annotate lispref/lists.texi @ 13230:ad1d4be6bb8d libc-951018 libc-951029 libc-951031 libc-951101 libc-951102 libc-951103 libc-951104 libc-951105 libc-951106 libc-951107 libc-951108 libc-951109 libc-951110 libc-951111 libc-951112 libc-951113 libc-951114 libc-951115 libc-951116 libc-951117 libc-951118 libc-951119 libc-951120 libc-951121 libc-951122 libc-951123 libc-951124 libc-951125 libc-951126 libc-951127 libc-951128 libc-951129 libc-951130

* config.guess: Recognize HP model 819 machines has having a PA 1.1 processor.
author Jeff Law <law@redhat.com>
date Mon, 16 Oct 1995 15:40:29 +0000
parents 909eb45b146d
children 66d807bdc5b4
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/lists
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6 @node Lists, Sequences Arrays Vectors, Strings and Characters, Top
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7 @chapter Lists
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8 @cindex list
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9 @cindex element (of list)
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10
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11 A @dfn{list} represents a sequence of zero or more elements (which may
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12 be any Lisp objects). The important difference between lists and
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13 vectors is that two or more lists can share part of their structure; in
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14 addition, you can insert or delete elements in a list without copying
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15 the whole list.
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16
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17 @menu
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18 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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19 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists.
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20 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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21 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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22 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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23 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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24 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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25 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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26 @end menu
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27
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28 @node Cons Cells
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29 @section Lists and Cons Cells
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30 @cindex lists and cons cells
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31 @cindex @code{nil} and lists
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32
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33 Lists in Lisp are not a primitive data type; they are built up from
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34 @dfn{cons cells}. A cons cell is a data object that represents an
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35 ordered pair. It records two Lisp objects, one labeled as the @sc{car},
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36 and the other labeled as the @sc{cdr}. These names are traditional; see
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37 @ref{Cons Cell Type}. @sc{cdr} is pronounced ``could-er.''
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38
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39 A list is a series of cons cells chained together, one cons cell per
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40 element of the list. By convention, the @sc{car}s of the cons cells are
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41 the elements of the list, and the @sc{cdr}s are used to chain the list:
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42 the @sc{cdr} of each cons cell is the following cons cell. The @sc{cdr}
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43 of the last cons cell is @code{nil}. This asymmetry between the
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44 @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} is entirely a matter of convention; at the
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45 level of cons cells, the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} slots have the same
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46 characteristics.
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47
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48 @cindex list structure
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49 Because most cons cells are used as part of lists, the phrase
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50 @dfn{list structure} has come to mean any structure made out of cons
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51 cells.
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52
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53 The symbol @code{nil} is considered a list as well as a symbol; it is
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54 the list with no elements. For convenience, the symbol @code{nil} is
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55 considered to have @code{nil} as its @sc{cdr} (and also as its
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56 @sc{car}).
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57
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58 The @sc{cdr} of any nonempty list @var{l} is a list containing all the
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59 elements of @var{l} except the first.
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60
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61 @node Lists as Boxes
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62 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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63 @section Lists as Linked Pairs of Boxes
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64 @cindex box representation for lists
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65 @cindex lists represented as boxes
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66 @cindex cons cell as box
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67
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68 A cons cell can be illustrated as a pair of boxes. The first box
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69 represents the @sc{car} and the second box represents the @sc{cdr}.
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70 Here is an illustration of the two-element list, @code{(tulip lily)},
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71 made from two cons cells:
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72
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73 @example
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74 @group
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75 --------------- ---------------
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76 | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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77 | tulip | o---------->| lily | nil |
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78 | | | | | |
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79 --------------- ---------------
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80 @end group
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81 @end example
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82
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83 Each pair of boxes represents a cons cell. Each box ``refers to'',
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84 ``points to'' or ``contains'' a Lisp object. (These terms are
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85 synonymous.) The first box, which is the @sc{car} of the first cons
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86 cell, contains the symbol @code{tulip}. The arrow from the @sc{cdr} of
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87 the first cons cell to the second cons cell indicates that the @sc{cdr}
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88 of the first cons cell points to the second cons cell.
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89
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90 The same list can be illustrated in a different sort of box notation
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91 like this:
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92
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93 @example
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94 @group
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95 ___ ___ ___ ___
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96 |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil
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97 | |
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98 | |
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99 --> tulip --> lily
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100 @end group
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101 @end example
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102
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103 Here is a more complex illustration, showing the three-element list,
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104 @code{((pine needles) oak maple)}, the first element of which is a
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105 two-element list:
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106
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107 @example
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108 @group
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109 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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110 |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil
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111 | | |
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112 | | |
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113 | --> oak --> maple
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114 |
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115 | ___ ___ ___ ___
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116 --> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil
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117 | |
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118 | |
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119 --> pine --> needles
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120 @end group
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121 @end example
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122
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123 The same list represented in the first box notation looks like this:
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124
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125 @example
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126 @group
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127 -------------- -------------- --------------
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128 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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129 | o | o------->| oak | o------->| maple | nil |
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130 | | | | | | | | | |
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131 -- | --------- -------------- --------------
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132 |
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133 |
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134 | -------------- ----------------
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135 | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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136 ------>| pine | o------->| needles | nil |
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137 | | | | | |
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138 -------------- ----------------
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139 @end group
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140 @end example
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141
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142 @xref{Cons Cell Type}, for the read and print syntax of cons cells and
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143 lists, and for more ``box and arrow'' illustrations of lists.
