Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/loading.texi @ 14212:8cf630851594 libc-960118 libc-960119 libc-960120 libc-960121 libc-960122 libc-960123 libc-960124 libc-960125 libc-960126 libc-960127 libc-960128 libc-960129 libc-960130 libc-960131
Recognize go32* as an os.
author | Doug Evans <dje@gnu.org> |
---|---|
date | Wed, 17 Jan 1996 23:54:58 +0000 |
parents | 226c90611902 |
children | 039b338d9656 |
rev | line source |
---|---|
6453 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/loading | |
6 @node Loading, Byte Compilation, Macros, Top | |
7 @chapter Loading | |
8 @cindex loading | |
9 @cindex library | |
10 @cindex Lisp library | |
11 | |
12 Loading a file of Lisp code means bringing its contents into the Lisp | |
13 environment in the form of Lisp objects. Emacs finds and opens the | |
14 file, reads the text, evaluates each form, and then closes the file. | |
15 | |
16 The load functions evaluate all the expressions in a file just | |
17 as the @code{eval-current-buffer} function evaluates all the | |
18 expressions in a buffer. The difference is that the load functions | |
19 read and evaluate the text in the file as found on disk, not the text | |
20 in an Emacs buffer. | |
21 | |
22 @cindex top-level form | |
23 The loaded file must contain Lisp expressions, either as source code | |
7212 | 24 or as byte-compiled code. Each form in the file is called a |
25 @dfn{top-level form}. There is no special format for the forms in a | |
6453 | 26 loadable file; any form in a file may equally well be typed directly |
27 into a buffer and evaluated there. (Indeed, most code is tested this | |
28 way.) Most often, the forms are function definitions and variable | |
29 definitions. | |
30 | |
31 A file containing Lisp code is often called a @dfn{library}. Thus, | |
32 the ``Rmail library'' is a file containing code for Rmail mode. | |
33 Similarly, a ``Lisp library directory'' is a directory of files | |
34 containing Lisp code. | |
35 | |
36 @menu | |
37 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
38 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
39 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. | |
12098 | 40 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
6453 | 41 * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
42 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when | |
43 particular libraries are loaded. | |
44 @end menu | |
45 | |
46 @node How Programs Do Loading | |
47 @section How Programs Do Loading | |
48 | |
49 Emacs Lisp has several interfaces for loading. For example, | |
50 @code{autoload} creates a placeholder object for a function in a file; | |
51 trying to call the autoloading function loads the file to get the | |
52 function's real definition (@pxref{Autoload}). @code{require} loads a | |
12098 | 53 file if it isn't already loaded (@pxref{Named Features}). Ultimately, all |
6453 | 54 these facilities call the @code{load} function to do the work. |
55 | |
56 @defun load filename &optional missing-ok nomessage nosuffix | |
57 This function finds and opens a file of Lisp code, evaluates all the | |
58 forms in it, and closes the file. | |
59 | |
60 To find the file, @code{load} first looks for a file named | |
61 @file{@var{filename}.elc}, that is, for a file whose name is | |
62 @var{filename} with @samp{.elc} appended. If such a file exists, it is | |
63 loaded. If there is no file by that name, then @code{load} looks for a | |
7212 | 64 file named @file{@var{filename}.el}. If that file exists, it is loaded. |
6453 | 65 Finally, if neither of those names is found, @code{load} looks for a |
66 file named @var{filename} with nothing appended, and loads it if it | |
67 exists. (The @code{load} function is not clever about looking at | |
68 @var{filename}. In the perverse case of a file named @file{foo.el.el}, | |
69 evaluation of @code{(load "foo.el")} will indeed find it.) | |
70 | |
71 If the optional argument @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
72 suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el} are not tried. In this case, you | |
73 must specify the precise file name you want. | |
74 | |
75 If @var{filename} is a relative file name, such as @file{foo} or | |
76 @file{baz/foo.bar}, @code{load} searches for the file using the variable | |
77 @code{load-path}. It appends @var{filename} to each of the directories | |
78 listed in @code{load-path}, and loads the first file it finds whose name | |
79 matches. The current default directory is tried only if it is specified | |
80 in @code{load-path}, where @code{nil} stands for the default directory. | |
81 @code{load} tries all three possible suffixes in the first directory in | |
82 @code{load-path}, then all three suffixes in the second directory, and | |
83 so on. | |
84 | |
85 If you get a warning that @file{foo.elc} is older than @file{foo.el}, it | |
86 means you should consider recompiling @file{foo.el}. @xref{Byte | |
