff commands) in the region (@code{count-text-lines}). |
1793 @end table | |
1794 | |
1795 @findex electric-nroff-mode | |
1796 The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric Nroff | |
1797 mode. This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with @kbd{M-x | |
1798 electric-nroff-mode} (@pxref{Minor Modes}). When the mode is on, each | |
1799 time you use @key{RET} to end a line that contains an nroff command that | |
1800 opens a kind of grouping, the matching nroff command to close that | |
1801 grouping is automatically inserted on the following line. For example, | |
1802 if you are at the beginning of a line and type @kbd{.@: ( b @key{RET}}, | |
1803 this inserts the matching command @samp{.)b} on a new line following | |
1804 point. | |
1805 | |
1806 If you use Outline minor mode with Nroff mode (@pxref{Outline Mode}), | |
1807 heading lines are lines of the form @samp{.H} followed by a number (the | |
1808 header level). | |
1809 | |
1810 @vindex nroff-mode-hook | |
1811 Entering Nroff mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}, followed by | |
1812 the hook @code{nroff-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1813 | |
1814 @node Formatted Text | |
1815 @section Editing Formatted Text | |
1816 | |
1817 @cindex Enriched mode | |
1818 @cindex mode, Enriched | |
1819 @cindex formatted text | |
1820 @cindex WYSIWYG | |
1821 @cindex word processing | |
1822 @dfn{Enriched mode} is a minor mode for editing files that contain | |
1823 formatted text in WYSIWYG fashion, as in a word processor. Currently, | |
1824 formatted text in Enriched mode can specify fonts, colors, underlining, | |
1825 margins, and types of filling and justification. In the future, we plan | |
1826 to implement other formatting features as well. | |
1827 | |
38229
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38134
diff
changeset
|
1828 Enriched mode is a minor mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}). It is |
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38134
diff
changeset
|
1829 typically used in conjunction with Text mode (@pxref{Text Mode}), but |
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38134
diff
changeset
|
1830 you can also use it with other major modes such as Outline mode and |
25829 | 1831 Paragraph-Indent Text mode. |
1832 | |
30867 | 1833 @cindex text/enriched MIME format |
25829 | 1834 Potentially, Emacs can store formatted text files in various file |
1835 formats. Currently, only one format is implemented: @dfn{text/enriched} | |
1836 format, which is defined by the MIME protocol. @xref{Format | |
1837 Conversion,, Format Conversion, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, | |
1838 for details of how Emacs recognizes and converts file formats. | |
1839 | |
1840 The Emacs distribution contains a formatted text file that can serve as | |
1841 an example. Its name is @file{etc/enriched.doc}. It contains samples | |
1842 illustrating all the features described in this section. It also | |
1843 contains a list of ideas for future enhancements. | |
1844 | |
1845 @menu | |
1846 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
1847 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
1848 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. | |
1849 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
1850 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. | |
1851 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. | |
1852 * Justification: Format Justification. | |
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1853 Centering, setting text flush with the |
25829 | 1854 left or right margin, etc. |
1855 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. | |
1856 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. | |
1857 @end menu | |
1858 | |
1859 @node Requesting Formatted Text | |
1860 @subsection Requesting to Edit Formatted Text | |
1861 | |
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1862 Whenever you visit a file that Emacs saved in the text/enriched |
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1863 format, Emacs automatically converts the formatting information in the |
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1864 file into Emacs's own internal format (known as @dfn{text |
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1865 properties}), and turns on Enriched mode. |
25829 | 1866 |
1867 @findex enriched-mode | |
1868 To create a new file of formatted text, first visit the nonexistent | |
1869 file, then type @kbd{M-x enriched-mode} before you start inserting text. | |
1870 This command turns on Enriched mode. Do this before you begin inserting | |
1871 text, to ensure that the text you insert is handled properly. | |
1872 | |
1873 More generally, the command @code{enriched-mode} turns Enriched mode | |
1874 on if it was off, and off if it was on. With a prefix argument, this | |
1875 command turns Enriched mode on if the argument is positive, and turns | |
1876 the mode off otherwise. | |
1877 | |
1878 When you save a buffer while Enriched mode is enabled in it, Emacs | |
1879 automatically converts the text to text/enriched format while writing it | |
1880 into the file. When you visit the file again, Emacs will automatically | |