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144
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145 @node List-related Predicates
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146 @section Predicates on Lists
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147
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148 The following predicates test whether a Lisp object is an atom, is a
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149 cons cell or is a list, or whether it is the distinguished object
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150 @code{nil}. (Many of these predicates can be defined in terms of the
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151 others, but they are used so often that it is worth having all of them.)
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152
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153 @defun consp object
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154 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil}
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155 otherwise. @code{nil} is not a cons cell, although it @emph{is} a list.
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156 @end defun
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157
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158 @defun atom object
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159 @cindex atoms
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160 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an atom, @code{nil}
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161 otherwise. All objects except cons cells are atoms. The symbol
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162 @code{nil} is an atom and is also a list; it is the only Lisp object
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163 that is both.
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164
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165 @example
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166 (atom @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (consp @var{object}))
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167 @end example
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168 @end defun
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169
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170 @defun listp object
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171 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell or
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172 @code{nil}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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173
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174 @example
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175 @group
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176 (listp '(1))
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177 @result{} t
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178 @end group
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179 @group
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180 (listp '())
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181 @result{} t
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182 @end group
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183 @end example
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184 @end defun
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185
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186 @defun nlistp object
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187 This function is the opposite of @code{listp}: it returns @code{t} if
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188 @var{object} is not a list. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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189
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190 @example
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191 (listp @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (nlistp @var{object}))
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192 @end example
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193 @end defun
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194
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195 @defun null object
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196 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is @code{nil}, and
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197 returns @code{nil} otherwise. This function is identical to @code{not},
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198 but as a matter of clarity we use @code{null} when @var{object} is
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199 considered a list and @code{not} when it is considered a truth value
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200 (see @code{not} in @ref{Combining Conditions}).
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201
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202 @example
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203 @group
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204 (null '(1))
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205 @result{} nil
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206 @end group
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207 @group
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208 (null '())
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209 @result{} t
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210 @end group
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211 @end example
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212 @end defun
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213
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214 @need 2000
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215
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216 @node List Elements
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217 @section Accessing Elements of Lists
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218 @cindex list elements
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219
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220 @defun car cons-cell
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221 This function returns the value pointed to by the first pointer of the
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222 cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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223 returns the @sc{car} of @var{cons-cell}.
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224
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225 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{car}
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226 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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227 for @code{car}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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228 or @code{nil}.
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229
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230 @example
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231 @group
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232 (car '(a b c))
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233 @result{} a
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234 @end group
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235 @group
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236 (car '())
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237 @result{} nil
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238 @end group
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239 @end example
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240 @end defun
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241
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242 @defun cdr cons-cell
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243 This function returns the value pointed to by the second pointer of
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244 the cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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245 returns the @sc{cdr} of @var{cons-cell}.
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246
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247 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{cdr}
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248 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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249 for @code{cdr}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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250 or @code{nil}.
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251
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252 @example
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253 @group
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254 (cdr '(a b c))
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255 @result{} (b c)
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256 @end group
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257 @group
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258 (cdr '())
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259 @result{} nil
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260 @end group
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261 @end example
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262 @end defun
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263
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264 @defun car-safe object
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265 This function lets you take the @sc{car} of a cons cell while avoiding
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266 errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{car} of @var{object} if
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267 @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise. This is in contrast
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268 to @code{car}, which signals an error if @var{object} is not a list.
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269
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270 @example
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271 @group
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272 (car-safe @var{object})
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273 @equiv{}
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274 (let ((x @var{object}))
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275 (if (consp x)
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276 (car x)
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277 nil))
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278 @end group
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279 @end example
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280 @end defun
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281
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282 @defun cdr-safe object
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283 This function lets you take the @sc{cdr} of a cons cell while
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284 avoiding errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{cdr} of
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285 @var{object} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise.
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286 This is in contrast to @code{cdr}, which signals an error if
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287 @var{object} is not a list.
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288
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289 @example
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290 @group
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291 (cdr-safe @var{object})
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292 @equiv{}
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293 (let ((x @var{object}))
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294 (if (consp x)
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295 (cdr x)
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296 nil))
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297 @end group
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298 @end example
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299 @end defun
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300
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301 @defun nth n list
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302 This function returns the @var{n}th element of @var{list}. Elements
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303 are numbered starting with zero, so the @sc{car} of @var{list} is
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304 element number zero. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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305 the value is @code{nil}.
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306
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307 If @var{n} is negative, @code{nth} returns the first element of
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308 @var{list}.
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309
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310 @example
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311 @group
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312 (nth 2 '(1 2 3 4))
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313 @result{} 3
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314 @end group
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315 @group
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316 (nth 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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317 @result{} nil
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318 @end group
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319 @group
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320 (nth -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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321 @result{} 1
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322
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323 (nth n x) @equiv{} (car (nthcdr n x))
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324 @end group
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325 @end example
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326 @end defun
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327
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328 @defun nthcdr n list
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329 This function returns the @var{n}th @sc{cdr} of @var{list}. In other
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330 words, it removes the first @var{n} links of @var{list} and returns
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331 what follows.
