comparison lispref/vol2.texi @ 90951:3619e7770f2e

Merge from emacs--devo--0 Patches applied: * emacs--devo--0 (patch 793-802) - Update from CVS - Remove RCS keywords - Merge from emacs--rel--22 * emacs--rel--22 (patch 42-50) - Update from CVS - Merge from gnus--rel--5.10 - Gnus ChangeLog tweaks * gnus--rel--5.10 (patch 229-232) - Merge from emacs--devo--0, emacs--rel--22 - ChangeLog tweak - Update from CVS Revision: [e-mail]/emacs--unicode--0--patch-223

90950:8568c29985a3

This file is obsolete, and no longer part of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
It is still present in CVS in case we ever want to use some of it again.

@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001,
@c   2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.


\input texinfo  @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename elisp
@settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2
@smallbook
@c %**end of header


@tex
%%%% Experiment with smaller skip before sections and subsections.
%%%% --rjc 30mar92

\global\secheadingskip = 17pt plus 6pt minus 3pt
\global\subsecheadingskip = 14pt plus 6pt minus 3pt

% The defaults are:
%   \secheadingskip = 21pt plus 8pt minus 4pt
%   \subsecheadingskip = 17pt plus 8pt minus 4pt
@end tex

@finalout
@c tex
@c \overfullrule=0pt
@c end tex

@c Start volume 2 chapter numbering on chapter 21;
@c this must be listed as chapno 20.
@tex
\global\chapno=20
@end tex

@c ================================================================
@c Note: I was unable to figure out how to get .aux files copied
@c properly in the time I had.  Hence need to copy .aux file before
@c running Tex.  --rjc

@tex

\message{}
\message{Redefining contents commands...}
\message{}

% Special @contents  command

% This inputs fixed up table of contents file rather than create new one.
\global\def\contents{%
   \startcontents{Table of Contents}%
      \input elisp2-toc-ready.toc
   \endgroup
   \vfill \eject
}

% Special @summarycontents  command
% This inputs fixed up table of contents file rather than create new one.
\global\def\summarycontents{%
   \startcontents{Short Contents}%
      %
      \let\chapentry = \shortchapentry
      \let\unnumbchapentry = \shortunnumberedentry
      % We want a true roman here for the page numbers.
      \secfonts
      \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf \let\sl=\shortcontsl
      \rm
      \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little.
      \def\secentry ##1##2##3##4{}
      \def\unnumbsecentry ##1##2{}
      \def\subsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5{}
      \def\unnumbsubsecentry ##1##2{}
      \def\subsubsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5##6{}
      \def\unnumbsubsubsecentry ##1##2{}
      \input elisp2-toc-ready.toc
   \endgroup
   \vfill \eject
}

\message{}
\message{Formatting special two volume edition...Volume 2...}
\message{}
@end tex
@c ================================================================


@c ==> This `elisp-small.texi' is a `smallbook' version of the manual.

@c ==== Following are acceptable over and underfull hboxes in TeX ====

@c -----
@c [163] [164] [165] [166]) (loading.texi Chapter 13 [167] [168] [169]
@c Overfull \hbox (20.5428pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 131--131
@c []@ninett
@c setenv EMAC-SLOAD-PATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/lib/emacs/lisp[]
@c -----
@c (minibuf.texi Chapter 17 [206] [207] [208] [209] [210] [211] [212] [213]
@c [214] [215]
@c Overfull \hbox (2.09094pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 550--560
@c @texttt map[] @textrm if @textsl require-match @textrm is
@c  @texttt nil[]@textrm , or else with the keymap @texttt minibuffer-
@c -----
@c (locals.texi Appendix @char 68 [533] [534]
@c Underfull \hbox (badness 2512) in paragraph at lines 4--4
@c []@chaprm Appendix DStandard Buffer-Local

@c -------------------------------------------------------------------

@c
@c Combine indices.
@synindex cp fn
@syncodeindex vr fn
@syncodeindex ky fn
@syncodeindex pg fn
@syncodeindex tp fn
@c oops: texinfo-format-buffer ignores synindex
@c

@ifinfo
This file documents GNU Emacs Lisp.

@c The edition number appears in several places in this file
@c and also in the file intro.texi.
This is edition 2.4 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual.  It corresponds to Emacs Version 19.29.
@c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file
@c                 and also in *one* place in ==> intro.texi <==
@c huh?  i only found three real places where the edition is stated, and
@c one place where it is not stated explicitly ("this info file is newer
@c than the foobar edition").  --mew 13sep93

Published by the Free Software Foundation
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
@end ifinfo

@setchapternewpage odd

@iftex
@shorttitlepage The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2
@end iftex
@titlepage
@sp 1
@center @titlefont{The}
@sp 1
@center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Lisp}
@sp 1
@center @titlefont{Reference Manual}
@sp 2
@center GNU Emacs Version 19.29
@center for Unix Users
@sp 1
@center Edition 2.4, June 1995
@sp 2
@center @titlefont{Volume 2}
@sp 3
@center by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte,
@center and the GNU Manual Group
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@sp 2
Edition 2.4 @*
Revised for Emacs Version 19.29,@*
June, 1995.@*
@sp 2
ISBN 1-882114-71-X

@sp 2
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA

@sp 1
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included
exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be
included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation
instead of in the original English.

@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
@end titlepage
@page

@node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)

@ifinfo
This Info file contains edition 2.4 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 19.29.
@end ifinfo

@menu
* Copying::                 Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
* Introduction::            Introduction and conventions used.

* Lisp Data Types::         Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
* Numbers::                 Numbers and arithmetic functions.
* Strings and Characters::  Strings, and functions that work on them.
* Lists::                   Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
* Sequences Arrays Vectors::  Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
                                Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
                                The description of vectors is here as well.
* Symbols::                 Symbols represent names, uniquely.

* Evaluation::              How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
* Control Structures::      Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
* Variables::               Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
* Functions::               A function is a Lisp program
                              that can be invoked from other functions.
* Macros::                  Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.

* Loading::                 Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
* Byte Compilation::        Compilation makes programs run faster.
* Debugging::               Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.

* Read and Print::          Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
* Minibuffers::             Using the minibuffer to read input.
* Command Loop::            How the editor command loop works,

* Files::                   Accessing files.
* Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
                              files are made.
* Buffers::                 Creating and using buffer objects.
* Windows::                 Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
* Frames::		    Making multiple X windows.
* Positions::               Buffer positions and motion functions.
* Markers::                 Markers represent positions and update
                              automatically when the text is changed.

* Text::                    Examining and changing text in buffers.
* Searching and Matching::  Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
* Syntax Tables::           The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
* Abbrevs::                 How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.

* Processes::               Running and communicating with subprocesses.
* System Interface::        Getting the user id, system type, environment
                              variables, and other such things.
* Display::	            Parameters controlling screen usage.
                              The bell.  Waiting for input.

Appendices

* Tips::                    Advice for writing Lisp programs.
* GNU Emacs Internals::     Building and dumping Emacs;
                              internal data structures.
* Standard Errors::         List of all error symbols.
* Standard Buffer-Local Variables::  List of variables local in all buffers.
* Standard Keymaps::        List of standard keymaps.
* Standard Hooks::          List of standard hook variables.

* Index::                   Index including concepts, functions, variables,
                              and other terms.

      --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed,
mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

Introduction

* Caveats::                 Flaws and a request for help.
* Lisp History::            Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
* Conventions::             How the manual is formatted.
* Acknowledgements::        The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.

Conventions

* Some Terms::              Explanation of terms we use in this manual.

* Buffer Text Notation::    The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
* Format of Descriptions::  Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.

Format of Descriptions

* A Sample Function Description::
* A Sample Variable Description::

Lisp Data Types

* Printed Representation::  How Lisp objects are represented as text.
* Comments::                Comments and their formatting conventions.
* Programming Types::       Types found in all Lisp systems.
* Editing Types::           Types specific to Emacs.
* Type Predicates::         Tests related to types.
* Equality Predicates::     Tests of equality between any two objects.

Programming Types

* Integer Type::        Numbers without fractional parts.
* Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
* Character Type::      The representation of letters, numbers and
                        control characters.
* Sequence Type::       Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
* Cons Cell Type::      Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
* Array Type::          Arrays include strings and vectors.
* String Type::         An (efficient) array of characters.
* Vector Type::         One-dimensional arrays.
* Symbol Type::         A multi-use object that refers to a function,
                        variable, property list, or itself.
* Function Type::       A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
* Macro Type::          A method of expanding an expression into another
                          expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
* Primitive Function Type::     A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
* Byte-Code Type::      A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
* Autoload Type::       A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
                        functions.

List Type

* Dotted Pair Notation::    An alternative syntax for lists.
* Association List Type::   A specially constructed list.

