Mercurial > emacs
comparison lispref/elisp.texi @ 49600:23a1cea22d13
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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 04 Feb 2003 14:56:31 +0000 |
parents | 82a85240df83 |
children | 70dce195cb42 d7ddb3e565de |
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33 Published by the Free Software Foundation | 33 Published by the Free Software Foundation |
34 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | 34 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
35 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | 35 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA |
36 | 36 |
37 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999,@* | 37 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999,@* |
38 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | 38 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
39 | 39 |
40 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | 40 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
41 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | 41 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
42 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | 42 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
43 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being | 43 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
205 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. | 205 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
206 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. | 206 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
207 | 207 |
208 Format of Descriptions | 208 Format of Descriptions |
209 | 209 |
210 * A Sample Function Description:: | 210 * A Sample Function Description:: |
211 * A Sample Variable Description:: | 211 * A Sample Variable Description:: |
212 | 212 |
213 Lisp Data Types | 213 Lisp Data Types |
214 | 214 |
215 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | 215 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. |
216 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | 216 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. |
315 Evaluation | 315 Evaluation |
316 | 316 |
317 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | 317 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. |
318 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. | 318 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
319 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | 319 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. |
320 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in | 320 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
321 the program). | 321 the program). |
322 | 322 |
323 Kinds of Forms | 323 Kinds of Forms |
324 | 324 |
325 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | 325 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. |
368 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | 368 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. |
369 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | 369 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. |
370 | 370 |
371 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | 371 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings |
372 | 372 |
373 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value | 373 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
374 is visible. Comparison with other languages. | 374 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
375 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | 375 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. |
376 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | 376 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. |
377 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and | 377 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
378 avoid problems. | 378 avoid problems. |
379 | 379 |
380 Buffer-Local Variables | 380 Buffer-Local Variables |
381 | 381 |
382 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | 382 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. |
390 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | 390 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. |
391 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | 391 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. |
392 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | 392 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. |
393 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | 393 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. |
394 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | 394 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. |
395 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. | 395 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
396 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition | 396 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
397 of a symbol. | 397 of a symbol. |
398 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives | 398 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
399 that have a special bearing on how | 399 that have a special bearing on how |
400 functions work. | 400 functions work. |
401 | 401 |
402 Lambda Expressions | 402 Lambda Expressions |
403 | 403 |
404 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | 404 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. |
443 | 443 |
444 Debugging Lisp Programs | 444 Debugging Lisp Programs |
445 | 445 |
446 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | 446 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. |
447 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. | 447 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
448 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in | 448 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
449 byte compilation. | 449 byte compilation. |
450 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. | 450 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
451 | 451 |
452 The Lisp Debugger | 452 The Lisp Debugger |
453 | 453 |
454 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | 454 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. |
455 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. | 455 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
456 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | 456 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. |
465 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | 465 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. |
466 | 466 |
467 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | 467 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects |
468 | 468 |
469 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | 469 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. |
470 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | 470 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
471 input streams. | 471 input streams. |
472 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | 472 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. |
473 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | 473 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
474 output streams. | 474 output streams. |
475 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | 475 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. |
476 | 476 |
477 Minibuffers | 477 Minibuffers |
478 | 478 |
540 Major and Minor Modes | 540 Major and Minor Modes |
541 | 541 |
542 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | 542 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
543 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | 543 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. |
544 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | 544 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. |
545 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that | 545 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
546 provides hooks. | 546 provides hooks. |
547 | 547 |
548 Major Modes | 548 Major Modes |
549 | 549 |
550 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | 550 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
600 File Names | 600 File Names |
601 | 601 |
602 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | 602 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. |
603 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | 603 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
604 is different from its name as a file. | 604 is different from its name as a file. |
605 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a | 605 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
606 current directory. | 606 current directory. |
607 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | 607 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. |
608 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | 608 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. |
609 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | 609 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. |
610 | 610 |
611 Backups and Auto-Saving | 611 Backups and Auto-Saving |
612 | 612 |
613 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names | 613 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
614 are chosen. | 614 are chosen. |
615 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | 615 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their |
616 names are chosen. | 616 names are chosen. |
617 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize | 617 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
618 what it does. | 618 what it does. |
619 | 619 |
620 Backup Files | 620 Backup Files |
621 | 621 |
622 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | 622 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. |
623 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file | 623 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
624 or copying it. | 624 or copying it. |
625 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | 625 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. |
626 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | 626 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. |
627 | 627 |
628 Buffers | 628 Buffers |
652 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | 652 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. |
653 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | 653 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer |
654 and choosing a window for it. | 654 and choosing a window for it. |
655 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | 655 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
656 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | 656 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text |
657 is on-screen in the window. | 657 is on-screen in the window. |
658 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. | 658 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. |
659 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. | 659 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. |
660 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. | 660 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
661 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | 661 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. |
662 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | 662 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
708 | 708 |
709 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | 709 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. |
710 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | 710 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. |
711 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | 711 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. |
712 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character | 712 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character |
713 position. | 713 position. |
714 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. | 714 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
715 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. | 715 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
716 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | 716 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. |
717 | 717 |
718 Text | 718 Text |
737 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. | 737 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
738 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. | 738 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
739 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing | 739 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
740 the text or position stored in a register. | 740 the text or position stored in a register. |
741 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. | 741 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
742 | 742 |
743 The Kill Ring | 743 The Kill Ring |
744 | 744 |
745 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | 745 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. |
746 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | 746 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. |
747 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. | 747 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |