Mercurial > emacs
comparison etc/NEWS.20 @ 71203:25fa0038a52d
Reorganize NEWS and ONEWS.* files into NEWS for current major version
and NEWS.21, NEWS.20, NEWS.19, NEWS.18, and NEWS.1-17 for older version.
Update copyright notices.
author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Sun, 04 Jun 2006 01:01:51 +0000 |
parents | |
children | 64d67dc1e67a |
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1 GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 2006-05-31 | |
2 Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006 | |
3 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 See the end for copying conditions. | |
5 | |
6 Please send Emacs bug reports to bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org. | |
7 If possible, use M-x report-emacs-bug. | |
8 | |
9 This file is about changes in emacs version 20. | |
10 | |
11 | |
12 | |
13 * Emacs 20.7 is a bug-fix release with few user-visible changes | |
14 | |
15 ** It is now possible to use CCL-based coding systems for keyboard | |
16 input. | |
17 | |
18 ** ange-ftp now handles FTP security extensions, like Kerberos. | |
19 | |
20 ** Rmail has been extended to recognize more forms of digest messages. | |
21 | |
22 ** Now, most coding systems set in keyboard coding system work not | |
23 only for character input, but also in incremental search. The | |
24 exceptions are such coding systems that handle 2-byte character sets | |
25 (e.g euc-kr, euc-jp) and that use ISO's escape sequence | |
26 (e.g. iso-2022-jp). They are ignored in incremental search. | |
27 | |
28 ** Support for Macintosh PowerPC-based machines running GNU/Linux has | |
29 been added. | |
30 | |
31 | |
32 | |
33 * Emacs 20.6 is a bug-fix release with one user-visible change | |
34 | |
35 ** Support for ARM-based non-RISCiX machines has been added. | |
36 | |
37 | |
38 | |
39 * Emacs 20.5 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. | |
40 | |
41 ** Not new, but not mentioned before: | |
42 M-w when Transient Mark mode is enabled disables the mark. | |
43 | |
44 | |
45 | |
46 * Changes in Emacs 20.4 | |
47 | |
48 ** Init file may be called .emacs.el. | |
49 | |
50 You can now call the Emacs init file `.emacs.el'. | |
51 Formerly the name had to be `.emacs'. If you use the name | |
52 `.emacs.el', you can byte-compile the file in the usual way. | |
53 | |
54 If both `.emacs' and `.emacs.el' exist, the latter file | |
55 is the one that is used. | |
56 | |
57 ** shell-command, and shell-command-on-region, now return | |
58 the exit code of the command (unless it is asynchronous). | |
59 Also, you can specify a place to put the error output, | |
60 separate from the command's regular output. | |
61 Interactively, the variable shell-command-default-error-buffer | |
62 says where to put error output; set it to a buffer name. | |
63 In calls from Lisp, an optional argument ERROR-BUFFER specifies | |
64 the buffer name. | |
65 | |
66 When you specify a non-nil error buffer (or buffer name), any error | |
67 output is inserted before point in that buffer, with \f\n to separate | |
68 it from the previous batch of error output. The error buffer is not | |
69 cleared, so error output from successive commands accumulates there. | |
70 | |
71 ** Setting the default value of enable-multibyte-characters to nil in | |
72 the .emacs file, either explicitly using setq-default, or via Custom, | |
73 is now essentially equivalent to using --unibyte: all buffers | |
74 created during startup will be made unibyte after loading .emacs. | |
75 | |
76 ** C-x C-f now handles the wildcards * and ? in file names. For | |
77 example, typing C-x C-f c*.c RET visits all the files whose names | |
78 match c*.c. To visit a file whose name contains * or ?, add the | |
79 quoting sequence /: to the beginning of the file name. | |
80 | |
81 ** The M-x commands keep-lines, flush-lines and count-matches | |
82 now have the same feature as occur and query-replace: | |
83 if the pattern contains any upper case letters, then | |
84 they never ignore case. | |
85 | |
86 ** The end-of-line format conversion feature previously mentioned | |
87 under `* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows' actually | |
88 applies to all operating systems. Emacs recognizes from the contents | |
89 of a file what convention it uses to separate lines--newline, CRLF, or | |
90 just CR--and automatically converts the contents to the normal Emacs | |
91 convention (using newline to separate lines) for editing. This is a | |
92 part of the general feature of coding system conversion. | |
93 | |
94 If you subsequently save the buffer, Emacs converts the text back to | |
95 the same format that was used in the file before. | |
96 | |
97 You can turn off end-of-line conversion by setting the variable | |
98 `inhibit-eol-conversion' to non-nil, e.g. with Custom in the MULE group. | |
99 | |
100 ** The character set property `prefered-coding-system' has been | |
101 renamed to `preferred-coding-system', for the sake of correct spelling. | |
102 This is a fairly internal feature, so few programs should be affected. | |
103 | |
104 ** Mode-line display of end-of-line format is changed. | |
105 The indication of the end-of-line format of the file visited by a | |
106 buffer is now more explicit when that format is not the usual one for | |
107 your operating system. For example, the DOS-style end-of-line format | |
108 is displayed as "(DOS)" on Unix and GNU/Linux systems. The usual | |
109 end-of-line format is still displayed as a single character (colon for | |
110 Unix, backslash for DOS and Windows, and forward slash for the Mac). | |
111 | |
112 The values of the variables eol-mnemonic-unix, eol-mnemonic-dos, | |
113 eol-mnemonic-mac, and eol-mnemonic-undecided, which are strings, | |
114 control what is displayed in the mode line for each end-of-line | |
115 format. You can now customize these variables. | |
116 | |
117 ** In the previous version of Emacs, tar-mode didn't work well if a | |
118 filename contained non-ASCII characters. Now this is fixed. Such a | |
119 filename is decoded by file-name-coding-system if the default value of | |
120 enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil. | |
121 | |
122 ** The command temp-buffer-resize-mode toggles a minor mode | |
123 in which temporary buffers (such as help buffers) are given | |
124 windows just big enough to hold the whole contents. | |
125 | |
126 ** If you use completion.el, you must now run the function | |
127 dynamic-completion-mode to enable it. Just loading the file | |
128 doesn't have any effect. | |
129 | |
130 ** In Flyspell mode, the default is now to make just one Ispell process, | |
131 not one per buffer. | |
132 | |
133 ** If you use iswitchb but do not call (iswitchb-default-keybindings) to | |
134 use the default keybindings, you will need to add the following line: | |
135 (add-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'iswitchb-minibuffer-setup) | |
136 | |
137 ** Auto-show mode is no longer enabled just by loading auto-show.el. | |
138 To control it, set `auto-show-mode' via Custom or use the | |
139 `auto-show-mode' command. | |
140 | |
141 ** Handling of X fonts' ascent/descent parameters has been changed to | |
142 avoid redisplay problems. As a consequence, compared with previous | |
143 versions the line spacing and frame size now differ with some font | |
144 choices, typically increasing by a pixel per line. This change | |
145 occurred in version 20.3 but was not documented then. | |
146 | |
147 ** If you select the bar cursor style, it uses the frame's | |
148 cursor-color, rather than the cursor foreground pixel. | |
149 | |
150 ** In multibyte mode, Rmail decodes incoming MIME messages using the | |
151 character set specified in the message. If you want to disable this | |
152 feature, set the variable rmail-decode-mime-charset to nil. | |
153 | |
154 ** Not new, but not mentioned previously in NEWS: when you use #! at | |
155 the beginning of a file to make it executable and specify an | |
156 interpreter program, Emacs looks on the second line for the -*- mode | |
157 and variable specification, as well as on the first line. | |
158 | |
159 ** Support for IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters. | |
160 | |
161 The new command M-x codepage-setup creates a special coding system | |
162 that can be used to convert text between a specific IBM codepage and | |
163 one of the character sets built into Emacs which matches that | |
164 codepage. For example, codepage 850 corresponds to Latin-1 character | |
165 set, codepage 855 corresponds to Cyrillic-ISO character set, etc. | |
166 | |
167 Windows codepages 1250, 1251 and some others, where Windows deviates | |
168 from the corresponding ISO character set, are also supported. | |
169 | |
170 IBM box-drawing characters and other glyphs which don't have | |
171 equivalents in the corresponding ISO character set, are converted to | |
172 a character defined by dos-unsupported-char-glyph on MS-DOS, and to | |
173 `?' on other systems. | |
174 | |
175 IBM codepages are widely used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, so this | |
176 feature is most useful on those platforms, but it can also be used on | |
177 Unix. | |
178 | |
179 Emacs compiled for MS-DOS automatically loads the support for the | |
180 current codepage when it starts. | |
181 | |
182 ** Mail changes | |
183 | |
184 *** When mail is sent using compose-mail (C-x m), and if | |
185 `mail-send-nonascii' is set to the new default value `mime', | |
186 appropriate MIME headers are added. The headers are added only if | |
187 non-ASCII characters are present in the body of the mail, and no other | |
188 MIME headers are already present. For example, the following three | |
189 headers are added if the coding system used in the *mail* buffer is | |
190 latin-1: | |
191 | |
192 MIME-version: 1.0 | |
193 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 | |
194 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit | |
195 | |
196 *** The new variable default-sendmail-coding-system specifies the | |
197 default way to encode outgoing mail. This has higher priority than | |
198 default-buffer-file-coding-system but has lower priority than | |
199 sendmail-coding-system and the local value of | |
200 buffer-file-coding-system. | |
201 | |
202 You should not set this variable manually. Instead, set | |
203 sendmail-coding-system to specify a fixed encoding for all outgoing | |
204 mail. | |
205 | |
206 *** When you try to send a message that contains non-ASCII characters, | |
207 if the coding system specified by those variables doesn't handle them, | |
208 Emacs will ask you to select a suitable coding system while showing a | |
209 list of possible coding systems. | |
210 | |
211 ** CC Mode changes | |
212 | |
213 *** c-default-style can now take an association list that maps major | |
214 modes to style names. When this variable is an alist, Java mode no | |
215 longer hardcodes a setting to "java" style. See the variable's | |
216 docstring for details. | |
217 | |
218 *** It's now possible to put a list as the offset on a syntactic | |
219 symbol. The list is evaluated recursively until a non-nil offset is | |
220 found. This is useful to combine several lineup functions to act in a | |
221 prioritized order on a single line. However, none of the supplied | |
222 lineup functions use this feature currently. | |
223 | |
224 *** New syntactic symbol catch-clause, which is used on the "catch" and | |
225 "finally" lines in try-catch constructs in C++ and Java. | |
226 | |
227 *** New cleanup brace-catch-brace on c-cleanup-list, which does for | |
228 "catch" lines what brace-elseif-brace does for "else if" lines. | |
229 | |
230 *** The braces of Java anonymous inner classes are treated separately | |
231 from the braces of other classes in auto-newline mode. Two new | |
232 symbols inexpr-class-open and inexpr-class-close may be used on | |
233 c-hanging-braces-alist to control the automatic newlines used for | |
234 anonymous classes. | |
235 | |
236 *** Support for the Pike language added, along with new Pike specific | |
237 syntactic symbols: inlambda, lambda-intro-cont | |
238 | |
239 *** Support for Java anonymous classes via new syntactic symbol | |
240 inexpr-class. New syntactic symbol inexpr-statement for Pike | |
241 support and gcc-style statements inside expressions. New lineup | |
242 function c-lineup-inexpr-block. | |
243 | |
244 *** New syntactic symbol brace-entry-open which is used in brace lists | |
245 (i.e. static initializers) when a list entry starts with an open | |
246 brace. These used to be recognized as brace-list-entry's. | |
247 c-electric-brace also recognizes brace-entry-open braces | |
248 (brace-list-entry's can no longer be electrified). | |
249 | |
250 *** New command c-indent-line-or-region, not bound by default. | |
251 | |
252 *** `#' is only electric when typed in the indentation of a line. | |
253 | |
254 *** Parentheses are now electric (via the new command c-electric-paren) | |
255 for auto-reindenting lines when parens are typed. | |
256 | |
257 *** In "gnu" style, inline-open offset is now set to zero. | |
258 | |
259 *** Uniform handling of the inclass syntactic symbol. The indentation | |
260 associated with it is now always relative to the class opening brace. | |
261 This means that the indentation behavior has changed in some | |
262 circumstances, but only if you've put anything besides 0 on the | |
263 class-open syntactic symbol (none of the default styles do that). | |
264 | |
265 ** Gnus changes. | |
266 | |
267 *** New functionality for using Gnus as an offline newsreader has been | |
268 added. A plethora of new commands and modes have been added. See the | |
269 Gnus manual for the full story. | |
270 | |
271 *** The nndraft backend has returned, but works differently than | |
272 before. All Message buffers are now also articles in the nndraft | |
273 group, which is created automatically. | |
274 | |
275 *** `gnus-alter-header-function' can now be used to alter header | |
276 values. | |
277 | |
278 *** `gnus-summary-goto-article' now accept Message-ID's. | |
279 | |
280 *** A new Message command for deleting text in the body of a message | |
281 outside the region: `C-c C-v'. | |
282 | |
283 *** You can now post to component group in nnvirtual groups with | |
284 `C-u C-c C-c'. | |
285 | |
286 *** `nntp-rlogin-program' -- new variable to ease customization. | |
287 | |
288 *** `C-u C-c C-c' in `gnus-article-edit-mode' will now inhibit | |
289 re-highlighting of the article buffer. | |
290 | |
291 *** New element in `gnus-boring-article-headers' -- `long-to'. | |
292 | |
293 *** `M-i' symbolic prefix command. See the section "Symbolic | |
294 Prefixes" in the Gnus manual for details. | |
295 | |
296 *** `L' and `I' in the summary buffer now take the symbolic prefix | |
297 `a' to add the score rule to the "all.SCORE" file. | |
298 | |
299 *** `gnus-simplify-subject-functions' variable to allow greater | |
300 control over simplification. | |
301 | |
302 *** `A T' -- new command for fetching the current thread. | |
303 | |
304 *** `/ T' -- new command for including the current thread in the | |
305 limit. | |
306 | |
307 *** `M-RET' is a new Message command for breaking cited text. | |
308 | |
309 *** \\1-expressions are now valid in `nnmail-split-methods'. | |
310 | |
311 *** The `custom-face-lookup' function has been removed. | |
312 If you used this function in your initialization files, you must | |
313 rewrite them to use `face-spec-set' instead. | |
314 | |
315 *** Canceling now uses the current select method. Symbolic prefix | |
316 `a' forces normal posting method. | |
317 | |
318 *** New command to translate M******** sm*rtq**t*s into proper text | |
319 -- `W d'. | |
320 | |
321 *** For easier debugging of nntp, you can set `nntp-record-commands' | |
322 to a non-nil value. | |
323 | |
324 *** nntp now uses ~/.authinfo, a .netrc-like file, for controlling | |
325 where and how to send AUTHINFO to NNTP servers. | |
326 | |
327 *** A command for editing group parameters from the summary buffer | |
328 has been added. | |
329 | |
330 *** A history of where mails have been split is available. | |
331 | |
332 *** A new article date command has been added -- `article-date-iso8601'. | |
333 | |
334 *** Subjects can be simplified when threading by setting | |
335 `gnus-score-thread-simplify'. | |
336 | |
337 *** A new function for citing in Message has been added -- | |
338 `message-cite-original-without-signature'. | |
339 | |
340 *** `article-strip-all-blank-lines' -- new article command. | |
341 | |
342 *** A new Message command to kill to the end of the article has | |
343 been added. | |
344 | |
345 *** A minimum adaptive score can be specified by using the | |
346 `gnus-adaptive-word-minimum' variable. | |
347 | |
348 *** The "lapsed date" article header can be kept continually | |
349 updated by the `gnus-start-date-timer' command. | |
350 | |
351 *** Web listserv archives can be read with the nnlistserv backend. | |
352 | |
353 *** Old dejanews archives can now be read by nnweb. | |
354 | |
355 *** `gnus-posting-styles' has been re-activated. | |
356 | |
357 ** Changes to TeX and LaTeX mode | |
358 | |
359 *** The new variable `tex-start-options-string' can be used to give | |
360 options for the TeX run. The default value causes TeX to run in | |
361 nonstopmode. For an interactive TeX run set it to nil or "". | |
362 | |
363 *** The command `tex-feed-input' sends input to the Tex Shell. In a | |
364 TeX buffer it is bound to the keys C-RET, C-c RET, and C-c C-m (some | |
365 of these keys may not work on all systems). For instance, if you run | |
366 TeX interactively and if the TeX run stops because of an error, you | |
367 can continue it without leaving the TeX buffer by typing C-RET. | |
368 | |
369 *** The Tex Shell Buffer is now in `compilation-shell-minor-mode'. | |
370 All error-parsing commands of the Compilation major mode are available | |
371 but bound to keys that don't collide with the shell. Thus you can use | |
372 the Tex Shell for command line executions like a usual shell. | |
373 | |
374 *** The commands `tex-validate-region' and `tex-validate-buffer' check | |
375 the matching of braces and $'s. The errors are listed in a *Occur* | |
376 buffer and you can use C-c C-c or mouse-2 to go to a particular | |
377 mismatch. | |
378 | |
379 ** Changes to RefTeX mode | |
380 | |
381 *** The table of contents buffer can now also display labels and | |
382 file boundaries in addition to sections. Use `l', `i', and `c' keys. | |
383 | |
384 *** Labels derived from context (the section heading) are now | |
385 lowercase by default. To make the label legal in LaTeX, latin-1 | |
386 characters will lose their accent. All Mule characters will be | |
387 removed from the label. | |
388 | |
389 *** The automatic display of cross reference information can also use | |
390 a window instead of the echo area. See variable `reftex-auto-view-crossref'. | |
391 | |
392 *** kpsewhich can be used by RefTeX to find TeX and BibTeX files. See the | |
393 customization group `reftex-finding-files'. | |
394 | |
395 *** The option `reftex-bibfile-ignore-list' has been renamed to | |
396 `reftex-bibfile-ignore-regexps' and indeed can be fed with regular | |
397 expressions. | |
398 | |
399 *** Multiple Selection buffers are now hidden buffers. | |
400 | |
401 ** New/deleted modes and packages | |
402 | |
403 *** The package snmp-mode.el provides major modes for editing SNMP and | |
404 SNMPv2 MIBs. It has entries on `auto-mode-alist'. | |
405 | |
406 *** The package sql.el provides a major mode, M-x sql-mode, for | |
407 editing SQL files, and M-x sql-interactive-mode for interacting with | |
408 SQL interpreters. It has an entry on `auto-mode-alist'. | |
409 | |
410 *** ispell4.el has been deleted. It got in the way of ispell.el and | |
411 this was hard to fix reliably. It has long been obsolete -- use | |
412 Ispell 3.1 and ispell.el. | |
413 | |
414 | |
415 * MS-DOS changes in Emacs 20.4 | |
416 | |
417 ** Emacs compiled for MS-DOS now supports MULE features better. | |
418 This includes support for display of all ISO 8859-N character sets, | |
419 conversion to and from IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters, | |
420 and automatic setup of the MULE environment at startup. For details, | |
421 check out the section `MS-DOS and MULE' in the manual. | |
422 | |
423 The MS-DOS installation procedure automatically configures and builds | |
424 Emacs with input method support if it finds an unpacked Leim | |
425 distribution when the config.bat script is run. | |
426 | |
427 ** Formerly, the value of lpr-command did not affect printing on | |
428 MS-DOS unless print-region-function was set to nil, but now it | |
429 controls whether an external program is invoked or output is written | |
430 directly to a printer port. Similarly, in the previous version of | |
431 Emacs, the value of ps-lpr-command did not affect PostScript printing | |
432 on MS-DOS unless ps-printer-name was set to something other than a | |
433 string (eg. t or `pipe'), but now it controls whether an external | |
434 program is used. (These changes were made so that configuration of | |
435 printing variables would be almost identical across all platforms.) | |
436 | |
437 ** In the previous version of Emacs, PostScript and non-PostScript | |
438 output was piped to external programs, but because most print programs | |
439 available for MS-DOS and MS-Windows cannot read data from their standard | |
440 input, on those systems the data to be output is now written to a | |
441 temporary file whose name is passed as the last argument to the external | |
442 program. | |
443 | |
444 An exception is made for `print', a standard program on Windows NT, | |
445 and `nprint', a standard program on Novell Netware. For both of these | |
446 programs, the command line is constructed in the appropriate syntax | |
447 automatically, using only the value of printer-name or ps-printer-name | |
448 as appropriate--the value of the relevant `-switches' variable is | |
449 ignored, as both programs have no useful switches. | |
450 | |
451 ** The value of the variable dos-printer (cf. dos-ps-printer), if it has | |
452 a value, overrides the value of printer-name (cf. ps-printer-name), on | |
453 MS-DOS and MS-Windows only. This has been true since version 20.3, but | |
454 was not documented clearly before. | |
455 | |
456 ** All the Emacs games now work on MS-DOS terminals. | |
457 This includes Tetris and Snake. | |
458 | |
459 | |
460 * Lisp changes in Emacs 20.4 | |
461 | |
462 ** New functions line-beginning-position and line-end-position | |
463 return the position of the beginning or end of the current line. | |
464 They both accept an optional argument, which has the same | |
465 meaning as the argument to beginning-of-line or end-of-line. | |
466 | |
467 ** find-file and allied functions now have an optional argument | |
468 WILDCARD. If this is non-nil, they do wildcard processing, | |
469 and visit all files that match the wildcard pattern. | |
470 | |
471 ** Changes in the file-attributes function. | |
472 | |
473 *** The file size returned by file-attributes may be an integer or a float. | |
474 It is an integer if the size fits in a Lisp integer, float otherwise. | |
475 | |
476 *** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if | |
477 the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a cons cell containing two | |
478 integers. | |
479 | |
480 ** The new function directory-files-and-attributes returns a list of | |
481 files in a directory and their attributes. It accepts the same | |
482 arguments as directory-files and has similar semantics, except that | |
483 file names and attributes are returned. | |
484 | |
485 ** The new function file-attributes-lessp is a helper function for | |
486 sorting the list generated by directory-files-and-attributes. It | |
487 accepts two arguments, each a list of a file name and its attributes. | |
488 It compares the file names of each according to string-lessp and | |
489 returns the result. | |
490 | |
491 ** The new function file-expand-wildcards expands a wildcard-pattern | |
492 to produce a list of existing files that match the pattern. | |
493 | |
494 ** New functions for base64 conversion: | |
495 | |
496 The function base64-encode-region converts a part of the buffer | |
497 into the base64 code used in MIME. base64-decode-region | |
498 performs the opposite conversion. Line-breaking is supported | |
499 optionally. | |
500 | |
501 Functions base64-encode-string and base64-decode-string do a similar | |
502 job on the text in a string. They return the value as a new string. | |
503 | |
504 ** | |
505 The new function process-running-child-p | |
506 will tell you if a subprocess has given control of its | |
507 terminal to its own child process. | |
508 | |
509 ** interrupt-process and such functions have a new feature: | |
510 when the second argument is `lambda', they send a signal | |
511 to the running child of the subshell, if any, but if the shell | |
512 itself owns its terminal, no signal is sent. | |
513 | |
514 ** There are new widget types `plist' and `alist' which can | |
515 be used for customizing variables whose values are plists or alists. | |
516 | |
517 ** easymenu.el now understands `:key-sequence' and `:style button'. | |
518 :included is an alias for :visible. | |
519 | |
520 easy-menu-add-item now understands the values returned by | |
521 easy-menu-remove-item and easy-menu-item-present-p. This can be used | |
522 to move or copy menu entries. | |
523 | |
524 ** Multibyte editing changes | |
525 | |
526 *** The definitions of sref and char-bytes are changed. Now, sref is | |
527 an alias of aref and char-bytes always returns 1. This change is to | |
528 make some Emacs Lisp code which works on 20.2 and earlier also | |
529 work on the latest Emacs. Such code uses a combination of sref and | |
530 char-bytes in a loop typically as below: | |
531 (setq char (sref str idx) | |
532 idx (+ idx (char-bytes idx))) | |
533 The byte-compiler now warns that this is obsolete. | |
534 | |
535 If you want to know how many bytes a specific multibyte character | |
536 (say, CH) occupies in a multibyte buffer, use this code: | |
537 (charset-bytes (char-charset ch)) | |
538 | |
539 *** In multibyte mode, when you narrow a buffer to some region, and the | |
540 region is preceded or followed by non-ASCII codes, inserting or | |
541 deleting at the head or the end of the region may signal this error: | |
542 | |
543 Byte combining across boundary of accessible buffer text inhibited | |
544 | |
545 This is to avoid some bytes being combined together into a character | |
546 across the boundary. | |
547 | |
548 *** The functions find-charset-region and find-charset-string include | |
549 `unknown' in the returned list in the following cases: | |
550 o The current buffer or the target string is unibyte and | |
551 contains 8-bit characters. | |
552 o The current buffer or the target string is multibyte and | |
553 contains invalid characters. | |
554 | |
555 *** The functions decode-coding-region and encode-coding-region remove | |
556 text properties of the target region. Ideally, they should correctly | |
557 preserve text properties, but for the moment, it's hard. Removing | |
558 text properties is better than preserving them in a less-than-correct | |
559 way. | |
560 | |
561 *** prefer-coding-system sets EOL conversion of default coding systems. | |
562 If the argument to prefer-coding-system specifies a certain type of | |
563 end of line conversion, the default coding systems set by | |
564 prefer-coding-system will specify that conversion type for end of line. | |
565 | |
566 *** The new function thai-compose-string can be used to properly | |
567 compose Thai characters in a string. | |
568 | |
569 ** The primitive `define-prefix-command' now takes an optional third | |
570 argument NAME, which should be a string. It supplies the menu name | |
571 for the created keymap. Keymaps created in order to be displayed as | |
