annotate etc/LINUX-GNU @ 112453:06719a229a46 default tip

* calc/calc.el (calc-default-power-reference-level) (calc-default-field-reference-level): New variables. * calc/calc-units.el (math-standard-units): Add dB and Np. (math-logunits): New variable. (math-extract-logunits, math-logcombine, calcFunc-luplus) (calcFunc-luminus, calc-luplus, calc-luminus, math-logunit-level) (calcFunc-fieldlevel, calcFunc-powerlevel, calc-level): New functions. (math-find-base-units-rec): Add entry for ln(10). * calc/calc-help.el (calc-u-prefix-help): Add logarithmic help. (calc-ul-prefix-help): New function. * calc/calc-ext.el (calc-init-extensions): Autoload new units functions. Add keybindings for new units functions.
author Jay Belanger <jay.p.belanger@gmail.com>
date Sun, 23 Jan 2011 23:08:04 -0600
parents 23a1cea22d13
children
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1 Linux and the GNU system
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2
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3 The GNU project started in 1984 with the goal of developing a complete
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4 free Unix-like operating system: GNU. "Free" refers to freedom, not
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5 price; it means you are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change,
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6 and improve the software.
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7
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8 A Unix-like system consists of many different programs. We found some
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9 components already available as free software--for example, X Windows
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10 and TeX. We obtained other components by helping to convince their
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11 developers to make them free--for example, the Berkeley network
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12 utilities. This left many missing components that we had to write in
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13 order to produce GNU--for example, GNU Emacs, the GNU C compiler, the
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14 GNU C library, Bash, and Ghostscript. The GNU system consists of all
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15 these components together.
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17 The GNU project is not just about developing and distributing some
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18 useful free software. The heart of the GNU project is an idea: that
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19 software should be free, that software users should have freedom to
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20 participate in a community. To run your computer, you need an
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21 operating system; if it is not free, your freedom has been denied. To
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22 have freedom, you need a free operating system. We therefore set out
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23 to write one.
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24
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25 In the long run, though, we cannot expect to keep the free operating
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26 system free unless the users are aware of the freedom it gives them,
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27 and value that freedom. People who do not appreciate their freedom
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28 will not keep it long. If we want to make freedom last, we need to
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29 spread awareness of the freedoms they have in free software.
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31 The GNU project's method is that free software and the idea of users'
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32 freedom support each other. We develop GNU software, and as people
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33 encounter GNU programs or the GNU system and start to use them, they
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34 also think about the GNU idea. The software shows that the idea can
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35 work in practice. Some of these people come to agree with the idea,
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36 and then they are more likely to write additional free software.
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37 Thus, the software embodies the idea, spreads the idea, and grows from
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38 the idea.
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40 Early on in the development of GNU, various parts of it became popular
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41 even though users needed proprietary systems to run them on. Porting
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42 the system to many systems and maintaining them required a lot of
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43 work. After that work, most GNU software is easily configured for a
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44 variety of different platforms.
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46 By 1991, we had found or written all of the essential major components
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47 of the system except the kernel, which we were writing. (This kernel
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48 consists of the Mach microkernel plus the GNU HURD. The first test
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49 release was made in 1996. Now, in 2002, it is running well, and
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50 Hurd-based GNU systems are starting to be used.)
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52 That was the situation when Linux came into being. Linux is a kernel,
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53 like the kernel of Unix; it was written by Linus Torvalds, who
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54 released it under the GNU General Public License. He did not write
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55 this kernel for GNU, but it fit into the gap in GNU. The combination
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56 of GNU and Linux included all the major essential components of a
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57 Unix-compatible operating system. Other people, with some work made
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58 the combination into a usable system. The principal use of Linux, the
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59 kernel, is as part of this combination.
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61 The popularity of the GNU/Linux combination is success, in the sense
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62 of popularity, for GNU. Ironically, the popularity of GNU/Linux
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63 undermines our method of communicating the ideas of GNU to people who
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64 use GNU.