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332
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333 If @var{n} is zero or negative, @code{nthcdr} returns all of
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334 @var{list}. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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335 @code{nthcdr} returns @code{nil}.
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336
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337 @example
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338 @group
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339 (nthcdr 1 '(1 2 3 4))
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340 @result{} (2 3 4)
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341 @end group
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342 @group
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343 (nthcdr 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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344 @result{} nil
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345 @end group
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346 @group
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347 (nthcdr -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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348 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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349 @end group
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350 @end example
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351 @end defun
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352
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353 @node Building Lists
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354 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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355 @section Building Cons Cells and Lists
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356 @cindex cons cells
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357 @cindex building lists
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358
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359 Many functions build lists, as lists reside at the very heart of Lisp.
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360 @code{cons} is the fundamental list-building function; however, it is
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361 interesting to note that @code{list} is used more times in the source
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362 code for Emacs than @code{cons}.
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363
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364 @defun cons object1 object2
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365 This function is the fundamental function used to build new list
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366 structure. It creates a new cons cell, making @var{object1} the
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367 @sc{car}, and @var{object2} the @sc{cdr}. It then returns the new cons
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368 cell. The arguments @var{object1} and @var{object2} may be any Lisp
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369 objects, but most often @var{object2} is a list.
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370
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371 @example
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372 @group
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373 (cons 1 '(2))
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374 @result{} (1 2)
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375 @end group
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376 @group
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377 (cons 1 '())
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378 @result{} (1)
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379 @end group
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380 @group
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381 (cons 1 2)
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382 @result{} (1 . 2)
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383 @end group
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384 @end example
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385
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386 @cindex consing
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387 @code{cons} is often used to add a single element to the front of a
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388 list. This is called @dfn{consing the element onto the list}. For
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389 example:
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390
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391 @example
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392 (setq list (cons newelt list))
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393 @end example
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394
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395 Note that there is no conflict between the variable named @code{list}
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396 used in this example and the function named @code{list} described below;
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397 any symbol can serve both purposes.
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398 @end defun
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399
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400 @defun list &rest objects
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401 This function creates a list with @var{objects} as its elements. The
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402 resulting list is always @code{nil}-terminated. If no @var{objects}
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403 are given, the empty list is returned.
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404
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405 @example
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406 @group
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407 (list 1 2 3 4 5)
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408 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
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409 @end group
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410 @group
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411 (list 1 2 '(3 4 5) 'foo)
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412 @result{} (1 2 (3 4 5) foo)
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413 @end group
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414 @group
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415 (list)
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416 @result{} nil
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417 @end group
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418 @end example
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419 @end defun
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420
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421 @defun make-list length object
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422 This function creates a list of length @var{length}, in which all the
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423 elements have the identical value @var{object}. Compare
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424 @code{make-list} with @code{make-string} (@pxref{Creating Strings}).
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425
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426 @example
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427 @group
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428 (make-list 3 'pigs)
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429 @result{} (pigs pigs pigs)
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430 @end group
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431 @group
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432 (make-list 0 'pigs)
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433 @result{} nil
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434 @end group
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435 @end example
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436 @end defun
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437
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438 @defun append &rest sequences
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439 @cindex copying lists
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440 This function returns a list containing all the elements of
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441 @var{sequences}. The @var{sequences} may be lists, vectors, or strings,
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442 but the last one should be a list. All arguments except the last one
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443 are copied, so none of them are altered.
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444
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445 More generally, the final argument to @code{append} may be any Lisp
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446 object. The final argument is not copied or converted; it becomes the
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447 @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell in the new list. If the final argument
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448 is itself a list, then its elements become in effect elements of the
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449 result list. If the final element is not a list, the result is a
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450 ``dotted list'' since its final @sc{cdr} is not @code{nil} as required
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451 in a true list.
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452
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453 See @code{nconc} in @ref{Rearrangement}, for a way to join lists with no
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454 copying.
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455
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456 Here is an example of using @code{append}:
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457
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458 @example
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459 @group
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460 (setq trees '(pine oak))
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461 @result{} (pine oak)
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462 (setq more-trees (append '(maple birch) trees))
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463 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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464 @end group
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465
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466 @group
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467 trees
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468 @result{} (pine oak)
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469 more-trees
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470 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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471 @end group
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472 @group
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473 (eq trees (cdr (cdr more-trees)))
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474 @result{} t
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475 @end group
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476 @end example
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477
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478 You can see how @code{append} works by looking at a box diagram. The
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479 variable @code{trees} is set to the list @code{(pine oak)} and then the
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480 variable @code{more-trees} is set to the list @code{(maple birch pine
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481 oak)}. However, the variable @code{trees} continues to refer to the
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482 original list:
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483
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484 @smallexample
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485 @group
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486 more-trees trees
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487 | |
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488 | ___ ___ ___ ___ -> ___ ___ ___ ___
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489 --> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil
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490 | | | |
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491 | | | |
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492 --> maple -->birch --> pine --> oak
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493 @end group
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494 @end smallexample
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495
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496 An empty sequence contributes nothing to the value returned by
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497 @code{append}. As a consequence of this, a final @code{nil} argument
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498 forces a copy of the previous argument.
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499
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500 @example
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501 @group
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502 trees
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503 @result{} (pine oak)
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504 @end group
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505 @group
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506 (setq wood (append trees ()))
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507 @result{} (pine oak)
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508 @end group
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509 @group
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510 wood
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511 @result{} (pine oak)
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512 @end group
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513 @group
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514 (eq wood trees)
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515 @result{} nil
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516 @end group
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517 @end example
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518
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519 @noindent
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520 This once was the usual way to copy a list, before the function
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521 @code{copy-sequence} was invented. @xref{Sequences Arrays Vectors}.
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522
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523 With the help of @code{apply}, we can append all the lists in a list of
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524 lists:
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525
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526 @example
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527 @group
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528 (apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
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529 @result{} (a b c x y z)
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530 @end group
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531 @end example
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532
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533 If no @var{sequences} are given, @code{nil} is returned:
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534
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535 @example
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536 @group
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537 (append)
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538 @result{} nil
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539 @end group
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540 @end example
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541
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542 Here are some examples where the final argument is not a list:
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543
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544 @example
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545 (append '(x y) 'z)
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546 @result{} (x y . z)
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547 (append '(x y) [z])
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548 @result{} (x y . [z])
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549 @end example
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550
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551 @noindent
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552 The second example shows that when the final argument is a sequence but
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553 not a list, the sequence's elements do not become elements of the
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554 resulting list. Instead, the sequence becomes the final @sc{cdr}, like
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555 any other non-list final argument.
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556
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557 The @code{append} function also allows integers as arguments. It
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558 converts them to strings of digits, making up the decimal print
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559 representation of the integer, and then uses the strings instead of the
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560 original integers. @strong{Don't use this feature; we plan to eliminate
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561 it. If you already use this feature, change your programs now!} The
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562 proper way to convert an integer to a decimal number in this way is with
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563 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}) or @code{number-to-string}
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564 (@pxref{String Conversion}).
6558
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565 @end defun
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566
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567 @defun reverse list
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568 This function creates a new list whose elements are the elements of
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569 @var{list}, but in reverse order. The original argument @var{list} is
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570 @emph{not} altered.
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571
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572 @example
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573 @group
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574 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
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575 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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576 @end group
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577 @group
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578 (reverse x)
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579 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
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580 x
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581 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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582 @end group
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583 @end example
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584 @end defun
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585
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586 @node Modifying Lists
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587 @section Modifying Existing List Structure
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588
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589 You can modify the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} contents of a cons cell with the
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590 primitives @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}.
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591
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592 @cindex CL note---@code{rplaca} vrs @code{setcar}
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593 @quotation
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594 @findex rplaca
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595 @findex rplacd
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596 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp uses functions @code{rplaca} and
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597 @code{rplacd} to alter list structure; they change structure the same
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598 way as @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}, but the Common Lisp functions
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599 return the cons cell while @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr} return the
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600 new @sc{car} or @sc{cdr}.
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601 @end quotation
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602
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603 @menu
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604 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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605 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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606 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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607 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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608 @end menu
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609
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610 @node Setcar
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611 @subsection Altering List Elements with @code{setcar}
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612
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613 Changing the @sc{car} of a cons cell is done with @code{setcar}. When
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614 used on a list, @code{setcar} replaces one element of a list with a
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615 different element.
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616
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617 @defun setcar cons object
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618 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{car} of @var{cons},
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619 replacing its previous @sc{car}. It returns the value @var{object}.
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620 For example:
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621
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622 @example
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623 @group
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624 (setq x '(1 2))
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625 @result{} (1 2)
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626 @end group
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627 @group
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628 (setcar x 4)
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629 @result{} 4
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630 @end group
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631 @group
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632 x
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633 @result{} (4 2)
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634 @end group
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635 @end example
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636 @end defun
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637
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638 When a cons cell is part of the shared structure of several lists,
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639 storing a new @sc{car} into the cons changes one element of each of
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640 these lists. Here is an example:
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641
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642 @example
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643 @group
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644 ;; @r{Create two lists that are partly shared.}
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645 (setq x1 '(a b c))