1881 recognize the format, reconvert the text, and turn on Enriched mode | |
1882 again. | |
1883 | |
1884 @vindex enriched-translations | |
1885 You can add annotations for saving additional text properties, which | |
1886 Emacs normally does not save, by adding to @code{enriched-translations}. | |
1887 Note that the text/enriched standard requires any non-standard | |
1888 annotations to have names starting with @samp{x-}, as in | |
1889 @samp{x-read-only}. This ensures that they will not conflict with | |
1890 standard annotations that may be added later. | |
1891 | |
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1892 @xref{Text Properties,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, |
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1893 for more information about text properties. |
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1894 |
25829 | 1895 @node Hard and Soft Newlines |
1896 @subsection Hard and Soft Newlines | |
1897 @cindex hard newline | |
1898 @cindex soft newline | |
1899 @cindex newlines, hard and soft | |
1900 | |
1901 In formatted text, Emacs distinguishes between two different kinds of | |
1902 newlines, @dfn{hard} newlines and @dfn{soft} newlines. | |
1903 | |
1904 Hard newlines are used to separate paragraphs, or items in a list, or | |
1905 anywhere that there should always be a line break regardless of the | |
1906 margins. The @key{RET} command (@code{newline}) and @kbd{C-o} | |
1907 (@code{open-line}) insert hard newlines. | |
1908 | |
1909 Soft newlines are used to make text fit between the margins. All the | |
1910 fill commands, including Auto Fill, insert soft newlines---and they | |
1911 delete only soft newlines. | |
1912 | |
1913 Although hard and soft newlines look the same, it is important to bear | |
1914 the difference in mind. Do not use @key{RET} to break lines in the | |
1915 middle of filled paragraphs, or else you will get hard newlines that are | |
1916 barriers to further filling. Instead, let Auto Fill mode break lines, | |
1917 so that if the text or the margins change, Emacs can refill the lines | |
1918 properly. @xref{Auto Fill}. | |
1919 | |
1920 On the other hand, in tables and lists, where the lines should always | |
1921 remain as you type them, you can use @key{RET} to end lines. For these | |
1922 lines, you may also want to set the justification style to | |
1923 @code{unfilled}. @xref{Format Justification}. | |
1924 | |
1925 @node Editing Format Info | |
1926 @subsection Editing Format Information | |
1927 | |
1928 There are two ways to alter the formatting information for a formatted | |
1929 text file: with keyboard commands, and with the mouse. | |
1930 | |
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1931 The easiest way to add properties to your document is with the Text |
25829 | 1932 Properties menu. You can get to this menu in two ways: from the Edit |
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1933 menu in the menu bar (use @kbd{@key{F10} e t} if you have no mouse), |
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1934 or with @kbd{C-Mouse-2} (hold the @key{CTRL} key and press the middle |
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1935 mouse button). There are also keyboard commands described in the |
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1936 following section. |
25829 | 1937 |
1938 Most of the items in the Text Properties menu lead to other submenus. | |
1939 These are described in the sections that follow. Some items run | |
1940 commands directly: | |
1941 | |
1942 @table @code | |
40778 | 1943 @findex facemenu-remove-face-props |
1944 @item Remove Face Properties | |
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1945 Delete from the region all face and color text properties |
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1946 (@code{facemenu-remove-face-props}). |
25829 | 1947 |
1948 @findex facemenu-remove-all | |
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1949 @item Remove Text Properties |
25829 | 1950 Delete @emph{all} text properties from the region |
1951 (@code{facemenu-remove-all}). | |
1952 | |
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1953 @findex describe-text-properties |
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1954 @cindex text properties of characters |
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1955 @cindex overlays at character position |
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1956 @cindex widgets at buffer position |
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1957 @cindex buttons at buffer position |
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1958 @item Describe Properties |
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1959 List all the text properties, widgets, buttons, and overlays of the |
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1960 character following point (@code{describe-text-properties}). |
25829 | 1961 |
1962 @item Display Faces | |
40778 | 1963 Display a list of all the defined faces (@code{list-faces-display}). |
25829 | 1964 |
1965 @item Display Colors | |
40778 | 1966 Display a list of all the defined colors (@code{list-colors-display}). |
25829 | 1967 @end table |
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1968 |
25829 | 1969 @node Format Faces |