Editing Types

* Buffer Type::             The basic object of editing.
* Window Type::             What makes buffers visible.
* Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like.
* Marker Type::             A position in a buffer.
* Process Type::            A process running on the underlying OS.
* Stream Type::             Receive or send characters.
* Keymap Type::             What function a keystroke invokes.
* Syntax Table Type::       What a character means.

Numbers

* Integer Basics::            Representation and range of integers.
* Float Basics::	      Representation and range of floating point.
* Predicates on Numbers::     Testing for numbers.
* Comparison of Numbers::     Equality and inequality predicates.
* Arithmetic Operations::     How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
* Bitwise Operations::        Logical and, or, not, shifting.
* Numeric Conversions::	      Converting float to integer and vice versa.
* Math Functions::            Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
* Random Numbers::            Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.

Strings and Characters

* String Basics::           Basic properties of strings and characters.
* Predicates for Strings::  Testing whether an object is a string or char.
* Creating Strings::        Functions to allocate new strings.
* Text Comparison::         Comparing characters or strings.
* String Conversion::       Converting characters or strings and vice versa.
* Formatting Strings::      @code{format}: Emacs's analog of @code{printf}.
* Character Case::          Case conversion functions.

Lists

* Cons Cells::              How lists are made out of cons cells.
* Lists as Boxes::          Graphical notation to explain lists.
* List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list?  Comparing two lists.
* List Elements::           Extracting the pieces of a list.
* Building Lists::          Creating list structure.
* Modifying Lists::         Storing new pieces into an existing list.
* Sets And Lists::          A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
* Association Lists::       A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.

Modifying Existing List Structure

* Setcar::                  Replacing an element in a list.
* Setcdr::                  Replacing part of the list backbone.

Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors

* Sequence Functions::      Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
* Arrays::                  Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
* Array Functions::         Functions specifically for arrays.
* Vectors::                 Functions specifically for vectors.

Symbols

* Symbol Components::       Symbols have names, values, function definitions
                              and property lists.
* Definitions::             A definition says how a symbol will be used.
* Creating Symbols::        How symbols are kept unique.
* Property Lists::          Each symbol has a property list
                              for recording miscellaneous information.

Evaluation

* Intro Eval::              Evaluation in the scheme of things.
* Eval::                    How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
* Forms::                   How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
* Quoting::                 Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
                              the program).

Kinds of Forms

* Self-Evaluating Forms::   Forms that evaluate to themselves.
* Symbol Forms::            Symbols evaluate as variables.
* Classifying Lists::       How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
* Function Forms::          Forms that call functions.
* Macro Forms::             Forms that call macros.
* Special Forms::           "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives,
                              most of them extremely important.
* Autoloading::             Functions set up to load files
                              containing their real definitions.

Control Structures

* Sequencing::              Evaluation in textual order.
* Conditionals::            @code{if}, @code{cond}.
* Combining Conditions::    @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
* Iteration::               @code{while} loops.
* Nonlocal Exits::          Jumping out of a sequence.

Nonlocal Exits

* Signaling Errors::        How to report an error.
* Processing of Errors::    What Emacs does when you report an error.
* Handling Errors::         How you can trap errors and continue execution.
* Error Symbols::           How errors are classified for trapping them.

Variables

* Global Variables::        Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
* Constant Variables::      Certain "variables" have values that never change.
* Local Variables::         Variable values that exist only temporarily.
* Void Variables::          Symbols that lack values.
* Defining Variables::      A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
* Accessing Variables::     Examining values of variables whose names
                              are known only at run time.
* Setting Variables::       Storing new values in variables.
* Variable Scoping::        How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
* Buffer-Local Variables::  Variable values in effect only in one buffer.

Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings

* Scope::                   Scope means where in the program a value
                              is visible.  Comparison with other languages.

Buffer-Local Variables

* Intro to Buffer-Local::   Introduction and concepts.
* Creating Buffer-Local::   Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
* Default Value::           The default value is seen in buffers
                              that don't have their own local values.

Functions

* What Is a Function::      Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
* Lambda Expressions::      How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.

* Calling Functions::       How to use an existing function.
* Mapping Functions::       Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
* Anonymous Functions::     Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
* Function Cells::          Accessing or setting the function definition
                              of a symbol.
* Related Topics::          Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
                              that have a special bearing on how
                              functions work.

Lambda Expressions

* Compiling Macros::        How macros are expanded by the compiler.
* Defining Macros::         How to write a macro definition.
* Backquote::               Easier construction of list structure.
* Problems with Macros::    Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
                              Don't hide the user's variables.

Loading

* How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
* Autoload::                Setting up a function to autoload.
* Named Features::          Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
* Repeated Loading::        Precautions about loading a file twice.

Byte Compilation

* Compilation Functions::   Byte compilation functions.
* Disassembly::             Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.

Debugging Lisp Programs

* Debugger::                How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
* Syntax Errors::           How to find syntax errors.
* Compilation Errors::      How to find errors that show up in
                              byte compilation.
* Edebug::                  A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.

The Lisp Debugger

* Error Debugging::         Entering the debugger when an error happens.
* Function Debugging::      Entering it when a certain function is called.
* Explicit Debug::          Entering it at a certain point in the program.
* Using Debugger::          What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
* Debugger Commands::       Commands used while in the debugger.
* Invoking the Debugger::   How to call the function @code{debug}.
* Internals of Debugger::   Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.

Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax

* Excess Open::             How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
* Excess Close::            How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.

                              input streams.
* Input Functions::         Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
* Output Streams::          Various data types that can be used as
                              output streams.
* Output Functions::        Functions to print Lisp objects as text.

Minibuffers

* Intro to Minibuffers::    Basic information about minibuffers.
* Text from Minibuffer::    How to read a straight text string.
* Object from Minibuffer::  How to read a Lisp object or expression.
* Completion::              How to invoke and customize completion.
* Yes-or-No Queries::       Asking a question with a simple answer.
* Minibuffer Misc::         Various customization hooks and variables.

Completion

* Basic Completion::        Low-level functions for completing strings.

* Command Overview::    How the command loop reads commands.
* Defining Commands::   Specifying how a function should read arguments.
* Interactive Call::    Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
* Command Loop Info::   Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
* Input Events::	What input looks like when you read it.
* Reading Input::       How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
* Waiting::             Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
* Quitting::            How @kbd{C-g} works.  How to catch or defer quitting.
* Prefix Command Arguments::    How the commands to set prefix args work.
* Recursive Editing::   Entering a recursive edit,
                          and why you usually shouldn't.

* Using Interactive::       General rules for @code{interactive}.
* Interactive Codes::       The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
                              in various ways.
* Interactive Examples::    Examples of how to read interactive arguments.

Keymaps

* Keymap Terminology::        	Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps.
* Format of Keymaps::		What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
* Creating Keymaps:: 		Functions to create and copy keymaps.
* Inheritance and Keymaps::	How one keymap can inherit the bindings
				  of another keymap.
* Prefix Keys::                 Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
* Menu Keymaps::		A keymap can define a menu for X
				  or for use from the terminal.
* Active Keymaps::	        Each buffer has a local keymap
                                  to override the standard (global) bindings.
				Each minor mode can also override them.
* Key Lookup::                  How extracting elements from keymaps works.
* Functions for Key Lookup::    How to request key lookup.
* Changing Key Bindings::       Redefining a key in a keymap.
* Key Binding Commands::        Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
* Scanning Keymaps::            Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.

Major and Minor Modes

* Major Modes::             Defining major modes.
* Minor Modes::             Defining minor modes.
* Mode Line Format::        Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
* Hooks::                   How to use hooks; how to write code that
                              provides hooks.

Major Modes

* Major Mode Conventions::  Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
* Example Major Modes::     Text mode and Lisp modes.
* Auto Major Mode::         How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
* Mode Help::               Finding out how to use a mode.

Minor Modes

* Minor Mode Conventions::  Tips for writing a minor mode.
* Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.

Mode Line Format

* Mode Line Data::          The data structure that controls the mode line.
* Mode Line Variables::     Variables used in that data structure.
* %-Constructs::            Putting information into a mode line.

Documentation

* Documentation Basics::    Good style for doc strings.
                              Where to put them.  How Emacs stores them.

* Visiting Files::          Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
* Saving Buffers::          Writing changed buffers back into files.
* Reading from Files::      Reading files into other buffers.
* Writing to Files::        Writing new files from parts of buffers.
* File Locks::              Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
                                simultaneous editing by two people.
* Information about Files::   Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
* Contents of Directories::   Getting a list of the files in a directory.
* Changing File Attributes::  Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
* File Names::                Decomposing and expanding file names.

Visiting Files

* Visiting Functions::      The usual interface functions for visiting.
* Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.

Information about Files

* Testing Accessibility::   Is a given file readable?  Writable?
* Kinds of Files::          Is it a directory?  A link?
* File Attributes::         How large is it?  Any other names?  Etc.

File Names

* File Name Components::    The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
* Directory Names::         A directory's name as a directory
                              is different from its name as a file.
* Relative File Names::     Some file names are relative to a
                              current directory.
* File Name Expansion::     Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
* Unique File Names::       Generating names for temporary files.
* File Name Completion::    Finding the completions for a given file name.

