comparison lispref/numbers.texi @ 77006:1f4b88ab053d

Improve index entries. Remove redundant/useless ones.

77005:2122b5496349

@code{(zerop x)} is equivalent to @code{(= x 0)}.
@end defun

@node Comparison of Numbers
@section Comparison of Numbers
@cindex number equality
@cindex number comparison
@cindex compare numbers

  To test numbers for numerical equality, you should normally use
@code{=}, not @code{eq}.  There can be many distinct floating point
number objects with the same numeric value.  If you use @code{eq} to
compare them, then you test whether two values are the same

@end defun

@node Numeric Conversions
@section Numeric Conversions
@cindex rounding in conversions
@cindex numeric conversions
@cindex convert number

To convert an integer to floating point, use the function @code{float}.

@defun float number
This returns @var{number} converted to floating point.

and returns that value as a floating point number.
@end defun

@node Bitwise Operations
@section Bitwise Operations on Integers

  In a computer, an integer is represented as a binary number, a
sequence of @dfn{bits} (digits which are either zero or one).  A bitwise
operation acts on the individual bits of such a sequence.  For example,
@dfn{shifting} moves the whole sequence left or right one or more places,

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun logand &rest ints-or-markers
@cindex logical and
@cindex bitwise and
This function returns the ``logical and'' of the arguments: the
@var{n}th bit is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is
set in all the arguments.  (``Set'' means that the value of the bit is 1
rather than 0.)

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun logior &rest ints-or-markers
@cindex logical inclusive or
@cindex bitwise or
This function returns the ``inclusive or'' of its arguments: the @var{n}th bit
is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is set in at least
one of the arguments.  If there are no arguments, the result is zero,
which is an identity element for this operation.  If @code{logior} is
passed just one argument, it returns that argument.

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun logxor &rest ints-or-markers
@cindex bitwise exclusive or
@cindex logical exclusive or
This function returns the ``exclusive or'' of its arguments: the
@var{n}th bit is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is
set in an odd number of the arguments.  If there are no arguments, the
result is 0, which is an identity element for this operation.  If
@code{logxor} is passed just one argument, it returns that argument.

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun lognot integer
@cindex logical not
@cindex bitwise not
This function returns the logical complement of its argument: the @var{n}th
bit is one in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is zero in
@var{integer}, and vice-versa.

@example

77006:1f4b88ab053d

@code{(zerop x)} is equivalent to @code{(= x 0)}.
@end defun

@node Comparison of Numbers
@section Comparison of Numbers
@cindex number comparison
@cindex comparing numbers

  To test numbers for numerical equality, you should normally use
@code{=}, not @code{eq}.  There can be many distinct floating point
number objects with the same numeric value.  If you use @code{eq} to
compare them, then you test whether two values are the same

@end defun

@node Numeric Conversions
@section Numeric Conversions
@cindex rounding in conversions
@cindex number conversions
@cindex converting numbers

To convert an integer to floating point, use the function @code{float}.

@defun float number
This returns @var{number} converted to floating point.

and returns that value as a floating point number.
@end defun

@node Bitwise Operations
@section Bitwise Operations on Integers
@cindex bitwise arithmetic
@cindex logical arithmetic

  In a computer, an integer is represented as a binary number, a
sequence of @dfn{bits} (digits which are either zero or one).  A bitwise
operation acts on the individual bits of such a sequence.  For example,
@dfn{shifting} moves the whole sequence left or right one or more places,

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun logand &rest ints-or-markers
This function returns the ``logical and'' of the arguments: the
@var{n}th bit is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is
set in all the arguments.  (``Set'' means that the value of the bit is 1
rather than 0.)

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun logior &rest ints-or-markers
This function returns the ``inclusive or'' of its arguments: the @var{n}th bit
is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is set in at least
one of the arguments.  If there are no arguments, the result is zero,
which is an identity element for this operation.  If @code{logior} is
passed just one argument, it returns that argument.

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun logxor &rest ints-or-markers
This function returns the ``exclusive or'' of its arguments: the
@var{n}th bit is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is
set in an odd number of the arguments.  If there are no arguments, the
result is 0, which is an identity element for this operation.  If
@code{logxor} is passed just one argument, it returns that argument.

@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun lognot integer
This function returns the logical complement of its argument: the @var{n}th
bit is one in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is zero in
@var{integer}, and vice-versa.

@example