1970 @subsection Faces in Formatted Text | |
1971 | |
1972 The Faces submenu lists various Emacs faces including @code{bold}, | |
1973 @code{italic}, and @code{underline}. Selecting one of these adds the | |
1974 chosen face to the region. @xref{Faces}. You can also specify a face | |
1975 with these keyboard commands: | |
1976 | |
1977 @table @kbd | |
1978 @kindex M-g d @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1979 @findex facemenu-set-default | |
1980 @item M-g d | |
1981 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{default} face | |
1982 (@code{facemenu-set-default}). | |
1983 @kindex M-g b @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1984 @findex facemenu-set-bold | |
1985 @item M-g b | |
1986 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold} face | |
1987 (@code{facemenu-set-bold}). | |
1988 @kindex M-g i @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1989 @findex facemenu-set-italic | |
1990 @item M-g i | |
1991 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{italic} face | |
1992 (@code{facemenu-set-italic}). | |
1993 @kindex M-g l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1994 @findex facemenu-set-bold-italic | |
1995 @item M-g l | |
1996 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold-italic} face | |
1997 (@code{facemenu-set-bold-italic}). | |
1998 @kindex M-g u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1999 @findex facemenu-set-underline | |
2000 @item M-g u | |
2001 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{underline} face | |
2002 (@code{facemenu-set-underline}). | |
2003 @kindex M-g o @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2004 @findex facemenu-set-face | |
2005 @item M-g o @var{face} @key{RET} | |
2006 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the face @var{face} | |
2007 (@code{facemenu-set-face}). | |
2008 @end table | |
2009 | |
2010 If you use these commands with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark | |
2011 mode, if the region is not active---then these commands specify a face | |
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2012 to use for any immediately following self-inserting input. |
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2013 @xref{Transient Mark}. This applies to both the keyboard commands and |
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2014 the menu commands. |
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2015 |
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2016 Specifying the @code{default} face also resets foreground and |
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2017 background color to their defaults.(@pxref{Format Colors}). |
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2018 |
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2019 Any self-inserting character you type inherits, by default, the face |
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2020 properties (as well as most other text properties) of the preceding |
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2021 character. Specifying any face property, including foreground or |
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2022 background color, for your next self-inserting character will prevent |
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2023 it from inheriting any face properties from the preceding character, |
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2024 although it will still inherit other text properties. Characters |
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2025 inserted by yanking do not inherit text properties. |
25829 | 2026 |
2027 Enriched mode defines two additional faces: @code{excerpt} and | |
2028 @code{fixed}. These correspond to codes used in the text/enriched file | |
2029 format. | |
2030 | |
2031 The @code{excerpt} face is intended for quotations. This face is the | |
2032 same as @code{italic} unless you customize it (@pxref{Face Customization}). | |
2033 | |
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2034 The @code{fixed} face means, ``Use a fixed-width font for this part |
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2035 of the text.'' Applying the @code{fixed} face to a part of the text |
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2036 will cause that part of the text to appear in a fixed-width font, even |
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2037 if the default font is variable-width. This applies to Emacs and to |
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2038 other systems that display text/enriched format. So if you |
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2039 specifically want a certain part of the text to use a fixed-width |
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2040 font, you should specify the @code{fixed} face for that part. |
25829 | 2041 |
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2042 By default, the @code{fixed} face looks the same as @code{bold}. |
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2043 This is an attempt to distinguish it from @code{default}. You may |
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2044 wish to customize @code{fixed} to some other fixed-width medium font. |