87 Compilation}. | |
88 | |
89 Messages like @samp{Loading foo...} and @samp{Loading foo...done} appear | |
90 in the echo area during loading unless @var{nomessage} is | |
91 non-@code{nil}. | |
92 | |
93 @cindex load errors | |
94 Any unhandled errors while loading a file terminate loading. If the | |
7212 | 95 load was done for the sake of @code{autoload}, any function definitions |
96 made during the loading are undone. | |
6453 | 97 |
98 @kindex file-error | |
99 If @code{load} can't find the file to load, then normally it signals the | |
100 error @code{file-error} (with @samp{Cannot open load file | |
101 @var{filename}}). But if @var{missing-ok} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
102 @code{load} just returns @code{nil}. | |
103 | |
12067 | 104 You can use the variable @code{load-read-function} to specify a function |
105 for @code{load} to use instead of @code{read} for reading expressions. | |
106 See below. | |
107 | |
6453 | 108 @code{load} returns @code{t} if the file loads successfully. |
109 @end defun | |
110 | |
111 @ignore | |
112 @deffn Command load-file filename | |
113 This function loads the file @var{filename}. If @var{filename} is an | |
114 absolute file name, then it is loaded. If it is relative, then the | |
115 current default directory is assumed. @code{load-path} is not used, and | |
116 suffixes are not appended. Use this function if you wish to specify | |
117 the file to be loaded exactly. | |
118 @end deffn | |
119 | |
120 @deffn Command load-library library | |
121 This function loads the library named @var{library}. A library is | |
122 nothing more than a file that may be loaded as described earlier. This | |
123 function is identical to @code{load}, save that it reads a file name | |
124 interactively with completion. | |
125 @end deffn | |
126 @end ignore | |
127 | |
128 @defopt load-path | |
129 @cindex @code{EMACSLOADPATH} environment variable | |
130 The value of this variable is a list of directories to search when | |
131 loading files with @code{load}. Each element is a string (which must be | |
132 a directory name) or @code{nil} (which stands for the current working | |
133 directory). The value of @code{load-path} is initialized from the | |
134 environment variable @code{EMACSLOADPATH}, if that exists; otherwise its | |
135 default value is specified in @file{emacs/src/paths.h} when Emacs is | |
136 built. | |
137 | |
138 The syntax of @code{EMACSLOADPATH} is the same as used for @code{PATH}; | |
12098 | 139 @samp{:} (or @samp{;}, according to the operating system) separates |
140 directory names, and @samp{.} is used for the current default directory. | |
141 Here is an example of how to set your @code{EMACSLOADPATH} variable from | |
142 a @code{csh} @file{.login} file: | |
6453 | 143 |
144 @c This overfull hbox is OK. --rjc 16mar92 | |
145 @smallexample | |
146 setenv EMACSLOADPATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/lib/emacs/lisp | |
147 @end smallexample | |
148 | |
149 Here is how to set it using @code{sh}: | |
150 | |
151 @smallexample | |
152 export EMACSLOADPATH | |
153 EMACSLOADPATH=.:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/lib/emacs/lisp | |
154 @end smallexample | |
155 | |
156 Here is an example of code you can place in a @file{.emacs} file to add | |
157 several directories to the front of your default @code{load-path}: | |
158 | |
159 @smallexample | |
12282
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
160 @group |
6453 | 161 (setq load-path |
162 (append (list nil "/user/bil/emacs" | |
163 "/usr/local/lisplib" | |
12315
49a48bf414c7
Fix up load-path example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12282
diff
changeset
|
164 "~/emacs") |
6453 | 165 load-path)) |
12282
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
166 @end group |
6453 | 167 @end smallexample |
168 | |
169 @c Wordy to rid us of an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
170 @noindent | |
171 In this example, the path searches the current working directory first, | |
12315
49a48bf414c7
Fix up load-path example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12282
diff
changeset
|
172 followed then by the @file{/user/bil/emacs} directory, the |
49a48bf414c7
Fix up load-path example.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12282
diff
changeset
|
173 @file{/usr/local/lisplib} directory, and the @file{~/emacs} directory, |
6453 | 174 which are then followed by the standard directories for Lisp code. |
175 | |
7212 | 176 The command line options @samp{-l} or @samp{-load} specify a Lisp |
177 library to load as part of Emacs startup. Since this file might be in | |
178 the current directory, Emacs 18 temporarily adds the current directory | |
179 to the front of @code{load-path} so the file can be found there. Newer | |
180 Emacs versions also find such files in the current directory, but | |
181 without altering @code{load-path}. | |