572 menus should always use the third argument. | |
573 | |
574 ** The meanings of optional second arguments for read-char, | |
575 read-event, and read-char-exclusive are flipped. Now the second | |
576 arguments are INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. These functions use the current | |
577 input method (if any) if and only if INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD is non-nil. | |
578 | |
579 ** The new function clear-this-command-keys empties out the contents | |
580 of the vector that (this-command-keys) returns. This is useful in | |
581 programs that read passwords, to prevent the passwords from echoing | |
582 inadvertently as part of the next command in certain cases. | |
583 | |
584 ** The new macro `with-temp-message' displays a temporary message in | |
585 the echo area, while executing some Lisp code. Like `progn', it | |
586 returns the value of the last form, but it also restores the previous | |
587 echo area contents. | |
588 | |
589 (with-temp-message MESSAGE &rest BODY) | |
590 | |
591 ** The function `require' now takes an optional third argument | |
592 NOERROR. If it is non-nil, then there is no error if the | |
593 requested feature cannot be loaded. | |
594 | |
595 ** In the function modify-face, an argument of (nil) for the | |
596 foreground color, background color or stipple pattern | |
597 means to clear out that attribute. | |
598 | |
599 ** The `outer-window-id' frame property of an X frame | |
600 gives the window number of the outermost X window for the frame. | |
601 | |
602 ** Temporary buffers made with with-output-to-temp-buffer are now | |
603 read-only by default, and normally use the major mode Help mode | |
604 unless you put them in some other non-Fundamental mode before the | |
605 end of with-output-to-temp-buffer. | |
606 | |
607 ** The new functions gap-position and gap-size return information on | |
608 the gap of the current buffer. | |
609 | |
610 ** The new functions position-bytes and byte-to-position provide a way | |
611 to convert between character positions and byte positions in the | |
612 current buffer. | |
613 | |
614 ** vc.el defines two new macros, `edit-vc-file' and `with-vc-file', to | |
615 facilitate working with version-controlled files from Lisp programs. | |
616 These macros check out a given file automatically if needed, and check | |
617 it back in after any modifications have been made. | |
618 | |
619 | |
620 | |
621 * Installation Changes in Emacs 20.3 | |
622 | |
623 ** The default value of load-path now includes most subdirectories of | |
624 the site-specific directories /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp and | |
625 /usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp, in addition to those | |
626 directories themselves. Both immediate subdirectories and | |
627 subdirectories multiple levels down are added to load-path. | |
628 | |
629 Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose | |
630 names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. | |
631 Subdirectories named RCS or CVS are excluded. Also, a subdirectory | |
632 which contains a file named `.nosearch' is excluded. You can use | |
633 these methods to prevent certain subdirectories from being searched. | |
634 | |
635 Emacs finds these subdirectories and adds them to load-path when it | |
636 starts up. While it would be cleaner to find the subdirectories each | |
637 time Emacs loads a file, that would be much slower. | |
638 | |
639 This feature is an incompatible change. If you have stored some Emacs | |
640 Lisp files in a subdirectory of the site-lisp directory specifically | |
641 to prevent them from being used, you will need to rename the | |
642 subdirectory to start with a non-alphanumeric character, or create a | |
643 `.nosearch' file in it, in order to continue to achieve the desired | |
644 results. | |
645 | |
646 ** Emacs no longer includes an old version of the C preprocessor from | |
647 GCC. This was formerly used to help compile Emacs with C compilers | |
648 that had limits on the significant length of an identifier, but in | |
649 fact we stopped supporting such compilers some time ago. | |
650 | |
651 | |
652 * Changes in Emacs 20.3 | |
653 | |
654 ** The new command C-x z (repeat) repeats the previous command | |
655 including its argument. If you repeat the z afterward, | |
656 it repeats the command additional times; thus, you can | |
657 perform many repetitions with one keystroke per repetition. | |
658 | |
659 ** Emacs now supports "selective undo" which undoes only within a | |
660 specified region. To do this, set point and mark around the desired | |
661 region and type C-u C-x u (or C-u C-_). You can then continue undoing | |
662 further, within the same region, by repeating the ordinary undo | |
663 command C-x u or C-_. This will keep undoing changes that were made | |
664 within the region you originally specified, until either all of them | |
665 are undone, or it encounters a change which crosses the edge of that | |
666 region. | |
667 | |
668 In Transient Mark mode, undoing when a region is active requests | |
669 selective undo. | |
670 | |
671 ** If you specify --unibyte when starting Emacs, then all buffers are | |
672 unibyte, except when a Lisp program specifically creates a multibyte | |
673 buffer. Setting the environment variable EMACS_UNIBYTE has the same | |
674 effect. The --no-unibyte option overrides EMACS_UNIBYTE and directs | |
675 Emacs to run normally in multibyte mode. | |
676 | |
677 The option --unibyte does not affect the reading of Emacs Lisp files, | |
678 though. If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, use | |
679 -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. That will force Emacs to | |
680 load that file in unibyte mode, regardless of how Emacs was started. | |
681 | |
682 ** toggle-enable-multibyte-characters no longer has a key binding and | |
683 no longer appears in the menu bar. We've realized that changing the | |
684 enable-multibyte-characters variable in an existing buffer is | |
685 something that most users not do. | |
686 | |
687 ** You can specify a coding system to use for the next cut or paste | |
688 operations through the window system with the command C-x RET X. | |
689 The coding system can make a difference for communication with other | |
690 applications. | |
691 | |
692 C-x RET x specifies a coding system for all subsequent cutting and | |
693 pasting operations. | |
694 | |
695 ** You can specify the printer to use for commands that do printing by | |
696 setting the variable `printer-name'. Just what a printer name looks | |
697 like depends on your operating system. You can specify a different | |
698 printer for the Postscript printing commands by setting | |
699 `ps-printer-name'. | |
700 | |
701 ** Emacs now supports on-the-fly spell checking by the means of a | |
702 minor mode. It is called M-x flyspell-mode. You don't have to remember | |
703 any other special commands to use it, and you will hardly notice it | |
704 except when you make a spelling error. Flyspell works by highlighting | |
705 incorrect words as soon as they are completed or as soon as the cursor | |
706 hits a new word. | |
707 | |
708 Flyspell mode works with whichever dictionary you have selected for | |
709 Ispell in Emacs. In TeX mode, it understands TeX syntax so as not | |
710 to be confused by TeX commands. | |
711 | |
712 You can correct a misspelled word by editing it into something | |
713 correct. You can also correct it, or accept it as correct, by | |
714 clicking on the word with Mouse-2; that gives you a pop-up menu | |
715 of various alternative replacements and actions. | |
716 | |
717 Flyspell mode also proposes "automatic" corrections. M-TAB replaces | |
718 the current misspelled word with a possible correction. If several | |
719 corrections are made possible, M-TAB cycles through them in | |
720 alphabetical order, or in order of decreasing likelihood if | |
721 flyspell-sort-corrections is nil. | |
722 | |
723 Flyspell mode also flags an error when a word is repeated, if | |
724 flyspell-mark-duplications-flag is non-nil. | |
725 | |
726 ** Changes in input method usage. | |
727 | |
728 Now you can use arrow keys (right, left, down, up) for selecting among | |
729 the alternatives just the same way as you do by C-f, C-b, C-n, and C-p | |
730 respectively. | |
731 | |
732 You can use the ENTER key to accept the current conversion. | |
733 | |
734 If you type TAB to display a list of alternatives, you can select one | |
735 of the alternatives with Mouse-2. | |
736 | |
737 The meaning of the variable `input-method-verbose-flag' is changed so | |
738 that you can set it to t, nil, `default', or `complex-only'. | |
739 | |
740 If the value is nil, extra guidance is never given. | |
741 | |
742 If the value is t, extra guidance is always given. | |
743 | |
744 If the value is `complex-only', extra guidance is always given only | |
745 when you are using complex input methods such as chinese-py. | |
746 | |
747 If the value is `default' (this is the default), extra guidance is | |
748 given in the following case: | |
749 o When you are using a complex input method. | |
750 o When you are using a simple input method but not in the minibuffer. | |
751 | |
752 If you are using Emacs through a very slow line, setting | |
753 input-method-verbose-flag to nil or to complex-only is a good choice, | |
754 and if you are using an input method you are not familiar with, | |
755 setting it to t is helpful. | |
756 | |
757 The old command select-input-method is now called set-input-method. | |
758 | |
759 In the language environment "Korean", you can use the following | |
760 keys: | |
761 Shift-SPC toggle-korean-input-method | |
762 C-F9 quail-hangul-switch-symbol-ksc | |
763 F9 quail-hangul-switch-hanja | |
764 These key bindings are canceled when you switch to another language | |
765 environment. | |
766 | |
767 ** The minibuffer history of file names now records the specified file | |
768 names, not the entire minibuffer input. For example, if the | |
769 minibuffer starts out with /usr/foo/, you might type in /etc/passwd to | |
770 get | |
771 | |
772 /usr/foo//etc/passwd | |
773 | |
774 which stands for the file /etc/passwd. | |
775 | |
776 Formerly, this used to put /usr/foo//etc/passwd in the history list. | |
777 Now this puts just /etc/passwd in the history list. | |
778 | |
779 ** If you are root, Emacs sets backup-by-copying-when-mismatch to t | |
780 at startup, so that saving a file will be sure to preserve | |
781 its owner and group. | |
782 | |
783 ** find-func.el can now also find the place of definition of Emacs | |
784 Lisp variables in user-loaded libraries. | |
785 | |
786 ** C-x r t (string-rectangle) now deletes the existing rectangle | |
787 contents before inserting the specified string on each line. | |
788 | |
789 ** There is a new command delete-whitespace-rectangle | |
790 which deletes whitespace starting from a particular column | |
791 in all the lines on a rectangle. The column is specified | |
792 by the left edge of the rectangle. | |
793 | |
794 ** You can now store a number into a register with C-u NUMBER C-x r n REG, | |
795 increment it by INC with C-u INC C-x r + REG (to increment by one, omit | |
796 C-u INC), and insert it in the buffer with C-x r g REG. This is useful | |
797 for writing keyboard macros. | |
798 | |
799 ** The new command M-x speedbar displays a frame in which directories, | |
800 files, and tags can be displayed, manipulated, and jumped to. The | |
801 frame defaults to 20 characters in width, and is the same height as | |
802 the frame that it was started from. Some major modes define | |
803 additional commands for the speedbar, including Rmail, GUD/GDB, and | |
804 info. | |
805 | |
806 ** query-replace-regexp is now bound to C-M-%. | |
807 | |
808 ** In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, M-x | |
809 query-replace and the other replace commands now operate on the region | |
810 contents only. | |
811 | |
812 ** M-x write-region, when used interactively, now asks for | |
813 confirmation before overwriting an existing file. When you call | |
814 the function from a Lisp program, a new optional argument CONFIRM | |
815 says whether to ask for confirmation in this case. | |
816 | |
817 ** If you use find-file-literally and the file is already visited | |
818 non-literally, the command asks you whether to revisit the file | |
819 literally. If you say no, it signals an error. | |
820 | |
821 ** Major modes defined with the "derived mode" feature | |
822 now use the proper name for the mode hook: WHATEVER-mode-hook. | |
823 Formerly they used the name WHATEVER-mode-hooks, but that is | |
824 inconsistent with Emacs conventions. | |
825 | |
826 ** shell-command-on-region (and shell-command) reports success or | |
827 failure if the command produces no output. | |
828 | |
829 ** Set focus-follows-mouse to nil if your window system or window | |
830 manager does not transfer focus to another window when you just move | |
831 the mouse. | |
832 | |
833 ** mouse-menu-buffer-maxlen has been renamed to | |
834 mouse-buffer-menu-maxlen to be consistent with the other related | |
835 function and variable names. | |
836 | |
837 ** The new variable auto-coding-alist specifies coding systems for | |
838 reading specific files. This has higher priority than | |
839 file-coding-system-alist. | |
840 | |
841 ** If you set the variable unibyte-display-via-language-environment to | |
842 t, then Emacs displays non-ASCII characters are displayed by | |
843 converting them to the equivalent multibyte characters according to | |
844 the current language environment. As a result, they are displayed | |
845 according to the current fontset. | |
846 | |
847 ** C-q's handling of codes in the range 0200 through 0377 is changed. | |
848 | |
849 The codes in the range 0200 through 0237 are inserted as one byte of | |
850 that code regardless of the values of nonascii-translation-table and | |
851 nonascii-insert-offset. | |
852 | |
853 For the codes in the range 0240 through 0377, if | |
854 enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil and nonascii-translation-table | |
855 nor nonascii-insert-offset can't convert them to valid multibyte | |
856 characters, they are converted to Latin-1 characters. | |
857 | |
858 ** If you try to find a file that is not read-accessible, you now get | |
859 an error, rather than an empty buffer and a warning. | |
860 | |
861 ** In the minibuffer history commands M-r and M-s, an upper case | |
862 letter in the regular expression forces case-sensitive search. | |
863 | |
864 ** In the *Help* buffer, cross-references to commands and variables | |
865 are inferred and hyperlinked. Use C-h m in Help mode for the relevant | |
866 command keys. | |
867 | |
868 ** M-x apropos-command, with a prefix argument, no longer looks for | |
869 user option variables--instead it looks for noninteractive functions. | |
870 | |
871 Meanwhile, the command apropos-variable normally searches for | |
872 user option variables; with a prefix argument, it looks at | |
873 all variables that have documentation. | |
874 | |
875 ** When you type a long line in the minibuffer, and the minibuffer | |
876 shows just one line, automatically scrolling works in a special way | |
877 that shows you overlap with the previous line of text. The variable | |
878 minibuffer-scroll-overlap controls how many characters of overlap | |
879 it should show; the default is 20. | |
880 | |
881 Meanwhile, Resize Minibuffer mode is still available; in that mode, | |
882 the minibuffer grows taller (up to a point) as needed to show the whole | |
883 of your input. | |
884 | |
885 ** The new command M-x customize-changed-options lets you customize | |
886 all the options whose meanings or default values have changed in | |
887 recent Emacs versions. You specify a previous Emacs version number as | |
888 argument, and the command creates a customization buffer showing all | |
889 the customizable options which were changed since that version. | |
890 Newly added options are included as well. | |
891 | |
892 If you don't specify a particular version number argument, | |
893 then the customization buffer shows all the customizable options | |
894 for which Emacs versions of changes are recorded. | |
895 | |
896 This function is also bound to the Changed Options entry in the | |
897 Customize menu. | |
898 | |
899 ** When you run M-x grep with a prefix argument, it figures out | |
900 the tag around point and puts that into the default grep command. | |
901 | |
902 ** The new command M-* (pop-tag-mark) pops back through a history of | |
903 buffer positions from which M-. or other tag-finding commands were | |
904 invoked. | |
905 | |
906 ** The new variable comment-padding specifies the number of spaces | |
907 that `comment-region' will insert before the actual text of the comment. | |
908 The default is 1. | |
909 | |
910 ** In Fortran mode the characters `.', `_' and `$' now have symbol | |
911 syntax, not word syntax. Fortran mode now supports `imenu' and has | |
912 new commands fortran-join-line (M-^) and fortran-narrow-to-subprogram | |
913 (C-x n d). M-q can be used to fill a statement or comment block | |
914 sensibly. | |
915 | |
916 ** GUD now supports jdb, the Java debugger, and pdb, the Python debugger. | |
917 | |
918 ** If you set the variable add-log-keep-changes-together to a non-nil | |
919 value, the command `C-x 4 a' will automatically notice when you make | |
920 two entries in one day for one file, and combine them. | |
921 | |
922 ** You can use the command M-x diary-mail-entries to mail yourself a | |
923 reminder about upcoming diary entries. See the documentation string | |
924 for a sample shell script for calling this function automatically | |
925 every night. | |
926 | |
927 ** Desktop changes | |
928 | |
929 *** All you need to do to enable use of the Desktop package, is to set | |
930 the variable desktop-enable to t with Custom. | |
931 | |
932 *** Minor modes are now restored. Which minor modes are restored | |
933 and how modes are restored is controlled by `desktop-minor-mode-table'. | |
934 | |
935 ** There is no need to do anything special, now, to enable Gnus to | |
936 read and post multi-lingual articles. | |
937 | |
938 ** Outline mode has now support for showing hidden outlines when | |
939 doing an isearch. In order for this to happen search-invisible should | |
940 be set to open (the default). If an isearch match is inside a hidden | |
941 outline the outline is made visible. If you continue pressing C-s and | |
942 the match moves outside the formerly invisible outline, the outline is | |
943 made invisible again. | |
944 | |
945 ** Mail reading and sending changes | |
946 | |
947 *** The Rmail e command now switches to displaying the whole header of | |
948 the message before it lets you edit the message. This is so that any | |
949 changes you make in the header will not be lost if you subsequently | |
950 toggle. | |
951 | |
952 *** The w command in Rmail, which writes the message body into a file, | |
953 now works in the summary buffer as well. (The command to delete the | |
954 summary buffer is now Q.) The default file name for the w command, if | |
955 the message has no subject, is stored in the variable | |
956 rmail-default-body-file. | |
957 | |
958 *** Most of the commands and modes that operate on mail and netnews no | |
959 longer depend on the value of mail-header-separator. Instead, they | |
960 handle whatever separator the buffer happens to use. | |
961 | |
962 *** If you set mail-signature to a value which is not t, nil, or a string, | |
963 it should be an expression. When you send a message, this expression | |
964 is evaluated to insert the signature. | |
965 | |
966 *** The new Lisp library feedmail.el (version 8) enhances processing of | |
967 outbound email messages. It works in coordination with other email | |
968 handling packages (e.g., rmail, VM, gnus) and is responsible for | |
969 putting final touches on messages and actually submitting them for | |
970 transmission. Users of the emacs program "fakemail" might be | |
971 especially interested in trying feedmail. | |
972 | |
973 feedmail is not enabled by default. See comments at the top of | |
974 feedmail.el for set-up instructions. Among the bigger features | |
975 provided by feedmail are: | |
976 | |
977 **** you can park outgoing messages into a disk-based queue and | |
978 stimulate sending some or all of them later (handy for laptop users); | |
979 there is also a queue for draft messages | |
980 | |
981 **** you can get one last look at the prepped outbound message and | |
982 be prompted for confirmation | |
983 | |
984 **** does smart filling of address headers | |
985 | |
986 **** can generate a MESSAGE-ID: line and a DATE: line; the date can be | |
987 the time the message was written or the time it is being sent; this | |
988 can make FCC copies more closely resemble copies that recipients get | |
989 | |
990 **** you can specify an arbitrary function for actually transmitting | |
991 the message; included in feedmail are interfaces for /bin/[r]mail, | |
992 /usr/lib/sendmail, and Emacs Lisp smtpmail; it's easy to write a new | |
993 function for something else (10-20 lines of Lisp code). | |
994 | |
995 ** Dired changes | |
996 | |
997 *** The Dired function dired-do-toggle, which toggles marked and unmarked | |
998 files, is now bound to "t" instead of "T". | |
999 | |
1000 *** dired-at-point has been added to ffap.el. It allows one to easily | |
1001 run Dired on the directory name at point. | |
1002 | |
1003 *** Dired has a new command: %g. It searches the contents of | |
1004 files in the directory and marks each file that contains a match | |
1005 for a specified regexp. | |
1006 | |
1007 ** VC Changes | |
1008 | |
1009 *** New option vc-ignore-vc-files lets you turn off version control | |
1010 conveniently. | |
1011 | |
1012 *** VC Dired has been completely rewritten. It is now much | |
1013 faster, especially for CVS, and works very similar to ordinary | |
1014 Dired. | |
1015 | |
1016 VC Dired is invoked by typing C-x v d and entering the name of the | |
1017 directory to display. By default, VC Dired gives you a recursive | |
1018 listing of all files at or below the given directory which are | |
1019 currently locked (for CVS, all files not up-to-date are shown). | |
1020 | |
1021 You can change the listing format by setting vc-dired-recurse to nil, | |
1022 then it shows only the given directory, and you may also set | |
1023 vc-dired-terse-display to nil, then it shows all files under version | |
1024 control plus the names of any subdirectories, so that you can type `i' | |
1025 on such lines to insert them manually, as in ordinary Dired. | |
1026 | |
1027 All Dired commands operate normally in VC Dired, except for `v', which | |
1028 is redefined as the version control prefix. That means you may type | |
1029 `v l', `v =' etc. to invoke `vc-print-log', `vc-diff' and the like on | |
1030 the file named in the current Dired buffer line. `v v' invokes | |
1031 `vc-next-action' on this file, or on all files currently marked. | |
1032 | |
1033 The new command `v t' (vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode) allows you to | |
1034 toggle between terse display (only locked files) and full display (all | |
1035 VC files plus subdirectories). There is also a special command, | |
1036 `* l', to mark all files currently locked. | |
1037 | |
1038 Giving a prefix argument to C-x v d now does the same thing as in | |
1039 ordinary Dired: it allows you to supply additional options for the ls | |
1040 command in the minibuffer, to fine-tune VC Dired's output. | |
1041 | |
1042 *** Under CVS, if you merge changes from the repository into a working | |
1043 file, and CVS detects conflicts, VC now offers to start an ediff | |
1044 session to resolve them. | |
1045 | |
1046 Alternatively, you can use the new command `vc-resolve-conflicts' to | |
1047 resolve conflicts in a file at any time. It works in any buffer that | |
1048 contains conflict markers as generated by rcsmerge (which is what CVS | |
1049 uses as well). | |
1050 | |
1051 *** You can now transfer changes between branches, using the new | |
1052 command vc-merge (C-x v m). It is implemented for RCS and CVS. When | |
1053 you invoke it in a buffer under version-control, you can specify | |
1054 either an entire branch or a pair of versions, and the changes on that | |
1055 branch or between the two versions are merged into the working file. | |
1056 If this results in any conflicts, they may be resolved interactively, | |
1057 using ediff. | |
1058 | |
1059 ** Changes in Font Lock | |
1060 | |
1061 *** The face and variable previously known as font-lock-reference-face | |
1062 are now called font-lock-constant-face to better reflect their typical | |
1063 use for highlighting constants and labels. (Its face properties are | |
1064 unchanged.) The variable font-lock-reference-face remains for now for | |
1065 compatibility reasons, but its value is font-lock-constant-face. | |
1066 | |
1067 ** Frame name display changes | |
1068 | |
1069 *** The command set-frame-name lets you set the name of the current | |
1070 frame. You can use the new command select-frame-by-name to select and | |
1071 raise a frame; this is mostly useful on character-only terminals, or | |
1072 when many frames are invisible or iconified. | |
1073 | |
1074 *** On character-only terminal (not a window system), changing the | |
1075 frame name is now reflected on the mode line and in the Buffers/Frames | |
1076 menu. | |
1077 | |
1078 ** Comint (subshell) changes | |
1079 | |
1080 *** In Comint modes, the commands to kill, stop or interrupt a | |
1081 subjob now also kill pending input. This is for compatibility | |
1082 with ordinary shells, where the signal characters do this. | |
1083 | |
1084 *** There are new commands in Comint mode. | |
1085 | |
1086 C-c C-x fetches the "next" line from the input history; | |
1087 that is, the line after the last line you got. | |
1088 You can use this command to fetch successive lines, one by one. | |
1089 | |
1090 C-c SPC accumulates lines of input. More precisely, it arranges to | |
1091 send the current line together with the following line, when you send | |
1092 the following line. | |
1093 | |
1094 C-c C-a if repeated twice consecutively now moves to the process mark, | |
1095 which separates the pending input from the subprocess output and the | |
1096 previously sent input. | |
1097 | |
1098 C-c M-r now runs comint-previous-matching-input-from-input; | |
1099 it searches for a previous command, using the current pending input | |
1100 as the search string. | |
1101 | |
1102 *** New option compilation-scroll-output can be set to scroll | |
1103 automatically in compilation-mode windows. | |
1104 | |
1105 ** C mode changes | |
1106 | |
1107 *** Multiline macros are now handled, both as they affect indentation, | |
1108 and as recognized syntax. New syntactic symbol cpp-macro-cont is | |
1109 assigned to second and subsequent lines of a multiline macro | |
1110 definition. | |
1111 | |
1112 *** A new style "user" which captures all non-hook-ified | |
1113 (i.e. top-level) .emacs file variable settings and customizations. | |
1114 Style "cc-mode" is an alias for "user" and is deprecated. "gnu" | |
1115 style is still the default however. | |
1116 | |
1117 *** "java" style now conforms to Sun's JDK coding style. | |
1118 | |
1119 *** There are new commands c-beginning-of-defun, c-end-of-defun which | |
1120 are alternatives which you could bind to C-M-a and C-M-e if you prefer | |
1121 them. They do not have key bindings by default. | |
1122 | |
1123 *** New and improved implementations of M-a (c-beginning-of-statement) | |
1124 and M-e (c-end-of-statement). | |
1125 | |
1126 *** C++ namespace blocks are supported, with new syntactic symbols | |
1127 namespace-open, namespace-close, and innamespace. | |
1128 | |
1129 *** File local variable settings of c-file-style and c-file-offsets | |