Backups and Auto-Saving

* Backup Files::            How backup files are made; how their names
                              are chosen.

* Backup Names::            How backup file names are computed; customization.

Buffers

* Buffer Basics::           What is a buffer?
* Buffer Names::            Accessing and changing buffer names.
* Buffer File Name::        The buffer file name indicates which file
                              is visited.
* Buffer Modification::     A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
* Modification Time::       Determining whether the visited file was changed
                              "behind Emacs's back".
* Read Only Buffers::       Modifying text is not allowed in a
                              read-only buffer.
* The Buffer List::         How to look at all the existing buffers.
* Creating Buffers::        Functions that create buffers.
* Killing Buffers::         Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
* Current Buffer::          Designating a buffer as current
                              so primitives will access its contents.

Windows

* Basic Windows::           Basic information on using windows.
* Splitting Windows::       Splitting one window into two windows.
* Deleting Windows::        Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
* Selecting Windows::       The selected window is the one that you edit in.
* Cyclic Window Ordering::  Moving around the existing windows.
* Buffers and Windows::     Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
* Displaying Buffers::      Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer
                              and choosing a window for it.
* Window Point::            Each window has its own location of point.
* Window Start::            The display-start position controls which text
                              is on-screen in the window.
* Vertical Scrolling::      Moving text up and down in the window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::    Moving text sideways on the window.
* Size of Window::          Accessing the size of a window.
* Resizing Windows::        Changing the size of a window.
* Window Configurations::   Saving and restoring the state of the screen.

Frames

* Creating Frames::	    Creating additional frames.
* Multiple Displays::       Creating frames on other X displays.
* Frame Parameters::	    Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
* Frame Titles::            Automatic updating of frame titles.
* Deleting Frames::	    Frames last until explicitly deleted.
* Finding All Frames::	    How to examine all existing frames.
* Frames and Windows::	    A frame contains windows;
			      display of text always works through windows.
* Minibuffers and Frames::  How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
* Input Focus::		    Specifying the selected frame.
* Visibility of Frames::    Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
* Raising and Lowering::    Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows;
			      lowering it makes the others hide them.
* Frame Configurations::    Saving the state of all frames.
* Mouse Tracking::	    Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
* Mouse Position::	    Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
* Pop-Up Menus::	    Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
* Dialog Boxes::            Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
* Pointer Shapes::          Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
* X Selections::	    Transferring text to and from other X clients.
* Color Names::	            Getting the definitions of color names.
* Resources::		    Getting resource values from the server.
* Server Data::		    Getting info about the X server.

Positions

* Point::                   The special position where editing takes place.
* Motion::                  Changing point.

Markers

* Overview of Markers::     The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
* Predicates on Markers::   Testing whether an object is a marker.
* Creating Markers::        Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
* Information from Markers::  Finding the marker's buffer or character
                                position.
* Changing Markers::        Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
* The Mark::                How "the mark" is implemented with a marker.
* The Region::              How to access "the region".

Text

* Near Point::              Examining text in the vicinity of point.
* Buffer Contents::         Examining text in a general fashion.
* Insertion::               Adding new text to a buffer.
* Commands for Insertion::  User-level commands to insert text.
* Deletion::                Removing text from a buffer.
* User-Level Deletion::     User-level commands to delete text.
* The Kill Ring::           Where removed text sometimes is saved for
                              later use.
* Undo::                    Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
* Auto Filling::            How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
* Filling::                 Functions for explicit filling.
* Margins::                 How to specify margins for filling commands.
* Sorting::                 Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
* Indentation::             Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
* Columns::                 Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
* Case Changes::            Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
* Substitution::            Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
* Registers::               How registers are implemented.  Accessing
                              the text or position stored in a register.

The Kill Ring

* Kill Ring Concepts::      What text looks like in the kill ring.
* Kill Functions::          Functions that kill text.
* Yank Commands::           Commands that access the kill ring.
* Low-Level Kill Ring::	    Functions and variables for kill ring access.
* Internals of Kill Ring::  Variables that hold kill-ring data.

Indentation

* Region Indent::           Indent all the lines in a region.
* Relative Indent::         Indent the current line based on previous lines.
* Indent Tabs::             Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
* Motion by Indent::        Move to first non-blank character.

Searching and Matching

* String Search::           Search for an exact match.
* Regular Expressions::     Describing classes of strings.
* Regexp Search::           Searching for a match for a regexp.
* Match Data::              Finding out which part of the text matched
                              various parts of a regexp, after regexp search.
* Saving Match Data::       Saving and restoring this information.
* Standard Regexps::        Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
* Searching and Case::      Case-independent or case-significant searching.

Regular Expressions

* Syntax of Regexps::       Rules for writing regular expressions.
* Regexp Example::          Illustrates regular expression syntax.

Syntax Tables

* Syntax Descriptors::      How characters are classified.
* Syntax Table Functions::  How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
* Parsing Expressions::     Parsing balanced expressions
                              using the syntax table.
* Standard Syntax Tables::  Syntax tables used by various major modes.
* Syntax Table Internals::  How syntax table information is stored.

Syntax Descriptors

* Syntax Class Table::      Table of syntax classes.
* Syntax Flags::            Additional flags each character can have.

Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion

* Abbrev Mode::             Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
* Tables: Abbrev Tables.    Creating and working with abbrev tables.
* Defining Abbrevs::        Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
* Files: Abbrev Files.      Saving abbrevs in files.
* Expansion: Abbrev Expansion.  Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
* Standard Abbrev Tables::  Abbrev tables used by various major modes.

Processes

* Subprocess Creation::     Functions that start subprocesses.
* Synchronous Processes::   Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
* Asynchronous Processes::  Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
* Deleting Processes::      Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
* Process Information::     Accessing run-status and other attributes.
* Input to Processes::      Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
* Signals to Processes::    Stopping, continuing or interrupting
                              an asynchronous subprocess.
* Output from Processes::   Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
* Sentinels::               Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
* Network::                 Opening network connections.

Receiving Output from Processes

* Process Buffers::         If no filter, output is put in a buffer.
* Filter Functions::        Filter functions accept output from the process.
* Accepting Output::        How to wait until process output arrives.

Operating System Interface

* Starting Up::             Customizing Emacs start-up processing.
* Getting Out::             How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
* System Environment::      Distinguish the name and kind of system.
* Terminal Input::          Recording terminal input for debugging.
* Terminal Output::         Recording terminal output for debugging.
* Flow Control::            How to turn output flow control on or off.
* Batch Mode::              Running Emacs without terminal interaction.

Starting Up Emacs

* Start-up Summary::        Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up.
* Init File::               Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
* Terminal-Specific::       How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
* Command Line Arguments::  How command line arguments are processed,
                              and how you can customize them.

Getting out of Emacs

* Killing Emacs::           Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
* Suspending Emacs::        Exiting Emacs reversibly.

Emacs Display

* Refresh Screen::          Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
* Truncation::              Folding or wrapping long text lines.
* The Echo Area::           Where messages are displayed.
* Selective Display::       Hiding part of the buffer text.
* Overlay Arrow::           Display of an arrow to indicate position.
* Temporary Displays::      Displays that go away automatically.
* Waiting::                 Forcing display update and waiting for user.
* Blinking::                How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
* Usual Display::	    How control characters are displayed.
* Beeping::                 Audible signal to the user.
* Window Systems::          Which window system is being used.

GNU Emacs Internals

* Building Emacs::          How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs.
* Pure Storage::            A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable.
* Garbage Collection::      Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
* Object Internals::        Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.
* Writing Emacs Primitives::  Writing C code for Emacs.

Object Internals

* Buffer Internals::        Components of a buffer structure.
* Window Internals::        Components of a window structure.
* Process Internals::       Components of a process structure.
@end menu

@c ================ Volume 1 ================

@c include intro.texi
@c include objects.texi
@c include numbers.texi
@c include strings.texi

@c include lists.texi
@c include sequences.texi
@c include symbols.texi
@c include eval.texi

@c include control.texi
@c include variables.texi
@c include functions.texi
@c include macros.texi

@c include loading.texi
@c include compile.texi
@c include debugging.texi
@c include streams.texi

@c include minibuf.texi
@c include commands.texi
@c include keymaps.texi
@c include modes.texi

@c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================

@include help.texi
@include files.texi
@include backups.texi
@include buffers.texi

@include windows.texi
@include frames.texi
@include positions.texi
@include markers.texi
@include text.texi

@include searching.texi
@include syntax.texi
@include abbrevs.texi

@include processes.texi
@include os.texi
@include display.texi

@c MOVE to Emacs Manual:  include misc-modes.texi

@c appendices

@c  REMOVE this:  include non-hacker.texi

@include tips.texi
@include internals.texi
@include errors.texi
@include locals.texi
@include maps.texi
@include hooks.texi

@include index-vol2.texi

@page
@c Print the tables of contents
@summarycontents
@contents
@c That's all

@bye


These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.

90951:3619e7770f2e

\input texinfo  @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This file is used for printing the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
@c in two volumes.  It is a modified version of elisp.texi.
@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001,
@c   2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c %**start of header
@setfilename elisp
@settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2
@c %**end of header

@c See two-volume-cross-refs.txt.
@tex
\message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 2...}
%
% Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make.
\gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp2-toc-ready.toc}
%
% Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay
% attention to the special definition above.
\global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax
%
% Start volume 2 chapter numbering at 27; this must be listed as chapno26
\global\chapno=26
@end tex

@c Version of the manual and of Emacs.
@c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well.
@set VERSION  2.9
@set EMACSVER 22.0.99

@dircategory Emacs
@direntry
* Elisp: (elisp).       The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@end direntry

@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
@c copy of this manual that will be published.  the manual should go
@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
@set smallbook

@ifset smallbook
@smallbook
@end ifset

@c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
@c save on paper cost.
@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
@tex
@ifset smallbook
@fonttextsize 10
@set EMACSVER 22
\global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale
\global\let\linkcolor=\Black
@end ifset
\global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
@end tex

@c Combine indices.
@synindex cp fn
@syncodeindex vr fn
@syncodeindex ky fn
@syncodeindex pg fn
@c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables.
@c @syncodeindex tp fn

@copying
This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,@*
corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.

Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007  Free Software
Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the
Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover
Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
@end quotation
@end copying

@titlepage
@title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
@subtitle Volume 2
@subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}
@subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, June 2007

@author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman
@author and the GNU Manual Group
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying

@sp 2
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @*
Boston, MA 02110-1301 @*
USA @*
ISBN 1-882114-74-4

@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
@end titlepage


@c Print the tables of contents
@summarycontents
@contents


@ifnottex
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@top Emacs Lisp

This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
@end ifnottex

@menu
* Introduction::            Introduction and conventions used.

* Lisp Data Types::         Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
* Numbers::                 Numbers and arithmetic functions.
* Strings and Characters::  Strings, and functions that work on them.
* Lists::                   Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
* Sequences Arrays Vectors::  Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
                                Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
                                The description of vectors is here as well.
* Hash Tables::             Very fast lookup-tables.
* Symbols::                 Symbols represent names, uniquely.

* Evaluation::              How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
* Control Structures::      Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
* Variables::               Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
* Functions::               A function is a Lisp program
                              that can be invoked from other functions.
* Macros::                  Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
* Customization::           Writing customization declarations.

* Loading::                 Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
* Byte Compilation::        Compilation makes programs run faster.
* Advising Functions::      Adding to the definition of a function.
* Debugging::               Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.

* Read and Print::          Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
* Minibuffers::             Using the minibuffer to read input.
* Command Loop::            How the editor command loop works,

* Files::                   Accessing files.
* Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
                              files are made.
* Buffers::                 Creating and using buffer objects.
* Windows::                 Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
* Frames::		    Making multiple system-level windows.
* Positions::               Buffer positions and motion functions.
* Markers::                 Markers represent positions and update
                              automatically when the text is changed.

* Text::                    Examining and changing text in buffers.
* Non-ASCII Characters::    Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings.
* Searching and Matching::  Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
* Syntax Tables::           The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
* Abbrevs::                 How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.

* Processes::               Running and communicating with subprocesses.
* Display::	            Features for controlling the screen display.
* System Interface::        Getting the user id, system type, environment
                              variables, and other such things.

Appendices

* Antinews::                Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
* GPL::                     Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
* Tips::                    Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp.
* GNU Emacs Internals::     Building and dumping Emacs;
                              internal data structures.
* Standard Errors::         List of all error symbols.
* Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
                            List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.
* Standard Keymaps::        List of standard keymaps.
* Standard Hooks::          List of standard hook variables.

* Index::                   Index including concepts, functions, variables,
                              and other terms.

@ignore
* New Symbols::             New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}.
@end ignore

@c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines!  They must have this form to
@c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'.  In
@c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
@c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'.  See texnfo-upd.el.

@detailmenu
 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
 ---------------------------------

Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed,
mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

Introduction

* Caveats::                 Flaws and a request for help.
* Lisp History::            Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
* Conventions::             How the manual is formatted.
* Version Info::            Which Emacs version is running?
* Acknowledgements::        The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.

Conventions

* Some Terms::              Explanation of terms we use in this manual.

* Buffer Text Notation::    The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
* Format of Descriptions::  Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.

Format of Descriptions

* A Sample Function Description::  A description of an imaginary
                                     function, @code{foo}.
* A Sample Variable Description::  A description of an imaginary
                                     variable, @code{electric-future-map}.

Lisp Data Types

* Printed Representation::  How Lisp objects are represented as text.
* Comments::                Comments and their formatting conventions.
* Programming Types::       Types found in all Lisp systems.
* Editing Types::           Types specific to Emacs.
* Circular Objects::            Read syntax for circular structure.
* Type Predicates::         Tests related to types.
* Equality Predicates::     Tests of equality between any two objects.

Programming Types

* Integer Type::        Numbers without fractional parts.
* Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
* Character Type::      The representation of letters, numbers and
                          control characters.
* Symbol Type::         A multi-use object that refers to a function,
                        variable, property list, or itself.
* Sequence Type::       Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
* Cons Cell Type::      Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
* Array Type::          Arrays include strings and vectors.
* String Type::         An (efficient) array of characters.
* Vector Type::         One-dimensional arrays.
* Char-Table Type::     One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters.
* Bool-Vector Type::    One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}.
* Hash Table Type::     Super-fast lookup tables.
* Function Type::       A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
* Macro Type::          A method of expanding an expression into another
                          expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
* Primitive Function Type::     A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
* Byte-Code Type::      A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
* Autoload Type::       A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
                          functions.

Character Type

* Basic Char Syntax::       Syntax for regular characters.
* General Escape Syntax::   How to specify characters by their codes.
* Ctl-Char Syntax::         Syntax for control characters.
* Meta-Char Syntax::        Syntax for meta-characters.
* Other Char Bits::         Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters.

Cons Cell and List Types

* Box Diagrams::            Drawing pictures of lists.
* Dotted Pair Notation::    An alternative syntax for lists.
* Association List Type::   A specially constructed list.

String Type

* Syntax for Strings::      How to specify Lisp strings.
* Non-ASCII in Strings::    International characters in strings.
* Nonprinting Characters::  Literal unprintable characters in strings.
* Text Props and Strings::  Strings with text properties.

Editing Types

* Buffer Type::             The basic object of editing.
* Marker Type::             A position in a buffer.
* Window Type::             What makes buffers visible.
* Frame Type::		    Windows subdivide frames.
* Window Configuration Type::  Recording the way a frame is subdivided.
* Frame Configuration Type::   Recording the status of all frames.
* Process Type::            A process running on the underlying OS.
* Stream Type::             Receive or send characters.
* Keymap Type::             What function a keystroke invokes.
* Overlay Type::            How an overlay is represented.

Numbers

* Integer Basics::          Representation and range of integers.
* Float Basics::	    Representation and range of floating point.
* Predicates on Numbers::   Testing for numbers.
* Comparison of Numbers::   Equality and inequality predicates.
* Numeric Conversions::	    Converting float to integer and vice versa.
* Arithmetic Operations::   How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
* Rounding Operations::     Explicitly rounding floating point numbers.
* Bitwise Operations::      Logical and, or, not, shifting.
* Math Functions::          Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
* Random Numbers::          Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.

Strings and Characters

* String Basics::           Basic properties of strings and characters.
* Predicates for Strings::  Testing whether an object is a string or char.
* Creating Strings::        Functions to allocate new strings.
* Modifying Strings::         Altering the contents of an existing string.
* Text Comparison::         Comparing characters or strings.
* String Conversion::       Converting characters to strings and vice versa.
* Formatting Strings::      @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}.
* Case Conversion::         Case conversion functions.
* Case Tables::		    Customizing case conversion.

Lists

* Cons Cells::              How lists are made out of cons cells.
* List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list?  Comparing two lists.
* List Elements::           Extracting the pieces of a list.
* Building Lists::          Creating list structure.
* List Variables::          Modifying lists stored in variables.
* Modifying Lists::         Storing new pieces into an existing list.
* Sets And Lists::          A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
* Association Lists::       A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
* Rings::                   Managing a fixed-size ring of objects.

Modifying Existing List Structure

* Setcar::                  Replacing an element in a list.
* Setcdr::                  Replacing part of the list backbone.

Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors

* Sequence Functions::      Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
* Arrays::                  Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
* Array Functions::         Functions specifically for arrays.
* Vectors::                 Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors.
* Vector Functions::        Functions specifically for vectors.
* Char-Tables::             How to work with char-tables.
* Bool-Vectors::            How to work with bool-vectors.