10659
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
182 |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
183 Dumping Emacs uses a special value of @code{load-path}. If the value of |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
184 @code{load-path} at the end of dumping is unchanged (that is, still the |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
185 same special value), the dumped Emacs switches to the ordinary |
12128
27144f55d1c6
fixed errors that appeared during update to 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
186 @code{load-path} value when it starts up, as described above. But if |
10659
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
187 @code{load-path} has any other value at the end of dumping, that value |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
188 is used for execution of the dumped Emacs also. |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
189 |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
190 Therefore, if you want to change @code{load-path} temporarily for |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
191 loading a few libraries in @file{site-init.el} or @file{site-load.el}, |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
192 you should bind @code{load-path} locally with @code{let} around the |
a0efedb217ed
Explain load-path and dumping.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10513
diff
changeset
|
193 calls to @code{load}. |
6453 | 194 @end defopt |
195 | |
196 @defvar load-in-progress | |
197 This variable is non-@code{nil} if Emacs is in the process of loading a | |
12098 | 198 file, and it is @code{nil} otherwise. |
6453 | 199 @end defvar |
200 | |
12067 | 201 @defvar load-read-function |
202 This variable specifies an alternate expression-reading function for | |
203 @code{load} and @code{eval-region} to use instead of @code{read}. | |
204 The function should accept one argument, just as @code{read} does. | |
205 | |
206 Normally, the variable's value is @code{nil}, which means those | |
207 functions should use @code{read}. | |
208 @end defvar | |
209 | |
6453 | 210 To learn how @code{load} is used to build Emacs, see @ref{Building Emacs}. |
211 | |
212 @node Autoload | |
213 @section Autoload | |
214 @cindex autoload | |
215 | |
216 The @dfn{autoload} facility allows you to make a function or macro | |
12098 | 217 known in Lisp, but put off loading the file that defines it. The first |
218 call to the function automatically reads the proper file to install the | |
219 real definition and other associated code, then runs the real definition | |
6453 | 220 as if it had been loaded all along. |
221 | |
222 There are two ways to set up an autoloaded function: by calling | |
223 @code{autoload}, and by writing a special ``magic'' comment in the | |
224 source before the real definition. @code{autoload} is the low-level | |
225 primitive for autoloading; any Lisp program can call @code{autoload} at | |
226 any time. Magic comments do nothing on their own; they serve as a guide | |
227 for the command @code{update-file-autoloads}, which constructs calls to | |
228 @code{autoload} and arranges to execute them when Emacs is built. Magic | |
229 comments are the most convenient way to make a function autoload, but | |
230 only for packages installed along with Emacs. | |
231 | |
7212 | 232 @defun autoload function filename &optional docstring interactive type |
233 This function defines the function (or macro) named @var{function} so as | |
6453 | 234 to load automatically from @var{filename}. The string @var{filename} |
235 specifies the file to load to get the real definition of @var{function}. | |
236 | |
237 The argument @var{docstring} is the documentation string for the | |
238 function. Normally, this is the identical to the documentation string | |
239 in the function definition itself. Specifying the documentation string | |
240 in the call to @code{autoload} makes it possible to look at the | |
241 documentation without loading the function's real definition. | |
242 | |
243 If @var{interactive} is non-@code{nil}, then the function can be called | |
244 interactively. This lets completion in @kbd{M-x} work without loading | |
245 the function's real definition. The complete interactive specification | |
246 need not be given here; it's not needed unless the user actually calls | |
247 @var{function}, and when that happens, it's time to load the real | |
248 definition. | |
249 | |
250 You can autoload macros and keymaps as well as ordinary functions. | |
251 Specify @var{type} as @code{macro} if @var{function} is really a macro. | |
252 Specify @var{type} as @code{keymap} if @var{function} is really a | |
253 keymap. Various parts of Emacs need to know this information without | |
254 loading the real definition. | |
255 | |
12282
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
256 An autoloaded keymap loads automatically during key lookup when a prefix |