1130 makes the style variables local to that buffer only. | |
1131 | |
1132 *** New indentation functions c-lineup-close-paren, | |
1133 c-indent-one-line-block, c-lineup-dont-change. | |
1134 | |
1135 *** Improvements (hopefully!) to the way CC Mode is loaded. You | |
1136 should now be able to do a (require 'cc-mode) to get the entire | |
1137 package loaded properly for customization in your .emacs file. A new | |
1138 variable c-initialize-on-load controls this and is t by default. | |
1139 | |
1140 ** Changes to hippie-expand. | |
1141 | |
1142 *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-skip-space'. If | |
1143 non-nil, trailing spaces may be included in the abbreviation to search for, | |
1144 which then gives the same behavior as the original `dabbrev-expand'. | |
1145 | |
1146 *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-as-symbol'. If | |
1147 non-nil, characters of syntax '_' is considered part of the word when | |
1148 expanding dynamically. | |
1149 | |
1150 *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-no-restriction'. If | |
1151 non-nil, narrowed buffers are widened before they are searched. | |
1152 | |
1153 *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-only-buffers'. If | |
1154 non-empty, buffers searched are restricted to the types specified in | |
1155 this list. Useful for example when constructing new special-purpose | |
1156 expansion functions with `make-hippie-expand-function'. | |
1157 | |
1158 *** Text properties of the expansion are no longer copied. | |
1159 | |
1160 ** Changes in BibTeX mode. | |
1161 | |
1162 *** Any titleword matching a regexp in the new variable | |
1163 bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore (case sensitive) is ignored during | |
1164 automatic key generation. This replaces variable | |
1165 bibtex-autokey-titleword-first-ignore, which only checked for matches | |
1166 against the first word in the title. | |
1167 | |
1168 *** Autokey generation now uses all words from the title, not just | |
1169 capitalized words. To avoid conflicts with existing customizations, | |
1170 bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore is set up such that words starting with | |
1171 lowerkey characters will still be ignored. Thus, if you want to use | |
1172 lowercase words from the title, you will have to overwrite the | |
1173 bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore standard setting. | |
1174 | |
1175 *** Case conversion of names and title words for automatic key | |
1176 generation is more flexible. Variable bibtex-autokey-preserve-case is | |
1177 replaced by bibtex-autokey-titleword-case-convert and | |
1178 bibtex-autokey-name-case-convert. | |
1179 | |
1180 ** Changes in vcursor.el. | |
1181 | |
1182 *** Support for character terminals is available: there is a new keymap | |
1183 and the vcursor will appear as an arrow between buffer text. A | |
1184 variable `vcursor-interpret-input' allows input from the vcursor to be | |
1185 entered exactly as if typed. Numerous functions, including | |
1186 `vcursor-compare-windows', have been rewritten to improve consistency | |
1187 in the selection of windows and corresponding keymaps. | |
1188 | |
1189 *** vcursor options can now be altered with M-x customize under the | |
1190 Editing group once the package is loaded. | |
1191 | |
1192 *** Loading vcursor now does not define keys by default, as this is | |
1193 generally a bad side effect. Use M-x customize to set | |
1194 vcursor-key-bindings to t to restore the old behavior. | |
1195 | |
1196 *** vcursor-auto-disable can be `copy', which turns off copying from the | |
1197 vcursor, but doesn't disable it, after any non-vcursor command. | |
1198 | |
1199 ** Ispell changes. | |
1200 | |
1201 *** You can now spell check comments and strings in the current | |
1202 buffer with M-x ispell-comments-and-strings. Comments and strings | |
1203 are identified by syntax tables in effect. | |
1204 | |
1205 *** Generic region skipping implemented. | |
1206 A single buffer can be broken into a number of regions where text will | |
1207 and will not be checked. The definitions of the regions can be user | |
1208 defined. New applications and improvements made available by this | |
1209 include: | |
1210 | |
1211 o URLs are automatically skipped | |
1212 o EMail message checking is vastly improved. | |
1213 | |
1214 *** Ispell can highlight the erroneous word even on non-window terminals. | |
1215 | |
1216 ** Changes to RefTeX mode | |
1217 | |
1218 RefTeX has been updated in order to make it more usable with very | |
1219 large projects (like a several volume math book). The parser has been | |
1220 re-written from scratch. To get maximum speed from RefTeX, check the | |
1221 section `Optimizations' in the manual. | |
1222 | |
1223 *** New recursive parser. | |
1224 | |
1225 The old version of RefTeX created a single large buffer containing the | |
1226 entire multifile document in order to parse the document. The new | |
1227 recursive parser scans the individual files. | |
1228 | |
1229 *** Parsing only part of a document. | |
1230 | |
1231 Reparsing of changed document parts can now be made faster by enabling | |
1232 partial scans. To use this feature, read the documentation string of | |
1233 the variable `reftex-enable-partial-scans' and set the variable to t. | |
1234 | |
1235 (setq reftex-enable-partial-scans t) | |
1236 | |
1237 *** Storing parsing information in a file. | |
1238 | |
1239 This can improve startup times considerably. To turn it on, use | |
1240 | |
1241 (setq reftex-save-parse-info t) | |
1242 | |
1243 *** Using multiple selection buffers | |
1244 | |
1245 If the creation of label selection buffers is too slow (this happens | |
1246 for large documents), you can reuse these buffers by setting | |
1247 | |
1248 (setq reftex-use-multiple-selection-buffers t) | |
1249 | |
1250 *** References to external documents. | |
1251 | |
1252 The LaTeX package `xr' allows to cross-reference labels in external | |
1253 documents. RefTeX can provide information about the external | |
1254 documents as well. To use this feature, set up the \externaldocument | |
1255 macros required by the `xr' package and rescan the document with | |
1256 RefTeX. The external labels can then be accessed with the `x' key in | |
1257 the selection buffer provided by `reftex-reference' (bound to `C-c )'). | |
1258 The `x' key also works in the table of contents buffer. | |
1259 | |
1260 *** Many more labeled LaTeX environments are recognized by default. | |
1261 | |
1262 The built-in command list now covers all the standard LaTeX commands, | |
1263 and all of the major packages included in the LaTeX distribution. | |
1264 | |
1265 Also, RefTeX now understands the \appendix macro and changes | |
1266 the enumeration of sections in the *toc* buffer accordingly. | |
1267 | |
1268 *** Mouse support for selection and *toc* buffers | |
1269 | |
1270 The mouse can now be used to select items in the selection and *toc* | |
1271 buffers. See also the new option `reftex-highlight-selection'. | |
1272 | |
1273 *** New keymaps for selection and table of contents modes. | |
1274 | |
1275 The selection processes for labels and citation keys, and the table of | |
1276 contents buffer now have their own keymaps: `reftex-select-label-map', | |
1277 `reftex-select-bib-map', `reftex-toc-map'. The selection processes | |
1278 have a number of new keys predefined. In particular, TAB lets you | |
1279 enter a label with completion. Check the on-the-fly help (press `?' | |
1280 at the selection prompt) or read the Info documentation to find out | |
1281 more. | |
1282 | |
1283 *** Support for the varioref package | |
1284 | |
1285 The `v' key in the label selection buffer toggles \ref versus \vref. | |
1286 | |
1287 *** New hooks | |
1288 | |
1289 Three new hooks can be used to redefine the way labels, references, | |
1290 and citations are created. These hooks are | |
1291 `reftex-format-label-function', `reftex-format-ref-function', | |
1292 `reftex-format-cite-function'. | |
1293 | |
1294 *** Citations outside LaTeX | |
1295 | |
1296 The command `reftex-citation' may also be used outside LaTeX (e.g. in | |
1297 a mail buffer). See the Info documentation for details. | |
1298 | |
1299 *** Short context is no longer fontified. | |
1300 | |
1301 The short context in the label menu no longer copies the | |
1302 fontification from the text in the buffer. If you prefer it to be | |
1303 fontified, use | |
1304 | |
1305 (setq reftex-refontify-context t) | |
1306 | |
1307 ** file-cache-minibuffer-complete now accepts a prefix argument. | |
1308 With a prefix argument, it does not try to do completion of | |
1309 the file name within its directory; it only checks for other | |
1310 directories that contain the same file name. | |
1311 | |
1312 Thus, given the file name Makefile, and assuming that a file | |
1313 Makefile.in exists in the same directory, ordinary | |
1314 file-cache-minibuffer-complete will try to complete Makefile to | |
1315 Makefile.in and will therefore never look for other directories that | |
1316 have Makefile. A prefix argument tells it not to look for longer | |
1317 names such as Makefile.in, so that instead it will look for other | |
1318 directories--just as if the name were already complete in its present | |
1319 directory. | |
1320 | |
1321 ** New modes and packages | |
1322 | |
1323 *** There is a new alternative major mode for Perl, Cperl mode. | |
1324 It has many more features than Perl mode, and some people prefer | |
1325 it, but some do not. | |
1326 | |
1327 *** There is a new major mode, M-x vhdl-mode, for editing files of VHDL | |
1328 code. | |
1329 | |
1330 *** M-x which-function-mode enables a minor mode that displays the | |
1331 current function name continuously in the mode line, as you move | |
1332 around in a buffer. | |
1333 | |
1334 Which Function mode is effective in major modes which support Imenu. | |
1335 | |
1336 *** Gametree is a major mode for editing game analysis trees. The author | |
1337 uses it for keeping notes about his postal Chess games, but it should | |
1338 be helpful for other two-player games as well, as long as they have an | |
1339 established system of notation similar to Chess. | |
1340 | |
1341 *** The new minor mode checkdoc-minor-mode provides Emacs Lisp | |
1342 documentation string checking for style and spelling. The style | |
1343 guidelines are found in the Emacs Lisp programming manual. | |
1344 | |
1345 *** The net-utils package makes some common networking features | |
1346 available in Emacs. Some of these functions are wrappers around | |
1347 system utilities (ping, nslookup, etc.); others are implementations of | |
1348 simple protocols (finger, whois) in Emacs Lisp. There are also | |
1349 functions to make simple connections to TCP/IP ports for debugging and | |
1350 the like. | |
1351 | |
1352 *** highlight-changes-mode is a minor mode that uses colors to | |
1353 identify recently changed parts of the buffer text. | |
1354 | |
1355 *** The new package `midnight' lets you specify things to be done | |
1356 within Emacs at midnight--by default, kill buffers that you have not | |
1357 used in a considerable time. To use this feature, customize | |
1358 the user option `midnight-mode' to t. | |
1359 | |
1360 *** The file generic-x.el defines a number of simple major modes. | |
1361 | |
1362 apache-generic-mode: For Apache and NCSA httpd configuration files | |
1363 samba-generic-mode: Samba configuration files | |
1364 fvwm-generic-mode: For fvwm initialization files | |
1365 x-resource-generic-mode: For X resource files | |
1366 hosts-generic-mode: For hosts files (.rhosts, /etc/hosts, etc.) | |
1367 mailagent-rules-generic-mode: For mailagent .rules files | |
1368 javascript-generic-mode: For JavaScript files | |
1369 vrml-generic-mode: For VRML files | |
1370 java-manifest-generic-mode: For Java MANIFEST files | |
1371 java-properties-generic-mode: For Java property files | |
1372 mailrc-generic-mode: For .mailrc files | |
1373 | |
1374 Platform-specific modes: | |
1375 | |
1376 prototype-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V prototype files | |
1377 pkginfo-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V pkginfo files | |
1378 alias-generic-mode: For C shell alias files | |
1379 inf-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INF files | |
1380 ini-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INI files | |
1381 reg-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Registry files | |
1382 bat-generic-mode: For MS-Windows BAT scripts | |
1383 rc-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Resource files | |
1384 rul-generic-mode: For InstallShield scripts | |
1385 | |
1386 | |
1387 * Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 since the Emacs Lisp Manual was published | |
1388 | |
1389 ** If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, | |
1390 use -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. | |
1391 That will force Emacs to read that file in unibyte mode. | |
1392 Otherwise, the file will be loaded and byte-compiled in multibyte mode. | |
1393 | |
1394 Thus, each lisp file is read in a consistent way regardless of whether | |
1395 you started Emacs with --unibyte, so that a Lisp program gives | |
1396 consistent results regardless of how Emacs was started. | |
1397 | |
1398 ** The new function assoc-default is useful for searching an alist, | |
1399 and using a default value if the key is not found there. You can | |
1400 specify a comparison predicate, so this function is useful for | |
1401 searching comparing a string against an alist of regular expressions. | |
1402 | |
1403 ** The functions unibyte-char-to-multibyte and | |
1404 multibyte-char-to-unibyte convert between unibyte and multibyte | |
1405 character codes, in a way that is appropriate for the current language | |
1406 environment. | |
1407 | |
1408 ** The functions read-event, read-char and read-char-exclusive now | |
1409 take two optional arguments. PROMPT, if non-nil, specifies a prompt | |
1410 string. SUPPRESS-INPUT-METHOD, if non-nil, says to disable the | |
1411 current input method for reading this one event. | |
1412 | |
1413 ** Two new variables print-escape-nonascii and print-escape-multibyte | |
1414 now control whether to output certain characters as | |
1415 backslash-sequences. print-escape-nonascii applies to single-byte | |
1416 non-ASCII characters; print-escape-multibyte applies to multibyte | |
1417 characters. Both of these variables are used only when printing | |
1418 in readable fashion (prin1 uses them, princ does not). | |
1419 | |
1420 | |
1421 * Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 before the Emacs Lisp Manual was published | |
1422 | |
1423 ** Compiled Emacs Lisp files made with the modified "MBSK" version | |
1424 of Emacs 20.2 do not work in Emacs 20.3. | |
1425 | |
1426 ** Buffer positions are now measured in characters, as they were | |
1427 in Emacs 19 and before. This means that (forward-char 1) | |
1428 always increases point by 1. | |
1429 | |
1430 The function chars-in-region now just subtracts its arguments. It is | |
1431 considered obsolete. The function char-boundary-p has been deleted. | |
1432 | |
1433 See below for additional changes relating to multibyte characters. | |
1434 | |
1435 ** defcustom, defface and defgroup now accept the keyword `:version'. | |
1436 Use this to specify in which version of Emacs a certain variable's | |
1437 default value changed. For example, | |
1438 | |
1439 (defcustom foo-max 34 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed." | |
1440 :type 'integer | |
1441 :group 'foo | |
1442 :version "20.3") | |
1443 | |
1444 (defgroup foo-group nil "The foo group." | |
1445 :version "20.3") | |
1446 | |
1447 If an entire new group is added or the variables in it have the | |
1448 default values changed, then just add a `:version' to that group. It | |
1449 is recommended that new packages added to the distribution contain a | |
1450 `:version' in the top level group. | |
1451 | |
1452 This information is used to control the customize-changed-options command. | |
1453 | |
1454 ** It is now an error to change the value of a symbol whose name | |
1455 starts with a colon--if it is interned in the standard obarray. | |
1456 | |
1457 However, setting such a symbol to its proper value, which is that | |
1458 symbol itself, is not an error. This is for the sake of programs that | |
1459 support previous Emacs versions by explicitly setting these variables | |
1460 to themselves. | |
1461 | |
1462 If you set the variable keyword-symbols-constant-flag to nil, | |
1463 this error is suppressed, and you can set these symbols to any | |
1464 values whatever. | |
1465 | |
1466 ** There is a new debugger command, R. | |
1467 It evaluates an expression like e, but saves the result | |
1468 in the buffer *Debugger-record*. | |
1469 | |
1470 ** Frame-local variables. | |
1471 | |
1472 You can now make a variable local to various frames. To do this, call | |
1473 the function make-variable-frame-local; this enables frames to have | |
1474 local bindings for that variable. | |
1475 | |
1476 These frame-local bindings are actually frame parameters: you create a | |
1477 frame-local binding in a specific frame by calling | |
1478 modify-frame-parameters and specifying the variable name as the | |
1479 parameter name. | |
1480 | |
1481 Buffer-local bindings take precedence over frame-local bindings. | |
1482 Thus, if the current buffer has a buffer-local binding, that binding is | |
1483 active; otherwise, if the selected frame has a frame-local binding, | |
1484 that binding is active; otherwise, the default binding is active. | |
1485 | |
1486 It would not be hard to implement window-local bindings, but it is not | |
1487 clear that this would be very useful; windows tend to come and go in a | |
1488 very transitory fashion, so that trying to produce any specific effect | |
1489 through a window-local binding would not be very robust. | |
1490 | |
1491 ** `sregexq' and `sregex' are two new functions for constructing | |
1492 "symbolic regular expressions." These are Lisp expressions that, when | |
1493 evaluated, yield conventional string-based regexps. The symbolic form | |
1494 makes it easier to construct, read, and maintain complex patterns. | |
1495 See the documentation in sregex.el. | |
1496 | |
1497 ** parse-partial-sexp's return value has an additional element which | |
1498 is used to pass information along if you pass it to another call to | |
1499 parse-partial-sexp, starting its scan where the first call ended. | |
1500 The contents of this field are not yet finalized. | |
1501 | |
1502 ** eval-region now accepts a fourth optional argument READ-FUNCTION. | |
1503 If it is non-nil, that function is used instead of `read'. | |
1504 | |
1505 ** unload-feature by default removes the feature's functions from | |
1506 known hooks to avoid trouble, but a package providing FEATURE can | |
1507 define a hook FEATURE-unload-hook to be run by unload-feature instead. | |
1508 | |
1509 ** read-from-minibuffer no longer returns the argument DEFAULT-VALUE | |
1510 when the user enters empty input. It now returns the null string, as | |
1511 it did in Emacs 19. The default value is made available in the | |
1512 history via M-n, but it is not applied here as a default. | |
1513 | |
1514 The other, more specialized minibuffer-reading functions continue to | |
1515 return the default value (not the null string) when the user enters | |
1516 empty input. | |
1517 | |
1518 ** The new variable read-buffer-function controls which routine to use | |
1519 for selecting buffers. For example, if you set this variable to | |
1520 `iswitchb-read-buffer', iswitchb will be used to read buffer names. | |
1521 Other functions can also be used if they accept the same arguments as | |
1522 `read-buffer' and return the selected buffer name as a string. | |
1523 | |
1524 ** The new function read-passwd reads a password from the terminal, | |
1525 echoing a period for each character typed. It takes three arguments: | |
1526 a prompt string, a flag which says "read it twice to make sure", and a | |
1527 default password to use if the user enters nothing. | |
1528 | |
1529 ** The variable fill-nobreak-predicate gives major modes a way to | |
1530 specify not to break a line at certain places. Its value is a | |
1531 function which is called with no arguments, with point located at the | |
1532 place where a break is being considered. If the function returns | |
1533 non-nil, then the line won't be broken there. | |
1534 | |
1535 ** window-end now takes an optional second argument, UPDATE. | |
1536 If this is non-nil, then the function always returns an accurate | |
1537 up-to-date value for the buffer position corresponding to the | |
1538 end of the window, even if this requires computation. | |
1539 | |
1540 ** other-buffer now takes an optional argument FRAME | |
1541 which specifies which frame's buffer list to use. | |
1542 If it is nil, that means use the selected frame's buffer list. | |
1543 | |
1544 ** The new variable buffer-display-time, always local in every buffer, | |
1545 holds the value of (current-time) as of the last time that a window | |
1546 was directed to display this buffer. | |
1547 | |
1548 ** It is now meaningful to compare two window-configuration objects | |
1549 with `equal'. Two window-configuration objects are equal if they | |
1550 describe equivalent arrangements of windows, in the same frame--in | |
1551 other words, if they would give the same results if passed to | |
1552 set-window-configuration. | |
1553 | |
1554 ** compare-window-configurations is a new function that compares two | |
1555 window configurations loosely. It ignores differences in saved buffer | |
1556 positions and scrolling, and considers only the structure and sizes of | |
1557 windows and the choice of buffers to display. | |
1558 | |
1559 ** The variable minor-mode-overriding-map-alist allows major modes to | |
1560 override the key bindings of a minor mode. The elements of this alist | |
1561 look like the elements of minor-mode-map-alist: (VARIABLE . KEYMAP). | |
1562 | |
1563 If the VARIABLE in an element of minor-mode-overriding-map-alist has a | |
1564 non-nil value, the paired KEYMAP is active, and totally overrides the | |
1565 map (if any) specified for the same variable in minor-mode-map-alist. | |
1566 | |
1567 minor-mode-overriding-map-alist is automatically local in all buffers, | |
1568 and it is meant to be set by major modes. | |
1569 | |
1570 ** The function match-string-no-properties is like match-string | |
1571 except that it discards all text properties from the result. | |
1572 | |
1573 ** The function load-average now accepts an optional argument | |
1574 USE-FLOATS. If it is non-nil, the load average values are returned as | |
1575 floating point numbers, rather than as integers to be divided by 100. | |
1576 | |
1577 ** The new variable temporary-file-directory specifies the directory | |
1578 to use for creating temporary files. The default value is determined | |
1579 in a reasonable way for your operating system; on GNU and Unix systems | |
1580 it is based on the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables. | |
1581 | |
1582 ** Menu changes | |
1583 | |
1584 *** easymenu.el now uses the new menu item format and supports the | |
1585 keywords :visible and :filter. The existing keyword :keys is now | |
1586 better supported. | |
1587 | |
1588 The variable `easy-menu-precalculate-equivalent-keybindings' controls | |
1589 a new feature which calculates keyboard equivalents for the menu when | |
1590 you define the menu. The default is t. If you rarely use menus, you | |
1591 can set the variable to nil to disable this precalculation feature; | |
1592 then the calculation is done only if you use the menu bar. | |
1593 | |
1594 *** A new format for menu items is supported. | |
1595 | |
1596 In a keymap, a key binding that has the format | |
1597 (STRING . REAL-BINDING) or (STRING HELP-STRING . REAL-BINDING) | |
1598 defines a menu item. Now a menu item definition may also be a list that | |
1599 starts with the symbol `menu-item'. | |
1600 | |
1601 The format is: | |
1602 (menu-item ITEM-NAME) or | |
1603 (menu-item ITEM-NAME REAL-BINDING . ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST) | |
1604 where ITEM-NAME is an expression which evaluates to the menu item | |
1605 string, and ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST has the form of a property list. | |
1606 The supported properties include | |
1607 | |
1608 :enable FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the | |
1609 item is enabled. | |
1610 :visible FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the | |
1611 item should appear in the menu. | |
1612 :filter FILTER-FN | |
1613 FILTER-FN is a function of one argument, | |
1614 which will be REAL-BINDING. | |
1615 It should return a binding to use instead. | |
1616 :keys DESCRIPTION | |
1617 DESCRIPTION is a string that describes an equivalent keyboard | |
1618 binding for REAL-BINDING. DESCRIPTION is expanded with | |
1619 `substitute-command-keys' before it is used. | |
1620 :key-sequence KEY-SEQUENCE | |
1621 KEY-SEQUENCE is a key-sequence for an equivalent | |
1622 keyboard binding. | |
1623 :key-sequence nil | |
1624 This means that the command normally has no | |
1625 keyboard equivalent. | |
1626 :help HELP HELP is the extra help string (not currently used). | |
1627 :button (TYPE . SELECTED) | |
1628 TYPE is :toggle or :radio. | |
1629 SELECTED is a form, to be evaluated, and its | |
1630 value says whether this button is currently selected. | |
1631 | |
1632 Buttons are at the moment only simulated by prefixes in the menu. | |
1633 Eventually ordinary X-buttons may be supported. | |
1634 | |
1635 (menu-item ITEM-NAME) defines unselectable item. | |
1636 | |
1637 ** New event types | |
1638 | |
1639 *** The new event type `mouse-wheel' is generated by a wheel on a | |
1640 mouse (such as the MS Intellimouse). The event contains a delta that | |
1641 corresponds to the amount and direction that the wheel is rotated, | |
1642 which is typically used to implement a scroll or zoom. The format is: | |
1643 | |
1644 (mouse-wheel POSITION DELTA) | |
1645 | |
1646 where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the | |
1647 same format as a mouse-click event, and DELTA is a signed number | |
1648 indicating the number of increments by which the wheel was rotated. A | |
1649 negative DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated backwards, towards | |
1650 the user, and a positive DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated | |
1651 forward, away from the user. | |
1652 | |
1653 As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. | |
1654 | |
1655 *** The new event type `drag-n-drop' is generated when a group of | |
1656 files is selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged | |
1657 and dropped onto an Emacs frame. The event contains a list of | |
1658 filenames that were dragged and dropped, which are then typically | |
1659 loaded into Emacs. The format is: | |
1660 | |
1661 (drag-n-drop POSITION FILES) | |
1662 | |
1663 where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the | |
1664 same format as a mouse-click event, and FILES is the list of filenames | |
1665 that were dragged and dropped. | |
1666 | |
1667 As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. | |
1668 | |
1669 ** Changes relating to multibyte characters. | |
1670 | |
1671 *** The variable enable-multibyte-characters is now read-only; | |
1672 any attempt to set it directly signals an error. The only way | |
1673 to change this value in an existing buffer is with set-buffer-multibyte. | |
1674 | |
1675 *** In a string constant, `\ ' now stands for "nothing at all". You | |
1676 can use it to terminate a hex escape which is followed by a character | |
1677 that could otherwise be read as part of the hex escape. | |
1678 | |
1679 *** String indices are now measured in characters, as they were | |