Hash Tables

* Creating Hash::           Functions to create hash tables.
* Hash Access::             Reading and writing the hash table contents.
* Defining Hash::           Defining new comparison methods
* Other Hash::              Miscellaneous.

Symbols

* Symbol Components::       Symbols have names, values, function definitions
                              and property lists.
* Definitions::             A definition says how a symbol will be used.
* Creating Symbols::        How symbols are kept unique.
* Property Lists::          Each symbol has a property list
                              for recording miscellaneous information.

Property Lists

* Plists and Alists::       Comparison of the advantages of property
                              lists and association lists.
* Symbol Plists::           Functions to access symbols' property lists.
* Other Plists::            Accessing property lists stored elsewhere.

Evaluation

* Intro Eval::              Evaluation in the scheme of things.
* Forms::                   How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
* Quoting::                 Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
                              the program).
* Eval::                    How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.

Kinds of Forms

* Self-Evaluating Forms::   Forms that evaluate to themselves.
* Symbol Forms::            Symbols evaluate as variables.
* Classifying Lists::       How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
* Function Indirection::    When a symbol appears as the car of a list,
			      we find the real function via the symbol.
* Function Forms::          Forms that call functions.
* Macro Forms::             Forms that call macros.
* Special Forms::           "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives,
                              most of them extremely important.
* Autoloading::             Functions set up to load files
                              containing their real definitions.

Control Structures

* Sequencing::              Evaluation in textual order.
* Conditionals::            @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}.
* Combining Conditions::    @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
* Iteration::               @code{while} loops.
* Nonlocal Exits::          Jumping out of a sequence.

Nonlocal Exits

* Signaling Errors::        How to report an error.
* Processing of Errors::    What Emacs does when you report an error.
* Handling Errors::         How you can trap errors and continue execution.
* Error Symbols::           How errors are classified for trapping them.
* Standard Errors::         List of all error symbols.

Variables

* Global Variables::        Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
* Constant Variables::      Certain "variables" have values that never change.
* Local Variables::         Variable values that exist only temporarily.
* Void Variables::          Symbols that lack values.
* Defining Variables::      A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
* Tips for Defining::       Things you should think about when you
                              define a variable.
* Accessing Variables::     Examining values of variables whose names
                              are known only at run time.
* Setting Variables::       Storing new values in variables.
* Variable Scoping::        How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
* Buffer-Local Variables::  Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
* Frame-Local Variables::   Variable values in effect only in one frame.
* Future Local Variables::  New kinds of local values we might add some day.
* File Local Variables::    Handling local variable lists in files.
* Variable Aliases::        Variables that are aliases for other variables.
* Variables with Restricted Values::  Non-constant variables whose value can
                                        @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object.
* Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
                            List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.

Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings

* Scope::                   Scope means where in the program a value
                              is visible.  Comparison with other languages.

Buffer-Local Variables

* Intro to Buffer-Local::   Introduction and concepts.
* Creating Buffer-Local::   Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
* Default Value::           The default value is seen in buffers
                              that don't have their own buffer-local values.

Functions

* What Is a Function::      Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
* Lambda Expressions::      How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.

* Calling Functions::       How to use an existing function.
* Mapping Functions::       Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
* Anonymous Functions::     Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
* Function Cells::          Accessing or setting the function definition
                              of a symbol.
* Obsolete Functions::      Declaring functions obsolete.
* Inline Functions::	    Defining functions that the compiler will open code.
* Function Safety::         Determining whether a function is safe to call.
* Related Topics::          Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
                              that have a special bearing on how
                              functions work.

Lambda Expressions

* Compiling Macros::        How macros are expanded by the compiler.
* Defining Macros::         How to write a macro definition.
* Backquote::               Easier construction of list structure.
* Problems with Macros::    Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
                              Don't hide the user's variables.
* Indenting Macros::        Specifying how to indent macro calls.

Common Problems Using Macros

* Wrong Time::             Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro.
* Argument Evaluation::    The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once.
* Surprising Local Vars::  Local variable bindings in the expansion
                              require special care.
* Eval During Expansion::  Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion.
* Repeated Expansion::     Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done.

Writing Customization Definitions

* Common Keywords::         Common keyword arguments for all kinds of
                              customization declarations.
* Group Definitions::       Writing customization group definitions.
* Variable Definitions::    Declaring user options.
* Customization Types::     Specifying the type of a user option.

Customization Types

* Simple Types::            Simple customization types: sexp, integer, number,
                              string, file, directory, alist.
* Composite Types::         Build new types from other types or data.
* Splicing into Lists::     Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}.
* Type Keywords::           Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type.
* Defining New Types::      Give your type a name.

Loading

* How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
* Load Suffixes::           Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries.
* Library Search::          Finding a library to load.
* Loading Non-ASCII::       Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files.
* Autoload::                Setting up a function to autoload.
* Repeated Loading::        Precautions about loading a file twice.
* Named Features::          Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
* Where Defined::           Finding which file defined a certain symbol.
* Unloading::		    How to "unload" a library that was loaded.
* Hooks for Loading::	    Providing code to be run when
			      particular libraries are loaded.

Byte Compilation

* Speed of Byte-Code::      An example of speedup from byte compilation.
* Compilation Functions::   Byte compilation functions.
* Docs and Compilation::    Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
* Dynamic Loading::         Dynamic loading of individual functions.
* Eval During Compile::     Code to be evaluated when you compile.
* Compiler Errors::         Handling compiler error messages.
* Byte-Code Objects::	    The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
* Disassembly::             Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.

Advising Emacs Lisp Functions

* Simple Advice::           A simple example to explain the basics of advice.
* Defining Advice::         Detailed description of @code{defadvice}.
* Around-Advice::           Wrapping advice around a function's definition.
* Computed Advice::         ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}.
* Activation of Advice::    Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it.
* Enabling Advice::         You can enable or disable each piece of advice.
* Preactivation::           Preactivation is a way of speeding up the
                              loading of compiled advice.
* Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments.
* Advising Primitives::     Accessing arguments when advising a primitive.
* Combined Definition::     How advice is implemented.

Debugging Lisp Programs

* Debugger::                How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
* Edebug::                  A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.
* Syntax Errors::           How to find syntax errors.
* Test Coverage::           Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code.
* Compilation Errors::      How to find errors that show up in
                              byte compilation.

The Lisp Debugger

* Error Debugging::         Entering the debugger when an error happens.
* Infinite Loops::	    Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit.
* Function Debugging::      Entering it when a certain function is called.
* Explicit Debug::          Entering it at a certain point in the program.
* Using Debugger::          What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
* Debugger Commands::       Commands used while in the debugger.
* Invoking the Debugger::   How to call the function @code{debug}.
* Internals of Debugger::   Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.

Edebug

* Using Edebug::	    Introduction to use of Edebug.
* Instrumenting::	    You must instrument your code
			      in order to debug it with Edebug.
* Edebug Execution Modes::  Execution modes, stopping more or less often.
* Jumping::		    Commands to jump to a specified place.
* Edebug Misc::		    Miscellaneous commands.
* Breaks::		    Setting breakpoints to make the program stop.
* Trapping Errors::	    Trapping errors with Edebug.
* Edebug Views::	    Views inside and outside of Edebug.
* Edebug Eval::		    Evaluating expressions within Edebug.
* Eval List::		    Expressions whose values are displayed
			      each time you enter Edebug.
* Printing in Edebug::	    Customization of printing.
* Trace Buffer::	    How to produce trace output in a buffer.
* Coverage Testing::	    How to test evaluation coverage.
* The Outside Context::	    Data that Edebug saves and restores.
* Edebug and Macros::       Specifying how to handle macro calls.
* Edebug Options::	    Option variables for customizing Edebug.

Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax

* Excess Open::             How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
* Excess Close::            How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.

                              input streams.
* Input Functions::         Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
* Output Streams::          Various data types that can be used as
                              output streams.
* Output Functions::        Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
* Output Variables::        Variables that control what the printing
                              functions do.

Minibuffers

* Intro to Minibuffers::    Basic information about minibuffers.
* Text from Minibuffer::    How to read a straight text string.
* Object from Minibuffer::  How to read a Lisp object or expression.
* Minibuffer History::	    Recording previous minibuffer inputs
			      so the user can reuse them.
* Initial Input::           Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer.
* Completion::              How to invoke and customize completion.
* Yes-or-No Queries::       Asking a question with a simple answer.
* Multiple Queries::	    Asking a series of similar questions.
* Reading a Password::	    Reading a password from the terminal.
* Minibuffer Commands::     Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers.
* Minibuffer Contents::     How such commands access the minibuffer text.
* Minibuffer Windows::      Operating on the special minibuffer windows.
* Recursive Mini::          Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed.
* Minibuffer Misc::         Various customization hooks and variables.

Completion

* Basic Completion::        Low-level functions for completing strings.