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646 @result{} (a b c)
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647 (setq x2 (cons 'z (cdr x1)))
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648 @result{} (z b c)
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649 @end group
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650
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651 @group
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652 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a shared link.}
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653 (setcar (cdr x1) 'foo)
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654 @result{} foo
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655 x1 ; @r{Both lists are changed.}
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656 @result{} (a foo c)
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657 x2
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658 @result{} (z foo c)
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659 @end group
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660
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661 @group
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662 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a link that is not shared.}
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663 (setcar x1 'baz)
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664 @result{} baz
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665 x1 ; @r{Only one list is changed.}
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666 @result{} (baz foo c)
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667 x2
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668 @result{} (z foo c)
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669 @end group
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670 @end example
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671
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672 Here is a graphical depiction of the shared structure of the two lists
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673 in the variables @code{x1} and @code{x2}, showing why replacing @code{b}
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674 changes them both:
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675
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676 @example
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677 @group
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678 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
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679 x1---> |___|___|----> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil
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680 | --> | |
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681 | | | |
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682 --> a | --> b --> c
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683 |
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684 ___ ___ |
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685 x2--> |___|___|--
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686 |
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687 |
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688 --> z
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diff changeset
689 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 Here is an alternative form of box diagram, showing the same relationship:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 x1:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 -------------- -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 | a | o------->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 | | | -->| | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 -------------- | -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 x2: |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 -------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 | car | cdr | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 | z | o----
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 @node Setcdr
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 @subsection Altering the CDR of a List
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 The lowest-level primitive for modifying a @sc{cdr} is @code{setcdr}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 @defun setcdr cons object
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
718 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{cdr} of @var{cons},
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
719 replacing its previous @sc{cdr}. It returns the value @var{object}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 Here is an example of replacing the @sc{cdr} of a list with a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 different list. All but the first element of the list are removed in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 favor of a different sequence of elements. The first element is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 unchanged, because it resides in the @sc{car} of the list, and is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 reached via the @sc{cdr}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 (setcdr x '(4))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @result{} (4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @result{} (1 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 You can delete elements from the middle of a list by altering the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 @sc{cdr}s of the cons cells in the list. For example, here we delete
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 the second element, @code{b}, from the list @code{(a b c)}, by changing
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 the @sc{cdr} of the first cell:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 (setcdr x1 (cdr (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @result{} (c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 @result{} (a c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
759 @need 4000
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 Here is the result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 --------------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 -------------- | -------------- | --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 | car | cdr | | | car | cdr | -->| car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 | a | o----- | b | o-------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 -------------- -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 The second cons cell, which previously held the element @code{b}, still
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 exists and its @sc{car} is still @code{b}, but it no longer forms part
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 of this list.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 It is equally easy to insert a new element by changing @sc{cdr}s:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 (setcdr x1 (cons 'd (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @result{} (d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 @result{} (a d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 Here is this result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 -------------- ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 | a | o | -->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 --------- | -- | ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 ----- --------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 | --------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 | | car | cdr | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 -->| d | o------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 ---------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 @node Rearrangement
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 @subsection Functions that Rearrange Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 @cindex rearrangement of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 @cindex modification of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 Here are some functions that rearrange lists ``destructively'' by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 modifying the @sc{cdr}s of their component cons cells. We call these
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 functions ``destructive'' because they chew up the original lists passed
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 to them as arguments, to produce a new list that is the returned value.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
822 @ifinfo
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
823 See @code{delq}, in @ref{Sets And Lists}, for another function
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
824 that modifies cons cells.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
825 @end ifinfo
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
826 @iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
827 The function @code{delq} in the following section is another example
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
828 of destructive list manipulation.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
829 @end iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
830
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 @defun nconc &rest lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 @cindex concatenating lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 @cindex joining lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 This function returns a list containing all the elements of @var{lists}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 Unlike @code{append} (@pxref{Building Lists}), the @var{lists} are
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 @emph{not} copied. Instead, the last @sc{cdr} of each of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 @var{lists} is changed to refer to the following list. The last of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @var{lists} is not altered. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 (nconc x '(4 5))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 Since the last argument of @code{nconc} is not itself modified, it is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 reasonable to use a constant list, such as @code{'(4 5)}, as in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 above example. For the same reason, the last argument need not be a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 (nconc x 'z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 A common pitfall is to use a quoted constant list as a non-last
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 argument to @code{nconc}. If you do this, your program will change
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 each time you run it! Here is what happens:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 (defun add-foo (x) ; @r{We want this function to add}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 (nconc '(foo) x)) ; @r{@code{foo} to the front of its arg.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo)) x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 (setq xx (add-foo '(1 2))) ; @r{It seems to work.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 @result{} (foo 1 2)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 (setq xy (add-foo '(3 4))) ; @r{What happened?}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @result{} (foo 1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 (eq xx xy)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @result{} t
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo 1 2 3 4) x)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 @defun nreverse list
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @cindex reversing a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 This function reverses the order of the elements of @var{list}.