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66 When GNU programs were only usable individually on top of another
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67 operating system, installing and using them meant knowing and
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68 appreciating these programs, and thus being aware of GNU, which led
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69 people to think about the philosophical base of GNU. Now users can
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70 install a unified operating system which is basically GNU, but they
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71 usually think these are "Linux systems". At first impression, a
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72 "Linux system" sounds like something completely distinct from the "GNU
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73 system," and that is what most users think.
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75 This leads many users to identify themselves as a separate community
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76 of "Linux users", distinct from the GNU user community. They use more
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77 than just some GNU programs, they use almost all of the GNU system,
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78 but they don't think of themselves as GNU users. Often they never
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79 hear about the GNU idea; if they do, they may not think it relates to
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80 them.
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82 Most introductions to the "Linux system" acknowledge that GNU software
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83 components play a role in it, but they don't say that the system as a
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84 whole is a modified version of the GNU system that the GNU project has
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85 been developing and compiling since Linus Torvalds was in junior high
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86 school. They don't say that the main reason this free operating
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87 exists is that the GNU Project worked persistently to achieve its goal
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88 of freedom.
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90 As a result, most users don't know these things. They believe that
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91 the "Linux system" was developed by Linus Torvalds "just for fun", and
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92 that their freedom is a matter of good fortune rather than the
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93 dedicated pursuit of freedom. This creates a danger that they will
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94 leave the survival of free software to fortune as well.
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95
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96 Since human beings tend to correct their first impressions less than
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97 called for by additional information they learn later, these users
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98 will tend to continue to underestimate their connection to GNU even if
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99 they do learn the facts.
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101 When we began trying to support the GNU/Linux system, we found this
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102 widespread misinformation led to a practical problem--it hampered
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103 cooperation on software maintenance. Normally when users change a GNU
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104 program to make it work better on a particular system, they send the
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105 change to the maintainer of that program; then they work with the
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106 maintainer, explaining the change, arguing for it, and sometimes
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107 rewriting it for the sake of the overall coherence and maintainability
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108 of the package, to get the patch installed. But people who thought of
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109 themselves as "Linux users" showed a tendency to release a forked
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110 "Linux-only" version of the GNU program and consider the job done. In
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111 some cases we had to redo their work in order to make GNU programs run
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112 as released in GNU/Linux systems.
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114 How should the GNU project encourage its users to cooperate? How
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115 should we spread the idea that freedom for computer users is
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116 important?
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118 We must continue to talk about the freedom to share and change
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119 software--and to teach other users to value these freedoms. If we
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120 value having a free operating system, it makes sense to think about
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121 preserving those freedoms for the long term. If we value having a
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122 variety of free software, it makes sense to think about encouraging
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123 others to write free software, instead of proprietary software.
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124
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125 However, it is not enough just to talk about freedom; we must also
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126 make sure people know the reasons it is worth listening to what we
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127 say.
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129 Long explanations such as our philosophical articles are one way of
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130 informing the public, but you may not want to spend so much time on
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131 the matter. The most effective way you can help with a small amount
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132 of work is simply by using the terms "Linux-based GNU system" or
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133 "GNU/Linux system", instead of "Linux system," when you write about or
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134 mention such a system. Seeing these terms will show many people the
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135 reason to pay attention to our philosophical articles.
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136
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137 The system as a whole is more GNU than Linux; the name "GNU/Linux" is
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138 fair. When you are choosing the name of a distribution or a user
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139 group, a name with "GNU/Linux" will reflect both roots of the combined
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140 system, and will bring users into connection with both--including the
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141 spirit of freedom and community that is the basis and purpose of GNU.
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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142
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143
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e7d1e0f7a699 Substantial rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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144 Copyright 1996, 2002 Richard Stallman
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145 Verbatim copying and redistribution is permitted
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146 without royalty as long as this notice is preserved.
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147