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
257 key's binding is the symbol @var{function}. Autoloading does not occur |
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
258 for other kinds of access to the keymap. In particular, it does not |
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
259 happen when a Lisp program gets the keymap from the value of a variable |
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
260 and calls @code{define-key}; not even if the variable name is the same |
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
261 symbol @var{function}. |
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
262 |
6453 | 263 @cindex function cell in autoload |
7212 | 264 If @var{function} already has a non-void function definition that is not |
6453 | 265 an autoload object, @code{autoload} does nothing and returns @code{nil}. |
7212 | 266 If the function cell of @var{function} is void, or is already an autoload |
6453 | 267 object, then it is defined as an autoload object like this: |
268 | |
269 @example | |
270 (autoload @var{filename} @var{docstring} @var{interactive} @var{type}) | |
271 @end example | |
272 | |
273 For example, | |
274 | |
275 @example | |
12282
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
276 @group |
6453 | 277 (symbol-function 'run-prolog) |
278 @result{} (autoload "prolog" 169681 t nil) | |
12282
586e3ea81792
updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12128
diff
changeset
|
279 @end group |
6453 | 280 @end example |
281 | |
282 @noindent | |
283 In this case, @code{"prolog"} is the name of the file to load, 169681 | |
284 refers to the documentation string in the @file{emacs/etc/DOC} file | |
285 (@pxref{Documentation Basics}), @code{t} means the function is | |
286 interactive, and @code{nil} that it is not a macro or a keymap. | |
287 @end defun | |
288 | |
289 @cindex autoload errors | |
290 The autoloaded file usually contains other definitions and may require | |
291 or provide one or more features. If the file is not completely loaded | |
292 (due to an error in the evaluation of its contents), any function | |
293 definitions or @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are | |
294 undone. This is to ensure that the next attempt to call any function | |
295 autoloading from this file will try again to load the file. If not for | |
296 this, then some of the functions in the file might appear defined, but | |
297 they might fail to work properly for the lack of certain subroutines | |
298 defined later in the file and not loaded successfully. | |
299 | |
300 If the autoloaded file fails to define the desired Lisp function or | |
301 macro, then an error is signaled with data @code{"Autoloading failed to | |
302 define function @var{function-name}"}. | |
303 | |
304 @findex update-file-autoloads | |
305 @findex update-directory-autoloads | |
306 A magic autoload comment looks like @samp{;;;###autoload}, on a line | |
307 by itself, just before the real definition of the function in its | |
308 autoloadable source file. The command @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} | |
309 writes a corresponding @code{autoload} call into @file{loaddefs.el}. | |
310 Building Emacs loads @file{loaddefs.el} and thus calls @code{autoload}. | |
311 @kbd{M-x update-directory-autoloads} is even more powerful; it updates | |
312 autoloads for all files in the current directory. | |
313 | |
314 The same magic comment can copy any kind of form into | |
315 @file{loaddefs.el}. If the form following the magic comment is not a | |
316 function definition, it is copied verbatim. You can also use a magic | |
7212 | 317 comment to execute a form at build time @emph{without} executing it when |
13087 | 318 the file itself is loaded. To do this, write the form @emph{on the same |
7212 | 319 line} as the magic comment. Since it is in a comment, it does nothing |
320 when you load the source file; but @code{update-file-autoloads} copies | |
321 it to @file{loaddefs.el}, where it is executed while building Emacs. | |
6453 | 322 |
323 The following example shows how @code{doctor} is prepared for | |
324 autoloading with a magic comment: | |
325 | |
326 @smallexample | |
327 ;;;###autoload | |
328 (defun doctor () | |
329 "Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy." | |
330 (interactive) | |
331 (switch-to-buffer "*doctor*") | |
332 (doctor-mode)) | |
333 @end smallexample | |
334 | |
335 @noindent | |
336 Here's what that produces in @file{loaddefs.el}: | |
337 | |
338 @smallexample | |
339 (autoload 'doctor "doctor" | |
340 "\ | |
341 Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy." | |
342 t) | |
343 @end smallexample | |
344 | |
345 @noindent | |
346 The backslash and newline immediately following the double-quote are a | |
347 convention used only in the preloaded Lisp files such as | |
348 @file{loaddefs.el}; they tell @code{make-docfile} to put the | |