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
913 Unlike @code{reverse}, @code{nreverse} alters its argument by reversing
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
914 the @sc{cdr}s in the cons cells forming the list. The cons cell that
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
915 used to be the last one in @var{list} becomes the first cell of the
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
916 value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 (nreverse x)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 ;; @r{The cell that was first is now last.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @result{} (1)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 To avoid confusion, we usually store the result of @code{nreverse}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 back in the same variable which held the original list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 (setq x (nreverse x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 Here is the @code{nreverse} of our favorite example, @code{(a b c)},
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 presented graphically:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 @r{Original list head:} @r{Reversed list:}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 ------------- ------------- ------------
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
953 | a | nil |<-- | b | o |<-- | c | o |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 ------------- | --------- | - | -------- | -
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 ------------- ------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 @defun sort list predicate
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 @cindex stable sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 @cindex sorting lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 This function sorts @var{list} stably, though destructively, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 returns the sorted list. It compares elements using @var{predicate}. A
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 stable sort is one in which elements with equal sort keys maintain their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 relative order before and after the sort. Stability is important when
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 successive sorts are used to order elements according to different
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 criteria.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 The argument @var{predicate} must be a function that accepts two
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 arguments. It is called with two elements of @var{list}. To get an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 increasing order sort, the @var{predicate} should return @code{t} if the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 first element is ``less than'' the second, or @code{nil} if not.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 The destructive aspect of @code{sort} is that it rearranges the cons
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 cells forming @var{list} by changing @sc{cdr}s. A nondestructive sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 function would create new cons cells to store the elements in their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 sorted order. If you wish to make a sorted copy without destroying the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 original, copy it first with @code{copy-sequence} and then sort.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 Sorting does not change the @sc{car}s of the cons cells in @var{list};
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 the cons cell that originally contained the element @code{a} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 @var{list} still has @code{a} in its @sc{car} after sorting, but it now
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 appears in a different position in the list due to the change of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 @sc{cdr}s. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 (setq nums '(1 3 2 6 5 4 0))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 @result{} (1 3 2 6 5 4 0)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 (sort nums '<)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 nums
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 Note that the list in @code{nums} no longer contains 0; this is the same
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 cons cell that it was before, but it is no longer the first one in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 list. Don't assume a variable that formerly held the argument now holds
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 the entire sorted list! Instead, save the result of @code{sort} and use
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 that. Most often we store the result back into the variable that held
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 the original list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 (setq nums (sort nums '<))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 @xref{Sorting}, for more functions that perform sorting.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 See @code{documentation} in @ref{Accessing Documentation}, for a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 useful example of @code{sort}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 @node Sets And Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 @section Using Lists as Sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 @cindex lists as sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 @cindex sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 A list can represent an unordered mathematical set---simply consider a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 value an element of a set if it appears in the list, and ignore the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 order of the list. To form the union of two sets, use @code{append} (as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 long as you don't mind having duplicate elements). Other useful
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 functions for sets include @code{memq} and @code{delq}, and their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 @code{equal} versions, @code{member} and @code{delete}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1033 @cindex CL note---lack @code{union}, @code{intersection}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 @quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp has functions @code{union} (which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 avoids duplicate elements) and @code{intersection} for set operations,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1037 but GNU Emacs Lisp does not have them. You can write them in Lisp if
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parents:
diff changeset
1038 you wish.
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 @end quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
1040
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parents:
diff changeset
1041 @defun memq object list
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parents:
diff changeset
1042 @cindex membership in a list
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parents:
diff changeset
1043 This function tests to see whether @var{object} is a member of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 @var{list}. If it is, @code{memq} returns a list starting with the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 first occurrence of @var{object}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1046 The letter @samp{q} in @code{memq} says that it uses @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 compare @var{object} against the elements of the list. For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1048
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parents:
diff changeset
1049 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1050 @group
7118
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1051 (memq 'b '(a b c b a))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1052 @result{} (b c b a)
6558
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diff changeset
1053 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1054 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1055 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
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diff changeset
1056 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1057 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1058 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1059 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1060
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diff changeset
1061 @defun delq object list
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parents:
diff changeset
1062 @cindex deletion of elements
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1063 This function destructively removes all elements @code{eq} to
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parents:
diff changeset
1064 @var{object} from @var{list}. The letter @samp{q} in @code{delq} says
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parents:
diff changeset
1065 that it uses @code{eq} to compare @var{object} against the elements of
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parents:
diff changeset
1066 the list, like @code{memq}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1067 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1068
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parents:
diff changeset
1069 When @code{delq} deletes elements from the front of the list, it does so
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 simply by advancing down the list and returning a sublist that starts
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parents:
diff changeset
1071 after those elements:
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parents:
diff changeset
1072
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parents:
diff changeset
1073 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1074 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1075 (delq 'a '(a b c)) @equiv{} (cdr '(a b c))
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parents:
diff changeset
1076 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1077 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1078
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parents:
diff changeset
1079 When an element to be deleted appears in the middle of the list,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1080 removing it involves changing the @sc{cdr}s (@pxref{Setcdr}).
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parents:
diff changeset
1081
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parents:
diff changeset
1082 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1083 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1084 (setq sample-list '(a b c (4)))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1085 @result{} (a b c (4))
6558
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diff changeset
1086 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1087 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1088 (delq 'a sample-list)
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1089 @result{} (b c (4))
6558
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diff changeset
1090 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1091 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1092 sample-list
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1093 @result{} (a b c (4))
6558
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diff changeset
1094 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1095 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1096 (delq 'c sample-list)
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 11137
diff changeset
1097 @result{} (a b (4))
6558
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diff changeset
1098 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1099 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1100 sample-list
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 11137
diff changeset
1101 @result{} (a b (4))
6558
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diff changeset
1102 @end group
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diff changeset
1103 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1104
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1105 Note that @code{(delq 'c sample-list)} modifies @code{sample-list} to
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1106 splice out the third element, but @code{(delq 'a sample-list)} does not
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1107 splice anything---it just returns a shorter list. Don't assume that a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1108 variable which formerly held the argument @var{list} now has fewer
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 elements, or that it still holds the original list! Instead, save the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 result of @code{delq} and use that. Most often we store the result back
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1111 into the variable that held the original list:
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parents:
diff changeset
1112
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parents:
diff changeset
1113 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1114 (setq flowers (delq 'rose flowers))
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parents:
diff changeset
1115 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1116
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parents:
diff changeset
1117 In the following example, the @code{(4)} that @code{delq} attempts to match
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1118 and the @code{(4)} in the @code{sample-list} are not @code{eq}:
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parents:
diff changeset
1119
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1120 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1121 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1122 (delq '(4) sample-list)
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1123 @result{} (a c (4))
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1125 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1126
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1127 The following two functions are like @code{memq} and @code{delq} but use
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1128 @code{equal} rather than @code{eq} to compare elements. They are new in
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parents:
diff changeset
1129 Emacs 19.
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parents:
diff changeset
1130
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1131 @defun member object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1132 The function @code{member} tests to see whether @var{object} is a member
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parents:
diff changeset
1133 of @var{list}, comparing members with @var{object} using @code{equal}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1134 If @var{object} is a member, @code{member} returns a list starting with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 its first occurrence in @var{list}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1136
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1137 Compare this with @code{memq}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1138
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1139 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1140 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1141 (member '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are @code{equal}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1142 @result{} ((2))
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parents:
diff changeset
1143 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1144 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1145 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1146 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1147 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1148 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1149 ;; @r{Two strings with the same contents are @code{equal}.}
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parents:
diff changeset
1150 (member "foo" '("foo" "bar"))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 @result{} ("foo" "bar")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1152 @end group
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diff changeset
1153 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1154 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1155
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1156 @defun delete object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1157 This function destructively removes all elements @code{equal} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158 @var{object} from @var{list}. It is to @code{delq} as @code{member} is
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parents:
diff changeset
1159 to @code{memq}: it uses @code{equal} to compare elements with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1160 @var{object}, like @code{member}; when it finds an element that matches,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1161 it removes the element just as @code{delq} would. For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1162
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1163 @example
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diff changeset
1164 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1165 (delete '(2) '((2) (1) (2)))
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1166 @result{} ((1))
6558
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diff changeset
1167 @end group
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diff changeset
1168 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1169 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1170
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parents:
diff changeset
1171 @quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1172 @b{Common Lisp note:} The functions @code{member} and @code{delete} in
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parents:
diff changeset
1173 GNU Emacs Lisp are derived from Maclisp, not Common Lisp. The Common
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1174 Lisp versions do not use @code{equal} to compare elements.
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parents:
diff changeset
1175 @end quotation
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diff changeset
1176
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1177 See also the function @code{add-to-list}, in @ref{Setting Variables},
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1178 for another way to add an element to a list stored in a variable.
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1179
6558
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diff changeset
1180 @node Association Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1181 @section Association Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1182 @cindex association list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1183 @cindex alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1184
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1185 An @dfn{association list}, or @dfn{alist} for short, records a mapping
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1186 from keys to values. It is a list of cons cells called
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1187 @dfn{associations}: the @sc{car} of each cell is the @dfn{key}, and the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1188 @sc{cdr} is the @dfn{associated value}.@footnote{This usage of ``key''
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1189 is not related to the term ``key sequence''; it means a value used to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1190 look up an item in a table. In this case, the table is the alist, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1191 the alist associations are the items.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1192
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1193 Here is an example of an alist. The key @code{pine} is associated with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1194 the value @code{cones}; the key @code{oak} is associated with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1195 @code{acorns}; and the key @code{maple} is associated with @code{seeds}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1196
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diff changeset
1197 @example
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diff changeset
1198 @group
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diff changeset
1199 '((pine . cones)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1200 (oak . acorns)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 (maple . seeds))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1204
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1205 The associated values in an alist may be any Lisp objects; so may the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 keys. For example, in the following alist, the symbol @code{a} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 associated with the number @code{1}, and the string @code{"b"} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 associated with the @emph{list} @code{(2 3)}, which is the @sc{cdr} of
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209 the alist element:
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parents:
diff changeset
1210
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parents:
diff changeset
1211 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 ((a . 1) ("b" 2 3))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1214
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1215 Sometimes it is better to design an alist to store the associated
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 value in the @sc{car} of the @sc{cdr} of the element. Here is an
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1218
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1219 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1220 '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1221 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1222
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parents:
diff changeset
1223 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1224 Here we regard @code{red} as the value associated with @code{rose}. One
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 advantage of this method is that you can store other related
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 information---even a list of other items---in the @sc{cdr} of the
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parents:
diff changeset
1227 @sc{cdr}. One disadvantage is that you cannot use @code{rassq} (see
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parents:
diff changeset
1228 below) to find the element containing a given value. When neither of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1229 these considerations is important, the choice is a matter of taste, as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1230 long as you are consistent about it for any given alist.
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parents:
diff changeset
1231
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parents:
diff changeset
1232 Note that the same alist shown above could be regarded as having the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1233 associated value in the @sc{cdr} of the element; the value associated
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parents:
diff changeset
1234 with @code{rose} would be the list @code{(red)}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1235
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parents:
diff changeset
1236 Association lists are often used to record information that you might
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parents:
diff changeset
1237 otherwise keep on a stack, since new associations may be added easily to
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parents:
diff changeset
1238 the front of the list. When searching an association list for an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 association with a given key, the first one found is returned, if there
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1240 is more than one.