1680 in Emacs 19 and before. | |
1681 | |
1682 The function chars-in-string has been deleted. | |
1683 The function concat-chars has been renamed to `string'. | |
1684 | |
1685 *** The function set-buffer-multibyte sets the flag in the current | |
1686 buffer that says whether the buffer uses multibyte representation or | |
1687 unibyte representation. If the argument is nil, it selects unibyte | |
1688 representation. Otherwise it selects multibyte representation. | |
1689 | |
1690 This function does not change the contents of the buffer, viewed | |
1691 as a sequence of bytes. However, it does change the contents | |
1692 viewed as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as | |
1693 one character when the buffer uses multibyte representation | |
1694 will count as two characters using unibyte representation. | |
1695 | |
1696 This function sets enable-multibyte-characters to record which | |
1697 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
1698 (including its markers, overlays and text properties) so that they are | |
1699 consistent with the new representation. | |
1700 | |
1701 *** string-make-multibyte takes a string and converts it to multibyte | |
1702 representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care | |
1703 about the representation, because Emacs converts when necessary; | |
1704 however, it makes a difference when you compare strings. | |
1705 | |
1706 The conversion of non-ASCII characters works by adding the value of | |
1707 nonascii-insert-offset to each character, or by translating them | |
1708 using the table nonascii-translation-table. | |
1709 | |
1710 *** string-make-unibyte takes a string and converts it to unibyte | |
1711 representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care about the | |
1712 representation, but it makes a difference when you compare strings. | |
1713 | |
1714 The conversion from multibyte to unibyte representation | |
1715 loses information; the only time Emacs performs it automatically | |
1716 is when inserting a multibyte string into a unibyte buffer. | |
1717 | |
1718 *** string-as-multibyte takes a string, and returns another string | |
1719 which contains the same bytes, but treats them as multibyte. | |
1720 | |
1721 *** string-as-unibyte takes a string, and returns another string | |
1722 which contains the same bytes, but treats them as unibyte. | |
1723 | |
1724 *** The new function compare-strings lets you compare | |
1725 portions of two strings. Unibyte strings are converted to multibyte, | |
1726 so that a unibyte string can match a multibyte string. | |
1727 You can specify whether to ignore case or not. | |
1728 | |
1729 *** assoc-ignore-case now uses compare-strings so that | |
1730 it can treat unibyte and multibyte strings as equal. | |
1731 | |
1732 *** Regular expression operations and buffer string searches now | |
1733 convert the search pattern to multibyte or unibyte to accord with the | |
1734 buffer or string being searched. | |
1735 | |
1736 One consequence is that you cannot always use \200-\377 inside of | |
1737 [...] to match all non-ASCII characters. This does still work when | |
1738 searching or matching a unibyte buffer or string, but not when | |
1739 searching or matching a multibyte string. Unfortunately, there is no | |
1740 obvious choice of syntax to use within [...] for that job. But, what | |
1741 you want is just to match all non-ASCII characters, the regular | |
1742 expression [^\0-\177] works for it. | |
1743 | |
1744 *** Structure of coding system changed. | |
1745 | |
1746 All coding systems (including aliases and subsidiaries) are named | |
1747 by symbols; the symbol's `coding-system' property is a vector | |
1748 which defines the coding system. Aliases share the same vector | |
1749 as the principal name, so that altering the contents of this | |
1750 vector affects the principal name and its aliases. You can define | |
1751 your own alias name of a coding system by the function | |
1752 define-coding-system-alias. | |
1753 | |
1754 The coding system definition includes a property list of its own. Use | |
1755 the new functions `coding-system-get' and `coding-system-put' to | |
1756 access such coding system properties as post-read-conversion, | |
1757 pre-write-conversion, character-translation-table-for-decode, | |
1758 character-translation-table-for-encode, mime-charset, and | |
1759 safe-charsets. For instance, (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 | |
1760 'mime-charset) gives the corresponding MIME-charset parameter | |
1761 `iso-8859-1'. | |
1762 | |
1763 Among the coding system properties listed above, safe-charsets is new. | |
1764 The value of this property is a list of character sets which this | |
1765 coding system can correctly encode and decode. For instance: | |
1766 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'safe-charsets) => (ascii latin-iso8859-1) | |
1767 | |
1768 Here, "correctly encode" means that the encoded character sets can | |
1769 also be handled safely by systems other than Emacs as far as they | |
1770 are capable of that coding system. Though, Emacs itself can encode | |
1771 the other character sets and read it back correctly. | |
1772 | |
1773 *** The new function select-safe-coding-system can be used to find a | |
1774 proper coding system for encoding the specified region or string. | |
1775 This function requires a user interaction. | |
1776 | |
1777 *** The new functions find-coding-systems-region and | |
1778 find-coding-systems-string are helper functions used by | |
1779 select-safe-coding-system. They return a list of all proper coding | |
1780 systems to encode a text in some region or string. If you don't want | |
1781 a user interaction, use one of these functions instead of | |
1782 select-safe-coding-system. | |
1783 | |
1784 *** The explicit encoding and decoding functions, such as | |
1785 decode-coding-region and encode-coding-string, now set | |
1786 last-coding-system-used to reflect the actual way encoding or decoding | |
1787 was done. | |
1788 | |
1789 *** The new function detect-coding-with-language-environment can be | |
1790 used to detect a coding system of text according to priorities of | |
1791 coding systems used by some specific language environment. | |
1792 | |
1793 *** The functions detect-coding-region and detect-coding-string always | |
1794 return a list if the arg HIGHEST is nil. Thus, if only ASCII | |
1795 characters are found, they now return a list of single element | |
1796 `undecided' or its subsidiaries. | |
1797 | |
1798 *** The new functions coding-system-change-eol-conversion and | |
1799 coding-system-change-text-conversion can be used to get a different | |
1800 coding system than what specified only in how end-of-line or text is | |
1801 converted. | |
1802 | |
1803 *** The new function set-selection-coding-system can be used to set a | |
1804 coding system for communicating with other X clients. | |
1805 | |
1806 *** The function `map-char-table' now passes as argument only valid | |
1807 character codes, plus generic characters that stand for entire | |
1808 character sets or entire subrows of a character set. In other words, | |
1809 each time `map-char-table' calls its FUNCTION argument, the key value | |
1810 either will be a valid individual character code, or will stand for a | |
1811 range of characters. | |
1812 | |
1813 *** The new function `char-valid-p' can be used for checking whether a | |
1814 Lisp object is a valid character code or not. | |
1815 | |
1816 *** The new function `charset-after' returns a charset of a character | |
1817 in the current buffer at position POS. | |
1818 | |
1819 *** Input methods are now implemented using the variable | |
1820 input-method-function. If this is non-nil, its value should be a | |
1821 function; then, whenever Emacs reads an input event that is a printing | |
1822 character with no modifier bits, it calls that function, passing the | |
1823 event as an argument. Often this function will read more input, first | |
1824 binding input-method-function to nil. | |
1825 | |
1826 The return value should be a list of the events resulting from input | |
1827 method processing. These events will be processed sequentially as | |
1828 input, before resorting to unread-command-events. Events returned by | |
1829 the input method function are not passed to the input method function, | |
1830 not even if they are printing characters with no modifier bits. | |
1831 | |
1832 The input method function is not called when reading the second and | |
1833 subsequent events of a key sequence. | |
1834 | |
1835 *** You can customize any language environment by using | |
1836 set-language-environment-hook and exit-language-environment-hook. | |
1837 | |
1838 The hook `exit-language-environment-hook' should be used to undo | |
1839 customizations that you made with set-language-environment-hook. For | |
1840 instance, if you set up a special key binding for a specific language | |
1841 environment by set-language-environment-hook, you should set up | |
1842 exit-language-environment-hook to restore the normal key binding. | |
1843 | |
1844 | |
1845 | |
1846 * Changes in Emacs 20.1 | |
1847 | |
1848 ** Emacs has a new facility for customization of its many user | |
1849 options. It is called M-x customize. With this facility you can look | |
1850 at the many user options in an organized way; they are grouped into a | |
1851 tree structure. | |
1852 | |
1853 M-x customize also knows what sorts of values are legitimate for each | |
1854 user option and ensures that you don't use invalid values. | |
1855 | |
1856 With M-x customize, you can set options either for the present Emacs | |
1857 session or permanently. (Permanent settings are stored automatically | |
1858 in your .emacs file.) | |
1859 | |
1860 ** Scroll bars are now on the left side of the window. | |
1861 You can change this with M-x customize-option scroll-bar-mode. | |
1862 | |
1863 ** The mode line no longer includes the string `Emacs'. | |
1864 This makes more space in the mode line for other information. | |
1865 | |
1866 ** When you select a region with the mouse, it is highlighted | |
1867 immediately afterward. At that time, if you type the DELETE key, it | |
1868 kills the region. | |
1869 | |
1870 The BACKSPACE key, and the ASCII character DEL, do not do this; they | |
1871 delete the character before point, as usual. | |
1872 | |
1873 ** In an incremental search the whole current match is highlighted | |
1874 on terminals which support this. (You can disable this feature | |
1875 by setting search-highlight to nil.) | |
1876 | |
1877 ** In the minibuffer, in some cases, you can now use M-n to | |
1878 insert the default value into the minibuffer as text. In effect, | |
1879 the default value (if the minibuffer routines know it) is tacked | |
1880 onto the history "in the future". (The more normal use of the | |
1881 history list is to use M-p to insert minibuffer input used in the | |
1882 past.) | |
1883 | |
1884 ** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs. | |
1885 This makes it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode | |
1886 in Text mode, and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode). | |
1887 TAB in Text mode now runs the command indent-relative; this | |
1888 makes a practical difference only when you use indented paragraphs. | |
1889 | |
1890 As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode, | |
1891 and is an alias for it. | |
1892 | |
1893 If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, | |
1894 use the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode. | |
1895 | |
1896 ** Scrolling changes | |
1897 | |
1898 *** Scroll commands to scroll a whole screen now preserve the screen | |
1899 position of the cursor, if scroll-preserve-screen-position is non-nil. | |
1900 | |
1901 In this mode, if you scroll several screens back and forth, finishing | |
1902 on the same screen where you started, the cursor goes back to the line | |
1903 where it started. | |
1904 | |
1905 *** If you set scroll-conservatively to a small number, then when you | |
1906 move point a short distance off the screen, Emacs will scroll the | |
1907 screen just far enough to bring point back on screen, provided that | |
1908 does not exceed `scroll-conservatively' lines. | |
1909 | |
1910 *** The new variable scroll-margin says how close point can come to the | |
1911 top or bottom of a window. It is a number of screen lines; if point | |
1912 comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the window, Emacs | |
1913 recenters the window. | |
1914 | |
1915 ** International character set support (MULE) | |
1916 | |
1917 Emacs now supports a wide variety of international character sets, | |
1918 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, | |
1919 Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopian, Greek, IPA, Japanese, | |
1920 Korean, Lao, Russian, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These | |
1921 features have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as | |
1922 MULE (for "MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs") | |
1923 | |
1924 Users of these scripts have established many more-or-less standard | |
1925 coding systems for storing files. Emacs uses a single multibyte | |
1926 character encoding within Emacs buffers; it can translate from a wide | |
1927 variety of coding systems when reading a file and can translate back | |
1928 into any of these coding systems when saving a file. | |
1929 | |
1930 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, | |
1931 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs | |
1932 supports various "input methods", typically one for each script or | |
1933 language, to make it possible to type them. | |
1934 | |
1935 The Emacs internal multibyte encoding represents a non-ASCII | |
1936 character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. | |
1937 | |
1938 The new prefix key C-x RET is used for commands that pertain | |
1939 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. | |
1940 | |
1941 You can disable multibyte character support as follows: | |
1942 | |
1943 (setq-default enable-multibyte-characters nil) | |
1944 | |
1945 Calling the function standard-display-european turns off multibyte | |
1946 characters, unless you specify a non-nil value for the second | |
1947 argument, AUTO. This provides compatibility for people who are | |
1948 already using standard-display-european to continue using unibyte | |
1949 characters for their work until they want to change. | |
1950 | |
1951 *** Input methods | |
1952 | |
1953 An input method is a kind of character conversion which is designed | |
1954 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
1955 has its own input method (though sometimes several languages which use | |
1956 the same characters can share one input method). Some languages | |
1957 support several input methods. | |
1958 | |
1959 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into | |
1960 another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods | |
1961 work. | |
1962 | |
1963 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
1964 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use | |
1965 composition to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence which | |
1966 consists of a letter followed by diacritics. For example, a' is one | |
1967 sequence of two characters that might be converted into a single | |
1968 letter. | |
1969 | |
1970 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
1971 by conversion. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
1972 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
1973 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
1974 mapped into one syllable sign--most often a "composite character". | |
1975 | |
1976 None of these methods works very well for Chinese and Japanese, so | |
1977 they are handled specially. First you input a whole word using | |
1978 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs | |
1979 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. | |
1980 | |
1981 Since there is more than one way to represent a phonetically spelled | |
1982 word using Chinese characters, Emacs can only guess which one to use; | |
1983 typically these input methods give you a way to say "guess again" if | |
1984 the first guess is wrong. | |
1985 | |
1986 *** The command C-x RET m (toggle-enable-multibyte-characters) | |
1987 turns multibyte character support on or off for the current buffer. | |
1988 | |
1989 If multibyte character support is turned off in a buffer, then each | |
1990 byte is a single character, even codes 0200 through 0377--exactly as | |
1991 they did in Emacs 19.34. This includes the features for support for | |
1992 the European characters, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2. | |
1993 | |
1994 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to | |
1995 use ISO Latin-1 or ISO Latin-2; the Emacs multibyte character set | |
1996 includes all the characters in these character sets, and Emacs can | |
1997 translate automatically to and from either one. | |
1998 | |
1999 *** Visiting a file in unibyte mode. | |
2000 | |
2001 Turning off multibyte character support in the buffer after visiting a | |
2002 file with multibyte code conversion will display the multibyte | |
2003 sequences already in the buffer, byte by byte. This is probably not | |
2004 what you want. | |
2005 | |
2006 If you want to edit a file of unibyte characters (Latin-1, for | |
2007 example), you can do it by specifying `no-conversion' as the coding | |
2008 system when reading the file. This coding system also turns off | |
2009 multibyte characters in that buffer. | |
2010 | |
2011 If you turn off multibyte character support entirely, this turns off | |
2012 character conversion as well. | |
2013 | |
2014 *** Displaying international characters on X Windows. | |
2015 | |
2016 A font for X typically displays just one alphabet or script. | |
2017 Therefore, displaying the entire range of characters Emacs supports | |
2018 requires using many fonts. | |
2019 | |
2020 Therefore, Emacs now supports "fontsets". Each fontset is a | |
2021 collection of fonts, each assigned to a range of character codes. | |
2022 | |
2023 A fontset has a name, like a font. Individual fonts are defined by | |
2024 the X server; fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. But once you | |
2025 have defined a fontset, you can use it in a face or a frame just as | |
2026 you would use a font. | |
2027 | |
2028 If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
2029 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
2030 display that character. It will display an empty box instead. | |
2031 | |
2032 The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters | |
2033 (that is, by the font in the fontset which is used for ASCII | |
2034 characters). | |
2035 | |
2036 *** Defining fontsets. | |
2037 | |
2038 Emacs does not use any fontset by default. Its default font is still | |
2039 chosen as in previous versions. You can tell Emacs to use a fontset | |
2040 with the `-fn' option or the `Font' X resource. | |
2041 | |
2042 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
2043 of standard-fontset-spec. This fontset's short name is | |
2044 `fontset-standard'. Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the | |
2045 standard fontset are created automatically. | |
2046 | |
2047 If you specify a default ASCII font with the `Font' resource or `-fn' | |
2048 argument, a fontset is generated from it. This works by replacing the | |
2049 FOUNDARY, FAMILY, ADD_STYLE, and AVERAGE_WIDTH fields of the font name | |
2050 with `*' then using this to specify a fontset. This fontset's short | |
2051 name is `fontset-startup'. | |
2052 | |
2053 Emacs checks resources of the form Fontset-N where N is 0, 1, 2... | |
2054 The resource value should have this form: | |
2055 FONTSET-NAME, [CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME]... | |
2056 FONTSET-NAME should have the form of a standard X font name, except: | |
2057 * most fields should be just the wild card "*". | |
2058 * the CHARSET_REGISTRY field should be "fontset" | |
2059 * the CHARSET_ENCODING field can be any nickname of the fontset. | |
2060 The construct CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME can be repeated any number | |
2061 of times; each time specifies the font for one character set. | |
2062 CHARSET-NAME should be the name of a character set, and FONT-NAME | |
2063 should specify an actual font to use for that character set. | |
2064 | |
2065 Each of these fontsets has an alias which is made from the | |
2066 last two font name fields, CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING. | |
2067 You can refer to the fontset by that alias or by its full name. | |
2068 | |
2069 For any character sets that you don't mention, Emacs tries to choose a | |
2070 font by substituting into FONTSET-NAME. For instance, with the | |
2071 following resource, | |
2072 Emacs*Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
2073 the font for ASCII is generated as below: | |
2074 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
2075 Here is the substitution rule: | |
2076 Change CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING to that of the charset | |
2077 defined in the variable x-charset-registries. For instance, ASCII has | |
2078 the entry (ascii . "ISO8859-1") in this variable. Then, reduce | |
2079 sequences of wild cards -*-...-*- with a single wildcard -*-. | |
2080 (This is to prevent use of auto-scaled fonts.) | |
2081 | |
2082 The function which processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
2083 fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec. You can also call | |
2084 that function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
2085 | |
2086 With the X resource Emacs.Font, you can specify a fontset name just | |
2087 like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
2088 name in a wildcard resource like Emacs*Font--that tries to specify the | |
2089 fontset for other purposes including menus, and they cannot handle | |
2090 fontsets. | |
2091 | |
2092 *** The command M-x set-language-environment sets certain global Emacs | |
2093 defaults for a particular choice of language. | |
2094 | |
2095 Selecting a language environment typically specifies a default input | |
2096 method and which coding systems to recognize automatically when | |
2097 visiting files. However, it does not try to reread files you have | |
2098 already visited; the text in those buffers is not affected. The | |
2099 language environment may also specify a default choice of coding | |
2100 system for new files that you create. | |
2101 | |
2102 It makes no difference which buffer is current when you use | |
2103 set-language-environment, because these defaults apply globally to the | |
2104 whole Emacs session. | |
2105 | |
2106 For example, M-x set-language-environment RET Latin-1 RET | |
2107 chooses the Latin-1 character set. In the .emacs file, you can do this | |
2108 with (set-language-environment "Latin-1"). | |
2109 | |
2110 *** The command C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) | |
2111 specifies the file coding system for the current buffer. This | |
2112 specifies what sort of character code translation to do when saving | |
2113 the file. As an argument, you must specify the name of one of the | |
2114 coding systems that Emacs supports. | |
2115 | |
2116 *** The command C-x RET c (universal-coding-system-argument) | |
2117 lets you specify a coding system when you read or write a file. | |
2118 This command uses the minibuffer to read a coding system name. | |
2119 After you exit the minibuffer, the specified coding system | |
2120 is used for *the immediately following command*. | |
2121 | |
2122 So if the immediately following command is a command to read or | |
2123 write a file, it uses the specified coding system for that file. | |
2124 | |
2125 If the immediately following command does not use the coding system, | |
2126 then C-x RET c ultimately has no effect. | |
2127 | |
2128 For example, C-x RET c iso-8859-1 RET C-x C-f temp RET | |
2129 visits the file `temp' treating it as ISO Latin-1. | |
2130 | |
2131 *** You can specify the coding system for a file using the -*- | |
2132 construct. Include `coding: CODINGSYSTEM;' inside the -*-...-*- | |
2133 to specify use of coding system CODINGSYSTEM. You can also | |
2134 specify the coding system in a local variable list at the end | |
2135 of the file. | |
2136 | |
2137 *** The command C-x RET t (set-terminal-coding-system) specifies | |
2138 the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a character | |
2139 code for terminal output, all characters output to the terminal are | |
2140 translated into that character code. | |
2141 | |
2142 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built in | |
2143 various countries to support the languages of those countries. | |
2144 | |
2145 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all. | |
2146 | |
2147 *** The command C-x RET k (set-keyboard-coding-system) specifies | |
2148 the coding system for keyboard input. | |
2149 | |
2150 Character code translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals | |
2151 with keys that send non-ASCII graphic characters--for example, | |
2152 some terminals designed for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. | |
2153 | |
2154 By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. | |
2155 | |
2156 Character code translation of keyboard input is similar to using an | |
2157 input method, in that both define sequences of keyboard input that | |
2158 translate into single characters. However, input methods are designed | |
2159 to be convenient for interactive use, while the code translations are | |
2160 designed to work with terminals. | |
2161 | |
2162 *** The command C-x RET p (set-buffer-process-coding-system) | |
2163 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. | |
2164 This command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess | |
2165 has its own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify | |
2166 translation to and from a particular subprocess by giving the command | |
2167 in the corresponding buffer. | |
2168 | |
2169 By default, process input and output are not translated at all. | |
2170 | |
2171 *** The variable file-name-coding-system specifies the coding system | |
2172 to use for encoding file names before operating on them. | |
2173 It is also used for decoding file names obtained from the system. | |
2174 | |
2175 *** The command C-\ (toggle-input-method) activates or deactivates | |
2176 an input method. If no input method has been selected before, the | |
2177 command prompts for you to specify the language and input method you | |
2178 want to use. | |
2179 | |
2180 C-u C-\ (select-input-method) lets you switch to a different input | |
2181 method. C-h C-\ (or C-h I) describes the current input method. | |
2182 | |
2183 *** Some input methods remap the keyboard to emulate various keyboard | |
2184 layouts commonly used for particular scripts. How to do this | |
2185 remapping properly depends on your actual keyboard layout. To specify | |
2186 which layout your keyboard has, use M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout. | |
2187 | |
2188 *** The command C-h C (describe-coding-system) displays | |
2189 the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, plus | |
2190 related information. | |
2191 | |
2192 *** The command C-h h (view-hello-file) displays a file called | |
2193 HELLO, which has examples of text in many languages, using various | |
2194 scripts. | |
2195 | |
2196 *** The command C-h L (describe-language-support) displays | |
2197 information about the support for a particular language. | |
2198 You specify the language as an argument. | |
2199 | |
2200 *** The mode line now contains a letter or character that identifies | |
2201 the coding system used in the visited file. It normally follows the | |