349 documentation string in the @file{etc/DOC} file. @xref{Building Emacs}. | |
350 | |
351 @node Repeated Loading | |
352 @section Repeated Loading | |
353 @cindex repeated loading | |
354 | |
355 You may load one file more than once in an Emacs session. For | |
356 example, after you have rewritten and reinstalled a function definition | |
357 by editing it in a buffer, you may wish to return to the original | |
358 version; you can do this by reloading the file it came from. | |
359 | |
360 When you load or reload files, bear in mind that the @code{load} and | |
361 @code{load-library} functions automatically load a byte-compiled file | |
362 rather than a non-compiled file of similar name. If you rewrite a file | |
363 that you intend to save and reinstall, remember to byte-compile it if | |
364 necessary; otherwise you may find yourself inadvertently reloading the | |
365 older, byte-compiled file instead of your newer, non-compiled file! | |
366 | |
367 When writing the forms in a Lisp library file, keep in mind that the | |
368 file might be loaded more than once. For example, the choice of | |
369 @code{defvar} vs.@: @code{defconst} for defining a variable depends on | |
370 whether it is desirable to reinitialize the variable if the library is | |
371 reloaded: @code{defconst} does so, and @code{defvar} does not. | |
372 (@xref{Defining Variables}.) | |
373 | |
374 The simplest way to add an element to an alist is like this: | |
375 | |
376 @example | |
377 (setq minor-mode-alist | |
378 (cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist)) | |
379 @end example | |
380 | |
381 @noindent | |
382 But this would add multiple elements if the library is reloaded. | |
383 To avoid the problem, write this: | |
384 | |
385 @example | |
386 (or (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist) | |
387 (setq minor-mode-alist | |
388 (cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist))) | |
389 @end example | |
390 | |
12098 | 391 To add an element to a list just once, use @code{add-to-list} |
392 (@pxref{Setting Variables}). | |
393 | |
6453 | 394 Occasionally you will want to test explicitly whether a library has |
395 already been loaded. Here's one way to test, in a library, whether it | |
396 has been loaded before: | |
397 | |
398 @example | |
12098 | 399 (defvar foo-was-loaded) |
400 | |
6453 | 401 (if (not (boundp 'foo-was-loaded)) |
402 @var{execute-first-time-only}) | |
403 | |
404 (setq foo-was-loaded t) | |
405 @end example | |
406 | |
407 @noindent | |
408 If the library uses @code{provide} to provide a named feature, you can | |
409 use @code{featurep} to test whether the library has been loaded. | |
7212 | 410 @ifinfo |
12098 | 411 @xref{Named Features}. |
7212 | 412 @end ifinfo |
6453 | 413 |
12098 | 414 @node Named Features |
6453 | 415 @section Features |
416 @cindex features | |
417 @cindex requiring features | |
418 @cindex providing features | |
419 | |
420 @code{provide} and @code{require} are an alternative to | |
421 @code{autoload} for loading files automatically. They work in terms of | |
422 named @dfn{features}. Autoloading is triggered by calling a specific | |
423 function, but a feature is loaded the first time another program asks | |
424 for it by name. | |
425 | |
426 A feature name is a symbol that stands for a collection of functions, | |
427 variables, etc. The file that defines them should @dfn{provide} the | |
428 feature. Another program that uses them may ensure they are defined by | |
429 @dfn{requiring} the feature. This loads the file of definitions if it | |
430 hasn't been loaded already. | |
431 | |
432 To require the presence of a feature, call @code{require} with the | |
433 feature name as argument. @code{require} looks in the global variable | |
434 @code{features} to see whether the desired feature has been provided | |
435 already. If not, it loads the feature from the appropriate file. This | |
7212 | 436 file should call @code{provide} at the top level to add the feature to |
6453 | 437 @code{features}; if it fails to do so, @code{require} signals an error. |
438 @cindex load error with require | |
439 | |
440 Features are normally named after the files that provide them, so that | |
441 @code{require} need not be given the file name. | |
442 | |
443 For example, in @file{emacs/lisp/prolog.el}, | |
444 the definition for @code{run-prolog} includes the following code: | |
445 | |
446 @smallexample | |
447 (defun run-prolog () | |
448 "Run an inferior Prolog process, input and output via buffer *prolog*." | |
449 (interactive) | |
450 (require 'comint) | |
451 (switch-to-buffer (make-comint "prolog" prolog-program-name)) | |
452 (inferior-prolog-mode)) | |
453 @end smallexample | |
454 | |
455 @noindent | |
456 The expression @code{(require 'comint)} loads the file @file{comint.el} | |
457 if it has not yet been loaded. This ensures that @code{make-comint} is | |