* Command Overview::    How the command loop reads commands.
* Defining Commands::   Specifying how a function should read arguments.
* Interactive Call::    Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
* Command Loop Info::   Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
* Adjusting Point::     Adjustment of point after a command.
* Input Events::	What input looks like when you read it.
* Reading Input::       How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
* Special Events::      Events processed immediately and individually.
* Waiting::             Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
* Quitting::            How @kbd{C-g} works.  How to catch or defer quitting.
* Prefix Command Arguments::    How the commands to set prefix args work.
* Recursive Editing::   Entering a recursive edit,
                          and why you usually shouldn't.

* Using Interactive::       General rules for @code{interactive}.
* Interactive Codes::       The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
                              in various ways.
* Interactive Examples::    Examples of how to read interactive arguments.

Input Events

* Keyboard Events::         Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them.
* Function Keys::           Function keys--keys with names, not symbols.
* Mouse Events::            Overview of mouse events.
* Click Events::            Pushing and releasing a mouse button.
* Drag Events::             Moving the mouse before releasing the button.
* Button-Down Events::      A button was pushed and not yet released.
* Repeat Events::           Double and triple click (or drag, or down).
* Motion Events::           Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button.
* Focus Events::            Moving the mouse between frames.
* Misc Events::             Other events the system can generate.
* Event Examples::          Examples of the lists for mouse events.
* Classifying Events::      Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol.
* Accessing Events::        Functions to extract info from events.
* Strings of Events::       Special considerations for putting
                              keyboard character events in a string.

Reading Input

* Key Sequence Input::      How to read one key sequence.
* Reading One Event::       How to read just one event.
* Event Mod::               How Emacs modifies events as they are read.
* Invoking the Input Method::   How reading an event uses the input method.
* Quoted Character Input::  Asking the user to specify a character.
* Event Input Misc::        How to reread or throw away input events.

Keymaps

* Key Sequences::           Key sequences as Lisp objects.
* Keymap Basics::           Basic concepts of keymaps.
* Format of Keymaps::       What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
* Creating Keymaps::        Functions to create and copy keymaps.
* Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
                              of another keymap.
* Prefix Keys::             Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
* Active Keymaps::          How Emacs searches the active keymaps
                              for a key binding.
* Searching Keymaps::       A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps.
* Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
                               to override the standard (global) bindings.
                               A minor mode can also override them.
* Key Lookup::              How extracting elements from keymaps works.
* Functions for Key Lookup::    How to request key lookup.
* Changing Key Bindings::   Redefining a key in a keymap.
* Remapping Commands::      A keymap can translate one command to another.
* Translation Keymaps::     Keymaps for translating sequences of events.
* Key Binding Commands::    Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
* Scanning Keymaps::        Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
* Menu Keymaps::            A keymap can define a menu for X
                              or for use from the terminal.
* Standard Keymaps::        List of standard keymaps.

Major and Minor Modes

* Hooks::                   How to use hooks; how to write code that
                              provides hooks.
* Major Modes::             Defining major modes.
* Minor Modes::             Defining minor modes.
* Mode Line Format::        Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
* Imenu::                   How a mode can provide a menu
                              of definitions in the buffer.
* Font Lock Mode::          How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
* Desktop Save Mode::       How modes can have buffer state saved between
                              Emacs sessions.

Menu Keymaps

* Defining Menus::          How to make a keymap that defines a menu.
* Mouse Menus::             How users actuate the menu with the mouse.
* Keyboard Menus::          How users actuate the menu with the keyboard.
* Menu Example::            Making a simple menu.
* Menu Bar::                How to customize the menu bar.
* Tool Bar::                A tool bar is a row of images.
* Modifying Menus::         How to add new items to a menu.

Defining Menus

* Simple Menu Items::       A simple kind of menu key binding,
                              limited in capabilities.
* Extended Menu Items::     More powerful menu item definitions
                              let you specify keywords to enable
                              various features.
* Menu Separators::         Drawing a horizontal line through a menu.
* Alias Menu Items::        Using command aliases in menu items.

Major and Minor Modes

* Hooks::              How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks.
* Major Modes::        Defining major modes.
* Minor Modes::        Defining minor modes.
* Mode Line Format::   Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
* Imenu::              How a mode can provide a menu
                         of definitions in the buffer.
* Font Lock Mode::     How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
* Desktop Save Mode::  How modes can have buffer state saved between
                         Emacs sessions.

Major Modes

* Major Mode Basics::
* Major Mode Conventions::  Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
* Example Major Modes::     Text mode and Lisp modes.
* Auto Major Mode::         How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
* Mode Help::               Finding out how to use a mode.
* Derived Modes::           Defining a new major mode based on another major
                              mode.
* Generic Modes::           Defining a simple major mode that supports
                              comment syntax and Font Lock mode.
* Mode Hooks::              Hooks run at the end of major mode functions.

Minor Modes

* Minor Mode Conventions::  Tips for writing a minor mode.
* Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
* Defining Minor Modes::    A convenient facility for defining minor modes.

Mode Line Format

* Mode Line Basics::
* Mode Line Data::          The data structure that controls the mode line.
* Mode Line Variables::     Variables used in that data structure.
* %-Constructs::            Putting information into a mode line.
* Properties in Mode::      Using text properties in the mode line.
* Header Lines::            Like a mode line, but at the top.
* Emulating Mode Line::     Formatting text as the mode line would.

Font Lock Mode

* Font Lock Basics::        Overview of customizing Font Lock.
* Search-based Fontification::  Fontification based on regexps.
* Customizing Keywords::    Customizing search-based fontification.
* Other Font Lock Variables::   Additional customization facilities.
* Levels of Font Lock::     Each mode can define alternative levels
                              so that the user can select more or less.
* Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer
                                  contents can also specify how to fontify it.
* Faces for Font Lock::     Special faces specifically for Font Lock.
* Syntactic Font Lock::     Fontification based on syntax tables.
* Setting Syntax Properties::   Defining character syntax based on context
                                  using the Font Lock mechanism.
* Multiline Font Lock::     How to coerce Font Lock into properly
                              highlighting multiline constructs.

Multiline Font Lock Constructs

* Font Lock Multiline::     Marking multiline chunks with a text property
* Region to Fontify::       Controlling which region gets refontified
                              after a buffer change.

Documentation

* Documentation Basics::    Good style for doc strings.
                              Where to put them.  How Emacs stores them.

* Visiting Files::          Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
* Saving Buffers::          Writing changed buffers back into files.
* Reading from Files::      Reading files into other buffers.
* Writing to Files::        Writing new files from parts of buffers.
* File Locks::              Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
                              simultaneous editing by two people.
* Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
* Changing Files::          Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
* File Names::              Decomposing and expanding file names.
* Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
* Create/Delete Dirs::	    Creating and Deleting Directories.
* Magic File Names::	    Defining "magic" special handling
			      for certain file names.
* Format Conversion::       Conversion to and from various file formats.

Visiting Files

* Visiting Functions::      The usual interface functions for visiting.
* Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.

Information about Files

* Testing Accessibility::   Is a given file readable?  Writable?
* Kinds of Files::          Is it a directory?  A symbolic link?
* Truenames::		    Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
* File Attributes::         How large is it?  Any other names?  Etc.
* Locating Files::          How to find a file in standard places.

File Names

* File Name Components::    The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
* Relative File Names::     Some file names are relative to a
                              current directory.
* Directory Names::         A directory's name as a directory
                              is different from its name as a file.
* File Name Expansion::     Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
* Unique File Names::       Generating names for temporary files.
* File Name Completion::    Finding the completions for a given file name.
* Standard File Names::     If your package uses a fixed file name,
                              how to handle various operating systems simply.

Backups and Auto-Saving

* Backup Files::            How backup files are made; how their names
                              are chosen.

* Backup Names::            How backup file names are computed; customization.

Buffers

* Buffer Basics::           What is a buffer?
* Current Buffer::          Designating a buffer as current
                              so primitives will access its contents.
* Buffer Names::            Accessing and changing buffer names.
* Buffer File Name::        The buffer file name indicates which file
                              is visited.
* Buffer Modification::     A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
* Modification Time::       Determining whether the visited file was changed
                              ``behind Emacs's back''.
* Read Only Buffers::       Modifying text is not allowed in a
                              read-only buffer.
* The Buffer List::         How to look at all the existing buffers.
* Creating Buffers::        Functions that create buffers.
* Killing Buffers::         Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
* Indirect Buffers::        An indirect buffer shares text with some
                              other buffer.
* Buffer Gap::              The gap in the buffer.

Windows

* Basic Windows::           Basic information on using windows.
* Splitting Windows::       Splitting one window into two windows.
* Deleting Windows::        Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
* Selecting Windows::       The selected window is the one that you edit in.
* Cyclic Window Ordering::  Moving around the existing windows.
* Buffers and Windows::     Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
* Displaying Buffers::      Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer
                              and choosing a window for it.
* Choosing Window::	    How to choose a window for displaying a buffer.
* Window Point::            Each window has its own location of point.
* Window Start::            The display-start position controls which text
                              is on-screen in the window.
* Textual Scrolling::       Moving text up and down through the window.
* Vertical Scrolling::      Moving the contents up and down on the window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::    Moving the contents sideways on the window.
* Size of Window::          Accessing the size of a window.
* Resizing Windows::        Changing the size of a window.
* Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows.
* Window Tree::             The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame.
* Window Configurations::   Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
* Window Hooks::            Hooks for scrolling, window size changes,
                              redisplay going past a certain point,
                              or window configuration changes.