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parents:
diff changeset
1241
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1242 In Emacs Lisp, it is @emph{not} an error if an element of an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1243 association list is not a cons cell. The alist search functions simply
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parents:
diff changeset
1244 ignore such elements. Many other versions of Lisp signal errors in such
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parents:
diff changeset
1245 cases.
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parents:
diff changeset
1246
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parents:
diff changeset
1247 Note that property lists are similar to association lists in several
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parents:
diff changeset
1248 respects. A property list behaves like an association list in which
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 each key can occur only once. @xref{Property Lists}, for a comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 of property lists and association lists.
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parents:
diff changeset
1251
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parents:
diff changeset
1252 @defun assoc key alist
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parents:
diff changeset
1253 This function returns the first association for @var{key} in
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parents:
diff changeset
1254 @var{alist}. It compares @var{key} against the alist elements using
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parents:
diff changeset
1255 @code{equal} (@pxref{Equality Predicates}). It returns @code{nil} if no
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{equal} to @var{key}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1257 For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1258
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1259 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1260 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
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parents:
diff changeset
1261 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
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parents:
diff changeset
1262 (assoc 'oak trees)
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parents:
diff changeset
1263 @result{} (oak . acorns)
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parents:
diff changeset
1264 (cdr (assoc 'oak trees))
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parents:
diff changeset
1265 @result{} acorns
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1266 (assoc 'birch trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1268 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1269
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1270 Here is another example, in which the keys and values are not symbols:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1271
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1272 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1273 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1274 '((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
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parents:
diff changeset
1275 (3 "Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1276 (5 "White Pine")))
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parents:
diff changeset
1277
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 (cdr (assoc 3 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1279 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 (cdr (assoc 2 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 @result{} ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1282 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1283 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1284
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1285 @defun rassoc value alist
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1286 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1287 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1288 a @sc{cdr} @code{equal} to @var{value}.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1289
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1290 @code{rassoc} is like @code{assoc} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1291 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1292 this as ``reverse @code{assoc}'', finding the key for a given value.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1293 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1294
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295 @defun assq key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 This function is like @code{assoc} in that it returns the first
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 association for @var{key} in @var{alist}, but it makes the comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 using @code{eq} instead of @code{equal}. @code{assq} returns @code{nil}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 if no association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{eq} to @var{key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 This function is used more often than @code{assoc}, since @code{eq} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 faster than @code{equal} and most alists use symbols as keys.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 @xref{Equality Predicates}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 (assq 'pine trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 @result{} (pine . cones)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1310
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 On the other hand, @code{assq} is not usually useful in alists where the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 keys may not be symbols:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 (setq leaves
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 '(("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 ("compound leaves" . horsechestnut)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 (assq "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 (assoc "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 @result{} ("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 @defun rassq value alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1328 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1329 a @sc{cdr} @code{eq} to @var{value}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331 @code{rassq} is like @code{assq} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1332 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1333 this as ``reverse @code{assq}'', finding the key for a given value.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1334
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1335 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1336
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1337 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1338 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1339
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 (rassq 'acorns trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 (rassq 'spores trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 Note that @code{rassq} cannot search for a value stored in the @sc{car}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347 of the @sc{cdr} of an element:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350 (setq colors '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352 (rassq 'white colors)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1354 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 In this case, the @sc{cdr} of the association @code{(lily white)} is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 the symbol @code{white}, but rather the list @code{(white)}. This
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358 becomes clearer if the association is written in dotted pair notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1359
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1361 (lily white) @equiv{} (lily . (white))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1362 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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1363 @end defun
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1364
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1365 @defun copy-alist alist
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1366 @cindex copying alists
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1367 This function returns a two-level deep copy of @var{alist}: it creates a
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1368 new copy of each association, so that you can alter the associations of
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1369 the new alist without changing the old one.
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1370
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1371 @smallexample
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1372 @group
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1373 (setq needles-per-cluster
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1374 '((2 . ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine"))
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1375 (3 . ("Pitch Pine"))
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1376 @end group
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1377 (5 . ("White Pine"))))
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1378 @result{}
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1379 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
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1380 (3 "Pitch Pine")
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1381 (5 "White Pine"))
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1382
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1383 (setq copy (copy-alist needles-per-cluster))
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1384 @result{}
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1385 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
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1386 (3 "Pitch Pine")
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1387 (5 "White Pine"))
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1388
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1389 (eq needles-per-cluster copy)
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1390 @result{} nil
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1391 (equal needles-per-cluster copy)
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1392 @result{} t
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1393 (eq (car needles-per-cluster) (car copy))
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1394 @result{} nil
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1395 (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
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1396 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
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1397 @group
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1398 (eq (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
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1399 (cdr (car (cdr copy))))
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1400 @result{} t
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1401 @end group
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1402 @end smallexample
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1403
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1404 This example shows how @code{copy-alist} makes it possible to change
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1405 the associations of one copy without affecting the other:
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1406
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1407 @smallexample
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1408 @group
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1409 (setcdr (assq 3 copy) '("Martian Vacuum Pine"))
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1410 (cdr (assq 3 needles-per-cluster))
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1411 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
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1412 @end group
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1413 @end smallexample
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1414 @end defun
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1415
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1416