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2045 @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 2046 |
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2047 If your terminal cannot display different faces, you will not be |
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2048 able to see them, but you can still edit documents containing faces, |
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2049 and even add faces and colors to documents. The faces you specify |
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2050 will be visible when the file is viewed on a terminal that can display |
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2051 them. |
25829 | 2052 |
2053 @node Format Colors | |
2054 @subsection Colors in Formatted Text | |
2055 | |
2056 You can specify foreground and background colors for portions of the | |
2057 text. There is a menu for specifying the foreground color and a menu | |
2058 for specifying the background color. Each color menu lists all the | |
2059 colors that you have used in Enriched mode in the current Emacs session. | |
2060 | |
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2061 If you specify a color with a prefix argument---or, in Transient |
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2062 Mark mode, if the region is not active---then it applies to any |
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2063 immediately following self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. |
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2064 Otherwise, the command applies to the region. |
25829 | 2065 |
2066 Each color menu contains one additional item: @samp{Other}. You can use | |
2067 this item to specify a color that is not listed in the menu; it reads | |
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2068 the color name with the minibuffer. To display a list of available colors |
25829 | 2069 and their names, use the @samp{Display Colors} menu item in the Text |
2070 Properties menu (@pxref{Editing Format Info}). | |
2071 | |
2072 Any color that you specify in this way, or that is mentioned in a | |
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2073 formatted text file that you read in, is added to the corresponding |
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2074 color menu for the duration of the Emacs session. |
25829 | 2075 |
2076 @findex facemenu-set-foreground | |
2077 @findex facemenu-set-background | |
2078 There are no key bindings for specifying colors, but you can do so | |
2079 with the extended commands @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-foreground} and | |
2080 @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-background}. Both of these commands read the name | |
2081 of the color with the minibuffer. | |
2082 | |
2083 @node Format Indentation | |
2084 @subsection Indentation in Formatted Text | |
2085 | |
2086 When editing formatted text, you can specify different amounts of | |
2087 indentation for the right or left margin of an entire paragraph or a | |
2088 part of a paragraph. The margins you specify automatically affect the | |
2089 Emacs fill commands (@pxref{Filling}) and line-breaking commands. | |
2090 | |
2091 The Indentation submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2092 these properties. The submenu contains four items: | |
2093 | |
2094 @table @code | |
2095 @kindex C-x TAB @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2096 @findex increase-left-margin | |
2097 @item Indent More | |
2098 Indent the region by 4 columns (@code{increase-left-margin}). In | |
2099 Enriched mode, this command is also available on @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}; if | |
2100 you supply a numeric argument, that says how many columns to add to the | |
2101 margin (a negative argument reduces the number of columns). | |
2102 | |
2103 @item Indent Less | |
2104 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the region. | |
2105 | |
2106 @item Indent Right More | |
2107 Make the text narrower by indenting 4 columns at the right margin. | |
2108 | |
2109 @item Indent Right Less | |
2110 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the right margin. | |
2111 @end table | |
2112 | |
2113 You can use these commands repeatedly to increase or decrease the | |
2114 indentation. | |
2115 | |
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2116 The most common way to use them is to change the indentation of an |
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2117 entire paragraph. For other uses, the effects of refilling can be |
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2118 hard to predict, except in some special cases like the one described |
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2119 next. |
25829 | 2120 |
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2121 The most common other use is to format paragraphs with @dfn{hanging |
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2122 indents}, which means that the first line is indented less than |
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2123 subsequent lines. To set up a hanging indent, increase the |
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2124 indentation of the region starting after the first word of the |