Frames

* Creating Frames::	    Creating additional frames.
* Multiple Displays::       Creating frames on other displays.
* Frame Parameters::	    Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
* Frame Titles::            Automatic updating of frame titles.
* Deleting Frames::	    Frames last until explicitly deleted.
* Finding All Frames::	    How to examine all existing frames.
* Frames and Windows::	    A frame contains windows;
			      display of text always works through windows.
* Minibuffers and Frames::  How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
* Input Focus::		    Specifying the selected frame.
* Visibility of Frames::    Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
* Raising and Lowering::    Raising a frame makes it hide other windows;
			      lowering it puts it underneath the others.
* Frame Configurations::    Saving the state of all frames.
* Mouse Tracking::	    Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
* Mouse Position::	    Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
* Pop-Up Menus::	    Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
* Dialog Boxes::            Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
* Pointer Shape::           Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
* Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows.
* Drag and Drop::               Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation.
* Color Names::	            Getting the definitions of color names.
* Text Terminal Colors::    Defining colors for text-only terminals.
* Resources::		    Getting resource values from the server.
* Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal.

Frame Parameters

* Parameter Access::        How to change a frame's parameters.
* Initial Parameters::	    Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame.
* Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems.
* Size and Position::       Changing the size and position of a frame.
* Geometry::                Parsing geometry specifications.

Window Frame Parameters

* Basic Parameters::        Parameters that are fundamental.
* Position Parameters::     The position of the frame on the screen.
* Size Parameters::         Frame's size.
* Layout Parameters::       Size of parts of the frame, and
                              enabling or disabling some parts.
* Buffer Parameters::       Which buffers have been or should be shown.
* Management Parameters::   Communicating with the window manager.
* Cursor Parameters::       Controlling the cursor appearance.
* Color Parameters::        Colors of various parts of the frame.

Positions

* Point::                   The special position where editing takes place.
* Motion::                  Changing point.

Markers

* Overview of Markers::     The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
* Predicates on Markers::   Testing whether an object is a marker.
* Creating Markers::        Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
* Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character
                              position.
* Marker Insertion Types::  Two ways a marker can relocate when you
                              insert where it points.
* Moving Markers::          Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
* The Mark::                How "the mark" is implemented with a marker.
* The Region::              How to access "the region".

Text

* Near Point::              Examining text in the vicinity of point.
* Buffer Contents::         Examining text in a general fashion.
* Comparing Text::          Comparing substrings of buffers.
* Insertion::               Adding new text to a buffer.
* Commands for Insertion::  User-level commands to insert text.
* Deletion::                Removing text from a buffer.
* User-Level Deletion::     User-level commands to delete text.
* The Kill Ring::           Where removed text sometimes is saved for
                              later use.
* Undo::                    Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
* Maintaining Undo::        How to enable and disable undo information.
			      How to control how much information is kept.
* Filling::                 Functions for explicit filling.
* Margins::                 How to specify margins for filling commands.
* Adaptive Fill::           Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix
                              from context.
* Auto Filling::            How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
* Sorting::                 Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
* Columns::                 Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
* Indentation::             Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
* Case Changes::            Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
* Text Properties::         Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters.
* Substitution::            Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
* Transposition::           Swapping two portions of a buffer.
* Registers::               How registers are implemented.  Accessing
                              the text or position stored in a register.
* Base 64::                 Conversion to or from base 64 encoding.
* MD5 Checksum::            Compute the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum".
* Atomic Changes::          Installing several buffer changes "atomically".
* Change Hooks::            Supplying functions to be run when text is changed.

The Kill Ring

* Kill Ring Concepts::      What text looks like in the kill ring.
* Kill Functions::          Functions that kill text.
* Yanking::                 How yanking is done.
* Yank Commands::           Commands that access the kill ring.
* Low-Level Kill Ring::	    Functions and variables for kill ring access.
* Internals of Kill Ring::  Variables that hold kill-ring data.

Indentation

* Region Indent::           Indent all the lines in a region.
* Relative Indent::         Indent the current line based on previous lines.
* Indent Tabs::             Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
* Motion by Indent::        Move to first non-blank character.

Text Properties

* Examining Properties::    Looking at the properties of one character.
* Changing Properties::	    Setting the properties of a range of text.
* Property Search::	    Searching for where a property changes value.
* Special Properties::	    Particular properties with special meanings.
* Format Properties::       Properties for representing formatting of text.
* Sticky Properties::       How inserted text gets properties from
                              neighboring text.
* Saving Properties::       Saving text properties in files, and reading
                              them back.
* Lazy Properties::         Computing text properties in a lazy fashion
                              only when text is examined.
* Clickable Text::          Using text properties to make regions of text
                              do something when you click on them.
* Links and Mouse-1::       How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link.
* Fields::                  The @code{field} property defines
                              fields within the buffer.
* Not Intervals::	    Why text properties do not use
			      Lisp-visible text intervals.

Non-ASCII Characters

* Text Representations::    Unibyte and multibyte representations
* Converting Representations::  Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
* Selecting a Representation::  Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
* Character Codes::         How unibyte and multibyte relate to
                                codes of individual characters.
* Character Sets::          The space of possible character codes
                                is divided into various character sets.
* Chars and Bytes::         More information about multibyte encodings.
* Splitting Characters::    Converting a character to its byte sequence.
* Scanning Charsets::       Which character sets are used in a buffer?
* Translation of Characters::   Translation tables are used for conversion.
* Coding Systems::          Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
* Input Methods::           Input methods allow users to enter various
                                non-ASCII characters without special keyboards.
* Locales::                 Interacting with the POSIX locale.

Coding Systems

* Coding System Basics::    Basic concepts.
* Encoding and I/O::        How file I/O functions handle coding systems.
* Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names.
* User-Chosen Coding Systems::  Asking the user to choose a coding system.
* Default Coding Systems::  Controlling the default choices.
* Specifying Coding Systems::   Requesting a particular coding system
                                    for a single file operation.
* Explicit Encoding::       Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O.
* Terminal I/O Encoding::   Use of encoding for terminal I/O.
* MS-DOS File Types::       How DOS "text" and "binary" files
                                relate to coding systems.

Searching and Matching

* String Search::           Search for an exact match.
* Searching and Case::      Case-independent or case-significant searching.
* Regular Expressions::     Describing classes of strings.
* Regexp Search::           Searching for a match for a regexp.
* POSIX Regexps::           Searching POSIX-style for the longest match.
* Match Data::              Finding out which part of the text matched,
                              after a string or regexp search.
* Search and Replace::	    Commands that loop, searching and replacing.
* Standard Regexps::        Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...

Regular Expressions

* Syntax of Regexps::       Rules for writing regular expressions.
* Regexp Example::          Illustrates regular expression syntax.
* Regexp Functions::        Functions for operating on regular expressions.

Syntax of Regular Expressions

* Regexp Special::          Special characters in regular expressions.
* Char Classes::            Character classes used in regular expressions.
* Regexp Backslash::        Backslash-sequences in regular expressions.

The Match Data

* Replacing Match::	    Replacing a substring that was matched.
* Simple Match Data::       Accessing single items of match data,
			      such as where a particular subexpression started.
* Entire Match Data::       Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list.
* Saving Match Data::       Saving and restoring the match data.

Syntax Tables

* Syntax Basics::           Basic concepts of syntax tables.
* Syntax Descriptors::      How characters are classified.
* Syntax Table Functions::  How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
* Syntax Properties::       Overriding syntax with text properties.
* Motion and Syntax::	    Moving over characters with certain syntaxes.
* Parsing Expressions::     Parsing balanced expressions
                              using the syntax table.
* Standard Syntax Tables::  Syntax tables used by various major modes.
* Syntax Table Internals::  How syntax table information is stored.
* Categories::              Another way of classifying character syntax.

Syntax Descriptors

* Syntax Class Table::      Table of syntax classes.
* Syntax Flags::            Additional flags each character can have.

Parsing Expressions

* Motion via Parsing::      Motion functions that work by parsing.
* Position Parse::          Determining the syntactic state of a position.
* Parser State::            How Emacs represents a syntactic state.
* Low-Level Parsing::       Parsing across a specified region.
* Control Parsing::         Parameters that affect parsing.

Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion

* Abbrev Mode::             Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
* Abbrev Tables::           Creating and working with abbrev tables.
* Defining Abbrevs::        Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
* Abbrev Files::            Saving abbrevs in files.
* Abbrev Expansion::        Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
* Standard Abbrev Tables::  Abbrev tables used by various major modes.