458 defined. | |
459 | |
460 The @file{comint.el} file contains the following top-level expression: | |
461 | |
462 @smallexample | |
463 (provide 'comint) | |
464 @end smallexample | |
465 | |
466 @noindent | |
467 This adds @code{comint} to the global @code{features} list, so that | |
468 @code{(require 'comint)} will henceforth know that nothing needs to be | |
469 done. | |
470 | |
471 @cindex byte-compiling @code{require} | |
7212 | 472 When @code{require} is used at top level in a file, it takes effect |
6453 | 473 when you byte-compile that file (@pxref{Byte Compilation}) as well as |
474 when you load it. This is in case the required package contains macros | |
475 that the byte compiler must know about. | |
476 | |
477 Although top-level calls to @code{require} are evaluated during | |
478 byte compilation, @code{provide} calls are not. Therefore, you can | |
479 ensure that a file of definitions is loaded before it is byte-compiled | |
480 by including a @code{provide} followed by a @code{require} for the same | |
481 feature, as in the following example. | |
482 | |
483 @smallexample | |
484 @group | |
485 (provide 'my-feature) ; @r{Ignored by byte compiler,} | |
486 ; @r{evaluated by @code{load}.} | |
487 (require 'my-feature) ; @r{Evaluated by byte compiler.} | |
488 @end group | |
489 @end smallexample | |
490 | |
7212 | 491 @noindent |
492 The compiler ignores the @code{provide}, then processes the | |
493 @code{require} by loading the file in question. Loading the file does | |
494 execute the @code{provide} call, so the subsequent @code{require} call | |
495 does nothing while loading. | |
496 | |
6453 | 497 @defun provide feature |
498 This function announces that @var{feature} is now loaded, or being | |
499 loaded, into the current Emacs session. This means that the facilities | |
500 associated with @var{feature} are or will be available for other Lisp | |
501 programs. | |
502 | |
503 The direct effect of calling @code{provide} is to add @var{feature} to | |
504 the front of the list @code{features} if it is not already in the list. | |
505 The argument @var{feature} must be a symbol. @code{provide} returns | |
506 @var{feature}. | |
507 | |
508 @smallexample | |
509 features | |
510 @result{} (bar bish) | |
511 | |
512 (provide 'foo) | |
513 @result{} foo | |
514 features | |
515 @result{} (foo bar bish) | |
516 @end smallexample | |
517 | |
12098 | 518 When a file is loaded to satisfy an autoload, and it stops due to an |
519 error in the evaluating its contents, any function definitions or | |
520 @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are undone. | |
521 @xref{Autoload}. | |
6453 | 522 @end defun |
523 | |
524 @defun require feature &optional filename | |
525 This function checks whether @var{feature} is present in the current | |
526 Emacs session (using @code{(featurep @var{feature})}; see below). If it | |
527 is not, then @code{require} loads @var{filename} with @code{load}. If | |
528 @var{filename} is not supplied, then the name of the symbol | |
529 @var{feature} is used as the file name to load. | |
530 | |
531 If loading the file fails to provide @var{feature}, @code{require} | |
532 signals an error, @samp{Required feature @var{feature} was not | |
533 provided}. | |
534 @end defun | |
535 | |
536 @defun featurep feature | |
537 This function returns @code{t} if @var{feature} has been provided in the | |
538 current Emacs session (i.e., @var{feature} is a member of | |
539 @code{features}.) | |
540 @end defun | |
541 | |
542 @defvar features | |
543 The value of this variable is a list of symbols that are the features | |
544 loaded in the current Emacs session. Each symbol was put in this list | |
545 with a call to @code{provide}. The order of the elements in the | |
546 @code{features} list is not significant. | |
547 @end defvar | |
548 | |
549 @node Unloading | |
550 @section Unloading | |
551 @cindex unloading | |
552 | |
553 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
554 You can discard the functions and variables loaded by a library to | |
555 reclaim memory for other Lisp objects. To do this, use the function | |
556 @code{unload-feature}: | |
557 | |
10513
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
558 @deffn Command unload-feature feature &optional force |
6453 | 559 This command unloads the library that provided feature @var{feature}. |
7212 | 560 It undefines all functions, macros, and variables defined in that |
561 library with @code{defconst}, @code{defvar}, @code{defun}, | |
562 @code{defmacro}, @code{defsubst} and @code{defalias}. It then restores | |
12098 | 563 any autoloads formerly associated with those symbols. (Loading |
564 saves these in the @code{autoload} property of the symbol.) | |
10513
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
565 |
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
566 Ordinarily, @code{unload-feature} refuses to unload a library on which |