2202 first dash. | |
2203 | |
2204 A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion | |
2205 (except CRLF => newline if appropriate). `=' means no conversion | |
2206 whatsoever. The ISO 8859 coding systems are represented by digits | |
2207 1 through 9. Other coding systems are represented by letters: | |
2208 | |
2209 A alternativnyj (Russian) | |
2210 B big5 (Chinese) | |
2211 C cn-gb-2312 (Chinese) | |
2212 C iso-2022-cn (Chinese) | |
2213 D in-is13194-devanagari (Indian languages) | |
2214 E euc-japan (Japanese) | |
2215 I iso-2022-cjk or iso-2022-ss2 (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) | |
2216 J junet (iso-2022-7) or old-jis (iso-2022-jp-1978-irv) (Japanese) | |
2217 K euc-korea (Korean) | |
2218 R koi8 (Russian) | |
2219 Q tibetan | |
2220 S shift_jis (Japanese) | |
2221 T lao | |
2222 T tis620 (Thai) | |
2223 V viscii or vscii (Vietnamese) | |
2224 i iso-2022-lock (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) | |
2225 k iso-2022-kr (Korean) | |
2226 v viqr (Vietnamese) | |
2227 z hz (Chinese) | |
2228 | |
2229 When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system), | |
2230 two additional characters appear in between the dash and the file | |
2231 coding system. These two characters describe the coding system for | |
2232 keyboard input, and the coding system for terminal output. | |
2233 | |
2234 *** The new variable rmail-file-coding-system specifies the code | |
2235 conversion to use for RMAIL files. The default value is nil. | |
2236 | |
2237 When you read mail with Rmail, each message is decoded automatically | |
2238 into Emacs' internal format. This has nothing to do with | |
2239 rmail-file-coding-system. That variable controls reading and writing | |
2240 Rmail files themselves. | |
2241 | |
2242 *** The new variable sendmail-coding-system specifies the code | |
2243 conversion for outgoing mail. The default value is nil. | |
2244 | |
2245 Actually, there are three different ways of specifying the coding system | |
2246 for sending mail: | |
2247 | |
2248 - If you use C-x RET f in the mail buffer, that takes priority. | |
2249 - Otherwise, if you set sendmail-coding-system non-nil, that specifies it. | |
2250 - Otherwise, the default coding system for new files is used, | |
2251 if that is non-nil. That comes from your language environment. | |
2252 - Otherwise, Latin-1 is used. | |
2253 | |
2254 *** The command C-h t (help-with-tutorial) accepts a prefix argument | |
2255 to specify the language for the tutorial file. Currently, English, | |
2256 Japanese, Korean and Thai are supported. We welcome additional | |
2257 translations. | |
2258 | |
2259 ** An easy new way to visit a file with no code or format conversion | |
2260 of any kind: Use M-x find-file-literally. There is also a command | |
2261 insert-file-literally which inserts a file into the current buffer | |
2262 without any conversion. | |
2263 | |
2264 ** C-q's handling of octal character codes is changed. | |
2265 You can now specify any number of octal digits. | |
2266 RET terminates the digits and is discarded; | |
2267 any other non-digit terminates the digits and is then used as input. | |
2268 | |
2269 ** There are new commands for looking up Info documentation for | |
2270 functions, variables and file names used in your programs. | |
2271 | |
2272 Type M-x info-lookup-symbol to look up a symbol in the buffer at point. | |
2273 Type M-x info-lookup-file to look up a file in the buffer at point. | |
2274 | |
2275 Precisely which Info files are used to look it up depends on the major | |
2276 mode. For example, in C mode, the GNU libc manual is used. | |
2277 | |
2278 ** M-TAB in most programming language modes now runs the command | |
2279 complete-symbol. This command performs completion on the symbol name | |
2280 in the buffer before point. | |
2281 | |
2282 With a numeric argument, it performs completion based on the set of | |
2283 symbols documented in the Info files for the programming language that | |
2284 you are using. | |
2285 | |
2286 With no argument, it does completion based on the current tags tables, | |
2287 just like the old binding of M-TAB (complete-tag). | |
2288 | |
2289 ** File locking works with NFS now. | |
2290 | |
2291 The lock file for FILENAME is now a symbolic link named .#FILENAME, | |
2292 in the same directory as FILENAME. | |
2293 | |
2294 This means that collision detection between two different machines now | |
2295 works reasonably well; it also means that no file server or directory | |
2296 can become a bottleneck. | |
2297 | |
2298 The new method does have drawbacks. It means that collision detection | |
2299 does not operate when you edit a file in a directory where you cannot | |
2300 create new files. Collision detection also doesn't operate when the | |
2301 file server does not support symbolic links. But these conditions are | |
2302 rare, and the ability to have collision detection while using NFS is | |
2303 so useful that the change is worth while. | |
2304 | |
2305 When Emacs or a system crashes, this may leave behind lock files which | |
2306 are stale. So you may occasionally get warnings about spurious | |
2307 collisions. When you determine that the collision is spurious, just | |
2308 tell Emacs to go ahead anyway. | |
2309 | |
2310 ** If you wish to use Show Paren mode to display matching parentheses, | |
2311 it is no longer sufficient to load paren.el. Instead you must call | |
2312 show-paren-mode. | |
2313 | |
2314 ** If you wish to use Delete Selection mode to replace a highlighted | |
2315 selection when you insert new text, it is no longer sufficient to load | |
2316 delsel.el. Instead you must call the function delete-selection-mode. | |
2317 | |
2318 ** If you wish to use Partial Completion mode to complete partial words | |
2319 within symbols or filenames, it is no longer sufficient to load | |
2320 complete.el. Instead you must call the function partial-completion-mode. | |
2321 | |
2322 ** If you wish to use uniquify to rename buffers for you, | |
2323 it is no longer sufficient to load uniquify.el. You must also | |
2324 set uniquify-buffer-name-style to one of the non-nil legitimate values. | |
2325 | |
2326 ** Changes in View mode. | |
2327 | |
2328 *** Several new commands are available in View mode. | |
2329 Do H in view mode for a list of commands. | |
2330 | |
2331 *** There are two new commands for entering View mode: | |
2332 view-file-other-frame and view-buffer-other-frame. | |
2333 | |
2334 *** Exiting View mode does a better job of restoring windows to their | |
2335 previous state. | |
2336 | |
2337 *** New customization variable view-scroll-auto-exit. If non-nil, | |
2338 scrolling past end of buffer makes view mode exit. | |
2339 | |
2340 *** New customization variable view-exits-all-viewing-windows. If | |
2341 non-nil, view-mode will at exit restore all windows viewing buffer, | |
2342 not just the selected window. | |
2343 | |
2344 *** New customization variable view-read-only. If non-nil, visiting a | |
2345 read-only file automatically enters View mode, and toggle-read-only | |
2346 turns View mode on or off. | |
2347 | |
2348 *** New customization variable view-remove-frame-by-deleting controls | |
2349 how to remove a not needed frame at view mode exit. If non-nil, | |
2350 delete the frame, if nil make an icon of it. | |
2351 | |
2352 ** C-x v l, the command to print a file's version control log, | |
2353 now positions point at the entry for the file's current branch version. | |
2354 | |
2355 ** C-x v =, the command to compare a file with the last checked-in version, | |
2356 has a new feature. If the file is currently not locked, so that it is | |
2357 presumably identical to the last checked-in version, the command now asks | |
2358 which version to compare with. | |
2359 | |
2360 ** When using hideshow.el, incremental search can temporarily show hidden | |
2361 blocks if a match is inside the block. | |
2362 | |
2363 The block is hidden again if the search is continued and the next match | |
2364 is outside the block. By customizing the variable | |
2365 isearch-hide-immediately you can choose to hide all the temporarily | |
2366 shown blocks only when exiting from incremental search. | |
2367 | |
2368 By customizing the variable hs-isearch-open you can choose what kind | |
2369 of blocks to temporarily show during isearch: comment blocks, code | |
2370 blocks, all of them or none. | |
2371 | |
2372 ** The new command C-x 4 0 (kill-buffer-and-window) kills the | |
2373 current buffer and deletes the selected window. It asks for | |
2374 confirmation first. | |
2375 | |
2376 ** C-x C-w, which saves the buffer into a specified file name, | |
2377 now changes the major mode according to that file name. | |
2378 However, the mode will not be changed if | |
2379 (1) a local variables list or the `-*-' line specifies a major mode, or | |
2380 (2) the current major mode is a "special" mode, | |
2381 not suitable for ordinary files, or | |
2382 (3) the new file name does not particularly specify any mode. | |
2383 | |
2384 This applies to M-x set-visited-file-name as well. | |
2385 | |
2386 However, if you set change-major-mode-with-file-name to nil, then | |
2387 these commands do not change the major mode. | |
2388 | |
2389 ** M-x occur changes. | |
2390 | |
2391 *** If the argument to M-x occur contains upper case letters, | |
2392 it performs a case-sensitive search. | |
2393 | |
2394 *** In the *Occur* buffer made by M-x occur, | |
2395 if you type g or M-x revert-buffer, this repeats the search | |
2396 using the same regular expression and the same buffer as before. | |
2397 | |
2398 ** In Transient Mark mode, the region in any one buffer is highlighted | |
2399 in just one window at a time. At first, it is highlighted in the | |
2400 window where you set the mark. The buffer's highlighting remains in | |
2401 that window unless you select to another window which shows the same | |
2402 buffer--then the highlighting moves to that window. | |
2403 | |
2404 ** The feature to suggest key bindings when you use M-x now operates | |
2405 after the command finishes. The message suggesting key bindings | |
2406 appears temporarily in the echo area. The previous echo area contents | |
2407 come back after a few seconds, in case they contain useful information. | |
2408 | |
2409 ** Each frame now independently records the order for recently | |
2410 selected buffers, so that the default for C-x b is now based on the | |
2411 buffers recently selected in the selected frame. | |
2412 | |
2413 ** Outline mode changes. | |
2414 | |
2415 *** Outline mode now uses overlays (this is the former noutline.el). | |
2416 | |
2417 *** Incremental searches skip over invisible text in Outline mode. | |
2418 | |
2419 ** When a minibuffer window is active but not the selected window, if | |
2420 you try to use the minibuffer, you used to get a nested minibuffer. | |
2421 Now, this not only gives an error, it also cancels the minibuffer that | |
2422 was already active. | |
2423 | |
2424 The motive for this change is so that beginning users do not | |
2425 unknowingly move away from minibuffers, leaving them active, and then | |
2426 get confused by it. | |
2427 | |
2428 If you want to be able to have recursive minibuffers, you must | |
2429 set enable-recursive-minibuffers to non-nil. | |
2430 | |
2431 ** Changes in dynamic abbrevs. | |
2432 | |
2433 *** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case | |
2434 conversion. If the expansion has mixed case not counting the first | |
2435 character, and the abbreviation matches the beginning of the expansion | |
2436 including case, then the expansion is copied verbatim. | |
2437 | |
2438 The expansion is also copied verbatim if the abbreviation itself has | |
2439 mixed case. And using SPC M-/ to copy an additional word always | |
2440 copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is all caps. | |
2441 | |
2442 *** The values of `dabbrev-case-replace' and `dabbrev-case-fold-search' | |
2443 are no longer Lisp expressions. They have simply three possible | |
2444 values. | |
2445 | |
2446 `dabbrev-case-replace' has these three values: nil (don't preserve | |
2447 case), t (do), or `case-replace' (do like M-x query-replace). | |
2448 `dabbrev-case-fold-search' has these three values: nil (don't ignore | |
2449 case), t (do), or `case-fold-search' (do like search). | |
2450 | |
2451 ** Minibuffer history lists are truncated automatically now to a | |
2452 certain length. The variable history-length specifies how long they | |
2453 can be. The default value is 30. | |
2454 | |
2455 ** Changes in Mail mode. | |
2456 | |
2457 *** The key C-x m no longer runs the `mail' command directly. | |
2458 Instead, it runs the command `compose-mail', which invokes the mail | |
2459 composition mechanism you have selected with the variable | |
2460 `mail-user-agent'. The default choice of user agent is | |
2461 `sendmail-user-agent', which gives behavior compatible with the old | |
2462 behavior. | |
2463 | |
2464 C-x 4 m now runs compose-mail-other-window, and C-x 5 m runs | |
2465 compose-mail-other-frame. | |
2466 | |
2467 *** While composing a reply to a mail message, from Rmail, you can use | |
2468 the command C-c C-r to cite just the region from the message you are | |
2469 replying to. This copies the text which is the selected region in the | |
2470 buffer that shows the original message. | |
2471 | |
2472 *** The command C-c C-i inserts a file at the end of the message, | |
2473 with separator lines around the contents. | |
2474 | |
2475 *** The command M-x expand-mail-aliases expands all mail aliases | |
2476 in suitable mail headers. Emacs automatically extracts mail alias | |
2477 definitions from your mail alias file (e.g., ~/.mailrc). You do not | |
2478 need to expand mail aliases yourself before sending mail. | |
2479 | |
2480 *** New features in the mail-complete command. | |
2481 | |
2482 **** The mail-complete command now inserts the user's full name, | |
2483 for local users or if that is known. The variable mail-complete-style | |
2484 controls the style to use, and whether to do this at all. | |
2485 Its values are like those of mail-from-style. | |
2486 | |
2487 **** The variable mail-passwd-command lets you specify a shell command | |
2488 to run to fetch a set of password-entries that add to the ones in | |
2489 /etc/passwd. | |
2490 | |
2491 **** The variable mail-passwd-file now specifies a list of files to read | |
2492 to get the list of user ids. By default, one file is used: | |
2493 /etc/passwd. | |
2494 | |
2495 ** You can "quote" a file name to inhibit special significance of | |
2496 special syntax, by adding `/:' to the beginning. Thus, if you have a | |
2497 directory named `/foo:', you can prevent it from being treated as a | |
2498 reference to a remote host named `foo' by writing it as `/:/foo:'. | |
2499 | |
2500 Emacs uses this new construct automatically when necessary, such as | |
2501 when you start it with a working directory whose name might otherwise | |
2502 be taken to be magic. | |
2503 | |
2504 ** There is a new command M-x grep-find which uses find to select | |
2505 files to search through, and grep to scan them. The output is | |
2506 available in a Compile mode buffer, as with M-x grep. | |
2507 | |
2508 M-x grep now uses the -e option if the grep program supports that. | |
2509 (-e prevents problems if the search pattern starts with a dash.) | |
2510 | |
2511 ** In Dired, the & command now flags for deletion the files whose names | |
2512 suggest they are probably not needed in the long run. | |
2513 | |
2514 In Dired, * is now a prefix key for mark-related commands. | |
2515 | |
2516 new key dired.el binding old key | |
2517 ------- ---------------- ------- | |
2518 * c dired-change-marks c | |
2519 * m dired-mark m | |
2520 * * dired-mark-executables * (binding deleted) | |
2521 * / dired-mark-directories / (binding deleted) | |
2522 * @ dired-mark-symlinks @ (binding deleted) | |
2523 * u dired-unmark u | |
2524 * DEL dired-unmark-backward DEL | |
2525 * ? dired-unmark-all-files C-M-? | |
2526 * ! dired-unmark-all-marks | |
2527 * % dired-mark-files-regexp % m | |
2528 * C-n dired-next-marked-file M-} | |
2529 * C-p dired-prev-marked-file M-{ | |
2530 | |
2531 ** Rmail changes. | |
2532 | |
2533 *** When Rmail cannot convert your incoming mail into Babyl format, it | |
2534 saves the new mail in the file RMAILOSE.n, where n is an integer | |
2535 chosen to make a unique name. This way, Rmail will not keep crashing | |
2536 each time you run it. | |
2537 | |
2538 *** In Rmail, the variable rmail-summary-line-count-flag now controls | |
2539 whether to include the line count in the summary. Non-nil means yes. | |
2540 | |
2541 *** In Rmail summary buffers, d and C-d (the commands to delete | |
2542 messages) now take repeat counts as arguments. A negative argument | |
2543 means to move in the opposite direction. | |
2544 | |
2545 *** In Rmail, the t command now takes an optional argument which lets | |
2546 you specify whether to show the message headers in full or pruned. | |
2547 | |
2548 *** In Rmail, the new command w (rmail-output-body-to-file) writes | |
2549 just the body of the current message into a file, without the headers. | |
2550 It takes the file name from the message subject, by default, but you | |
2551 can edit that file name in the minibuffer before it is actually used | |
2552 for output. | |
2553 | |
2554 ** Gnus changes. | |
2555 | |
2556 *** nntp.el has been totally rewritten in an asynchronous fashion. | |
2557 | |
2558 *** Article prefetching functionality has been moved up into | |
2559 Gnus. | |
2560 | |
2561 *** Scoring can now be performed with logical operators like | |
2562 `and', `or', `not', and parent redirection. | |
2563 | |
2564 *** Article washing status can be displayed in the | |
2565 article mode line. | |
2566 | |
2567 *** gnus.el has been split into many smaller files. | |
2568 | |
2569 *** Suppression of duplicate articles based on Message-ID. | |
2570 | |
2571 (setq gnus-suppress-duplicates t) | |
2572 | |
2573 *** New variables for specifying what score and adapt files | |
2574 are to be considered home score and adapt files. See | |
2575 `gnus-home-score-file' and `gnus-home-adapt-files'. | |
2576 | |
2577 *** Groups can inherit group parameters from parent topics. | |
2578 | |
2579 *** Article editing has been revamped and is now usable. | |
2580 | |
2581 *** Signatures can be recognized in more intelligent fashions. | |
2582 See `gnus-signature-separator' and `gnus-signature-limit'. | |
2583 | |
2584 *** Summary pick mode has been made to look more nn-like. | |
2585 Line numbers are displayed and the `.' command can be | |
2586 used to pick articles. | |
2587 | |
2588 *** Commands for moving the .newsrc.eld from one server to | |
2589 another have been added. | |
2590 | |
2591 `M-x gnus-change-server' | |
2592 | |
2593 *** A way to specify that "uninteresting" fields be suppressed when | |
2594 generating lines in buffers. | |
2595 | |
2596 *** Several commands in the group buffer can be undone with | |
2597 `C-M-_'. | |
2598 | |
2599 *** Scoring can be done on words using the new score type `w'. | |
2600 | |
2601 *** Adaptive scoring can be done on a Subject word-by-word basis: | |
2602 | |
2603 (setq gnus-use-adaptive-scoring '(word)) | |
2604 | |
2605 *** Scores can be decayed. | |
2606 | |
2607 (setq gnus-decay-scores t) | |
2608 | |
2609 *** Scoring can be performed using a regexp on the Date header. The | |
2610 Date is normalized to compact ISO 8601 format first. | |
2611 | |
2612 *** A new command has been added to remove all data on articles from | |
2613 the native server. | |
2614 | |
2615 `M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups' | |
2616 | |
2617 *** A new command for reading collections of documents | |
2618 (nndoc with nnvirtual on top) has been added -- `C-M-d'. | |
2619 | |
2620 *** Process mark sets can be pushed and popped. | |
2621 | |
2622 *** A new mail-to-news backend makes it possible to post | |
2623 even when the NNTP server doesn't allow posting. | |
2624 | |
2625 *** A new backend for reading searches from Web search engines | |
2626 (DejaNews, Alta Vista, InReference) has been added. | |
2627 | |
2628 Use the `G w' command in the group buffer to create such | |
2629 a group. | |
2630 | |
2631 *** Groups inside topics can now be sorted using the standard | |
2632 sorting functions, and each topic can be sorted independently. | |
2633 | |
2634 See the commands under the `T S' submap. | |
2635 | |
2636 *** Subsets of the groups can be sorted independently. | |
2637 | |
2638 See the commands under the `G P' submap. | |
2639 | |
2640 *** Cached articles can be pulled into the groups. | |
2641 | |
2642 Use the `Y c' command. | |
2643 | |
2644 *** Score files are now applied in a more reliable order. | |
2645 | |
2646 *** Reports on where mail messages end up can be generated. | |
2647 | |
2648 `M-x nnmail-split-history' | |
2649 | |
2650 *** More hooks and functions have been added to remove junk | |
2651 from incoming mail before saving the mail. | |
2652 | |
2653 See `nnmail-prepare-incoming-header-hook'. | |
2654 | |
2655 *** The nnml mail backend now understands compressed article files. | |
2656 | |
2657 *** To enable Gnus to read/post multi-lingual articles, you must execute | |
2658 the following code, for instance, in your .emacs. | |
2659 | |
2660 (add-hook 'gnus-startup-hook 'gnus-mule-initialize) | |
2661 | |
2662 Then, when you start Gnus, it will decode non-ASCII text automatically | |
2663 and show appropriate characters. (Note: if you are using gnus-mime | |
2664 from the SEMI package, formerly known as TM, you should NOT add this | |
2665 hook to gnus-startup-hook; gnus-mime has its own method of handling | |
2666 this issue.) | |
2667 | |
2668 Since it is impossible to distinguish all coding systems | |
2669 automatically, you may need to specify a choice of coding system for a | |
2670 particular news group. This can be done by: | |
2671 | |
2672 (gnus-mule-add-group NEWSGROUP 'CODING-SYSTEM) | |
2673 | |
2674 Here NEWSGROUP should be a string which names a newsgroup or a tree | |
2675 of newsgroups. If NEWSGROUP is "XXX.YYY", all news groups under | |
2676 "XXX.YYY" (including "XXX.YYY.ZZZ") will use the specified coding | |
2677 system. CODING-SYSTEM specifies which coding system to use (for both | |
2678 for reading and posting). | |
2679 | |
2680 CODING-SYSTEM can also be a cons cell of the form | |
2681 (READ-CODING-SYSTEM . POST-CODING-SYSTEM) | |
2682 Then READ-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you read messages from the | |
2683 newsgroups, while POST-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you post messages | |
2684 there. | |
2685 | |
2686 Emacs knows the right coding systems for certain newsgroups by | |
2687 default. Here are some of these default settings: | |
2688 | |
2689 (gnus-mule-add-group "fj" 'iso-2022-7) | |
2690 (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text" 'hz-gb-2312) | |
2691 (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.hk" 'hz-gb-2312) | |
2692 (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text.big5" 'cn-big5) | |
2693 (gnus-mule-add-group "soc.culture.vietnamese" '(nil . viqr)) | |
2694 | |
2695 When you reply by mail to an article, these settings are ignored; | |
2696 the mail is encoded according to sendmail-coding-system, as usual. | |
2697 | |
2698 ** CC mode changes. | |
2699 | |
2700 *** If you edit primarily one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, Java) | |
2701 code, you may want to make the CC Mode style variables have global | |
2702 values so that you can set them directly in your .emacs file. To do | |
2703 this, set c-style-variables-are-local-p to nil in your .emacs file. | |
2704 Note that this only takes effect if you do it *before* cc-mode.el is | |
2705 loaded. | |
2706 | |
2707 If you typically edit more than one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, | |
2708 Java) code in a single Emacs session, you may want to make the CC Mode | |
2709 style variables have buffer local values. By default, all buffers | |
2710 share the same style variable settings; to make them buffer local, set | |
2711 c-style-variables-are-local-p to t in your .emacs file. Note that you | |
2712 must do this *before* CC Mode is loaded. | |
2713 | |
2714 *** The new variable c-indentation-style holds the C style name | |
2715 of the current buffer. | |
2716 | |
2717 *** The variable c-block-comments-indent-p has been deleted, because | |
2718 it is no longer necessary. C mode now handles all the supported styles | |
2719 of block comments, with no need to say which one you will use. | |
2720 | |
2721 *** There is a new indentation style "python", which specifies the C | |
2722 style that the Python developers like. | |
2723 | |
2724 *** There is a new c-cleanup-list option: brace-elseif-brace. | |
2725 This says to put ...} else if (...) {... on one line, | |
2726 just as brace-else-brace says to put ...} else {... on one line. | |
2727 | |
2728 ** VC Changes [new] | |
2729 | |
2730 *** In vc-retrieve-snapshot (C-x v r), if you don't specify a snapshot | |
2731 name, it retrieves the *latest* versions of all files in the current | |
2732 directory and its subdirectories (aside from files already locked). | |
2733 | |
2734 This feature is useful if your RCS directory is a link to a common | |
2735 master directory, and you want to pick up changes made by other | |
2736 developers. | |
2737 | |
2738 You can do the same thing for an individual file by typing C-u C-x C-q | |
2739 RET in a buffer visiting that file. | |
2740 | |
2741 *** VC can now handle files under CVS that are being "watched" by | |
2742 other developers. Such files are made read-only by CVS. To get a | |
2743 writable copy, type C-x C-q in a buffer visiting such a file. VC then | |
2744 calls "cvs edit", which notifies the other developers of it. | |
2745 | |
2746 *** vc-version-diff (C-u C-x v =) now suggests reasonable defaults for | |
2747 version numbers, based on the current state of the file. | |
2748 | |
2749 ** Calendar changes. | |
2750 | |
2751 *** A new function, list-holidays, allows you list holidays or | |
2752 subclasses of holidays for ranges of years. Related menu items allow | |
2753 you do this for the year of the selected date, or the | |
2754 following/previous years. | |
2755 | |
2756 *** There is now support for the Baha'i calendar system. Use `pb' in | |
2757 the *Calendar* buffer to display the current Baha'i date. The Baha'i | |
2758 calendar, or "Badi calendar" is a system of 19 months with 19 days | |
2759 each, and 4 intercalary days (5 during a Gregorian leap year). The | |
2760 calendar begins May 23, 1844, with each of the months named after a | |
2761 supposed attribute of God. | |
2762 | |
2763 ** ps-print changes | |
2764 | |
2765 There are some new user variables and subgroups for customizing the page | |
2766 layout. | |
2767 | |
2768 *** Headers & Footers (subgroup) | |
2769 | |
2770 Some printer systems print a header page and force the first page to | |
2771 be printed on the back of the header page when using duplex. If your | |
2772 printer system has this behavior, set variable | |
2773 `ps-banner-page-when-duplexing' to t. | |
2774 | |
2775 If variable `ps-banner-page-when-duplexing' is non-nil, it prints a | |
2776 blank page as the very first printed page. So, it behaves as if the | |
2777 very first character of buffer (or region) were a form feed ^L (\014). | |
2778 | |
2779 The variable `ps-spool-config' specifies who is responsible for | |
2780 setting duplex mode and page size. Valid values are: | |
2781 | |
2782 lpr-switches duplex and page size are configured by `ps-lpr-switches'. | |
2783 Don't forget to set `ps-lpr-switches' to select duplex | |
2784 printing for your printer. | |
2785 | |
2786 setpagedevice duplex and page size are configured by ps-print using the | |
2787 setpagedevice PostScript operator. | |
2788 | |
2789 nil duplex and page size are configured by ps-print *not* using | |