Processes

* Subprocess Creation::     Functions that start subprocesses.
* Shell Arguments::         Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell.
* Synchronous Processes::   Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
* Asynchronous Processes::  Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
* Deleting Processes::      Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
* Process Information::     Accessing run-status and other attributes.
* Input to Processes::      Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
* Signals to Processes::    Stopping, continuing or interrupting
                              an asynchronous subprocess.
* Output from Processes::   Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
* Sentinels::               Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
* Query Before Exit::       Whether to query if exiting will kill a process.
* Transaction Queues::      Transaction-based communication with subprocesses.
* Network::                 Opening network connections.
* Network Servers::         Network servers let Emacs accept net connections.
* Datagrams::               UDP network connections.
* Low-Level Network::       Lower-level but more general function
                              to create connections and servers.
* Misc Network::            Additional relevant functions for network connections.
* Byte Packing::            Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data.

Receiving Output from Processes

* Process Buffers::         If no filter, output is put in a buffer.
* Filter Functions::        Filter functions accept output from the process.
* Decoding Output::         Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings.
* Accepting Output::        How to wait until process output arrives.

Low-Level Network Access

* Proc: Network Processes.  Using @code{make-network-process}.
* Options: Network Options.  Further control over network connections.
* Features: Network Feature Testing.
                            Determining which network features work on
                              the machine you are using.

Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays

* Bindat Spec::             Describing data layout.
* Bindat Functions::        Doing the unpacking and packing.
* Bindat Examples::         Samples of what bindat.el can do for you!

Emacs Display

* Refresh Screen::          Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
* Forcing Redisplay::       Forcing redisplay.
* Truncation::              Folding or wrapping long text lines.
* The Echo Area::           Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen.
* Warnings::                Displaying warning messages for the user.
* Invisible Text::          Hiding part of the buffer text.
* Selective Display::       Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way).
* Temporary Displays::      Displays that go away automatically.
* Overlays::		    Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer.
* Width::                   How wide a character or string is on the screen.
* Line Height::             Controlling the height of lines.
* Faces::		    A face defines a graphics style
                              for text characters: font, colors, etc.
* Fringes::                 Controlling window fringes.
* Scroll Bars::             Controlling vertical scroll bars.
* Display Property::        Enabling special display features.
* Images::                  Displaying images in Emacs buffers.
* Buttons::                 Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers.
* Abstract Display::        Emacs' Widget for Object Collections.
* Blinking::                How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
* Usual Display::	    The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars.
* Display Tables::	    How to specify other conventions.
* Beeping::                 Audible signal to the user.
* Window Systems::          Which window system is being used.

The Echo Area

* Displaying Messages::     Explicitly displaying text in the echo area.
* Progress::                Informing user about progress of a long operation.
* Logging Messages::        Echo area messages are logged for the user.
* Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area.

Reporting Warnings

* Warning Basics::          Warnings concepts and functions to report them.
* Warning Variables::       Variables programs bind to customize their warnings.
* Warning Options::         Variables users set to control display of warnings.

Overlays

* Managing Overlays::       Creating and moving overlays.
* Overlay Properties::      How to read and set properties.
			    What properties do to the screen display.
* Finding Overlays::        Searching for overlays.

Faces

* Defining Faces::          How to define a face with @code{defface}.
* Face Attributes::         What is in a face?
* Attribute Functions::     Functions to examine and set face attributes.
* Displaying Faces::        How Emacs combines the faces specified for
                              a character.
* Font Selection::          Finding the best available font for a face.
* Face Functions::          How to define and examine faces.
* Auto Faces::              Hook for automatic face assignment.
* Font Lookup::             Looking up the names of available fonts
                              and information about them.
* Fontsets::                A fontset is a collection of fonts
                              that handle a range of character sets.

Fringes

* Fringe Size/Pos::         Specifying where to put the window fringes.
* Fringe Indicators::       Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes.
* Fringe Cursors::          Displaying cursors in the right fringe.
* Fringe Bitmaps::          Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators.
* Customizing Bitmaps::     Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes.
* Overlay Arrow::           Display of an arrow to indicate position.

The @code{display} Property

* Specified Space::         Displaying one space with a specified width.
* Pixel Specification::     Specifying space width or height in pixels.
* Other Display Specs::     Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it
                              up or down on the page; adjusting the width
                              of spaces within text.
* Display Margins::         Displaying text or images to the side of
                              the main text.

Images

* Image Descriptors::       How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}.
* XBM Images::              Special features for XBM format.
* XPM Images::              Special features for XPM format.
* GIF Images::              Special features for GIF format.
* PostScript Images::       Special features for PostScript format.
* Other Image Types::       Various other formats are supported.
* Defining Images::         Convenient ways to define an image for later use.
* Showing Images::          Convenient ways to display an image once
                              it is defined.
* Image Cache::             Internal mechanisms of image display.

Buttons

* Button Properties::       Button properties with special meanings.
* Button Types::            Defining common properties for classes of buttons.
* Making Buttons::          Adding buttons to Emacs buffers.
* Manipulating Buttons::    Getting and setting properties of buttons.
* Button Buffer Commands::  Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons.

Abstract Display

* Abstract Display Functions::  Functions in the Ewoc package.
* Abstract Display Example::    Example of using Ewoc.

Display Tables

* Display Table Format::    What a display table consists of.
* Active Display Table::    How Emacs selects a display table to use.
* Glyphs::                  How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean.

Operating System Interface

* Starting Up::             Customizing Emacs start-up processing.
* Getting Out::             How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
* System Environment::      Distinguish the name and kind of system.
* User Identification::     Finding the name and user id of the user.
* Time of Day::		    Getting the current time.
* Time Conversion::         Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or
                              to calendrical data (or vice versa).
* Time Parsing::            Converting a time from numeric form to text
                              and vice versa.
* Processor Run Time::      Getting the run time used by Emacs.
* Time Calculations::       Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc.
* Timers::		    Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time.
* Idle Timers::             Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has
                              been idle for a certain length of time.
* Terminal Input::          Accessing and recording terminal input.
* Terminal Output::         Controlling and recording terminal output.
* Sound Output::            Playing sounds on the computer's speaker.
* X11 Keysyms::             Operating on key symbols for X Windows
* Batch Mode::              Running Emacs without terminal interaction.
* Session Management::      Saving and restoring state with X Session Management.

Starting Up Emacs

* Startup Summary::         Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up.
* Init File::               Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
* Terminal-Specific::       How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
* Command-Line Arguments::  How command-line arguments are processed,
                              and how you can customize them.

Getting Out of Emacs

* Killing Emacs::           Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
* Suspending Emacs::        Exiting Emacs reversibly.

Terminal Input

* Input Modes::		    Options for how input is processed.
* Recording Input::	    Saving histories of recent or all input events.

Tips and Conventions

* Coding Conventions::      Conventions for clean and robust programs.
* Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs.
* Programming Tips::        Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs.
* Compilation Tips::        Making compiled code run fast.
* Warning Tips::            Turning off compiler warnings.
* Documentation Tips::      Writing readable documentation strings.
* Comment Tips::	    Conventions for writing comments.
* Library Headers::         Standard headers for library packages.

GNU Emacs Internals

* Building Emacs::          How the dumped Emacs is made.
* Pure Storage::            A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable.
* Garbage Collection::      Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
* Memory Usage::            Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far.
* Writing Emacs Primitives::  Writing C code for Emacs.
* Object Internals::        Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.

Object Internals

* Buffer Internals::        Components of a buffer structure.
* Window Internals::        Components of a window structure.
* Process Internals::       Components of a process structure.
@end detailmenu
@end menu

@c include intro.texi
@c include objects.texi
@c include numbers.texi
@c include strings.texi

@c include lists.texi
@c include sequences.texi
@c include hash.texi
@c include symbols.texi
@c include eval.texi

@c include control.texi
@c include variables.texi
@c include functions.texi
@c include macros.texi

@c include customize.texi
@c include loading.texi
@c include compile.texi
@c include advice.texi

@c include debugging.texi
@c include streams.texi
@c include minibuf.texi
@c include commands.texi

@c include keymaps.texi
@c include modes.texi
@c include help.texi
@c include files.texi

@c include backups.texi

@c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================
@include buffers.texi
@include windows.texi
@include frames.texi

@include positions.texi
@include markers.texi
@include text.texi
@include nonascii.texi

@include searching.texi
@include syntax.texi
@include abbrevs.texi
@include processes.texi

@include display.texi
@include os.texi

@c MOVE to Emacs Manual:  include misc-modes.texi

@c appendices

@c  REMOVE this:  include non-hacker.texi

@include anti.texi
@include doclicense.texi
@include gpl.texi
@include tips.texi
@include internals.texi
@include errors.texi
@include locals.texi
@include maps.texi
@include hooks.texi

@include index.texi

@ignore
@node New Symbols, , Index, Top
@unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition

@printindex tp
@end ignore

@bye


These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.