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
567 other loaded libraries depend. (A library @var{a} depends on library |
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
568 @var{b} if @var{a} contains a @code{require} for @var{b}.) If the |
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
569 optional argument @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, dependencies are |
e4423ed2b4cb
Document force arg in unload-feature.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7212
diff
changeset
|
570 ignored and you can unload any library. |
6453 | 571 @end deffn |
572 | |
573 The @code{unload-feature} function is written in Lisp; its actions are | |
574 based on the variable @code{load-history}. | |
575 | |
576 @defvar load-history | |
577 This variable's value is an alist connecting library names with the | |
578 names of functions and variables they define, the features they provide, | |
579 and the features they require. | |
580 | |
581 Each element is a list and describes one library. The @sc{car} of the | |
582 list is the name of the library, as a string. The rest of the list is | |
583 composed of these kinds of objects: | |
584 | |
585 @itemize @bullet | |
586 @item | |
7212 | 587 Symbols that were defined by this library. |
6453 | 588 @item |
589 Lists of the form @code{(require . @var{feature})} indicating | |
590 features that were required. | |
591 @item | |
592 Lists of the form @code{(provide . @var{feature})} indicating | |
593 features that were provided. | |
594 @end itemize | |
595 | |
596 The value of @code{load-history} may have one element whose @sc{car} is | |
597 @code{nil}. This element describes definitions made with | |
598 @code{eval-buffer} on a buffer that is not visiting a file. | |
599 @end defvar | |
600 | |
601 The command @code{eval-region} updates @code{load-history}, but does so | |
602 by adding the symbols defined to the element for the file being visited, | |
603 rather than replacing that element. | |
604 | |
605 @node Hooks for Loading | |
606 @section Hooks for Loading | |
607 @cindex loading hooks | |
608 @cindex hooks for loading | |
609 | |
610 You can ask for code to be executed if and when a particular library is | |
611 loaded, by calling @code{eval-after-load}. | |
612 | |
613 @defun eval-after-load library form | |
614 This function arranges to evaluate @var{form} at the end of loading the | |
10913
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
615 library @var{library}, if and when @var{library} is loaded. If |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
616 @var{library} is already loaded, it evaluates @var{form} right away. |
6453 | 617 |
618 The library name @var{library} must exactly match the argument of | |
619 @code{load}. To get the proper results when an installed library is | |
620 found by searching @code{load-path}, you should not include any | |
621 directory names in @var{library}. | |
622 | |
623 An error in @var{form} does not undo the load, but does prevent | |
624 execution of the rest of @var{form}. | |
625 @end defun | |
626 | |
10913
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
627 In general, well-designed Lisp programs should not use this feature. |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
628 The clean and modular ways to interact with a Lisp library are (1) |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
629 examine and set the library's variables (those which are meant for |
12128
27144f55d1c6
fixed errors that appeared during update to 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
630 outside use), and (2) call the library's functions. If you wish to |
10913
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
631 do (1), you can do it immediately---there is no need to wait for when |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
632 the library is loaded. To do (2), you must load the library (preferably |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
633 with @code{require}). |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
634 |
12098 | 635 But it is ok to use @code{eval-after-load} in your personal customizations |
10913
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
636 if you don't feel they must meet the design standards of programs to be |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
637 released. |
880d7c28921c
Change in eval-after-load; advise not using it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
10659
diff
changeset
|
638 |
6453 | 639 @defvar after-load-alist |
640 An alist of expressions to evaluate if and when particular libraries are | |
641 loaded. Each element looks like this: | |
642 | |
643 @example | |
644 (@var{filename} @var{forms}@dots{}) | |
645 @end example | |
646 | |
647 The function @code{load} checks @code{after-load-alist} in order to | |
648 implement @code{eval-after-load}. | |
649 @end defvar | |
650 | |
651 @c Emacs 19 feature |