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2125 paragraph and running until the end of the paragraph. |
25829 | 2126 |
2127 Indenting the first line of a paragraph is easier. Set the margin for | |
2128 the whole paragraph where you want it to be for the body of the | |
2129 paragraph, then indent the first line by inserting extra spaces or tabs. | |
2130 | |
2131 @vindex standard-indent | |
2132 The variable @code{standard-indent} specifies how many columns these | |
2133 commands should add to or subtract from the indentation. The default | |
2134 value is 4. The overall default right margin for Enriched mode is | |
2135 controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}, as usual. | |
2136 | |
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2137 @kindex C-c [ @r{(Enriched mode)} |
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2138 @kindex C-c ] @r{(Enriched mode)} |
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2139 @findex set-left-margin |
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2140 @findex set-right-margin |
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2141 There are also two commands for setting the left or right margin of |
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2142 the region absolutely: @code{set-left-margin} and |
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2143 @code{set-right-margin}. Enriched mode binds these commands to |
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2144 @kbd{C-c [} and @kbd{C-c ]}, respectively. You can specify the |
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2145 margin width either with a numeric argument or in the minibuffer. |
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2146 |
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2147 Sometimes, as a result of editing, the filling of a paragraph becomes |
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2148 messed up---parts of the paragraph may extend past the left or right |
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2149 margins. When this happens, use @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) to |
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2150 refill the paragraph. |
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2151 |
25829 | 2152 The fill prefix, if any, works in addition to the specified paragraph |
2153 indentation: @kbd{C-x .} does not include the specified indentation's | |
2154 whitespace in the new value for the fill prefix, and the fill commands | |
2155 look for the fill prefix after the indentation on each line. @xref{Fill | |
2156 Prefix}. | |
2157 | |
2158 @node Format Justification | |
2159 @subsection Justification in Formatted Text | |
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2160 |
25829 | 2161 When editing formatted text, you can specify various styles of |
2162 justification for a paragraph. The style you specify automatically | |
2163 affects the Emacs fill commands. | |
2164 | |
2165 The Justification submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2166 the style. The submenu contains five items: | |
2167 | |
2168 @table @code | |
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2169 @item Left |
25829 | 2170 This is the most common style of justification (at least for English). |
2171 Lines are aligned at the left margin but left uneven at the right. | |
2172 | |
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2173 @item Right |
25829 | 2174 This aligns each line with the right margin. Spaces and tabs are added |
2175 on the left, if necessary, to make lines line up on the right. | |
2176 | |
2177 @item Full | |
2178 This justifies the text, aligning both edges of each line. Justified | |
2179 text looks very nice in a printed book, where the spaces can all be | |
2180 adjusted equally, but it does not look as nice with a fixed-width font | |
2181 on the screen. Perhaps a future version of Emacs will be able to adjust | |
2182 the width of spaces in a line to achieve elegant justification. | |
2183 | |
2184 @item Center | |
2185 This centers every line between the current margins. | |
2186 | |
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2187 @item Unfilled |
25829 | 2188 This turns off filling entirely. Each line will remain as you wrote it; |
2189 the fill and auto-fill functions will have no effect on text which has | |
2190 this setting. You can, however, still indent the left margin. In | |
2191 unfilled regions, all newlines are treated as hard newlines (@pxref{Hard | |
2192 and Soft Newlines}) . | |
2193 @end table | |
2194 | |
2195 In Enriched mode, you can also specify justification from the keyboard | |
2196 using the @kbd{M-j} prefix character: | |
2197 | |
2198 @table @kbd | |
2199 @kindex M-j l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2200 @findex set-justification-left | |
2201 @item M-j l | |
2202 Make the region left-filled (@code{set-justification-left}). | |
2203 @kindex M-j r @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2204 @findex set-justification-right | |
2205 @item M-j r | |
2206 Make the region right-filled (@code{set-justification-right}). | |
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2207 @kindex M-j b @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2208 @findex set-justification-full |
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2209 @item M-j b |
54477 | 2210 Make the region fully justified (@code{set-justification-full}). |
25829 | 2211 @kindex M-j c @r{(Enriched mode)} |
2212 @kindex M-S @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2213 @findex set-justification-center | |
2214 @item M-j c | |
2215 @itemx M-S | |
2216 Make the region centered (@code{set-justification-center}). | |
2217 @kindex M-j u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2218 @findex set-justification-none | |
2219 @item M-j u | |
2220 Make the region unfilled (@code{set-justification-none}). | |
2221 @end table | |
2222 | |
2223 Justification styles apply to entire paragraphs. All the | |
2224 justification-changing commands operate on the paragraph containing | |
2225 point, or, if the region is active, on all paragraphs which overlap the | |
2226 region. | |
2227 | |
2228 @vindex default-justification | |
2229 The default justification style is specified by the variable | |
2230 @code{default-justification}. Its value should be one of the symbols | |
2231 @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or @code{none}. | |
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2232 This is a per-buffer variable. Setting the variable directly affects |
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2233 only the current buffer. However, customizing it in a Custom buffer |
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2234 sets (as always) the default value for buffers that do not override it. |
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2235 @xref{Locals}, and @ref{Easy Customization}. |
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2236 |
25829 | 2237 @node Format Properties |
2238 @subsection Setting Other Text Properties | |
2239 | |
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2240 The Special Properties menu lets you add or remove three other useful text |
25829 | 2241 properties: @code{read-only}, @code{invisible} and @code{intangible}. |
2242 The @code{intangible} property disallows moving point within the text, | |
2243 the @code{invisible} text property hides text from display, and the | |
2244 @code{read-only} property disallows alteration of the text. | |
2245 | |
2246 Each of these special properties has a menu item to add it to the | |
2247 region. The last menu item, @samp{Remove Special}, removes all of these | |
2248 special properties from the text in the region. | |
2249 | |
2250 Currently, the @code{invisible} and @code{intangible} properties are | |
2251 @emph{not} saved in the text/enriched format. The @code{read-only} | |
2252 property is saved, but it is not a standard part of the text/enriched | |
2253 format, so other editors may not respect it. | |
2254 | |
2255 @node Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2256 @subsection Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2257 | |
2258 Normally, Emacs knows when you are editing formatted text because it | |
2259 recognizes the special annotations used in the file that you visited. | |
2260 However, there are situations in which you must take special actions | |
2261 to convert file contents or turn on Enriched mode: | |
2262 | |
2263 @itemize @bullet | |
2264 @item | |
2265 When you visit a file that was created with some other editor, Emacs may | |
2266 not recognize the file as being in the text/enriched format. In this | |
2267 case, when you visit the file you will see the formatting commands | |
2268 rather than the formatted text. Type @kbd{M-x format-decode-buffer} to | |
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2269 translate it. This also automatically turns on Enriched mode. |
25829 | 2270 |
2271 @item | |
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2272 When you @emph{insert} a file into a buffer, rather than visiting it, |
25829 | 2273 Emacs does the necessary conversions on the text which you insert, but |
2274 it does not enable Enriched mode. If you wish to do that, type @kbd{M-x | |
2275 enriched-mode}. | |
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2276 @end itemize |
25829 | 2277 |
2278 The command @code{format-decode-buffer} translates text in various | |
2279 formats into Emacs's internal format. It asks you to specify the format | |
2280 to translate from; however, normally you can type just @key{RET}, which | |
2281 tells Emacs to guess the format. | |
2282 | |
2283 @findex format-find-file | |
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2284 If you wish to look at a text/enriched file in its raw form, as a |
25829 | 2285 sequence of characters rather than as formatted text, use the @kbd{M-x |
2286 find-file-literally} command. This visits a file, like | |
2287 @code{find-file}, but does not do format conversion. It also inhibits | |
2288 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and automatic | |
2289 uncompression (@pxref{Compressed Files}). To disable format conversion | |
2290 but allow character code conversion and/or automatic uncompression if | |
2291 appropriate, use @code{format-find-file} with suitable arguments. | |
2292 | |
52401 | 2293 @ignore |
2294 arch-tag: 8db54ed8-2036-49ca-b0df-23811d03dc70 | |
2295 @end ignore |