2790 the setpagedevice PostScript operator. | |
2791 | |
2792 The variable `ps-spool-tumble' specifies how the page images on | |
2793 opposite sides of a sheet are oriented with respect to each other. If | |
2794 `ps-spool-tumble' is nil, ps-print produces output suitable for | |
2795 bindings on the left or right. If `ps-spool-tumble' is non-nil, | |
2796 ps-print produces output suitable for bindings at the top or bottom. | |
2797 This variable takes effect only if `ps-spool-duplex' is non-nil. | |
2798 The default value is nil. | |
2799 | |
2800 The variable `ps-header-frame-alist' specifies a header frame | |
2801 properties alist. Valid frame properties are: | |
2802 | |
2803 fore-color Specify the foreground frame color. | |
2804 Value should be a float number between 0.0 (black | |
2805 color) and 1.0 (white color), or a string which is a | |
2806 color name, or a list of 3 float numbers which | |
2807 correspond to the Red Green Blue color scale, each | |
2808 float number between 0.0 (dark color) and 1.0 (bright | |
2809 color). The default is 0 ("black"). | |
2810 | |
2811 back-color Specify the background frame color (similar to fore-color). | |
2812 The default is 0.9 ("gray90"). | |
2813 | |
2814 shadow-color Specify the shadow color (similar to fore-color). | |
2815 The default is 0 ("black"). | |
2816 | |
2817 border-color Specify the border color (similar to fore-color). | |
2818 The default is 0 ("black"). | |
2819 | |
2820 border-width Specify the border width. | |
2821 The default is 0.4. | |
2822 | |
2823 Any other property is ignored. | |
2824 | |
2825 Don't change this alist directly; instead use Custom, or the | |
2826 `ps-value', `ps-get', `ps-put' and `ps-del' functions (see there for | |
2827 documentation). | |
2828 | |
2829 Ps-print can also print footers. The footer variables are: | |
2830 `ps-print-footer', `ps-footer-offset', `ps-print-footer-frame', | |
2831 `ps-footer-font-family', `ps-footer-font-size', `ps-footer-line-pad', | |
2832 `ps-footer-lines', `ps-left-footer', `ps-right-footer' and | |
2833 `ps-footer-frame-alist'. These variables are similar to those | |
2834 controlling headers. | |
2835 | |
2836 *** Color management (subgroup) | |
2837 | |
2838 If `ps-print-color-p' is non-nil, the buffer's text will be printed in | |
2839 color. | |
2840 | |
2841 *** Face Management (subgroup) | |
2842 | |
2843 If you need to print without worrying about face background colors, | |
2844 set the variable `ps-use-face-background' which specifies if face | |
2845 background should be used. Valid values are: | |
2846 | |
2847 t always use face background color. | |
2848 nil never use face background color. | |
2849 (face...) list of faces whose background color will be used. | |
2850 | |
2851 *** N-up printing (subgroup) | |
2852 | |
2853 The variable `ps-n-up-printing' specifies the number of pages per | |
2854 sheet of paper. | |
2855 | |
2856 The variable `ps-n-up-margin' specifies the margin in points (pt) | |
2857 between the sheet border and the n-up printing. | |
2858 | |
2859 If variable `ps-n-up-border-p' is non-nil, a border is drawn around | |
2860 each page. | |
2861 | |
2862 The variable `ps-n-up-filling' specifies how the page matrix is filled | |
2863 on each sheet of paper. Following are the valid values for | |
2864 `ps-n-up-filling' with a filling example using a 3x4 page matrix: | |
2865 | |
2866 `left-top' 1 2 3 4 `left-bottom' 9 10 11 12 | |
2867 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 | |
2868 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 | |
2869 | |
2870 `right-top' 4 3 2 1 `right-bottom' 12 11 10 9 | |
2871 8 7 6 5 8 7 6 5 | |
2872 12 11 10 9 4 3 2 1 | |
2873 | |
2874 `top-left' 1 4 7 10 `bottom-left' 3 6 9 12 | |
2875 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 | |
2876 3 6 9 12 1 4 7 10 | |
2877 | |
2878 `top-right' 10 7 4 1 `bottom-right' 12 9 6 3 | |
2879 11 8 5 2 11 8 5 2 | |
2880 12 9 6 3 10 7 4 1 | |
2881 | |
2882 Any other value is treated as `left-top'. | |
2883 | |
2884 *** Zebra stripes (subgroup) | |
2885 | |
2886 The variable `ps-zebra-color' controls the zebra stripes grayscale or | |
2887 RGB color. | |
2888 | |
2889 The variable `ps-zebra-stripe-follow' specifies how zebra stripes | |
2890 continue on next page. Visually, valid values are (the character `+' | |
2891 to the right of each column indicates that a line is printed): | |
2892 | |
2893 `nil' `follow' `full' `full-follow' | |
2894 Current Page -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2895 1 XXXXX + 1 XXXXXXXX + 1 XXXXXX + 1 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2896 2 XXXXX + 2 XXXXXXXX + 2 XXXXXX + 2 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2897 3 XXXXX + 3 XXXXXXXX + 3 XXXXXX + 3 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2898 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + | |
2899 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + | |
2900 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + | |
2901 7 XXXXX + 7 XXXXXXXX + 7 XXXXXX + 7 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2902 8 XXXXX + 8 XXXXXXXX + 8 XXXXXX + 8 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2903 9 XXXXX + 9 XXXXXXXX + 9 XXXXXX + 9 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2904 10 + 10 + | |
2905 11 + 11 + | |
2906 -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2907 Next Page -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2908 12 XXXXX + 12 + 10 XXXXXX + 10 + | |
2909 13 XXXXX + 13 XXXXXXXX + 11 XXXXXX + 11 + | |
2910 14 XXXXX + 14 XXXXXXXX + 12 XXXXXX + 12 + | |
2911 15 + 15 XXXXXXXX + 13 + 13 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2912 16 + 16 + 14 + 14 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2913 17 + 17 + 15 + 15 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2914 18 XXXXX + 18 + 16 XXXXXX + 16 + | |
2915 19 XXXXX + 19 XXXXXXXX + 17 XXXXXX + 17 + | |
2916 20 XXXXX + 20 XXXXXXXX + 18 XXXXXX + 18 + | |
2917 21 + 21 XXXXXXXX + | |
2918 22 + 22 + | |
2919 -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2920 | |
2921 Any other value is treated as `nil'. | |
2922 | |
2923 | |
2924 *** Printer management (subgroup) | |
2925 | |
2926 The variable `ps-printer-name-option' determines the option used by | |
2927 some utilities to indicate the printer name; it's used only when | |
2928 `ps-printer-name' is a non-empty string. If you're using the lpr | |
2929 utility to print, for example, `ps-printer-name-option' should be set | |
2930 to "-P". | |
2931 | |
2932 The variable `ps-manual-feed' indicates if the printer requires manual | |
2933 paper feeding. If it's nil, automatic feeding takes place. If it's | |
2934 non-nil, manual feeding takes place. | |
2935 | |
2936 The variable `ps-end-with-control-d' specifies whether C-d (\x04) | |
2937 should be inserted at end of the generated PostScript. Non-nil means | |
2938 do so. | |
2939 | |
2940 *** Page settings (subgroup) | |
2941 | |
2942 If variable `ps-warn-paper-type' is nil, it's *not* treated as an | |
2943 error if the PostScript printer doesn't have a paper with the size | |
2944 indicated by `ps-paper-type'; the default paper size will be used | |
2945 instead. If `ps-warn-paper-type' is non-nil, an error is signaled if | |
2946 the PostScript printer doesn't support a paper with the size indicated | |
2947 by `ps-paper-type'. This is used when `ps-spool-config' is set to | |
2948 `setpagedevice'. | |
2949 | |
2950 The variable `ps-print-upside-down' determines the orientation for | |
2951 printing pages: nil means `normal' printing, non-nil means | |
2952 `upside-down' printing (that is, the page is rotated by 180 degrees). | |
2953 | |
2954 The variable `ps-selected-pages' specifies which pages to print. If | |
2955 it's nil, all pages are printed. If it's a list, list elements may be | |
2956 integers specifying a single page to print, or cons cells (FROM . TO) | |
2957 specifying to print from page FROM to TO. Invalid list elements, that | |
2958 is integers smaller than one, or elements whose FROM is greater than | |
2959 its TO, are ignored. | |
2960 | |
2961 The variable `ps-even-or-odd-pages' specifies how to print even/odd | |
2962 pages. Valid values are: | |
2963 | |
2964 nil print all pages. | |
2965 | |
2966 `even-page' print only even pages. | |
2967 | |
2968 `odd-page' print only odd pages. | |
2969 | |
2970 `even-sheet' print only even sheets. | |
2971 That is, if `ps-n-up-printing' is 1, it behaves like | |
2972 `even-page', but for values greater than 1, it'll | |
2973 print only the even sheet of paper. | |
2974 | |
2975 `odd-sheet' print only odd sheets. | |
2976 That is, if `ps-n-up-printing' is 1, it behaves like | |
2977 `odd-page'; but for values greater than 1, it'll print | |
2978 only the odd sheet of paper. | |
2979 | |
2980 Any other value is treated as nil. | |
2981 | |
2982 If you set `ps-selected-pages' (see there for documentation), pages | |
2983 are filtered by `ps-selected-pages', and then by | |
2984 `ps-even-or-odd-pages'. For example, if we have: | |
2985 | |
2986 (setq ps-selected-pages '(1 4 (6 . 10) (12 . 16) 20)) | |
2987 | |
2988 and we combine this with `ps-even-or-odd-pages' and | |
2989 `ps-n-up-printing', we get: | |
2990 | |
2991 `ps-n-up-printing' = 1: | |
2992 `ps-even-or-odd-pages' PAGES PRINTED | |
2993 nil 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 | |
2994 even-page 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 | |
2995 odd-page 1, 7, 9, 13, 15 | |
2996 even-sheet 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 | |
2997 odd-sheet 1, 7, 9, 13, 15 | |
2998 | |
2999 `ps-n-up-printing' = 2: | |
3000 `ps-even-or-odd-pages' PAGES PRINTED | |
3001 nil 1/4, 6/7, 8/9, 10/12, 13/14, 15/16, 20 | |
3002 even-page 4/6, 8/10, 12/14, 16/20 | |
3003 odd-page 1/7, 9/13, 15 | |
3004 even-sheet 6/7, 10/12, 15/16 | |
3005 odd-sheet 1/4, 8/9, 13/14, 20 | |
3006 | |
3007 *** Miscellany (subgroup) | |
3008 | |
3009 The variable `ps-error-handler-message' specifies where error handler | |
3010 messages should be sent. | |
3011 | |
3012 It is also possible to add a user-defined PostScript prologue code in | |
3013 front of all generated prologue code by setting the variable | |
3014 `ps-user-defined-prologue'. | |
3015 | |
3016 The variable `ps-line-number-font' specifies the font for line numbers. | |
3017 | |
3018 The variable `ps-line-number-font-size' specifies the font size in | |
3019 points for line numbers. | |
3020 | |
3021 The variable `ps-line-number-color' specifies the color for line | |
3022 numbers. See `ps-zebra-color' for documentation. | |
3023 | |
3024 The variable `ps-line-number-step' specifies the interval in which | |
3025 line numbers are printed. For example, if `ps-line-number-step' is set | |
3026 to 2, the printing will look like: | |
3027 | |
3028 1 one line | |
3029 one line | |
3030 3 one line | |
3031 one line | |
3032 5 one line | |
3033 one line | |
3034 ... | |
3035 | |
3036 Valid values are: | |
3037 | |
3038 integer an integer specifying the interval in which line numbers are | |
3039 printed. If it's smaller than or equal to zero, 1 | |
3040 is used. | |
3041 | |
3042 `zebra' specifies that only the line number of the first line in a | |
3043 zebra stripe is to be printed. | |
3044 | |
3045 Any other value is treated as `zebra'. | |
3046 | |
3047 The variable `ps-line-number-start' specifies the starting point in | |
3048 the interval given by `ps-line-number-step'. For example, if | |
3049 `ps-line-number-step' is set to 3, and `ps-line-number-start' is set to | |
3050 3, the output will look like: | |
3051 | |
3052 one line | |
3053 one line | |
3054 3 one line | |
3055 one line | |
3056 one line | |
3057 6 one line | |
3058 one line | |
3059 one line | |
3060 9 one line | |
3061 one line | |
3062 ... | |
3063 | |
3064 The variable `ps-postscript-code-directory' specifies the directory | |
3065 where the PostScript prologue file used by ps-print is found. | |
3066 | |
3067 The variable `ps-line-spacing' determines the line spacing in points, | |
3068 for ordinary text, when generating PostScript (similar to | |
3069 `ps-font-size'). | |
3070 | |
3071 The variable `ps-paragraph-spacing' determines the paragraph spacing, | |
3072 in points, for ordinary text, when generating PostScript (similar to | |
3073 `ps-font-size'). | |
3074 | |
3075 The variable `ps-paragraph-regexp' specifies the paragraph delimiter. | |
3076 | |
3077 The variable `ps-begin-cut-regexp' and `ps-end-cut-regexp' specify the | |
3078 start and end of a region to cut out when printing. | |
3079 | |
3080 ** hideshow changes. | |
3081 | |
3082 *** now supports hiding of blocks of single line comments (like // for | |
3083 C++, ; for lisp). | |
3084 | |
3085 *** Support for java-mode added. | |
3086 | |
3087 *** When doing `hs-hide-all' it is now possible to also hide the comments | |
3088 in the file if `hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all' is set. | |
3089 | |
3090 *** The new function `hs-hide-initial-comment' hides the comments at | |
3091 the beginning of the files. Finally those huge RCS logs don't stay in your | |
3092 way! This is run by default when entering the `hs-minor-mode'. | |
3093 | |
3094 *** Now uses overlays instead of `selective-display', so is more | |
3095 robust and a lot faster. | |
3096 | |
3097 *** A block beginning can span multiple lines. | |
3098 | |
3099 *** The new variable `hs-show-hidden-short-form' if t, directs hideshow | |
3100 to show only the beginning of a block when it is hidden. See the | |
3101 documentation for more details. | |
3102 | |
3103 ** Changes in Enriched mode. | |
3104 | |
3105 *** When you visit a file in enriched-mode, Emacs will make sure it is | |
3106 filled to the current fill-column. This behavior is now independent | |
3107 of the size of the window. When you save the file, the fill-column in | |
3108 use is stored as well, so that the whole buffer need not be refilled | |
3109 the next time unless the fill-column is different. | |
3110 | |
3111 *** use-hard-newlines is now a minor mode. When it is enabled, Emacs | |
3112 distinguishes between hard and soft newlines, and treats hard newlines | |
3113 as paragraph boundaries. Otherwise all newlines inserted are marked | |
3114 as soft, and paragraph boundaries are determined solely from the text. | |
3115 | |
3116 ** Font Lock mode | |
3117 | |
3118 *** Custom support | |
3119 | |
3120 The variables font-lock-face-attributes, font-lock-display-type and | |
3121 font-lock-background-mode are now obsolete; the recommended way to specify | |
3122 the faces to use for Font Lock mode is with M-x customize-group on the new | |
3123 custom group font-lock-faces. If you set font-lock-face-attributes in your | |
3124 ~/.emacs file, Font Lock mode will respect its value. However, you should | |
3125 consider converting from setting that variable to using M-x customize. | |
3126 | |
3127 You can still use X resources to specify Font Lock face appearances. | |
3128 | |
3129 *** Maximum decoration | |
3130 | |
3131 Fontification now uses the maximum level of decoration supported by | |
3132 default. Previously, fontification used a mode-specific default level | |
3133 of decoration, which is typically the minimum level of decoration | |
3134 supported. You can set font-lock-maximum-decoration to nil | |
3135 to get the old behavior. | |
3136 | |
3137 *** New support | |
3138 | |
3139 Support is now provided for Java, Objective-C, AWK and SIMULA modes. | |
3140 | |
3141 Note that Font Lock mode can be turned on without knowing exactly what modes | |
3142 support Font Lock mode, via the command global-font-lock-mode. | |
3143 | |
3144 *** Configurable support | |
3145 | |
3146 Support for C, C++, Objective-C and Java can be more easily configured for | |
3147 additional types and classes via the new variables c-font-lock-extra-types, | |
3148 c++-font-lock-extra-types, objc-font-lock-extra-types and, you guessed it, | |
3149 java-font-lock-extra-types. These value of each of these variables should be a | |
3150 list of regexps matching the extra type names. For example, the default value | |
3151 of c-font-lock-extra-types is ("\\sw+_t") which means fontification follows the | |
3152 convention that C type names end in _t. This results in slower fontification. | |
3153 | |
3154 Of course, you can change the variables that specify fontification in whatever | |
3155 way you wish, typically by adding regexps. However, these new variables make | |
3156 it easier to make specific and common changes for the fontification of types. | |
3157 | |
3158 *** Adding highlighting patterns to existing support | |
3159 | |
3160 You can use the new function font-lock-add-keywords to add your own | |
3161 highlighting patterns, such as for project-local or user-specific constructs, | |
3162 for any mode. | |
3163 | |
3164 For example, to highlight `FIXME:' words in C comments, put: | |
3165 | |
3166 (font-lock-add-keywords 'c-mode '(("\\<FIXME:" 0 font-lock-warning-face t))) | |
3167 | |
3168 in your ~/.emacs. | |
3169 | |
3170 *** New faces | |
3171 | |
3172 Font Lock now defines two new faces, font-lock-builtin-face and | |
3173 font-lock-warning-face. These are intended to highlight builtin keywords, | |
3174 distinct from a language's normal keywords, and objects that should be brought | |
3175 to user attention, respectively. Various modes now use these new faces. | |
3176 | |
3177 *** Changes to fast-lock support mode | |
3178 | |
3179 The fast-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now process | |
3180 cache files silently. You can use the new variable fast-lock-verbose, in the | |
3181 same way as font-lock-verbose, to control this feature. | |
3182 | |
3183 *** Changes to lazy-lock support mode | |
3184 | |
3185 The lazy-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now fontify | |
3186 according to the true syntactic context relative to other lines. You can use | |
3187 the new variable lazy-lock-defer-contextually to control this feature. If | |
3188 non-nil, changes to the buffer will cause subsequent lines in the buffer to be | |
3189 refontified after lazy-lock-defer-time seconds of idle time. If nil, then only | |
3190 the modified lines will be refontified; this is the same as the previous Lazy | |
3191 Lock mode behavior and the behavior of Font Lock mode. | |
3192 | |
3193 This feature is useful in modes where strings or comments can span lines. | |
3194 For example, if a string or comment terminating character is deleted, then if | |
3195 this feature is enabled subsequent lines in the buffer will be correctly | |
3196 refontified to reflect their new syntactic context. Previously, only the line | |
3197 containing the deleted character would be refontified and you would have to use | |
3198 the command M-o M-o (font-lock-fontify-block) to refontify some lines. | |
3199 | |
3200 As a consequence of this new feature, two other variables have changed: | |
3201 | |
3202 Variable `lazy-lock-defer-driven' is renamed `lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling'. | |
3203 Variable `lazy-lock-defer-time' can now only be a time, i.e., a number. | |
3204 Buffer modes for which on-the-fly deferral applies can be specified via the | |
3205 new variable `lazy-lock-defer-on-the-fly'. | |
3206 | |
3207 If you set these variables in your ~/.emacs, then you may have to change those | |
3208 settings. | |
3209 | |
3210 ** Ada mode changes. | |
3211 | |
3212 *** There is now better support for using find-file.el with Ada mode. | |
3213 If you switch between spec and body, the cursor stays in the same | |
3214 procedure (modulo overloading). If a spec has no body file yet, but | |
3215 you try to switch to its body file, Ada mode now generates procedure | |
3216 stubs. | |
3217 | |
3218 *** There are two new commands: | |
3219 - `ada-make-local' : invokes gnatmake on the current buffer | |
3220 - `ada-check-syntax' : check syntax of current buffer. | |
3221 | |
3222 The user options `ada-compiler-make', `ada-make-options', | |
3223 `ada-language-version', `ada-compiler-syntax-check', and | |
3224 `ada-compile-options' are used within these commands. | |
3225 | |
3226 *** Ada mode can now work with Outline minor mode. The outline level | |
3227 is calculated from the indenting, not from syntactic constructs. | |
3228 Outlining does not work if your code is not correctly indented. | |
3229 | |
3230 *** The new function `ada-gnat-style' converts the buffer to the style of | |
3231 formatting used in GNAT. It places two blanks after a comment start, | |
3232 places one blank between a word end and an opening '(', and puts one | |
3233 space between a comma and the beginning of a word. | |
3234 | |
3235 ** Scheme mode changes. | |
3236 | |
3237 *** Scheme mode indentation now uses many of the facilities of Lisp | |
3238 mode; therefore, the variables to customize it are the variables used | |
3239 for Lisp mode which have names starting with `lisp-'. The variables | |
3240 with names starting with `scheme-' which used to do this no longer | |
3241 have any effect. | |
3242 | |
3243 If you want to use different indentation for Scheme and Lisp, this is | |
3244 still possible, but now you must do it by adding a hook to | |
3245 scheme-mode-hook, which could work by setting the `lisp-' indentation | |
3246 variables as buffer-local variables. | |
3247 | |
3248 *** DSSSL mode is a variant of Scheme mode, for editing DSSSL scripts. | |
3249 Use M-x dsssl-mode. | |
3250 | |
3251 ** Changes to the emacsclient program | |
3252 | |
3253 *** If a socket can't be found, and environment variables LOGNAME or | |
3254 USER are set, emacsclient now looks for a socket based on the UID | |
3255 associated with the name. That is an emacsclient running as root | |
3256 can connect to an Emacs server started by a non-root user. | |
3257 | |
3258 *** The emacsclient program now accepts an option --no-wait which tells | |
3259 it to return immediately without waiting for you to "finish" the | |
3260 buffer in Emacs. | |
3261 | |
3262 *** The new option --alternate-editor allows to specify an editor to | |
3263 use if Emacs is not running. The environment variable | |
3264 ALTERNATE_EDITOR can be used for the same effect; the command line | |
3265 option takes precedence. | |
3266 | |
3267 ** M-x eldoc-mode enables a minor mode in which the echo area | |
3268 constantly shows the parameter list for function being called at point | |
3269 (in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes only). | |
3270 | |
3271 ** C-x n d now runs the new command narrow-to-defun, | |
3272 which narrows the accessible parts of the buffer to just | |
3273 the current defun. | |
3274 | |
3275 ** Emacs now handles the `--' argument in the standard way; all | |
3276 following arguments are treated as ordinary file names. | |
3277 | |
3278 ** On MSDOS and Windows, the bookmark file is now called _emacs.bmk, | |
3279 and the saved desktop file is now called _emacs.desktop (truncated if | |
3280 necessary). | |
3281 | |
3282 ** When you kill a buffer that visits a file, | |
3283 if there are any registers that save positions in the file, | |
3284 these register values no longer become completely useless. | |
3285 If you try to go to such a register with C-x j, then you are | |
3286 asked whether to visit the file again. If you say yes, | |
3287 it visits the file and then goes to the same position. | |
3288 | |
3289 ** When you visit a file that changes frequently outside Emacs--for | |
3290 example, a log of output from a process that continues to run--it may | |
3291 be useful for Emacs to revert the file without querying you whenever | |
3292 you visit the file afresh with C-x C-f. | |
3293 | |
3294 You can request this behavior for certain files by setting the | |
3295 variable revert-without-query to a list of regular expressions. If a | |
3296 file's name matches any of these regular expressions, find-file and | |
3297 revert-buffer revert the buffer without asking for permission--but | |
3298 only if you have not edited the buffer text yourself. | |
3299 | |
3300 ** set-default-font has been renamed to set-frame-font | |
3301 since it applies only to the current frame. | |
3302 | |
3303 ** In TeX mode, you can use the variable tex-main-file to specify the | |
3304 file for tex-file to run TeX on. (By default, tex-main-file is nil, | |
3305 and tex-file runs TeX on the current visited file.) | |
3306 | |
3307 This is useful when you are editing a document that consists of | |
3308 multiple files. In each of the included files, you can set up a local | |
3309 variable list which specifies the top-level file of your document for | |
3310 tex-main-file. Then tex-file will run TeX on the whole document | |
3311 instead of just the file you are editing. | |
3312 | |
3313 ** RefTeX mode | |
3314 | |
3315 RefTeX mode is a new minor mode with special support for \label, \ref | |
3316 and \cite macros in LaTeX documents. RefTeX distinguishes labels of | |
3317 different environments (equation, figure, ...) and has full support for | |
3318 multifile documents. To use it, select a buffer with a LaTeX document and | |
3319 turn the mode on with M-x reftex-mode. Here are the main user commands: | |
3320 | |
3321 C-c ( reftex-label | |
3322 Creates a label semi-automatically. RefTeX is context sensitive and | |
3323 knows which kind of label is needed. | |
3324 | |
3325 C-c ) reftex-reference | |
3326 Offers in a menu all labels in the document, along with context of the | |
3327 label definition. The selected label is referenced as \ref{LABEL}. | |
3328 | |
3329 C-c [ reftex-citation | |
3330 Prompts for a regular expression and displays a list of matching BibTeX | |
3331 database entries. The selected entry is cited with a \cite{KEY} macro. | |
3332 | |
3333 C-c & reftex-view-crossref | |
3334 Views the cross reference of a \ref or \cite command near point. | |
3335 | |
3336 C-c = reftex-toc | |
3337 Shows a table of contents of the (multifile) document. From there you | |
3338 can quickly jump to every section. | |
3339 | |
3340 Under X, RefTeX installs a "Ref" menu in the menu bar, with additional | |
3341 commands. Press `?' to get help when a prompt mentions this feature. | |
3342 Full documentation and customization examples are in the file | |
3343 reftex.el. You can use the finder to view the file documentation: | |
3344 C-h p --> tex --> reftex.el | |
3345 | |
3346 ** Changes in BibTeX mode. | |
3347 | |
3348 *** Info documentation is now available. | |
3349 | |
3350 *** Don't allow parentheses in string constants anymore. This confused | |
3351 both the BibTeX program and Emacs BibTeX mode. | |
3352 | |
3353 *** Renamed variable bibtex-mode-user-optional-fields to | |
3354 bibtex-user-optional-fields. | |
3355 | |
3356 *** Removed variable bibtex-include-OPTannote | |
3357 (use bibtex-user-optional-fields instead). | |
3358 | |
3359 *** New interactive functions to copy and kill fields and complete | |
3360 entries to the BibTeX kill ring, from where they can be yanked back by | |
3361 appropriate functions. | |
3362 | |
3363 *** New interactive functions for repositioning and marking of | |
3364 entries. They are bound by default to C-M-l and C-M-h. | |
3365 | |
3366 *** New hook bibtex-clean-entry-hook. It is called after entry has | |
3367 been cleaned. | |
3368 | |
3369 *** New variable bibtex-field-delimiters, which replaces variables | |
3370 bibtex-field-{left|right}-delimiter. | |
3371 | |
3372 *** New variable bibtex-entry-delimiters to determine how entries | |
3373 shall be delimited. | |
3374 | |
3375 *** Allow preinitialization of fields. See documentation of | |
3376 bibtex-user-optional-fields, bibtex-entry-field-alist, and | |
3377 bibtex-include-OPTkey for details. | |
3378 | |
3379 *** Book and InBook entries require either an author or an editor | |
3380 field. This is now supported by bibtex.el. Alternative fields are | |
3381 prefixed with `ALT'. | |
3382 | |
3383 *** New variable bibtex-entry-format, which replaces variable | |
3384 bibtex-clean-entry-zap-empty-opts and allows specification of many | |
3385 formatting options performed on cleaning an entry (see variable | |
3386 documentation). | |
3387 | |
3388 *** Even more control on how automatic keys are generated. See | |
3389 documentation of bibtex-generate-autokey for details. Transcriptions | |
3390 for foreign languages other than German are now handled, too. | |
3391 | |
3392 *** New boolean user option bibtex-comma-after-last-field to decide if | |
3393 comma should be inserted at end of last field. | |
3394 | |
3395 *** New boolean user option bibtex-align-at-equal-sign to determine if | |
3396 alignment should be made at left side of field contents or at equal | |
3397 signs. New user options to control entry layout (e.g. indentation). | |
3398 | |
3399 *** New function bibtex-fill-entry to realign entries. | |
3400 | |
3401 *** New function bibtex-reformat to reformat region or buffer. | |
3402 | |
3403 *** New function bibtex-convert-alien to convert a BibTeX database | |
3404 from alien sources. | |
3405 | |
3406 *** New function bibtex-complete-key (similar to bibtex-complete-string) | |
3407 to complete prefix to a key defined in buffer. Mainly useful in | |
3408 crossref entries. | |
3409 | |
3410 *** New function bibtex-count-entries to count entries in buffer or | |
3411 region. | |
3412 | |
3413 *** Added support for imenu. | |
3414 | |
3415 *** The function `bibtex-validate' now checks current region instead | |
3416 of buffer if mark is active. Now it shows all errors of buffer in a | |
3417 `compilation mode' buffer. You can use the normal commands (e.g. | |
3418 `next-error') for compilation modes to jump to errors. | |
3419 | |
3420 *** New variable `bibtex-string-file-path' to determine where the files | |
3421 from `bibtex-string-files' are searched. | |
3422 | |
3423 ** Iso Accents mode now supports Latin-3 as an alternative. | |
3424 | |
3425 ** The command next-error now opens blocks hidden by hideshow. | |
3426 | |
3427 ** The function using-unix-filesystems has been replaced by the | |
3428 functions add-untranslated-filesystem and remove-untranslated-filesystem. | |
3429 Each of these functions takes the name of a drive letter or directory | |
3430 as an argument. | |
3431 | |
3432 When a filesystem is added as untranslated, all files on it are read | |
3433 and written in binary mode (no cr/lf translation is performed). | |
3434 | |
3435 ** browse-url changes | |
3436 | |
3437 *** New methods for: Grail (browse-url-generic), MMM (browse-url-mmm), | |
3438 Lynx in a separate xterm (browse-url-lynx-xterm) or in an Emacs window | |
3439 (browse-url-lynx-emacs), remote W3 (browse-url-w3-gnudoit), generic | |
3440 non-remote-controlled browsers (browse-url-generic) and associated | |
3441 customization variables. | |
3442 | |
3443 *** New commands `browse-url-of-region' and `browse-url'. | |
3444 | |
3445 *** URLs marked up with <URL:...> (RFC1738) work if broken across | |
3446 lines. Browsing methods can be associated with URL regexps | |
3447 (e.g. mailto: URLs) via `browse-url-browser-function'. | |
3448 | |
3449 ** Changes in Ediff | |
3450 | |
3451 *** Clicking Mouse-2 on a brief command description in Ediff control panel | |
3452 pops up the Info file for this command. | |
3453 | |
3454 *** There is now a variable, ediff-autostore-merges, which controls whether | |
3455 the result of a merge is saved in a file. By default, this is done only when | |
3456 merge is done from a session group (eg, when merging files in two different | |
3457 directories). | |
3458 | |
3459 *** Since Emacs 19.31 (this hasn't been announced before), Ediff can compare | |
3460 and merge groups of files residing in different directories, or revisions of | |
3461 files in the same directory. | |
3462 | |
3463 *** Since Emacs 19.31, Ediff can apply multi-file patches interactively. | |
3464 The patches must be in the context format or GNU unified format. (The bug | |
3465 related to the GNU format has now been fixed.) | |
3466 | |
3467 ** Changes in Viper | |
3468 | |
3469 *** The startup file is now .viper instead of .vip | |
3470 *** All variable/function names have been changed to start with viper- | |
3471 instead of vip-. | |
3472 *** C-\ now simulates the meta-key in all Viper states. | |
3473 *** C-z in Insert state now escapes to Vi for the duration of the next | |
3474 Viper command. In Vi and Insert states, C-z behaves as before. | |
3475 *** C-c \ escapes to Vi for one command if Viper is in Insert or Emacs states. | |
3476 *** _ is no longer the meta-key in Vi state. | |
3477 *** The variable viper-insert-state-cursor-color can be used to change cursor | |
3478 color when Viper is in insert state. | |
3479 *** If search lands the cursor near the top or the bottom of the window, | |
3480 Viper pulls the window up or down to expose more context. The variable | |
3481 viper-adjust-window-after-search controls this behavior. | |
3482 | |
3483 ** Etags changes. | |
3484 | |
3485 *** In C, C++, Objective C and Java, Etags tags global variables by | |
3486 default. The resulting tags files are inflated by 30% on average. | |
3487 Use --no-globals to turn this feature off. Etags can also tag | |
3488 variables which are members of structure-like constructs, but it does | |
3489 not by default. Use --members to turn this feature on. | |
3490 | |
3491 *** C++ member functions are now recognized as tags. | |
3492 | |
3493 *** Java is tagged like C++. In addition, "extends" and "implements" | |
3494 constructs are tagged. Files are recognized by the extension .java. | |
3495 | |
3496 *** Etags can now handle programs written in Postscript. Files are | |
3497 recognized by the extensions .ps and .pdb (Postscript with C syntax). | |
3498 In Postscript, tags are lines that start with a slash. | |
3499 | |
3500 *** Etags now handles Objective C and Objective C++ code. The usual C and | |
3501 C++ tags are recognized in these languages; in addition, etags | |
3502 recognizes special Objective C syntax for classes, class categories, | |
3503 methods and protocols. | |
3504 | |
3505 *** Etags also handles Cobol. Files are recognized by the extension | |
3506 .cobol. The tagged lines are those containing a word that begins in | |
3507 column 8 and ends in a full stop, i.e. anything that could be a | |
3508 paragraph name. | |
3509 | |
3510 *** Regexps in Etags now support intervals, as in ed or grep. The syntax of | |
3511 an interval is \{M,N\}, and it means to match the preceding expression | |
3512 at least M times and as many as N times. | |
3513 | |
3514 ** The format for specifying a custom format for time-stamp to insert | |
3515 in files has changed slightly. | |
3516 | |
3517 With the new enhancements to the functionality of format-time-string, | |
3518 time-stamp-format will change to be eventually compatible with it. | |
3519 This conversion is being done in two steps to maintain compatibility | |
3520 with old time-stamp-format values. | |
3521 | |
3522 In the new scheme, alternate case is signified by the number-sign | |
3523 (`#') modifier, rather than changing the case of the format character. | |
3524 This feature is as yet incompletely implemented for compatibility | |
3525 reasons. | |
3526 | |
3527 In the old time-stamp-format, all numeric fields defaulted to their | |
3528 natural width. (With format-time-string, each format has a | |
3529 fixed-width default.) In this version, you can specify the colon | |
3530 (`:') modifier to a numeric conversion to mean "give me the historical | |
3531 time-stamp-format width default." Do not use colon if you are | |
3532 specifying an explicit width, as in "%02d". | |
3533 | |
3534 Numbers are no longer truncated to the requested width, except in the | |
3535 case of "%02y", which continues to give a two-digit year. Digit | |
3536 truncation probably wasn't being used for anything else anyway. | |
3537 | |
3538 The new formats will work with old versions of Emacs. New formats are | |
3539 being recommended now to allow time-stamp-format to change in the | |
3540 future to be compatible with format-time-string. The new forms being | |
3541 recommended now will continue to work then. | |
3542 | |
3543 See the documentation string for the variable time-stamp-format for | |
3544 details. | |
3545 | |
3546 ** There are some additional major modes: | |
3547 | |
3548 dcl-mode, for editing VMS DCL files. | |
3549 m4-mode, for editing files of m4 input. | |
3550 meta-mode, for editing MetaFont and MetaPost source files. | |
3551 | |
3552 ** In Shell mode, the command shell-copy-environment-variable lets you | |
3553 copy the value of a specified environment variable from the subshell | |
3554 into Emacs. | |
3555 | |
3556 ** New Lisp packages include: | |
3557 | |
3558 *** battery.el displays battery status for laptops. | |
3559 | |
3560 *** M-x bruce (named after Lenny Bruce) is a program that might | |
3561 be used for adding some indecent words to your email. | |
3562 | |
3563 *** M-x crisp-mode enables an emulation for the CRiSP editor. | |
3564 | |
3565 *** M-x dirtrack arranges for better tracking of directory changes | |
3566 in shell buffers. | |
3567 | |
3568 *** The new library elint.el provides for linting of Emacs Lisp code. | |
3569 See the documentation for `elint-initialize', `elint-current-buffer' | |
3570 and `elint-defun'. | |
3571 | |
3572 *** M-x expand-add-abbrevs defines a special kind of abbrev which is | |
3573 meant for programming constructs. These abbrevs expand like ordinary | |
3574 ones, when you type SPC, but only at the end of a line and not within | |
3575 strings or comments. | |
3576 | |
3577 These abbrevs can act as templates: you can define places within an | |
3578 abbrev for insertion of additional text. Once you expand the abbrev, | |
3579 you can then use C-x a p and C-x a n to move back and forth to these | |
3580 insertion points. Thus you can conveniently insert additional text | |
3581 at these points. | |
3582 | |
3583 *** filecache.el remembers the location of files so that you | |
3584 can visit them by short forms of their names. | |
3585 | |
3586 *** find-func.el lets you find the definition of the user-loaded | |
3587 Emacs Lisp function at point. | |
3588 | |
3589 *** M-x handwrite converts text to a "handwritten" picture. | |
3590 | |
3591 *** M-x iswitchb-buffer is a command for switching to a buffer, much like | |
3592 switch-buffer, but it reads the argument in a more helpful way. | |
3593 | |
3594 *** M-x landmark implements a neural network for landmark learning. | |
3595 | |
3596 *** M-x locate provides a convenient interface to the `locate' program. | |
3597 | |
3598 *** M4 mode is a new mode for editing files of m4 input. | |
3599 | |
3600 *** mantemp.el creates C++ manual template instantiations | |
3601 from the GCC error messages which indicate which instantiations are needed. | |
3602 | |
3603 *** mouse-copy.el provides a one-click copy and move feature. | |
3604 You can drag a region with M-mouse-1, and it is automatically | |
3605 inserted at point. M-Shift-mouse-1 deletes the text from its | |
3606 original place after inserting the copy. | |
3607 | |
3608 *** mouse-drag.el lets you do scrolling by dragging Mouse-2 | |
3609 on the buffer. | |
3610 | |
3611 You click the mouse and move; that distance either translates into the | |
3612 velocity to scroll (with mouse-drag-throw) or the distance to scroll | |
3613 (with mouse-drag-drag). Horizontal scrolling is enabled when needed. | |
3614 | |
3615 Enable mouse-drag with: | |
3616 (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-throw) | |
3617 -or- | |
3618 (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-drag) | |
3619 | |
3620 *** mspools.el is useful for determining which mail folders have | |
3621 mail waiting to be read in them. It works with procmail. | |
3622 | |
3623 *** Octave mode is a major mode for editing files of input for Octave. | |
3624 It comes with a facility for communicating with an Octave subprocess. | |
3625 | |
3626 *** ogonek | |
3627 | |
3628 The ogonek package provides functions for changing the coding of | |
3629 Polish diacritic characters in buffers. Codings known from various | |
3630 platforms are supported such as ISO8859-2, Mazovia, IBM Latin2, and | |
3631 TeX. For example, you can change the coding from Mazovia to | |
3632 ISO8859-2. Another example is a change of coding from ISO8859-2 to | |
3633 prefix notation (in which `/a' stands for the aogonek character, for | |
3634 instance) and vice versa. | |
3635 | |
3636 To use this package load it using | |
3637 M-x load-library [enter] ogonek | |
3638 Then, you may get an explanation by calling one of | |
3639 M-x ogonek-jak -- in Polish | |
3640 M-x ogonek-how -- in English | |
3641 The info specifies the commands and variables provided as well as the | |
3642 ways of customization in `.emacs'. | |
3643 | |
3644 *** Interface to ph. | |
3645 | |
3646 Emacs provides a client interface to CCSO Nameservers (ph/qi) | |
3647 | |
3648 The CCSO nameserver is used in many universities to provide directory | |
3649 services about people. ph.el provides a convenient Emacs interface to | |
3650 these servers. | |
3651 | |
3652 *** uce.el is useful for replying to unsolicited commercial email. | |
3653 | |
3654 *** vcursor.el implements a "virtual cursor" feature. | |
3655 You can move the virtual cursor with special commands | |
3656 while the real cursor does not move. | |
3657 | |
3658 *** webjump.el is a "hot list" package which you can set up | |
3659 for visiting your favorite web sites. | |
3660 | |
3661 *** M-x winner-mode is a minor mode which saves window configurations, | |
3662 so you can move back to other configurations that you have recently used. | |
3663 | |
3664 ** movemail change | |
3665 | |
3666 Movemail no longer needs to be installed setuid root in order for POP | |
3667 mail retrieval to function properly. This is because it no longer | |
3668 supports the RPOP (reserved-port POP) protocol; instead, it uses the | |
3669 user's POP password to authenticate to the mail server. | |
3670 | |
3671 This change was made earlier, but not reported in NEWS before. | |
3672 | |
3673 | |
3674 * Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows. | |
3675 | |
3676 ** Changes in handling MS-DOS/MS-Windows text files. | |
3677 | |
3678 Emacs handles three different conventions for representing | |
3679 end-of-line: CRLF for MSDOS, LF for Unix and GNU, and CR (used on the | |
3680 Macintosh). Emacs determines which convention is used in a specific | |
3681 file based on the contents of that file (except for certain special | |
3682 file names), and when it saves the file, it uses the same convention. | |
3683 | |
3684 To save the file and change the end-of-line convention, you can use | |
3685 C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) to specify a different | |
3686 coding system for the buffer. Then, when you save the file, the newly | |
3687 specified coding system will take effect. For example, to save with | |
3688 LF, specify undecided-unix (or some other ...-unix coding system); to | |
3689 save with CRLF, specify undecided-dos. | |
3690 | |
3691 | |
3692 * Lisp Changes in Emacs 20.1 | |
3693 | |
3694 ** Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 20 will, in general, work in | |
3695 Emacs 19 as well, as long as the source code runs in Emacs 19. And | |
3696 vice versa: byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19 should also run in | |
3697 Emacs 20, as long as the program itself works in Emacs 20. | |
3698 | |
3699 ** Windows-specific functions and variables have been renamed | |
3700 to start with w32- instead of win32-. | |
3701 | |
3702 In hacker language, calling something a "win" is a form of praise. We | |
3703 don't want to praise a non-free Microsoft system, so we don't call it | |
3704 "win". | |
3705 | |
3706 ** Basic Lisp changes | |
3707 | |
3708 *** A symbol whose name starts with a colon now automatically | |
3709 evaluates to itself. Therefore such a symbol can be used as a constant. | |
3710 | |
3711 *** The defined purpose of `defconst' has been changed. It should now | |
3712 be used only for values that should not be changed whether by a program | |
3713 or by the user. | |
3714 | |
3715 The actual behavior of defconst has not been changed. | |
3716 | |
3717 *** There are new macros `when' and `unless' | |
3718 | |
3719 (when CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION (progn BODY...)) | |
3720 (unless CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION nil BODY...) | |
3721 | |
3722 *** Emacs now defines functions caar, cadr, cdar and cddr with their | |
3723 usual Lisp meanings. For example, caar returns the car of the car of | |
3724 its argument. | |
3725 | |
3726 *** equal, when comparing strings, now ignores their text properties. | |
3727 | |
3728 *** The new function `functionp' tests whether an object is a function. | |
3729 | |
3730 *** arrayp now returns t for char-tables and bool-vectors. | |
3731 | |
3732 *** Certain primitives which use characters (as integers) now get an | |
3733 error if the integer is not a valid character code. These primitives | |
3734 include insert-char, char-to-string, and the %c construct in the | |
3735 `format' function. | |
3736 | |
3737 *** The `require' function now insists on adding a suffix, either .el | |
3738 or .elc, to the file name. Thus, (require 'foo) will not use a file | |
3739 whose name is just foo. It insists on foo.el or foo.elc. | |
3740 | |
3741 *** The `autoload' function, when the file name does not contain | |
3742 either a directory name or the suffix .el or .elc, insists on | |
3743 adding one of these suffixes. | |
3744 | |
3745 *** string-to-number now takes an optional second argument BASE | |
3746 which specifies the base to use when converting an integer. | |
3747 If BASE is omitted, base 10 is used. | |
3748 | |
3749 We have not implemented other radices for floating point numbers, | |
3750 because that would be much more work and does not seem useful. | |
3751 | |
3752 *** substring now handles vectors as well as strings. | |
3753 | |
3754 *** The Common Lisp function eql is no longer defined normally. | |
3755 You must load the `cl' library to define it. | |
3756 | |
3757 *** The new macro `with-current-buffer' lets you evaluate an expression | |
3758 conveniently with a different current buffer. It looks like this: | |
3759 | |
3760 (with-current-buffer BUFFER BODY-FORMS...) | |
3761 | |
3762 BUFFER is the expression that says which buffer to use. | |
3763 BODY-FORMS say what to do in that buffer. | |
3764 | |
3765 *** The new primitive `save-current-buffer' saves and restores the | |
3766 choice of current buffer, like `save-excursion', but without saving or | |
3767 restoring the value of point or the mark. `with-current-buffer' | |
3768 works using `save-current-buffer'. | |
3769 | |
3770 *** The new macro `with-temp-file' lets you do some work in a new buffer and | |
3771 write the output to a specified file. Like `progn', it returns the value | |
3772 of the last form. | |
3773 | |
3774 *** The new macro `with-temp-buffer' lets you do some work in a new buffer, | |
3775 which is discarded after use. Like `progn', it returns the value of the | |
3776 last form. If you wish to return the buffer contents, use (buffer-string) | |
3777 as the last form. | |
3778 | |
3779 *** The new function split-string takes a string, splits it at certain | |
3780 characters, and returns a list of the substrings in between the | |
3781 matches. | |
3782 | |
3783 For example, (split-string "foo bar lose" " +") returns ("foo" "bar" "lose"). | |
3784 | |
3785 *** The new macro with-output-to-string executes some Lisp expressions | |
3786 with standard-output set up so that all output feeds into a string. | |
3787 Then it returns that string. | |
3788 | |
3789 For example, if the current buffer name is `foo', | |
3790 | |
3791 (with-output-to-string | |
3792 (princ "The buffer is ") | |
3793 (princ (buffer-name))) | |
3794 | |
3795 returns "The buffer is foo". | |
3796 | |
3797 ** Non-ASCII characters are now supported, if enable-multibyte-characters | |
3798 is non-nil. | |
3799 | |
3800 These characters have character codes above 256. When inserted in the | |
3801 buffer or stored in a string, they are represented as multibyte | |
3802 characters that occupy several buffer positions each. | |
3803 | |
3804 *** When enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, a single character in | |
3805 a buffer or string can be two or more bytes (as many as four). | |
3806 | |
3807 Buffers and strings are still made up of unibyte elements; | |
3808 character positions and string indices are always measured in bytes. | |
3809 Therefore, moving forward one character can increase the buffer | |
3810 position by 2, 3 or 4. The function forward-char moves by whole | |
3811 characters, and therefore is no longer equivalent to | |
3812 (lambda (n) (goto-char (+ (point) n))). | |
3813 | |
3814 ASCII characters (codes 0 through 127) are still single bytes, always. | |
3815 Sequences of byte values 128 through 255 are used to represent | |
3816 non-ASCII characters. These sequences are called "multibyte | |
3817 characters". | |
3818 | |
3819 The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range 128 | |
3820 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
3821 "leading codes". The second and subsequent bytes are always in the | |
3822 range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through 0377). The first byte, the | |
3823 leading code, determines how many bytes long the sequence is. | |
3824 | |
3825 *** The function forward-char moves over characters, and therefore | |
3826 (forward-char 1) may increase point by more than 1 if it moves over a | |
3827 multibyte character. Likewise, delete-char always deletes a | |
3828 character, which may be more than one buffer position. | |
3829 | |
3830 This means that some Lisp programs, which assume that a character is | |
3831 always one buffer position, need to be changed. | |
3832 | |
3833 However, all ASCII characters are always one buffer position. | |
3834 | |
3835 *** The regexp [\200-\377] no longer matches all non-ASCII characters, | |
3836 because when enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, these characters | |
3837 have codes that are not in the range octal 200 to octal 377. However, | |
3838 the regexp [^\000-\177] does match all non-ASCII characters, | |
3839 guaranteed. | |
3840 | |
3841 *** The function char-boundary-p returns non-nil if position POS is | |
3842 between two characters in the buffer (not in the middle of a | |
3843 character). | |
3844 | |
3845 When the value is non-nil, it says what kind of character follows POS: | |
3846 | |
3847 0 if POS is at an ASCII character or at the end of range, | |
3848 1 if POS is before a 2-byte length multi-byte form, | |
3849 2 if POS is at a head of 3-byte length multi-byte form, | |
3850 3 if POS is at a head of 4-byte length multi-byte form, | |
3851 4 if POS is at a head of multi-byte form of a composite character. | |
3852 | |
3853 *** The function char-bytes returns how many bytes the character CHAR uses. | |
3854 | |
3855 *** Strings can contain multibyte characters. The function | |
3856 `length' returns the string length counting bytes, which may be | |
3857 more than the number of characters. | |
3858 | |
3859 You can include a multibyte character in a string constant by writing | |
3860 it literally. You can also represent it with a hex escape, | |
3861 \xNNNNNNN..., using as many digits as necessary. Any character which | |
3862 is not a valid hex digit terminates this construct. If you want to | |
3863 follow it with a character that is a hex digit, write backslash and | |
3864 newline in between; that will terminate the hex escape. | |
3865 | |
3866 *** The function concat-chars takes arguments which are characters | |
3867 and returns a string containing those characters. | |
3868 | |
3869 *** The function sref access a multibyte character in a string. | |
3870 (sref STRING INDX) returns the character in STRING at INDEX. INDEX | |
3871 counts from zero. If INDEX is at a position in the middle of a | |
3872 character, sref signals an error. | |
3873 | |
3874 *** The function chars-in-string returns the number of characters | |
3875 in a string. This is less than the length of the string, if the | |
3876 string contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). | |
3877 | |
3878 *** The function chars-in-region returns the number of characters | |
3879 in a region from BEG to END. This is less than (- END BEG) if the | |
3880 region contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). | |
3881 | |
3882 *** The function string-to-list converts a string to a list of | |
3883 the characters in it. string-to-vector converts a string | |
3884 to a vector of the characters in it. | |
3885 | |
3886 *** The function store-substring alters part of the contents | |
3887 of a string. You call it as follows: | |
3888 | |
3889 (store-substring STRING IDX OBJ) | |
3890 | |
3891 This says to alter STRING, by storing OBJ starting at index IDX in | |
3892 STRING. OBJ may be either a character or a (smaller) string. | |
3893 This function really does alter the contents of STRING. | |
3894 Since it is impossible to change the length of an existing string, | |
3895 it is an error if OBJ doesn't fit within STRING's actual length. | |
3896 | |
3897 *** char-width returns the width (in columns) of the character CHAR, | |
3898 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. | |
3899 | |
3900 *** string-width returns the width (in columns) of the text in STRING, | |
3901 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. | |
3902 | |
3903 *** truncate-string-to-width shortens a string, if necessary, | |
3904 to fit within a certain number of columns. (Of course, it does | |
3905 not alter the string that you give it; it returns a new string | |
3906 which contains all or just part of the existing string.) | |
3907 | |
3908 (truncate-string-to-width STR END-COLUMN &optional START-COLUMN PADDING) | |
3909 | |
3910 This returns the part of STR up to column END-COLUMN. | |
3911 | |
3912 The optional argument START-COLUMN specifies the starting column. | |
3913 If this is non-nil, then the first START-COLUMN columns of the string | |
3914 are not included in the resulting value. | |
3915 | |
3916 The optional argument PADDING, if non-nil, is a padding character to be added | |
3917 at the beginning and end the resulting string, to extend it to exactly | |
3918 WIDTH columns. If PADDING is nil, that means do not pad; then, if STRING | |
3919 is narrower than WIDTH, the value is equal to STRING. | |
3920 | |
3921 If PADDING and START-COLUMN are both non-nil, and if there is no clean | |
3922 place in STRING that corresponds to START-COLUMN (because one | |
3923 character extends across that column), then the padding character | |
3924 PADDING is added one or more times at the beginning of the result | |
3925 string, so that its columns line up as if it really did start at | |
3926 column START-COLUMN. | |
3927 | |
3928 *** When the functions in the list after-change-functions are called, | |
3929 the third argument is the number of bytes in the pre-change text, not | |
3930 necessarily the number of characters. It is, in effect, the | |
3931 difference in buffer position between the beginning and the end of the | |
3932 changed text, before the change. | |
3933 | |
3934 *** The characters Emacs uses are classified in various character | |
3935 sets, each of which has a name which is a symbol. In general there is | |
3936 one character set for each script, not for each language. | |
3937 | |
3938 **** The function charsetp tests whether an object is a character set name. | |
3939 | |
3940 **** The variable charset-list holds a list of character set names. | |
3941 | |
3942 **** char-charset, given a character code, returns the name of the character | |
3943 set that the character belongs to. (The value is a symbol.) | |
3944 | |
3945 **** split-char, given a character code, returns a list containing the | |
3946 name of the character set, followed by one or two byte-values | |
3947 which identify the character within that character set. | |
3948 | |
3949 **** make-char, given a character set name and one or two subsequent | |
3950 byte-values, constructs a character code. This is roughly the | |
3951 opposite of split-char. | |
3952 | |
3953 **** find-charset-region returns a list of the character sets | |
3954 of all the characters between BEG and END. | |
3955 | |
3956 **** find-charset-string returns a list of the character sets | |
3957 of all the characters in a string. | |
3958 | |
3959 *** Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems | |
3960 and specifying coding systems. | |
3961 | |
3962 **** The function coding-system-list returns a list of all coding | |
3963 system names (symbols). With optional argument t, it returns a list | |
3964 of all distinct base coding systems, not including variants. | |
3965 (Variant coding systems are those like latin-1-dos, latin-1-unix | |
3966 and latin-1-mac which specify the end-of-line conversion as well | |
3967 as what to do about code conversion.) | |
3968 | |
3969 **** coding-system-p tests a symbol to see if it is a coding system | |
3970 name. It returns t if so, nil if not. | |
3971 | |
3972 **** file-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use | |
3973 for certain file names. It works like network-coding-system-alist, | |
3974 except that the PATTERN is matched against the file name. | |
3975 | |
3976 Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines | |
3977 which file names the element applies to. PATTERN should be a regexp | |
3978 to match against a file name. | |
3979 | |
3980 VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or | |
3981 a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both | |
3982 decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent | |
3983 to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding | |
3984 systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr | |
3985 specifies the coding system for encoding. | |
3986 | |
3987 If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system | |
3988 or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. | |
3989 | |
3990 **** The variable network-coding-system-alist specifies | |
3991 the coding system to use for network sockets. | |
3992 | |
3993 Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines | |
3994 which network sockets the element applies to. PATTERN should be | |
3995 either a port number or a regular expression matching some network | |
3996 service names. | |
3997 | |
3998 VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or | |
3999 a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both | |
4000 decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent | |
4001 to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding | |
4002 systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr | |
4003 specifies the coding system for encoding. | |
4004 | |
4005 If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system | |
4006 or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. | |
4007 | |
4008 **** process-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use | |
4009 for certain subprocess. It works like network-coding-system-alist, | |
4010 except that the PATTERN is matched against the program name used to | |
4011 start the subprocess. | |
4012 | |
4013 **** The variable default-process-coding-system specifies the coding | |
4014 systems to use for subprocess (and net connection) input and output, | |
4015 when nothing else specifies what to do. The value is a cons cell | |
4016 (OUTPUT-CODING . INPUT-CODING). OUTPUT-CODING applies to output | |
4017 to the subprocess, and INPUT-CODING applies to input from it. | |
4018 | |
4019 **** The variable coding-system-for-write, if non-nil, specifies the | |
4020 coding system to use for writing a file, or for output to a synchronous | |
4021 subprocess. | |
4022 | |
4023 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network connection, | |
4024 but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-write when you | |
4025 start the subprocess or connection affects that subprocess or | |
4026 connection permanently or until overridden. | |
4027 | |
4028 The variable coding-system-for-write takes precedence over | |
4029 file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and | |
4030 network-coding-system-alist, and all other methods of specifying a | |
4031 coding system for output. But most of the time this variable is nil. | |
4032 It exists so that Lisp programs can bind it to a specific coding | |
4033 system for one operation at a time. | |
4034 | |
4035 **** coding-system-for-read applies similarly to input from | |
4036 files, subprocesses or network connections. | |
4037 | |
4038 **** The function process-coding-system tells you what | |
4039 coding systems(s) an existing subprocess is using. | |
4040 The value is a cons cell, | |
4041 (DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM . ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM) | |
4042 where DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for decoding output from | |
4043 the subprocess, and ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for encoding | |
4044 input to the subprocess. | |
4045 | |
4046 **** The function set-process-coding-system can be used to | |
4047 change the coding systems in use for an existing subprocess. | |
4048 | |
4049 ** Emacs has a new facility to help users manage the many | |
4050 customization options. To make a Lisp program work with this facility, | |
4051 you need to use the new macros defgroup and defcustom. | |
4052 | |
4053 You use defcustom instead of defvar, for defining a user option | |
4054 variable. The difference is that you specify two additional pieces of | |
4055 information (usually): the "type" which says what values are | |
4056 legitimate, and the "group" which specifies the hierarchy for | |
4057 customization. | |
4058 | |
4059 Thus, instead of writing | |
4060 | |
4061 (defvar foo-blurgoze nil | |
4062 "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely.") | |
4063 | |
4064 you would now write this: | |
4065 | |
4066 (defcustom foo-blurgoze nil | |
4067 "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely." | |
4068 :type 'boolean | |
4069 :group foo) | |
4070 | |
4071 The type `boolean' means that this variable has only | |
4072 two meaningful states: nil and non-nil. Other type values | |
4073 describe other possibilities; see the manual for Custom | |
4074 for a description of them. | |
4075 | |
4076 The "group" argument is used to specify a group which the option | |
4077 should belong to. You define a new group like this: | |
4078 | |
4079 (defgroup ispell nil | |
4080 "Spell checking using Ispell." | |
4081 :group 'processes) | |
4082 | |
4083 The "group" argument in defgroup specifies the parent group. The root | |
4084 group is called `emacs'; it should not contain any variables itself, | |
4085 but only other groups. The immediate subgroups of `emacs' correspond | |
4086 to the keywords used by C-h p. Under these subgroups come | |
4087 second-level subgroups that belong to individual packages. | |
4088 | |
4089 Each Emacs package should have its own set of groups. A simple | |
4090 package should have just one group; a more complex package should | |
4091 have a hierarchy of its own groups. The sole or root group of a | |
4092 package should be a subgroup of one or more of the "keyword" | |
4093 first-level subgroups. | |
4094 | |
4095 ** New `widget' library for inserting UI components in buffers. | |
4096 | |
4097 This library, used by the new custom library, is documented in a | |
4098 separate manual that accompanies Emacs. | |
4099 | |
4100 ** easy-mmode | |
4101 | |
4102 The easy-mmode package provides macros and functions that make | |
4103 developing minor modes easier. Roughly, the programmer has to code | |
4104 only the functionality of the minor mode. All the rest--toggles, | |
4105 predicate, and documentation--can be done in one call to the macro | |
4106 `easy-mmode-define-minor-mode' (see the documentation). See also | |
4107 `easy-mmode-define-keymap'. | |
4108 | |
4109 ** Text property changes | |
4110 | |
4111 *** The `intangible' property now works on overlays as well as on a | |
4112 text property. | |
4113 | |
4114 *** The new functions next-char-property-change and | |
4115 previous-char-property-change scan through the buffer looking for a | |
4116 place where either a text property or an overlay might change. The | |
4117 functions take two arguments, POSITION and LIMIT. POSITION is the | |
4118 starting position for the scan. LIMIT says where to stop the scan. | |
4119 | |
4120 If no property change is found before LIMIT, the value is LIMIT. If | |
4121 LIMIT is nil, scan goes to the beginning or end of the accessible part | |
4122 of the buffer. If no property change is found, the value is the | |
4123 position of the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
4124 | |
4125 *** In the `local-map' text property or overlay property, the property | |
4126 value can now be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap. This | |
4127 is an alternative to using the keymap itself. | |
4128 | |
4129 ** Changes in invisibility features | |
4130 | |
4131 *** Isearch can now temporarily show parts of the buffer which are | |
4132 hidden by an overlay with a invisible property, when the search match | |
4133 is inside that portion of the buffer. To enable this the overlay | |
4134 should have a isearch-open-invisible property which is a function that | |
4135 would be called having the overlay as an argument, the function should | |
4136 make the overlay visible. | |
4137 | |
4138 During incremental search the overlays are shown by modifying the | |
4139 invisible and intangible properties, if beside this more actions are | |
4140 needed the overlay should have a isearch-open-invisible-temporary | |
4141 which is a function. The function is called with 2 arguments: one is | |
4142 the overlay and the second is nil when it should show the overlay and | |
4143 t when it should hide it. | |
4144 | |
4145 *** add-to-invisibility-spec, remove-from-invisibility-spec | |
4146 | |
4147 Modes that use overlays to hide portions of a buffer should set the | |
4148 invisible property of the overlay to the mode's name (or another symbol) | |
4149 and modify the `buffer-invisibility-spec' to include that symbol. | |
4150 Use `add-to-invisibility-spec' and `remove-from-invisibility-spec' to | |
4151 manipulate the `buffer-invisibility-spec'. | |
4152 Here is an example of how to do this: | |
4153 | |
4154 ;; If we want to display an ellipsis: | |
4155 (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) | |
4156 ;; If you don't want ellipsis: | |
4157 (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) | |
4158 | |
4159 ... | |
4160 (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) 'invisible 'my-symbol) | |
4161 | |
4162 ... | |
4163 ;; When done with the overlays: | |
4164 (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) | |
4165 ;; Or respectively: | |
4166 (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) | |
4167 | |
4168 ** Changes in syntax parsing. | |
4169 | |
4170 *** The syntax-directed buffer-scan functions (such as | |
4171 `parse-partial-sexp', `forward-word' and similar functions) can now | |
4172 obey syntax information specified by text properties, if the variable | |
4173 `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil. | |
4174 | |
4175 If the value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is nil, the behavior | |
4176 is as before: the syntax-table of the current buffer is always | |
4177 used to determine the syntax of the character at the position. | |
4178 | |
4179 When `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil, the syntax of a | |
4180 character in the buffer is calculated thus: | |
4181 | |
4182 a) if the `syntax-table' text-property of that character | |
4183 is a cons, this cons becomes the syntax-type; | |
4184 | |
4185 Valid values of `syntax-table' text-property are: nil, a valid | |
4186 syntax-table, and a valid syntax-table element, i.e., | |
4187 a cons cell of the form (SYNTAX-CODE . MATCHING-CHAR). | |
4188 | |
4189 b) if the character's `syntax-table' text-property | |
4190 is a syntax table, this syntax table is used | |
4191 (instead of the syntax-table of the current buffer) to | |
4192 determine the syntax type of the character. | |
4193 | |
4194 c) otherwise the syntax-type is determined by the syntax-table | |
4195 of the current buffer. | |
4196 | |
4197 *** The meaning of \s in regular expressions is also affected by the | |
4198 value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties'. The details are the same as | |
4199 for the syntax-directed buffer-scan functions. | |
4200 | |
4201 *** There are two new syntax-codes, `!' and `|' (numeric values 14 | |
4202 and 15). A character with a code `!' starts a comment which is ended | |
4203 only by another character with the same code (unless quoted). A | |
4204 character with a code `|' starts a string which is ended only by | |
4205 another character with the same code (unless quoted). | |
4206 | |
4207 These codes are mainly meant for use as values of the `syntax-table' | |
4208 text property. | |
4209 | |
4210 *** The function `parse-partial-sexp' has new semantics for the sixth | |
4211 arg COMMENTSTOP. If it is `syntax-table', parse stops after the start | |
4212 of a comment or a string, or after end of a comment or a string. | |
4213 | |
4214 *** The state-list which the return value from `parse-partial-sexp' | |
4215 (and can also be used as an argument) now has an optional ninth | |
4216 element: the character address of the start of last comment or string; | |
4217 nil if none. The fourth and eighth elements have special values if the | |
4218 string/comment is started by a "!" or "|" syntax-code. | |
4219 | |
4220 *** Since new features of `parse-partial-sexp' allow a complete | |
4221 syntactic parsing, `font-lock' no longer supports | |
4222 `font-lock-comment-start-regexp'. | |
4223 | |
4224 ** Changes in face features | |
4225 | |
4226 *** The face functions are now unconditionally defined in Emacs, even | |
4227 if it does not support displaying on a device that supports faces. | |
4228 | |
4229 *** The function face-documentation returns the documentation string | |
4230 of a face (or nil if it doesn't have one). | |
4231 | |
4232 *** The function face-bold-p returns t if a face should be bold. | |
4233 set-face-bold-p sets that flag. | |
4234 | |
4235 *** The function face-italic-p returns t if a face should be italic. | |
4236 set-face-italic-p sets that flag. | |
4237 | |
4238 *** You can now specify foreground and background colors for text | |
4239 by adding elements of the form (foreground-color . COLOR-NAME) | |
4240 and (background-color . COLOR-NAME) to the list of faces in | |
4241 the `face' property (either the character's text property or an | |
4242 overlay property). | |
4243 | |
4244 This means that you no longer need to create named faces to use | |
4245 arbitrary colors in a Lisp package. | |
4246 | |
4247 ** Changes in file-handling functions | |
4248 | |
4249 *** File-access primitive functions no longer discard an extra redundant | |
4250 directory name from the beginning of the file name. In other words, | |
4251 they no longer do anything special with // or /~. That conversion | |
4252 is now done only in substitute-in-file-name. | |
4253 | |
4254 This makes it possible for a Lisp program to open a file whose name | |
4255 begins with ~. | |
4256 | |
4257 *** If copy-file is unable to set the date of the output file, | |
4258 it now signals an error with the condition file-date-error. | |
4259 | |
4260 *** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if | |
4261 the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a list of integers. | |
4262 | |
4263 *** insert-file-contents can now read from a special file, | |
4264 as long as the arguments VISIT and REPLACE are nil. | |
4265 | |
4266 *** The RAWFILE arg to find-file-noselect, if non-nil, now suppresses | |
4267 character code conversion as well as other things. | |
4268 | |
4269 Meanwhile, this feature does work with remote file names | |
4270 (formerly it did not). | |
4271 | |
4272 *** Lisp packages which create temporary files should use the TMPDIR | |
4273 environment variable to decide which directory to put them in. | |
4274 | |
4275 *** interpreter-mode-alist elements now specify regexps | |
4276 instead of constant strings. | |
4277 | |
4278 *** expand-file-name no longer treats `//' or `/~' specially. It used | |
4279 to delete all the text of a file name up through the first slash of | |
4280 any `//' or `/~' sequence. Now it passes them straight through. | |
4281 | |
4282 substitute-in-file-name continues to treat those sequences specially, | |
4283 in the same way as before. | |
4284 | |
4285 *** The variable `format-alist' is more general now. | |
4286 The FROM-FN and TO-FN in a format definition can now be strings | |
4287 which specify shell commands to use as filters to perform conversion. | |
4288 | |
4289 *** The new function access-file tries to open a file, and signals an | |
4290 error if that fails. If the open succeeds, access-file does nothing | |
4291 else, and returns nil. | |
4292 | |
4293 *** The function insert-directory now signals an error if the specified | |
4294 directory cannot be listed. | |
4295 | |
4296 ** Changes in minibuffer input | |
4297 | |
4298 *** The functions read-buffer, read-variable, read-command, read-string | |
4299 read-file-name, read-from-minibuffer and completing-read now take an | |
4300 additional argument which specifies the default value. If this | |
4301 argument is non-nil, it should be a string; that string is used in two | |
4302 ways: | |
4303 | |
4304 It is returned if the user enters empty input. | |
4305 It is available through the history command M-n. | |
4306 | |
4307 *** The functions read-string, read-from-minibuffer, | |
4308 read-no-blanks-input and completing-read now take an additional | |
4309 argument INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. If this is non-nil, then the | |
4310 minibuffer inherits the current input method and the setting of | |
4311 enable-multibyte-characters from the previously current buffer. | |
4312 | |
4313 In an interactive spec, you can use M instead of s to read an | |
4314 argument in this way. | |
4315 | |
4316 *** All minibuffer input functions discard text properties | |
4317 from the text you enter in the minibuffer, unless the variable | |
4318 minibuffer-allow-text-properties is non-nil. | |
4319 | |
4320 ** Echo area features | |
4321 | |
4322 *** Clearing the echo area now runs the normal hook | |
4323 echo-area-clear-hook. Note that the echo area can be used while the | |
4324 minibuffer is active; in that case, the minibuffer is still active | |
4325 after the echo area is cleared. | |
4326 | |
4327 *** The function current-message returns the message currently displayed | |
4328 in the echo area, or nil if there is none. | |
4329 | |
4330 ** Keyboard input features | |
4331 | |
4332 *** tty-erase-char is a new variable that reports which character was | |
4333 set up as the terminal's erase character when time Emacs was started. | |
4334 | |
4335 *** num-nonmacro-input-events is the total number of input events | |
4336 received so far from the terminal. It does not count those generated | |
4337 by keyboard macros. | |
4338 | |
4339 ** Frame-related changes | |
4340 | |
4341 *** make-frame runs the normal hook before-make-frame-hook just before | |
4342 creating a frame, and just after creating a frame it runs the abnormal | |
4343 hook after-make-frame-functions with the new frame as arg. | |
4344 | |
4345 *** The new hook window-configuration-change-hook is now run every time | |
4346 the window configuration has changed. The frame whose configuration | |
4347 has changed is the selected frame when the hook is run. | |
4348 | |
4349 *** Each frame now independently records the order for recently | |
4350 selected buffers, in its buffer-list frame parameter, so that the | |
4351 value of other-buffer is now based on the buffers recently displayed | |
4352 in the selected frame. | |
4353 | |
4354 *** The value of the frame parameter vertical-scroll-bars | |
4355 is now `left', `right' or nil. A non-nil value specifies | |
4356 which side of the window to put the scroll bars on. | |
4357 | |
4358 ** X Windows features | |
4359 | |
4360 *** You can examine X resources for other applications by binding | |
4361 x-resource-class around a call to x-get-resource. The usual value of | |
4362 x-resource-class is "Emacs", which is the correct value for Emacs. | |
4363 | |
4364 *** In menus, checkboxes and radio buttons now actually work. | |
4365 The menu displays the current status of the box or button. | |
4366 | |
4367 *** The function x-list-fonts now takes an optional fourth argument | |
4368 MAXIMUM which sets a limit on how many matching fonts to return. | |
4369 A smaller value of MAXIMUM makes the function faster. | |
4370 | |
4371 If the only question is whether *any* font matches the pattern, | |
4372 it is good to supply 1 for this argument. | |
4373 | |
4374 ** Subprocess features | |
4375 | |
4376 *** A reminder: it is no longer necessary for subprocess filter | |
4377 functions and sentinels to do save-match-data, because Emacs does this | |
4378 automatically. | |
4379 | |
4380 *** The new function shell-command-to-string executes a shell command | |
4381 and returns the output from the command as a string. | |
4382 | |
4383 *** The new function process-contact returns t for a child process, | |
4384 and (HOSTNAME SERVICE) for a net connection. | |
4385 | |
4386 ** An error in running pre-command-hook or post-command-hook | |
4387 does clear the variable to nil. The documentation was wrong before. | |
4388 | |
4389 ** In define-key-after, if AFTER is t, the new binding now always goes | |
4390 at the end of the keymap. If the keymap is a menu, this means it | |
4391 goes after the other menu items. | |
4392 | |
4393 ** If you have a program that makes several changes in the same area | |
4394 of the buffer, you can use the macro combine-after-change-calls | |
4395 around that Lisp code to make it faster when after-change hooks | |
4396 are in use. | |
4397 | |
4398 The macro arranges to call the after-change functions just once for a | |
4399 series of several changes--if that seems safe. | |
4400 | |
4401 Don't alter the variables after-change-functions and | |
4402 after-change-function within the body of a combine-after-change-calls | |
4403 form. | |
4404 | |
4405 ** If you define an abbrev (with define-abbrev) whose EXPANSION | |
4406 is not a string, then the abbrev does not expand in the usual sense, | |
4407 but its hook is still run. | |
4408 | |
4409 ** Normally, the Lisp debugger is not used (even if you have enabled it) | |
4410 for errors that are handled by condition-case. | |
4411 | |
4412 If you set debug-on-signal to a non-nil value, then the debugger is called | |
4413 regardless of whether there is a handler for the condition. This is | |
4414 useful for debugging problems that happen inside of a condition-case. | |
4415 | |
4416 This mode of operation seems to be unreliable in other ways. Errors that | |
4417 are normal and ought to be handled, perhaps in timers or process | |
4418 filters, will instead invoke the debugger. So don't say you weren't | |
4419 warned. | |
4420 | |
4421 ** The new variable ring-bell-function lets you specify your own | |
4422 way for Emacs to "ring the bell". | |
4423 | |
4424 ** If run-at-time's TIME argument is t, the action is repeated at | |
4425 integral multiples of REPEAT from the epoch; this is useful for | |
4426 functions like display-time. | |
4427 | |
4428 ** You can use the function locate-library to find the precise file | |
4429 name of a Lisp library. This isn't new, but wasn't documented before. | |
4430 | |
4431 ** Commands for entering view mode have new optional arguments that | |
4432 can be used from Lisp. Low-level entrance to and exit from view mode | |
4433 is done by functions view-mode-enter and view-mode-exit. | |
4434 | |
4435 ** batch-byte-compile-file now makes Emacs return a nonzero status code | |
4436 if there is an error in compilation. | |
4437 | |
4438 ** pop-to-buffer, switch-to-buffer-other-window and | |
4439 switch-to-buffer-other-frame now accept an additional optional | |
4440 argument NORECORD, much like switch-to-buffer. If it is non-nil, | |
4441 they don't put the buffer at the front of the buffer list. | |
4442 | |
4443 ** If your .emacs file leaves the *scratch* buffer non-empty, | |
4444 Emacs does not display the startup message, so as to avoid changing | |
4445 the *scratch* buffer. | |
4446 | |
4447 ** The new function regexp-opt returns an efficient regexp to match a string. | |
4448 The arguments are STRINGS and (optionally) PAREN. This function can be used | |
4449 where regexp matching or searching is intensively used and speed is important, | |
4450 e.g., in Font Lock mode. | |
4451 | |
4452 ** The variable buffer-display-count is local to each buffer, | |
4453 and is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. | |
4454 It starts at 0 when the buffer is created. | |
4455 | |
4456 ** The new function compose-mail starts composing a mail message | |
4457 using the user's chosen mail composition agent (specified with the | |
4458 variable mail-user-agent). It has variants compose-mail-other-window | |
4459 and compose-mail-other-frame. | |
4460 | |
4461 ** The `user-full-name' function now takes an optional parameter which | |
4462 can either be a number (the UID) or a string (the login name). The | |
4463 full name of the specified user will be returned. | |
4464 | |
4465 ** Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort | |
4466 of user profile, should obey the variable init-file-user in deciding | |
4467 where to find it. They should load the profile of the user name found | |
4468 in that variable. If init-file-user is nil, meaning that the -q | |
4469 option was used, then Lisp packages should not load the customization | |
4470 files at all. | |
4471 | |
4472 ** format-time-string now allows you to specify the field width | |
4473 and type of padding. This works as in printf: you write the field | |
4474 width as digits in the middle of a %-construct. If you start | |
4475 the field width with 0, it means to pad with zeros. | |
4476 | |
4477 For example, %S normally specifies the number of seconds since the | |
4478 minute; %03S means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, %_3S to pad | |
4479 with spaces to 3 positions. Plain %3S pads with zeros, because that | |
4480 is how %S normally pads to two positions. | |
4481 | |
4482 ** thing-at-point now supports a new kind of "thing": url. | |
4483 | |
4484 ** imenu.el changes. | |
4485 | |
4486 You can now specify a function to be run when selecting an | |
4487 item from menu created by imenu. | |
4488 | |
4489 An example of using this feature: if we define imenu items for the | |
4490 #include directives in a C file, we can open the included file when we | |
4491 select one of those items. | |
4492 | |
4493 | |
4494 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
4495 Copyright information: | |
4496 | |
4497 Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2006 | |
4498 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4499 | |
4500 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies | |
4501 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the | |
4502 copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, | |
4503 thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. | |
4504 | |
4505 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions | |
4506 of this document, or of portions of it, | |
4507 under the above conditions, provided also that they | |
4508 carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. | |
4509 | |
4510 Local variables: | |
4511 mode: outline | |
4512 paragraph-separate: "[ ]*$" | |
4513 end: |