comparison man/calc.texi @ 58970:3dc0b0b0b0cb

Consistently capitalized all mode names. (Answers to Exercises): Mention that an answer can be a fraction when in Fraction mode.

58969:eae7969f1b06

@item
Moving data to and from regular editing buffers.

@item
``Embedded mode'' for manipulating Calc formulas and data directly
inside any editing buffer.

@item
Graphics using GNUPLOT, a versatile (and free) plotting program.

@section Using Calc

@noindent
Calc has several user interfaces that are specialized for
different kinds of tasks.  As well as Calc's standard interface,
there are Quick Mode, Keypad Mode, and Embedded Mode.

@menu
* Starting Calc::
* The Standard Interface::
* Quick Mode Overview::

you will follow @kbd{M-#} with a letter (upper- or lower-case, it
doesn't matter for @kbd{M-#}) that says which Calc interface you
want to use.

To get Calc's standard interface, type @kbd{M-# c}.  To get
Keypad Mode, type @kbd{M-# k}.  Type @kbd{M-# ?} to get a brief
list of the available options, and type a second @kbd{?} to get
a complete list.

To ease typing, @kbd{M-# M-#} (or @kbd{M-# #} if that's easier)
also works to start Calc.  It starts the same interface (either

a special function key set up to act like @kbd{M-#}, hitting that
function key twice is just like hitting @kbd{M-# M-#}.)

If @kbd{M-#} doesn't work for you, you can always type explicit
commands like @kbd{M-x calc} (for the standard user interface) or
@w{@kbd{M-x calc-keypad}} (for Keypad Mode).  First type @kbd{M-x}
(that's Meta with the letter @kbd{x}), then, at the prompt,
type the full command (like @kbd{calc-keypad}) and press Return.

The same commands (like @kbd{M-# c} or @kbd{M-# M-#}) that start
the Calculator also turn it off if it is already on.

@node Quick Mode Overview, Keypad Mode Overview, The Standard Interface, Using Calc
@subsection Quick Mode (Overview)

@noindent
@dfn{Quick Mode} is a quick way to use Calc when you don't need the
full complexity of the stack and trail.  To use it, type @kbd{M-# q}
(@code{quick-calc}) in any regular editing buffer.

Quick Mode is very simple:  It prompts you to type any formula in
standard algebraic notation (like @samp{4 - 2/3}) and then displays
the result at the bottom of the Emacs screen (@mathit{3.33333333333}
in this case).  You are then back in the same editing buffer you
were in before, ready to continue editing or to type @kbd{M-# q}
again to do another quick calculation.  The result of the calculation
will also be in the Emacs ``kill ring'' so that a @kbd{C-y} command
at this point will yank the result into your editing buffer.

Calc mode settings affect Quick Mode, too, though you will have to
go into regular Calc (with @kbd{M-# c}) to change the mode settings.

@c [fix-ref Quick Calculator mode]
@xref{Quick Calculator}, for further information.

@node Keypad Mode Overview, Standalone Operation, Quick Mode Overview, Using Calc
@subsection Keypad Mode (Overview)

@noindent
@dfn{Keypad Mode} is a mouse-based interface to the Calculator.
It is designed for use with terminals that support a mouse.  If you
don't have a mouse, you will have to operate keypad mode with your
arrow keys (which is probably more trouble than it's worth).

Type @kbd{M-# k} to turn Keypad Mode on or off.  Once again you
get two new windows, this time on the righthand side of the screen
instead of at the bottom.  The upper window is the familiar Calc
Stack; the lower window is a picture of a typical calculator keypad.

@tex

                                        |-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|
                                        | OFF |  0  |  .  | PI  |  +  |
                                        |-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
@end smallexample

Keypad Mode is much easier for beginners to learn, because there
is no need to memorize lots of obscure key sequences.  But not all
commands in regular Calc are available on the Keypad.  You can
always switch the cursor into the Calc stack window to use
standard Calc commands if you need.  Serious Calc users, though,
often find they prefer the standard interface over Keypad Mode.

To operate the Calculator, just click on the ``buttons'' of the
keypad using your left mouse button.  To enter the two numbers
shown here you would click @w{@kbd{1 7 .@: 3 ENTER 5 +/- ENTER}}; to
add them together you would then click @kbd{+} (to get 12.3 on

If you click the right mouse button, the top three rows of the
keypad change to show other sets of commands, such as advanced
math functions, vector operations, and operations on binary
numbers.

Because Keypad Mode doesn't use the regular keyboard, Calc leaves
the cursor in your original editing buffer.  You can type in
this buffer in the usual way while also clicking on the Calculator
keypad.  One advantage of Keypad Mode is that you don't need an
explicit command to switch between editing and calculating.

If you press @kbd{M-# b} first, you get a full-screen Keypad Mode
(@code{full-calc-keypad}) with three windows:  The keypad in the lower
left, the stack in the lower right, and the trail on top.

@c [fix-ref Keypad Mode]
@xref{Keypad Mode}, for further information.

@node Embedded Mode Overview, Other M-# Commands, Standalone Operation, Using Calc
@subsection Embedded Mode (Overview)

@noindent
@dfn{Embedded Mode} is a way to use Calc directly from inside an
editing buffer.  Suppose you have a formula written as part of a
document like this:

@smallexample
@group

@end smallexample

@noindent
and you wish to have Calc compute and format the derivative for
you and store this derivative in the buffer automatically.  To
do this with Embedded Mode, first copy the formula down to where
you want the result to be:

@smallexample
@group
The derivative of

1 / ln(x) x
@end group
@end smallexample

To make this look nicer, you might want to press @kbd{d =} to center
the formula, and even @kbd{d B} to use ``big'' display mode.

@smallexample
@group
The derivative of

                                    -------                      (1)
                                    ln(x) x
@end group
@end smallexample

To leave Embedded Mode, type @kbd{M-# e} again.  The mode line
and keyboard will revert to the way they were before.  (If you have
actually been trying this as you read along, you'll want to press
@kbd{M-# 0} [with the digit zero] now to reset the modes you changed.)

The related command @kbd{M-# w} operates on a single word, which

@smallexample
A slope of one-third corresponds to an angle of 1 degrees.
@end smallexample

Place the cursor on the @samp{1}, then type @kbd{M-# w} to enable
Embedded Mode on that number.  Now type @kbd{3 /} (to get one-third),
and @kbd{I T} (the Inverse Tangent converts a slope into an angle),
then @w{@kbd{M-# w}} again to exit Embedded mode.

@smallexample
A slope of one-third corresponds to an angle of 18.4349488229 degrees.

@item B
Control whether @kbd{M-# c} and @kbd{M-# k} use the full screen.

@item Q
Use Quick Mode for a single short calculation.

@item K
Turn Calc Keypad mode on or off.

@item E

@iftex
@sp 2
@end iftex

@noindent
Commands for use with Embedded Mode:

@table @kbd
@item A
``Activate'' the current buffer.  Locate all formulas that
contain @samp{:=} or @samp{=>} symbols and record their locations

@c [when-split]
@c to skip on to volume II of this manual, the @dfn{Calc Reference}.

@c [fix-ref Embedded Mode]
This tutorial describes the standard user interface of Calc only.
The ``Quick Mode'' and ``Keypad Mode'' interfaces are fairly
self-explanatory.  @xref{Embedded Mode}, for a description of
the ``Embedded Mode'' interface.

@ifinfo
The easiest way to read this tutorial on-line is to have two windows on
your Emacs screen, one with Calc and one with the Info system.  (If you
have a printed copy of the manual you can use that instead.)  Press

@node Algebraic Tutorial, Undo Tutorial, RPN Tutorial, Basic Tutorial
@subsection Algebraic-Style Calculations

@noindent
If you are not used to RPN notation, you may prefer to operate the
Calculator in ``algebraic mode,'' which is closer to the way
non-RPN calculators work.  In algebraic mode, you enter formulas
in traditional @expr{2+3} notation.

You don't really need any special ``mode'' to enter algebraic formulas.
You can enter a formula at any time by pressing the apostrophe (@kbd{'})
key.  Answer the prompt with the desired formula, then press @key{RET}.

Operators at the same level are evaluated from left to right, except
that @samp{^} is evaluated from right to left.  Thus, @samp{2-3-4} is
equivalent to @samp{(2-3)-4} or @mathit{-5}, whereas @samp{2^3^4} is equivalent
to @samp{2^(3^4)} (a very large integer; try it!).

If you tire of typing the apostrophe all the time, there is an
``algebraic mode'' you can select in which Calc automatically senses
when you are about to type an algebraic expression.  To enter this
mode, press the two letters @w{@kbd{m a}}.  (An @samp{Alg} indicator
should appear in the Calc window's mode line.)

Press @kbd{m a}, then @kbd{2+3+4} with no apostrophe, then @key{RET}.

In algebraic mode, when you press any key that would normally begin
entering a number (such as a digit, a decimal point, or the @kbd{_}
key), or if you press @kbd{(} or @kbd{[}, Calc automatically begins
an algebraic entry.

Functions which do not have operator symbols like @samp{+} and @samp{*}

Press the apostrophe, then type @kbd{sqrt(5*2) - 3}.  The result should
be @expr{0.16227766017}.

Note that if the formula begins with a function name, you need to use
the apostrophe even if you are in algebraic mode.  If you type @kbd{arcsin}
out of the blue, the @kbd{a r} will be taken as an Algebraic Rewrite
command, and the @kbd{csin} will be taken as the name of the rewrite
rule to use!

Some people prefer to enter complex numbers and vectors in algebraic
form because they find RPN entry with incomplete objects to be too
distracting, even though they otherwise use Calc as an RPN calculator.

Still in algebraic mode, type:

@smallexample
@group
1:  (2, 3)     2:  (2, 3)     1:  (8, -1)    2:  (8, -1)    1:  (9, -1)
    .          1:  (1, -2)        .          1:  1              .

Algebraic mode allows us to enter complex numbers without pressing
an apostrophe first, but it also means we need to press @key{RET}
after every entry, even for a simple number like @expr{1}.

(You can type @kbd{C-u m a} to enable a special ``incomplete algebraic
mode'' in which the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys use algebraic entry even
though regular numeric keys still use RPN numeric entry.  There is also
a ``total algebraic mode,'' started by typing @kbd{m t}, in which all
normal keys begin algebraic entry.  You must then use the @key{META} key
to type Calc commands:  @kbd{M-m t} to get back out of total algebraic
mode, @kbd{M-q} to quit, etc.)

If you're still in algebraic mode, press @kbd{m a} again to turn it off.

Actual non-RPN calculators use a mixture of algebraic and RPN styles.
In general, operators of two numbers (like @kbd{+} and @kbd{*})
use algebraic form, but operators of one number (like @kbd{n} and @kbd{Q})
use RPN form.  Also, a non-RPN calculator allows you to see the

@subsection Mode-Setting Commands

@noindent
Calc has many types of @dfn{modes} that affect the way it interprets
your commands or the way it displays data.  We have already seen one
mode, namely algebraic mode.  There are many others, too; we'll
try some of the most common ones here.

Perhaps the most fundamental mode in Calc is the current @dfn{precision}.
Notice the @samp{12} on the Calc window's mode line:

    45             c r                    c d
@end group
@end smallexample

Another interesting mode is @dfn{fraction mode}.  Normally,
dividing two integers produces a floating-point result if the
quotient can't be expressed as an exact integer.  Fraction mode
causes integer division to produce a fraction, i.e., a rational
number, instead.

You can enter a fraction at any time using @kbd{:} notation.
(Calc uses @kbd{:} instead of @kbd{/} as the fraction separator
because @kbd{/} is already used to divide the top two stack
elements.)  Calculations involving fractions will always
produce exact fractional results; fraction mode only says
what to do when dividing two integers.

@cindex Fractions vs. floats
@cindex Floats vs. fractions
(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 4.}  If fractional arithmetic is exact,
why would you ever use floating-point numbers instead?
@xref{Modes Answer 4, 4}. (@bullet{})

Typing @kbd{m f} doesn't change any existing values in the stack.
In the above example, we had to Undo the division and do it over
again when we changed to fraction mode.  But if you use the
evaluates-to operator you can get commands like @kbd{m f} to
recompute for you.

@smallexample
@group

@end smallexample

@noindent
In this example, the righthand side of the @samp{=>} operator
on the stack is recomputed when we change the precision, then
again when we change to fraction mode.  All @samp{=>} expressions
on the stack are recomputed every time you change any mode that
might affect their values.

@node Arithmetic Tutorial, Vector/Matrix Tutorial, Basic Tutorial, Tutorial
@section Arithmetic Tutorial

So we say the result is @dfn{indeterminate}, which Calc writes
with the symbol @code{nan} (for Not A Number).

Dividing by zero is normally treated as an error, but you can get
Calc to write an answer in terms of infinity by pressing @kbd{m i}
to turn on ``infinite mode.''

@smallexample
@group
3:  nan        2:  nan        2:  nan        2:  nan        1:  nan
2:  1          1:  1 / 0      1:  uinf       1:  uinf           .

@node Basic Algebra Tutorial, Rewrites Tutorial, Algebra Tutorial, Algebra Tutorial
@subsection Basic Algebra

@noindent
If you enter a formula in algebraic mode that refers to variables,
the formula itself is pushed onto the stack.  You can manipulate
formulas as regular data objects.

@smallexample
@group

sequence of commands would you use to reconstruct the original
polynomial?  (The answer will be unique to within a constant
multiple; choose the solution where the leading coefficient is one.)
@xref{Algebra Answer 2, 2}. (@bullet{})

The @kbd{m s} command enables ``symbolic mode,'' in which formulas
like @samp{sqrt(5)} that can't be evaluated exactly are left in
symbolic form rather than giving a floating-point approximate answer.
Fraction mode (@kbd{m f}) is also useful when doing algebra.

@smallexample

    r 2  @key{RET}     m s  m f    a P x @key{RET}
@end group
@end smallexample

One more mode that makes reading formulas easier is ``Big mode.''

@smallexample
@group
               3
2:  34 x - 24 x

@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
(If you got wildly different results, did you remember to switch
to radians mode?)

Here we have divided the curve into ten segments of equal width;
approximating these segments as rectangular boxes (i.e., assuming
the curve is nearly flat at that resolution), we compute the areas
of the boxes (height times width), then sum the areas.  (It is

efficiently.  If the rule is stored in a variable, Calc compiles it
only once and stores the compiled form along with the variable.  That's
another good reason to store your rules in variables rather than
entering them on the fly.

(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 1.}  Type @kbd{m s} to get symbolic
mode, then enter the formula @samp{@w{(2 + sqrt(2))} / @w{(1 + sqrt(2))}}.
Using a rewrite rule, simplify this formula by multiplying both
sides by the conjugate @w{@samp{1 - sqrt(2)}}.  The result will have
to be expanded by the distributive law; do this with another
rewrite.  @xref{Rewrites Answer 1, 1}. (@bullet{})

is one or more non-sum terms separated by @samp{+} or @samp{-} signs,
so that @expr{2 - 3 (x + y) + x y} is a sum of three terms.)
@xref{Rewrites Answer 5, 5}. (@bullet{})

(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 6.}  Calc considers the form @expr{0^0}
to be ``indeterminate,'' and leaves it unevaluated (assuming infinite
mode is not enabled).  Some people prefer to define @expr{0^0 = 1},
so that the identity @expr{x^0 = 1} can safely be used for all @expr{x}.
Find a way to make Calc follow this convention.  What happens if you
now type @kbd{m i} to turn on infinite mode?
@xref{Rewrites Answer 6, 6}. (@bullet{})

(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 7.}  A Taylor series for a function is an
infinite series that exactly equals the value of that function at
values of @expr{x} near zero.

is zero, so it is left in symbolic form.  When you now type @kbd{0 *},
the result will be zero because Calc uses the general rule that ``zero
times anything is zero.''

@c [fix-ref Infinities]
The @kbd{m i} command enables an @dfn{infinite mode} in which @expr{1 / 0}
results in a special symbol that represents ``infinity.''  If you
multiply infinity by zero, Calc uses another special new symbol to
show that the answer is ``indeterminate.''  @xref{Infinities}, for
further discussion of infinite and indeterminate values.

@infoline @expr{12345700.@: / 2.@: = 61728500.}.
The result, when converted to an integer, will be off by 106.

Here are two solutions:  Raise the precision enough that the
floating-point round-off error is strictly to the right of the
decimal point.  Or, convert to fraction mode so that @expr{123456789 / 2}
produces the exact fraction @expr{123456789:2}, which can be rounded
down by the @kbd{F} command without ever switching to floating-point
format.

@node Arithmetic Answer 2, Vector Answer 1, Arithmetic Answer 1, Answers to Exercises

@noindent
@kbd{27 @key{RET} 9 B} could give the exact result @expr{3:2}, but it
does a floating-point calculation instead and produces @expr{1.5}.

Calc will find an exact result for a logarithm if the result is an integer
or the reciprocal of an integer.  But there is no efficient way to search
the space of all possible rational numbers for an exact answer, so Calc
doesn't try.

@node Vector Answer 1, Vector Answer 2, Arithmetic Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Vector Tutorial Exercise 1

@noindent

' [6 10] @key{RET}     ' [1 a; 1 b] @key{RET}      /
@end group
@end smallexample

This can be made more readable using @kbd{d B} to enable ``big'' display
mode:

@smallexample
@group
          4 a     4
1:  [6 - -----, -----]
         b - a  b - a
@end group
@end smallexample

Type @kbd{d N} to return to ``normal'' display mode afterwards.

@node Matrix Answer 3, List Answer 1, Matrix Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Matrix Tutorial Exercise 3

@noindent

@samp{abs(uinf) = inf}.  No matter which direction @expr{x} points,
@samp{abs(x)} always points along the positive real axis.

@samp{ln(0) = -inf}.  Here we have an infinite answer to a finite
input.  As in the @expr{1 / 0} case, Calc will only use infinities
here if you have turned on ``infinite'' mode.  Otherwise, it will
treat @samp{ln(0)} as an error.

@node Types Answer 3, Types Answer 4, Types Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Types Tutorial Exercise 3

Calc normally treats division by zero as an error, so that the formula
@w{@samp{1 / 0}} is left unsimplified.  Our third problem,
@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 10]}}, also (potentially) divides by zero because zero
is now a member of the interval.  So Calc leaves this one unevaluated, too.

If you turn on ``infinite'' mode by pressing @kbd{m i}, you will
instead get the answer @samp{[0.1 .. inf]}, which includes infinity
as a possible value.

The fourth calculation, @samp{1 / (-10 .. 10)}, has the same problem.
Zero is buried inside the interval, but it's still a possible value.

    U  ' 0^0:=1 @key{RET} s t EvalRules @key{RET}    V M ^
@end group
@end smallexample

Perhaps more surprisingly, this rule still works with infinite mode
turned on.  Calc tries @code{EvalRules} before any built-in rules for
a function.  This allows you to override the default behavior of any
Calc feature:  Even though Calc now wants to evaluate @expr{0^0} to
@code{nan}, your rule gets there first and evaluates it to 1 instead.

To start the Calculator in its standard interface, type @kbd{M-x calc}.
By default this creates a pair of small windows, @samp{*Calculator*}
and @samp{*Calc Trail*}.  The former displays the contents of the
Calculator stack and is manipulated exclusively through Calc commands.
It is possible (though not usually necessary) to create several Calc
Mode buffers each of which has an independent stack, undo list, and
mode settings.  There is exactly one Calc Trail buffer; it records a
list of the results of all calculations that have been done.  The
Calc Trail buffer uses a variant of Calc Mode, so Calculator commands
still work when the trail buffer's window is selected.  It is possible
to turn the trail window off, but the @samp{*Calc Trail*} buffer itself
still exists and is updated silently.  @xref{Trail Commands}.

@kindex M-# c

@end ignore
@kindex M-# #
In most installations, the @kbd{M-# c} key sequence is a more
convenient way to start the Calculator.  Also, @kbd{M-# M-#} and
@kbd{M-# #} are synonyms for @kbd{M-# c} unless you last used Calc
in its ``keypad'' mode.

@kindex x
@kindex M-x
@pindex calc-execute-extended-command
Most Calc commands use one or two keystrokes.  Lower- and upper-case

@kindex q
@pindex calc-quit
@cindex Quitting the Calculator
@cindex Exiting the Calculator
The @kbd{q} key (@code{calc-quit}) exits Calc Mode and closes the
Calculator's window(s).  It does not delete the Calculator buffers.
If you type @kbd{M-x calc} again, the Calculator will reappear with the
contents of the stack intact.  Typing @kbd{M-# c} or @kbd{M-# M-#}
again from inside the Calculator buffer is equivalent to executing
@code{calc-quit}; you can think of @kbd{M-# M-#} as toggling the

ignore the RPN aspect of Calc altogether and simply enter algebraic
expressions in this way.  You may want to use @key{DEL} every so often to
clear previous results off the stack.

You can press the apostrophe key during normal numeric entry to switch
the half-entered number into algebraic entry mode.  One reason to do this
would be to use the full Emacs cursor motion and editing keys, which are
available during algebraic entry but not during numeric entry.

In the same vein, during either numeric or algebraic entry you can
press @kbd{`} (backquote) to switch to @code{calc-edit} mode, where
you complete your half-finished entry in a separate buffer.
@xref{Editing Stack Entries}.

@kindex m a
@pindex calc-algebraic-mode
@cindex Algebraic mode
If you prefer algebraic entry, you can use the command @kbd{m a}
(@code{calc-algebraic-mode}) to set Algebraic mode.  In this mode,
digits and other keys that would normally start numeric entry instead
start full algebraic entry; as long as your formula begins with a digit
you can omit the apostrophe.  Open parentheses and square brackets also
begin algebraic entry.  You can still do RPN calculations in this mode,
but you will have to press @key{RET} to terminate every number:
@kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 @key{RET} * 4 @key{RET} +} would accomplish the same
thing as @kbd{2*3+4 @key{RET}}.

@cindex Incomplete algebraic mode
If you give a numeric prefix argument like @kbd{C-u} to the @kbd{m a}
command, it enables Incomplete Algebraic mode; this is like regular
Algebraic mode except that it applies to the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys
only.  Numeric keys still begin a numeric entry in this mode.

@kindex m t
@pindex calc-total-algebraic-mode
@cindex Total algebraic mode
The @kbd{m t} (@code{calc-total-algebraic-mode}) gives you an even
stronger algebraic-entry mode, in which @emph{all} regular letter and
punctuation keys begin algebraic entry.  Use this if you prefer typing
@w{@kbd{sqrt( )}} instead of @kbd{Q}, @w{@kbd{factor( )}} instead of
@kbd{a f}, and so on.  To type regular Calc commands when you are in
``total'' algebraic mode, hold down the @key{META} key.  Thus @kbd{M-q}
is the command to quit Calc, @kbd{M-p} sets the precision, and
@kbd{M-m t} (or @kbd{M-m M-t}, if you prefer) turns total algebraic
mode back off again.  Meta keys also terminate algebraic entry, so
that @kbd{2+3 M-S} is equivalent to @kbd{2+3 @key{RET} M-S}.  The symbol
@samp{Alg*} will appear in the mode line whenever you are in this mode.

Pressing @kbd{'} (the apostrophe) a second time re-enters the previous

@node Multiple Calculators, Troubleshooting Commands, Error Messages, Introduction
@section Multiple Calculators

@noindent
@pindex another-calc
It is possible to have any number of Calc Mode buffers at once.
Usually this is done by executing @kbd{M-x another-calc}, which
is similar to @kbd{M-# c} except that if a @samp{*Calculator*}
buffer already exists, a new, independent one with a name of the
form @samp{*Calculator*<@var{n}>} is created.  You can also use the
command @code{calc-mode} to put any buffer into Calculator mode, but

@cindex Integers
The Calculator stores integers to arbitrary precision.  Addition,
subtraction, and multiplication of integers always yields an exact
integer result.  (If the result of a division or exponentiation of
integers is not an integer, it is expressed in fractional or
floating-point form according to the current Fraction Mode.
@xref{Fraction Mode}.)

A decimal integer is represented as an optional sign followed by a
sequence of digits.  Grouping (@pxref{Grouping Digits}) can be used to
insert a comma at every third digit for display purposes, but you

@cindex Fractions
A @dfn{fraction} is a ratio of two integers.  Fractions are traditionally
written ``2/3'' but Calc uses the notation @samp{2:3}.  (The @kbd{/} key
performs RPN division; the following two sequences push the number
@samp{2:3} on the stack:  @kbd{2 :@: 3 @key{RET}}, or @kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 /}
assuming Fraction Mode has been enabled.)
When the Calculator produces a fractional result it always reduces it to
simplest form, which may in fact be an integer.

Fractions may also be entered in a three-part form, where @samp{2:3:4}
represents two-and-three-quarters.  @xref{Fraction Formats}, for fraction

@xref{Incomplete Objects}.

Operations on rectangular complex numbers yield rectangular complex
results, and similarly for polar complex numbers.  Where the two types
are mixed, or where new complex numbers arise (as for the square root of
a negative real), the current @dfn{Polar Mode} is used to determine the
type.  @xref{Polar Mode}.

A complex result in which the imaginary part is zero (or the phase angle
is 0 or 180 degrees or @cpi{} radians) is automatically converted to a real
number.

misnomer, since @code{nan} @emph{does} stand for some number or
infinity, it's just that @emph{which} number it stands for
cannot be determined.)  In Calc's notation, @samp{0 * inf = nan}
and @samp{inf / inf = nan}.  A few other common indeterminate
expressions are @samp{inf - inf} and @samp{inf ^ 0}.  Also,
@samp{0 / 0 = nan} if you have turned on ``infinite mode''
(as described above).

Infinities are especially useful as parts of @dfn{intervals}.
@xref{Interval Forms}.

left to right, so that @samp{1...1e2} is interpreted as @samp{1.0 ..@: 1e2}
rather than @samp{1 ..@: 0.1e2}.  Add spaces or zeros if you want to
get the other interpretation.  If you omit the lower or upper limit,
a default of @samp{-inf} or @samp{inf} (respectively) is furnished.

``Infinite mode'' also affects operations on intervals
(@pxref{Infinities}).  Calc will always introduce an open infinity,
as in @samp{1 / (0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf)}.  But closed infinities,
@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf]}}, arise only in infinite mode;
otherwise they are left unevaluated.  Note that the ``direction'' of
a zero is not an issue in this case since the zero is always assumed
to be continuous with the rest of the interval.  For intervals that
contain zero inside them Calc is forced to give the result,
@samp{1 / (-2 .. 2) = [-inf .. inf]}.

Commands that interpret (``parse'') text as algebraic formulas include
algebraic entry (@kbd{'}), editing commands like @kbd{`} which parse
the contents of the editing buffer when you finish, the @kbd{M-# g}
and @w{@kbd{M-# r}} commands, the @kbd{C-y} command, the X window system
``paste'' mouse operation, and Embedded Mode.  All of these operations
use the same rules for parsing formulas; in particular, language modes
(@pxref{Language Modes}) affect them all in the same way.

When you read a large amount of text into the Calculator (say a vector
which represents a big set of rewrite rules; @pxref{Rewrite Rules}),

@kindex m R
@pindex calc-mode-record-mode
The @kbd{m R} (@code{calc-mode-record-mode}) command tells Calc to
record the new mode settings (as if by pressing @kbd{m m}) every
time a mode setting changes.  If Embedded Mode is enabled, other
options are available; @pxref{Mode Settings in Embedded Mode}.

@kindex m F
@pindex calc-settings-file-name
The @kbd{m F} (@code{calc-settings-file-name}) command allows you to

Functions that compute angles produce a number in radians, a number in
degrees, or an HMS form depending on the current angular mode.  If the
result is a complex number and the current mode is HMS, the number is
instead expressed in degrees.  (Complex-number calculations would
normally be done in radians mode, though.  Complex numbers are converted
to degrees by calculating the complex result in radians and then
multiplying by 180 over @cpi{}.)

@kindex m r
@pindex calc-radians-mode

@kindex m h
@pindex calc-hms-mode
The @kbd{m r} (@code{calc-radians-mode}), @kbd{m d} (@code{calc-degrees-mode}),
and @kbd{m h} (@code{calc-hms-mode}) commands control the angular mode.
The current angular mode is displayed on the Emacs mode line.
The default angular mode is degrees.

@node Polar Mode, Fraction Mode, Angular Modes, Calculation Modes
@subsection Polar Mode

@noindent

number, or by entering @kbd{( 2 @key{SPC} 3 )}.

@kindex m p
@pindex calc-polar-mode
The @kbd{m p} (@code{calc-polar-mode}) command toggles complex-number
preference between rectangular and polar forms.  In polar mode, all
of the above example situations would produce polar complex numbers.

@node Fraction Mode, Infinite Mode, Polar Mode, Calculation Modes
@subsection Fraction Mode

@kindex m f
@pindex calc-frac-mode
To set the Calculator to produce fractional results for normal integer
divisions, use the @kbd{m f} (@code{calc-frac-mode}) command.
For example, @expr{8/4} produces @expr{2} in either mode,
but @expr{6/4} produces @expr{3:2} in Fraction Mode, @expr{1.5} in
Float Mode.

At any time you can use @kbd{c f} (@code{calc-float}) to convert a
fraction to a float, or @kbd{c F} (@code{calc-fraction}) to convert a
float to a fraction.  @xref{Conversions}.

The @kbd{m i} (@code{calc-infinite-mode}) command turns this mode
on and off.  When the mode is off, infinities do not arise except
in calculations that already had infinities as inputs.  (One exception
is that infinite open intervals like @samp{[0 .. inf)} can be
generated; however, intervals closed at infinity (@samp{[0 .. inf]})
will not be generated when infinite mode is off.)

With infinite mode turned on, @samp{1 / 0} will generate @code{uinf},
an undirected infinity.  @xref{Infinities}, for a discussion of the
difference between @code{inf} and @code{uinf}.  Also, @expr{0 / 0}
evaluates to @code{nan}, the ``indeterminate'' symbol.  Various other
functions can also return infinities in this mode; for example,
@samp{ln(0) = -inf}, and @samp{gamma(-7) = uinf}.  Once again,
note that @samp{exp(inf) = inf} regardless of infinite mode because
this calculation has infinity as an input.

@cindex Positive infinite mode
The @kbd{m i} command with a numeric prefix argument of zero,
i.e., @kbd{C-u 0 m i}, turns on a ``positive infinite mode'' in
which zero is treated as positive instead of being directionless.
Thus, @samp{1 / 0 = inf} and @samp{-1 / 0 = -inf} in this mode.
Note that zero never actually has a sign in Calc; there are no
separate representations for @mathit{+0} and @mathit{-0}.  Positive
infinite mode merely changes the interpretation given to the
single symbol, @samp{0}.  One consequence of this is that, while
you might expect @samp{1 / -0 = -inf}, actually @samp{1 / -0}
is equivalent to @samp{1 / 0}, which is equal to positive @code{inf}.

@node Symbolic Mode, Matrix Mode, Infinite Mode, Calculation Modes

number or a symbolic expression if the argument is an expression:
@kbd{2 Q} pushes 1.4142 but @kbd{@key{'} x+1 @key{RET} Q} pushes @samp{sqrt(x+1)}.

@kindex m s
@pindex calc-symbolic-mode
In @dfn{symbolic mode}, controlled by the @kbd{m s} (@code{calc-symbolic-mode})
command, functions which would produce inexact, irrational results are
left in symbolic form.  Thus @kbd{16 Q} pushes 4, but @kbd{2 Q} pushes
@samp{sqrt(2)}.

@kindex N

@noindent
@cindex Matrix mode
@cindex Scalar mode
Calc sometimes makes assumptions during algebraic manipulation that
are awkward or incorrect when vectors and matrices are involved.
Calc has two modes, @dfn{matrix mode} and @dfn{scalar mode}, which
modify its behavior around vectors in useful ways.

@kindex m v
@pindex calc-matrix-mode
Press @kbd{m v} (@code{calc-matrix-mode}) once to enter matrix mode.
In this mode, all objects are assumed to be matrices unless provably
otherwise.  One major effect is that Calc will no longer consider
multiplication to be commutative.  (Recall that in matrix arithmetic,
@samp{A*B} is not the same as @samp{B*A}.)  This assumption affects
rewrite rules and algebraic simplification.  Another effect of this

with a matrix whose size is known, it will be converted into
a true identity matrix of the appropriate size.  On the other hand,
if it is combined with a scalar (as in @samp{idn(1) + 2}), Calc
will assume it really was a scalar after all and produce, e.g., 3.

Press @kbd{m v} a second time to get scalar mode.  Here, objects are
assumed @emph{not} to be vectors or matrices unless provably so.
For example, normally adding a variable to a vector, as in
@samp{[x, y, z] + a}, will leave the sum in symbolic form because
as far as Calc knows, @samp{a} could represent either a number or
another 3-vector.  In scalar mode, @samp{a} is assumed to be a
non-vector, and the addition is evaluated to @samp{[x+a, y+a, z+a]}.

Press @kbd{m v} a third time to return to the normal mode of operation.

If you press @kbd{m v} with a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, you
get a special ``dimensioned matrix mode'' in which matrices of
unknown size are assumed to be @var{n}x@var{n} square matrices.
Then, the function call @samp{idn(1)} will expand into an actual
matrix rather than representing a ``generic'' matrix.

@cindex Declaring scalar variables

@samp{[1, 2, 3]} in @samp{a}.  The result would not be the same as
for @samp{[x, y, z] + [1, 2, 3]}, but that's because you have broken
your earlier promise to Calc that @samp{a} would be scalar.

Another way to mix scalars and matrices is to use selections
(@pxref{Selecting Subformulas}).  Use matrix mode when operating on
your formula normally; then, to apply scalar mode to a certain part
of the formula without affecting the rest just select that part,
change into scalar mode and press @kbd{=} to resimplify the part
under this mode, then change back to matrix mode before deselecting.

@node Automatic Recomputation, Working Message, Matrix Mode, Calculation Modes
@subsection Automatic Recomputation

@noindent

@kindex m C
@pindex calc-auto-recompute
The @kbd{m C} (@code{calc-auto-recompute}) command turns this
automatic recomputation on and off.  If you turn it off, Calc will
not update @samp{=>} operators on the stack (nor those in the
attached Embedded Mode buffer, if there is one).  They will not
be updated unless you explicitly do so by pressing @kbd{=} or until
you press @kbd{m C} to turn recomputation back on.  (While automatic
recomputation is off, you can think of @kbd{m C m C} as a command
to update all @samp{=>} operators while leaving recomputation off.)

A common technique is to set the simplification mode down to the lowest
amount of simplification you will allow to be applied automatically, then
use manual commands like @kbd{a s} and @kbd{c c} (@code{calc-clean}) to
perform higher types of simplifications on demand.  @xref{Algebraic
Definitions}, for another sample use of no-simplification mode.

@node Declarations, Display Modes, Simplification Modes, Mode Settings
@section Declarations

@noindent

but the terms in @samp{x y} will never be exchanged if both @code{x}
and @code{y} are known to be vectors or matrices.  (Calc currently
never distinguishes between @code{vector} and @code{matrix}
declarations.)

@xref{Matrix Mode}, for a discussion of ``matrix mode'' and
``scalar mode,'' which are similar to declaring @samp{[All, matrix]}
or @samp{[All, scalar]} but much more convenient.

One more type symbol that is recognized is used with the @kbd{H a d}
command for taking total derivatives of a formula.  @xref{Calculus}.

@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex dscalar
The @code{dscalar} function returns 1 if its argument is provably
scalar, or 0 if its argument is provably non-scalar.  It is left
unevaluated if this cannot be determined.  (If matrix mode or scalar
mode are in effect, this function returns 1 or 0, respectively,
if it has no other information.)  When Calc interprets a condition
(say, in a rewrite rule) it considers an unevaluated formula to be
``false.''  Thus, @samp{dscalar(a)} is ``true'' only if @code{a} is
provably scalar, and @samp{!dscalar(a)} is ``true'' only if @code{a}
is provably non-scalar; both are ``false'' if there is insufficient

@pindex calc-group-digits
@cindex Grouping digits
@cindex Digit grouping
Long numbers can be hard to read if they have too many digits.  For
example, the factorial of 30 is 33 digits long!  Press @kbd{d g}
(@code{calc-group-digits}) to enable @dfn{grouping} mode, in which digits
are displayed in clumps of 3 or 4 (depending on the current radix)
separated by commas.

The @kbd{d g} command toggles grouping on and off.
With a numerix prefix of 0, this command displays the current state of

@kindex d >
@pindex calc-right-justify
Values on the stack are normally left-justified in the window.  You can
control this arrangement by typing @kbd{d <} (@code{calc-left-justify}),
@kbd{d >} (@code{calc-right-justify}), or @kbd{d =}
(@code{calc-center-justify}).  For example, in right-justification mode,
stack entries are displayed flush-right against the right edge of the
window.

If you change the width of the Calculator window you may have to type
@kbd{d @key{SPC}} (@code{calc-refresh}) to re-align right-justified or centered

Language Modes}).  For reference, the precise rules for formatting and
breaking lines are given below.  Notice that the interaction between
origin and line width is slightly different in each justification
mode.

In left-justified mode, the line is indented by a number of spaces
given by the origin (default zero).  If the result is longer than the
maximum line width, if given, or too wide to fit in the Calc window
otherwise, then it is broken into lines which will fit; each broken
line is indented to the origin.

In right-justified mode, lines are shifted right so that the rightmost
character is just before the origin, or just before the current
window width if no origin was specified.  If the line is too long
for this, then it is broken; the current line width is used, if
specified, or else the origin is used as a width if that is
specified, or else the line is broken to fit in the window.

In centering mode, the origin is the column number of the center of
each stack entry.  If a line width is specified, lines will not be
allowed to go past that width; Calc will either indent less or
break the lines if necessary.  If no origin is specified, half the
line width or Calc window width is used.

@kindex d @}
@pindex calc-right-label
The @kbd{d @}} (@code{calc-right-label}) command similarly adds a
label on the righthand side.  It does not affect positioning of
the stack entries unless they are right-justified.  Also, if both
a line width and an origin are given in right-justified mode, the
stack entry is justified to the origin and the righthand label is
justified to the line width.

One application of labels would be to add equation numbers to
formulas you are manipulating in Calc and then copying into a
document (possibly using Embedded Mode).  The equations would
typically be centered, and the equation numbers would be on the
left or right as you prefer.

@node Language Modes, Modes Variable, Display Modes, Mode Settings
@section Language Modes

@end example

@noindent
in place of @samp{sqrt((a+1)/b + c^2)}.

Subscripts like @samp{a_i} are displayed as actual subscripts in ``big''
mode.  Double subscripts, @samp{a_i_j} (@samp{subscr(subscr(a, i), j)})
are displayed as @samp{a} with subscripts separated by commas:
@samp{i, j}.  They must still be entered in the usual underscore
notation.

In C mode, vectors and matrices use curly braces instead of brackets.
Octal and hexadecimal values are written with leading @samp{0} or @samp{0x}
rather than using the @samp{#} symbol.  Array subscripting is
translated into @code{subscr} calls, so that @samp{a[i]} in C
mode is the same as @samp{a_i} in normal mode.  Assignments
turn into the @code{assign} function, which Calc normally displays
using the @samp{:=} symbol.

The variables @code{var-pi} and @code{var-e} would be displayed @samp{pi}
and @samp{e} in normal mode, but in C mode they are displayed as
@samp{M_PI} and @samp{M_E}, corresponding to the names of constants
typically provided in the @file{<math.h>} header.  Functions whose
names are different in C are translated automatically for entry and
display purposes.  For example, entering @samp{asin(x)} will push the
formula @samp{arcsin(x)} onto the stack; this formula will be displayed

vector (or unless @code{a} happens to be the name of a built-in
function!).

Underscores are allowed in variable and function names in all of these
language modes.  The underscore here is equivalent to the @samp{#} in
normal mode, or to hyphens in the underlying Emacs Lisp variable names.

FORTRAN and Pascal modes normally do not adjust the case of letters in
formulas.  Most built-in Calc names use lower-case letters.  If you use a
positive numeric prefix argument with @kbd{d P} or @kbd{d F}, these
modes will use upper-case letters exclusively for display, and will

@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex choriz
The @code{choriz} function takes a vector of objects and composes
them horizontally.  For example, @samp{choriz([17, a b/c, d])} formats
as @w{@samp{17a b / cd}} in normal language mode, or as

@example
@group
  a b
17---d

@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex cwidth
The @code{cwidth} function measures the width, in characters, of a
composition.  For example, @samp{cwidth(a + b)} is 5, and
@samp{cwidth(a / b)} is 5 in normal mode, 1 in Big mode, and 11 in
@TeX{} mode (for @samp{@{a \over b@}}).  The argument may involve
the composition functions described in this section.

@ignore
@starindex

@kindex Z S
@pindex calc-edit-user-syntax
The @kbd{Z S} (@code{calc-edit-user-syntax}) command edits the
syntax table for the current language mode.  If you want your
syntax to work in any language, define it in the normal language
mode.  Type @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing the syntax table, or
@kbd{M-# x} to cancel the edit.  The @kbd{m m} command saves all
the syntax tables along with the other mode settings;
@pxref{General Mode Commands}.

zero or more expressions separated by commas, and @samp{)}.''

A @dfn{syntax table} is a list of user-defined @dfn{syntax rules},
which allow you to specify new patterns to define your own
favorite input notations.  Calc's parser always checks the syntax
table for the current language mode, then the table for the normal
language mode, before it uses its built-in rules to parse an
algebraic formula you have entered.  Each syntax rule should go on
its own line; it consists of a @dfn{pattern}, a @samp{:=} symbol,
and a Calc formula with an optional @dfn{condition}.  (Syntax rules
resemble algebraic rewrite rules, but the notation for patterns is

This is another way to implement the Maple mode @code{sum} notation.
In this approach, we allow @samp{#2} to equal the whole expression
@samp{i=1..10}.  Then, we use @code{matches} to break it apart into
its components.  If the expression turns out not to match the pattern,
the syntax rule will fail.  Note that @kbd{Z S} always uses Calc's
normal language mode for editing expressions in syntax rules, so we
must use regular Calc notation for the interval @samp{[b..c]} that
will correspond to the Maple mode interval @samp{1..10}.

@node Modes Variable, Calc Mode Line, Language Modes, Mode Settings
@section The @code{Modes} Variable

@item
Polar mode.  Value is 0 (rectangular) or 1 (polar); default is 0.
Command is @kbd{m p}.

@item
Matrix/scalar mode.  Default value is @mathit{-1}.  Value is 0 for scalar
mode, @mathit{-2} for matrix mode, or @var{N} for 
@texline @math{N\times N}
@infoline @var{N}x@var{N} 
matrix mode.  Command is @kbd{m v}.

@item
Simplification mode.  Default is 1.  Value is @mathit{-1} for off (@kbd{m O}),
0 for @kbd{m N}, 2 for @kbd{m B}, 3 for @kbd{m A}, 4 for @kbd{m E},
or 5 for @w{@kbd{m U}}.  The @kbd{m D} command accepts these prefixes.

@noindent
@cindex Mode line indicators
This section is a summary of all symbols that can appear on the
Calc mode line, the highlighted bar that appears under the Calc
stack window (or under an editing window in Embedded Mode).

The basic mode line format is:

@example
--%%-Calc: 12 Deg @var{other modes}       (Calculator)

The @samp{%%} is the Emacs symbol for ``read-only''; it shows that
regular Emacs commands are not allowed to edit the stack buffer
as if it were text.

The word @samp{Calc:} changes to @samp{CalcEmbed:} if Embedded Mode
is enabled.  The words after this describe the various Calc modes
that are in effect.

The first mode is always the current precision, an integer.
The second mode is always the angular mode, either @code{Deg},

@item Matrix
Matrix mode (@kbd{m v}; @pxref{Matrix Mode}).

@item Matrix@var{n}
Dimensioned matrix mode (@kbd{C-u @var{n} m v}).

@item Scalar
Scalar mode (@kbd{m v}; @pxref{Matrix Mode}).

@item Polar

@item Inf
Infinite mode (@kbd{m i}; @pxref{Infinite Mode}).

@item +Inf
Positive infinite mode (@kbd{C-u 0 m i}).

@item NoSimp
Default simplifications off (@kbd{m O}; @pxref{Simplification Modes}).

@item NumSimp

safest assumption.  @xref{Reducing and Mapping}, for a way to add @samp{x}
to every element of a vector.

If either argument of @kbd{+} is a complex number, the result will in general
be complex.  If one argument is in rectangular form and the other polar,
the current Polar Mode determines the form of the result.  If Symbolic
Mode is enabled, the sum may be left as a formula if the necessary
conversions for polar addition are non-trivial.

If both arguments of @kbd{+} are HMS forms, the forms are added according to
the usual conventions of hours-minutes-seconds notation.  If one argument
is an HMS form and the other is a number, that number is converted from
degrees or radians (depending on the current Angular Mode) to HMS format
and then the two HMS forms are added.

If one argument of @kbd{+} is a date form, the other can be either a
real number, which advances the date by a certain number of days, or
an HMS form, which advances the date by a certain amount of time.

@kindex :
@pindex calc-fdiv
@tindex fdiv
The @kbd{:} (@code{calc-fdiv}) command [@code{fdiv} function in a formula]
divides the two integers on the top of the stack to produce a fractional
result.  This is a convenient shorthand for enabling Fraction Mode (with
@kbd{m f}) temporarily and using @samp{/}.  Note that during numeric entry
the @kbd{:} key is interpreted as a fraction separator, so to divide 8 by 6
you would have to type @kbd{8 @key{RET} 6 @key{RET} :}.  (Of course, in
this case, it would be much easier simply to enter the fraction directly
as @kbd{8:6 @key{RET}}!)

@kindex Q
@pindex calc-sqrt
@tindex sqrt
The @kbd{Q} (@code{calc-sqrt}) [@code{sqrt}] command computes the square
root of a number.  For a negative real argument, the result will be a
complex number whose form is determined by the current Polar Mode.

@kindex f h
@pindex calc-hypot
@tindex hypot
The @kbd{f h} (@code{calc-hypot}) [@code{hypot}] command computes the square

@tindex scf
The @kbd{f S} (@code{calc-scale-float}) [@code{scf}] function scales a number
by a given power of ten.  Thus, @samp{scf(mant(x), xpon(x)) = x} for any
real @samp{x}.  The second argument must be an integer, but the first
may actually be any numeric value.  For example, @samp{scf(5,-2) = 0.05}
or @samp{1:20} depending on the current Fraction Mode.

@kindex f [
@kindex f ]
@pindex calc-decrement
@pindex calc-increment

@pindex calc-imaginary
The @code{calc-imaginary} command multiplies the number on the
top of the stack by the imaginary number @expr{i = (0,1)}.  This
command is not normally bound to a key in Calc, but it is available
on the @key{IMAG} button in Keypad Mode.

@kindex f r
@pindex calc-re
@tindex re
The @kbd{f r} (@code{calc-re}) [@code{re}] command replaces a complex number

formulas below for symbolic arguments only when you use the @kbd{a "}
(@code{calc-expand-formula}) command, or when taking derivatives or
integrals or solving equations involving the functions.

@ifinfo
These formulas are shown using the conventions of ``Big'' display
mode (@kbd{d B}); for example, the formula for @code{fv} written
linearly is @samp{pmt * ((1 + rate)^n) - 1) / rate}.

@example
                                        n

to any base.  For example, @kbd{1024 @key{RET} 2 B} produces 10, since
@texline @math{2^{10} = 1024}.
@infoline @expr{2^10 = 1024}.  
In certain cases like @samp{log(3,9)}, the result
will be either @expr{1:2} or @expr{0.5} depending on the current Fraction
Mode setting.  With the Inverse flag [@code{alog}], this command is
similar to @kbd{^} except that the order of the arguments is reversed.

@kindex f I
@pindex calc-ilog
@tindex ilog

of the current angular mode.  @xref{Basic Operations on Units}.

Also, the symbolic variable @code{pi} is not ordinarily recognized in
arguments to trigonometric functions, as in @samp{sin(3 pi / 4)}, but
the @kbd{a s} (@code{calc-simplify}) command recognizes many such
formulas when the current angular mode is radians @emph{and} symbolic
mode is enabled; this example would be replaced by @samp{sqrt(2) / 2}.
@xref{Symbolic Mode}.  Beware, this simplification occurs even if you
have stored a different value in the variable @samp{pi}; this is one
reason why changing built-in variables is a bad idea.  Arguments of
the form @expr{x} plus a multiple of @cpiover{2} are also simplified.
Calc includes similar formulas for @code{cos} and @code{tan}.

The @kbd{a s} command knows all angles which are integer multiples of
@cpiover{12}, @cpiover{10}, or @cpiover{8} radians.  In degrees mode,
analogous simplifications occur for integer multiples of 15 or 18
degrees, and for arguments plus multiples of 90 degrees.

@kindex I S
@pindex calc-arcsin

For @samp{arctanh(z)}:  This is defined by @samp{(ln(1+z) - ln(1-z)) / 2}.
The branch cuts are on the real axis, less than @mathit{-1} and greater than 1.

The following tables for @code{arcsin}, @code{arccos}, and
@code{arctan} assume the current angular mode is radians.  The
hyperbolic functions operate independently of the angular mode.

@smallexample
       z             arcsin(z)            arccos(z)
-------------------------------------------------------

Note that the prefix argument can have an effect even when the input is
not a vector.  For example, if the input is the number @mathit{-5}, then
@kbd{c-u -1 v u} yields @mathit{-5} and 0 (the components of @mathit{-5}
when viewed as a rectangular complex number); @kbd{C-u -2 v u} yields 5
and 180 (assuming degrees mode); and @kbd{C-u -10 v u} yields @mathit{-5}
and 1 (the numerator and denominator of @mathit{-5}, viewed as a rational
number).  Plain @kbd{v u} with this input would complain that the input
is not a composite object.

Unpacking mode @mathit{-11} converts a float into an integer mantissa and

identity matrix of unknown size.  Calc can operate algebraically on
such generic identity matrices, and if one is combined with a matrix
whose size is known, it is converted automatically to an identity
matrix of a suitable matching size.  The @kbd{v i} command with an
argument of zero creates a generic identity matrix, @samp{idn(1)}.
Note that in dimensioned matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), generic
identity matrices are immediately expanded to the current default
dimensions.

@kindex v x
@pindex calc-index

@xref{Editing Stack Entries}, to see how to manipulate formulas
using regular Emacs editing commands.

When doing algebraic work, you may find several of the Calculator's
modes to be helpful, including algebraic-simplification mode (@kbd{m A})
or no-simplification mode (@kbd{m O}),
algebraic-entry mode (@kbd{m a}), fraction mode (@kbd{m f}), and
symbolic mode (@kbd{m s}).  @xref{Mode Settings}, for discussions
of these modes.  You may also wish to select ``big'' display mode (@kbd{d B}).
@xref{Normal Language Modes}.

@menu
* Selecting Subformulas::
* Algebraic Manipulation::

To select a sub-formula, move the Emacs cursor to any character in that
sub-formula, and press @w{@kbd{j s}} (@code{calc-select-here}).  Calc will
highlight the smallest portion of the formula that contains that
character.  By default the sub-formula is highlighted by blanking out
all of the rest of the formula with dots.  Selection works in any
display mode but is perhaps easiest in ``big'' (@kbd{d B}) mode.
Suppose you enter the following formula:

@smallexample
@group
           3    ___

@noindent
Every character not part of the sub-formula @samp{b} has been changed
to a dot.  The @samp{*} next to the line number is to remind you that
the formula has a portion of it selected.  (In this case, it's very
obvious, but it might not always be.  If Embedded Mode is enabled,
the word @samp{Sel} also appears in the mode line because the stack
may not be visible.  @pxref{Embedded Mode}.)

If you had instead placed the cursor on the parenthesis immediately to
the right of the @samp{b}, the selection would have been:

It is often more convenient to type @kbd{=}, which is like @kbd{a v}
but which also substitutes stored values for variables in the formula.
Use @kbd{a v} if you want the variables to ignore their stored values.

If you give a numeric prefix argument of 2 to @kbd{a v}, it simplifies
as if in algebraic simplification mode.  This is equivalent to typing
@kbd{a s}; @pxref{Simplifying Formulas}.  If you give a numeric prefix
of 3 or more, it uses extended simplification mode (@kbd{a e}).

If you give a negative prefix argument @mathit{-1}, @mathit{-2}, or @mathit{-3},
it simplifies in the corresponding mode but only works on the top-level
function call of the formula.  For example, @samp{(2 + 3) * (2 + 3)} will
simplify to @samp{(2 + 3)^2}, without simplifying the sub-formulas
@samp{2 + 3}.  As another example, typing @kbd{V R +} to sum the vector
@samp{[1, 2, 3, 4]} produces the formula @samp{reduce(add, [1, 2, 3, 4])}
in no-simplify mode.  Using @kbd{a v} will evaluate this all the way to
10; using @kbd{C-u - a v} will evaluate it only to @samp{1 + 2 + 3 + 4}.
(@xref{Reducing and Mapping}.)

@tindex evalv
@tindex evalvn
The @kbd{=} command corresponds to the @code{evalv} function, and
the related @kbd{N} command, which is like @kbd{=} but temporarily
disables symbolic (@kbd{m s}) mode during the evaluation, corresponds
to the @code{evalvn} function.  (These commands interpret their prefix
arguments differently than @kbd{a v}; @kbd{=} treats the prefix as
the number of stack elements to evaluate at once, and @kbd{N} treats
it as a temporary different working precision.)

For example, @expr{2 + 3} is evaluated to @expr{5}, and @expr{@t{sqrt}(9)}
is evaluated to @expr{3}.  Evaluation does not occur if the arguments
to a function are somehow of the wrong type @expr{@t{tan}([2,3,4])}),
range (@expr{@t{tan}(90)}), or number (@expr{@t{tan}(3,5)}), 
or if the function name is not recognized (@expr{@t{f}(5)}), or if
``symbolic'' mode (@pxref{Symbolic Mode}) prevents evaluation
(@expr{@t{sqrt}(2)}).

Calc simplifies (evaluates) the arguments to a function before it
simplifies the function itself.  Thus @expr{@t{sqrt}(5+4)} is
simplified to @expr{@t{sqrt}(9)} before the @code{sqrt} function

@end tex

The products @expr{1 a} and @expr{a 1} are simplified to @expr{a};
@expr{(-1) a} and @expr{a (-1)} are simplified to @expr{-a};
@expr{0 a} and @expr{a 0} are simplified to @expr{0}, except that
in matrix mode where @expr{a} is not provably scalar the result
is the generic zero matrix @samp{idn(0)}, and that if @expr{a} is
infinite the result is @samp{nan}.

Also, @expr{(-a) b} and @expr{a (-b)} are simplified to @expr{-(a b)},
where this occurs for negated formulas but not for regular negative

where @expr{a} is a number, or an implicit 1 (as in @expr{x}),
or the implicit one-half of @expr{@t{sqrt}(x)}, and similarly for
@expr{b}.  The result is written using @samp{sqrt} or @samp{1/sqrt}
if the sum of the powers is @expr{1/2} or @expr{-1/2}, respectively.
If the sum of the powers is zero, the product is simplified to
@expr{1} or to @samp{idn(1)} if matrix mode is enabled.

The product of a negative power times anything but another negative
power is changed to use division:  
@texline @math{x^{-2} y}
@infoline @expr{x^(-2) y} 
goes to @expr{y / x^2} unless matrix mode is
in effect and neither @expr{x} nor @expr{y} are scalar (in which
case it is considered unsafe to rearrange the order of the terms).

Finally, @expr{a (b/c)} is rewritten to @expr{(a b)/c}, and also
@expr{(a/b) c} is changed to @expr{(a c)/b} unless in matrix mode.

@tex
\bigskip
@end tex

@infoline @expr{b^(-c)} 
for any power @expr{c}.

Also, @expr{(-a) / b} and @expr{a / (-b)} go to @expr{-(a/b)};
@expr{(a/b) / c} goes to @expr{a / (b c)}; and @expr{a / (b/c)}
goes to @expr{(a c) / b} unless matrix mode prevents this
rearrangement.  Similarly, @expr{a / (b:c)} is simplified to
@expr{(c:b) a} for any fraction @expr{b:c}.

The distributive law is applied to @expr{(a + b) / c} only if
@expr{c} and at least one of @expr{a} and @expr{b} are numbers.

@tex
\bigskip
@end tex

The formula @expr{x^0} is simplified to @expr{1}, or to @samp{idn(1)}
in matrix mode.  The formula @expr{0^x} is simplified to @expr{0}
unless @expr{x} is a negative number or complex number, in which
case the result is an infinity or an unsimplified formula according
to the current infinite mode.  Note that @expr{0^0} is an
indeterminate form, as evidenced by the fact that the simplifications
for @expr{x^0} and @expr{0^x} conflict when @expr{x=0}.

The canonical ordering used to sort terms of products has the
property that real-valued numbers, interval forms and infinities
come first, and are sorted into increasing order.  The @kbd{V S}
command uses the same ordering when sorting a vector.

Sorting of terms of products is inhibited when matrix mode is
turned on; in this case, Calc will never exchange the order of
two terms unless it knows at least one of the terms is a scalar.

Products of powers are distributed by comparing all pairs of
terms, using the same method that the default simplifications

With a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, this command computes the
@var{n}th derivative.

When working with trigonometric functions, it is best to switch to
radians mode first (with @w{@kbd{m r}}).  The derivative of @samp{sin(x)}
in degrees is @samp{(pi/180) cos(x)}, probably not the expected
answer!

If you use the @code{deriv} function directly in an algebraic formula,
you can write @samp{deriv(f,x,x0)} which represents the derivative

@infoline @expr{pi i / 2},
due to a different choice of constant of integration.

The Calculator remembers all the integrals it has done.  If conditions
change in a way that would invalidate the old integrals, say, a switch
from degrees to radians mode, then they will be thrown out.  If you
suspect this is not happening when it should, use the
@code{calc-flush-caches} command; @pxref{Caches}.

@vindex IntegLimit
Calc normally will pursue integration by substitution or integration by

can be:  @expr{x^6 + x^3 + 1} is converted to @expr{(x^3)^2 + (x^3) + 1},
which can be solved for @expr{x^3} using the quadratic equation, and then
for @expr{x} by taking cube roots.  But in many cases, like
@expr{x^6 + x + 1}, Calc does not know how to rewrite the polynomial
into a form it can solve.  The @kbd{a P} command can still deliver a
list of numerical roots, however, provided that symbolic mode (@kbd{m s})
is not turned on.  (If you work with symbolic mode on, recall that the
@kbd{N} (@code{calc-eval-num}) key is a handy way to reevaluate the
formula on the stack with symbolic mode temporarily off.)  Naturally,
@kbd{a P} can only provide numerical roots if the polynomial coefficients
are all numbers (real or complex).

@node Solving Systems of Equations, Decomposing Polynomials, Multiple Solutions, Solving Equations
@subsection Solving Systems of Equations

Note that since the constant and linear terms are enough to fit the
data exactly, it's no surprise that Calc chose a tiny contribution
for @expr{x^2}.  (The fact that it's not exactly zero is due only
to roundoff error.  Since our data are exact integers, we could get
an exact answer by typing @kbd{m f} first to get fraction mode.
Then the @expr{x^2} term would vanish altogether.  Usually, though,
the data being fitted will be approximate floats so fraction mode
won't help.)

Doing the @kbd{a F 2} fit on the data set with 14 instead of 13
gives a much larger @expr{x^2} contribution, as Calc bends the
line slightly to improve the fit.

The actual coefficients we get with a precision of 12, like
@expr{0.0416666663588}, clearly suffer from loss of precision.
It is a good idea to increase the working precision to several
digits beyond what you need when you do a fitting operation.
Or, if your data are exact, use fraction mode to get exact
results.

You can type @kbd{i} instead of a digit at the model prompt to fit
the data exactly to a polynomial.  This just counts the number of
columns of the data matrix to choose the degree of the polynomial

four terms with @samp{a} matching the remainder.  Half-and-half matches,
like @samp{(x + y) + (z - w)}, are not tried.

Note that @samp{*} is not commutative when applied to matrices, but
rewrite rules pretend that it is.  If you type @kbd{m v} to enable
matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), rewrite rules will match @samp{*}
literally, ignoring its usual commutativity property.  (In the
current implementation, the associativity also vanishes---it is as
if the pattern had been enclosed in a @code{plain} marker; see below.)
If you are applying rewrites to formulas with matrices, it's best to
enable matrix mode first to prevent algebraically incorrect rewrites
from occurring.

The pattern @samp{-x} will actually match any expression.  For example,
the rule

You must use @code{apply} for meta-variables with function names
on both sides of a rewrite rule:  @samp{apply(f, [x]) := f(x+1)}
is @emph{not} correct, because it rewrites @samp{spam(6)} into
@samp{f(7)}.  The righthand side should be @samp{apply(f, [x+1])}.
Also note that you will have to use no-simplify (@kbd{m O})
mode when entering this rule so that the @code{apply} isn't
evaluated immediately to get the new rule @samp{f(x) := f(x+1)}.
Or, use @kbd{s e} to enter the rule without going through the stack,
or enter the rule as @samp{apply(f, [x]) := apply(f, [x+1]) @w{:: 1}}.
@xref{Conditional Rewrite Rules}.

To apply these manually, you could put them in a variable called
@code{trigexp} and then use @kbd{a r trigexp} every time you wanted
to expand trig functions.  But if instead you store them in the
variable @code{EvalRules}, they will automatically be applied to all
sines and cosines of sums.  Then, with @samp{2 x} and @samp{45} on
the stack, typing @kbd{+ S} will (assuming degrees mode) result in
@samp{0.7071 sin(2 x) + 0.7071 cos(2 x)} automatically.

As each level of a formula is evaluated, the rules from
@code{EvalRules} are applied before the default simplifications.
Rewriting continues until no further @code{EvalRules} apply.

functions.  For example, when you take the absolute value of the complex
number @expr{(2, 3)}, Calc computes @samp{sqrt(2*2 + 3*3)} by calling
the multiplication, addition, and square root functions directly rather
than applying the default simplifications to this formula.  So an
@code{EvalRules} rule that (perversely) rewrites @samp{sqrt(13) := 6}
would not apply.  (However, if you put Calc into symbolic mode so that
@samp{sqrt(13)} will be left in symbolic form by the built-in square
root function, your rule will be able to apply.  But if the complex
number were @expr{(3,4)}, so that @samp{sqrt(25)} must be calculated,
then symbolic mode will not help because @samp{sqrt(25)} can be
evaluated exactly to 5.)

One subtle restriction that normally only manifests itself with
@code{EvalRules} is that while a given rewrite rule is in the process
of being checked, that same rule cannot be recursively applied.  Calc

A surprisingly useful rewrite rule is @samp{a/(b-c) := a*(b+c)/(b^2-c^2)}.
This will simplify the formula whenever @expr{b} and/or @expr{c} can
be made simpler by squaring.  For example, applying this rule to
@samp{2 / (sqrt(2) + 3)} yields @samp{6:7 - 2:7 sqrt(2)} (assuming
Symbolic Mode has been enabled to keep the square root from being
evaluated to a floating-point approximation).  This rule is also
useful when working with symbolic complex numbers, e.g.,
@samp{(a + b i) / (c + d i)}.

As another example, we could define our own ``triangular numbers'' function

it will be removed by the Calculator's automatic algebra routines:  The
formula @samp{1 mm} is ``simplified'' to @samp{mm}.  This is only a
display anomaly, however; @samp{mm} will work just fine as a
representation of one millimeter.

You may find that Algebraic Mode (@pxref{Algebraic Entry}) makes working
with units expressions easier.  Otherwise, you will have to remember
to hit the apostrophe key every time you wish to enter units.

@kindex u s
@pindex calc-simplify-units

All current modes apply when an @samp{=>} operator is computed,
including the current simplification mode.  Recall that the
formula @samp{x + y + x} is not handled by Calc's default
simplifications, but the @kbd{a s} command will reduce it to
the simpler form @samp{y + 2 x}.  You can also type @kbd{m A}
to enable an algebraic-simplification mode in which the
equivalent of @kbd{a s} is used on all of Calc's results.
If you enter @samp{x + y + x =>} normally, the result will
be @samp{x + y + x => x + y + x}.  If you change to
algebraic-simplification mode, the result will be
@samp{x + y + x => y + 2 x}.  However, just pressing @kbd{a s}
once will have no effect on @samp{x + y + x => x + y + x},
because the righthand side depends only on the lefthand side
and the current mode settings, and the lefthand side is not
affected by commands like @kbd{a s}.

@kindex s :
@pindex calc-assign
@tindex assign
@tindex :=
Embedded Mode also uses @samp{=>} operators.  In embedded mode,
the lefthand side of an @samp{=>} operator can refer to variables
assigned elsewhere in the file by @samp{:=} operators.  The
assignment operator @samp{a := 17} does not actually do anything
by itself.  But Embedded Mode recognizes it and marks it as a sort
of file-local definition of the variable.  You can enter @samp{:=}
operators in algebraic mode, or by using the @kbd{s :}
(@code{calc-assign}) [@code{assign}] command which takes a variable
and value from the stack and replaces them with an assignment.

@xref{TeX Language Mode}, for the way @samp{=>} appears in
@TeX{} language output.  The @dfn{eqn} mode gives similar

@noindent
The commands in this chapter move information between the Calculator and
other Emacs editing buffers.

In many cases Embedded Mode is an easier and more natural way to
work with Calc from a regular editing buffer.  @xref{Embedded Mode}.

@menu
* Killing From Stack::
* Yanking Into Stack::

whole line.  So you can usually transfer a single number into Calc
just by double-clicking on it in the shell, then middle-clicking
in the Calc window.

@node Keypad Mode, Embedded Mode, Kill and Yank, Introduction
@chapter ``Keypad'' Mode

@noindent
@kindex M-# k
@pindex calc-keypad
The @kbd{M-# k} (@code{calc-keypad}) command starts the Calculator
and displays a picture of a calculator-style keypad.  If you are using
the X window system, you can click on any of the ``keys'' in the
keypad using the left mouse button to operate the calculator.
The original window remains the selected window; in keypad mode
you can type in your file while simultaneously performing
calculations with the mouse.

@pindex full-calc-keypad
If you have used @kbd{M-# b} first, @kbd{M-# k} instead invokes

If you aren't using the X window system, you must switch into
the @samp{*Calc Keypad*} window, place the cursor on the desired
``key,'' and type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}.  If you think this
is easier than using Calc normally, go right ahead.

Calc commands are more or less the same in keypad mode.  Certain
keypad keys differ slightly from the corresponding normal Calc
keystrokes; all such deviations are described below.

Keypad Mode includes many more commands than will fit on the keypad
at once.  Click the right mouse button [@code{calc-keypad-menu}]
to switch to the next menu.  The bottom five rows of the keypad
stay the same; the top three rows change to a new set of commands.
To return to earlier menus, click the middle mouse button
[@code{calc-keypad-menu-back}] or simply advance through the menus

|-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
This is the menu that appears the first time you start Keypad Mode.
It will show up in a vertical window on the right side of your screen.
Above this menu is the traditional Calc stack display.  On a 24-line
screen you will be able to see the top three stack entries.

The ten digit keys, decimal point, and @key{EEX} key are used for

numeric entry it changes the sign of the number or of the exponent.
At other times it changes the sign of the number on the top of the
stack.

The @key{INV} and @key{HYP} keys modify other keys.  As well as
having the effects described elsewhere in this manual, Keypad Mode
defines several other ``inverse'' operations.  These are described
below and in the following sections.

The @key{ENTER} key finishes the current numeric entry, or otherwise
duplicates the top entry on the stack.

The @key{EXEC} key prompts you to enter any keystroke sequence
that would normally work in Calc mode.  This can include a
numeric prefix if you wish.  It is also possible simply to
switch into the Calc window and type commands in it; there is
nothing ``magic'' about this window when Keypad Mode is active.

The other keys in this display perform their obvious calculator
functions.  @key{CLN2} rounds the top-of-stack by temporarily
reducing the precision by 2 digits.  @key{FLT} converts an
integer or fraction on the top of the stack to floating-point.

The @key{OVER} key duplicates the second-to-top stack element.

The @key{STO} and @key{RCL} keys are analogous to @kbd{s t} and
@kbd{s r} in regular Calc.  @xref{Store and Recall}.  Click the
@key{STO} or @key{RCL} key, then one of the ten digits.  (Named
variables are not available in Keypad Mode.)  You can also use,
for example, @kbd{STO + 3} to add to register 3.

@node Embedded Mode, Programming, Keypad Mode, Top
@chapter Embedded Mode

@noindent
Embedded Mode in Calc provides an alternative to copying numbers
and formulas back and forth between editing buffers and the Calc
stack.  In Embedded Mode, your editing buffer becomes temporarily
linked to the stack and this copying is taken care of automatically.

@menu
* Basic Embedded Mode::
* More About Embedded Mode::

like most Calc commands, but rather in regular editing buffers that
are visiting your own files.

Calc normally scans backward and forward in the buffer for the
nearest opening and closing @dfn{formula delimiters}.  The simplest
delimiters are blank lines.  Other delimiters that Embedded Mode
understands are:

@enumerate
@item
The @TeX{} and La@TeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},

@node Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Customizing Embedded Mode, Assignments in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Mode Settings in Embedded Mode

@noindent
Embedded Mode has a rather complicated mechanism for handling mode
settings in Embedded formulas.  It is possible to put annotations
in the file that specify mode settings either global to the entire
file or local to a particular formula or formulas.  In the latter
case, different modes can be specified for use when a formula
is the enabled Embedded Mode formula.

When you give any mode-setting command, like @kbd{m f} (for fraction
mode) or @kbd{d s} (for scientific notation), Embedded Mode adds
a line like the following one to the file just before the opening
delimiter of the formula.

@example
% [calc-mode: fractions: t]

second parts are ignored.  The third part is not checked to make
sure the value is of a legal type or range; if you write an
annotation by hand, be sure to give a proper value or results
will be unpredictable.  Mode-setting annotations are case-sensitive.

While Embedded Mode is enabled, the word @code{Local} appears in
the mode line.  This is to show that mode setting commands generate
annotations that are ``local'' to the current formula or set of
formulas.  The @kbd{m R} (@code{calc-mode-record-mode}) command
causes Calc to generate different kinds of annotations.  Pressing
@kbd{m R} repeatedly cycles through the possible modes.

% [calc-edit-mode: float-format: (sci 0)]
% [calc-perm-mode: float-format: (sci 5)]
@end example

The first kind of annotation will be used only while a formula
is enabled in Embedded Mode.  The second kind will be used only
when the formula is @emph{not} enabled.  (Whether the formula
is ``active'' or not, i.e., whether Calc has seen this formula
yet, is not relevant here.)

@code{Global} mode generates an annotation like this at the end

We would have to go down to the other formula and press @kbd{M-# u}
on it in order to get it to notice the new annotation.

Two more mode-recording modes selectable by @kbd{m R} are @code{Save}
(which works even outside of Embedded Mode), in which mode settings
are recorded permanently in your Emacs startup file @file{~/.emacs}
rather than by annotating the current document, and no-recording
mode (where there is no symbol like @code{Save} or @code{Local} in
the mode line), in which mode-changing commands do not leave any
annotations at all.

When Embedded Mode is not enabled, mode-recording modes except
for @code{Save} have no effect.

@node Customizing Embedded Mode, , Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Customizing Embedded Mode

@noindent
You can modify Embedded Mode's behavior by setting various Lisp
variables described here.  Use @kbd{M-x set-variable} or
@kbd{M-x edit-options} to adjust a variable on the fly, or
put a suitable @code{setq} statement in your @file{~/.emacs}
file to set a variable permanently.  (Another possibility would
be to use a file-local variable annotation at the end of the
file; @pxref{File Variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, the
Emacs manual}.)

While none of these variables will be buffer-local by default, you
can make any of them local to any embedded-mode buffer.  (Their
values in the @samp{*Calculator*} buffer are never used.)

@vindex calc-embedded-open-formula
The @code{calc-embedded-open-formula} variable holds a regular
expression for the opening delimiter of a formula.  @xref{Regexp Search,

The default string is @code{"%%% "} (note the trailing space).

@vindex calc-embedded-close-plain
The @code{calc-embedded-close-plain} variable is a string which
ends a ``plain'' formula.  The default is @code{" %%%\n"}.  Without
the trailing newline here, the first line of a ``big'' mode formula
that followed might be shifted over with respect to the other lines.

@vindex calc-embedded-open-new-formula
The @code{calc-embedded-open-new-formula} variable is a string
which is inserted at the front of a new formula when you type

@noindent
@cindex Local variables
@cindex Restoring saved modes
Keyboard macros sometimes want to operate under known conditions
without affecting surrounding conditions.  For example, a keyboard
macro may wish to turn on Fraction Mode, or set a particular
precision, independent of the user's normal setting for those
modes.

@kindex Z `
@kindex Z '

for all mode-setting commands inside the macro.

In fact, @kbd{C-u Z `} is like @kbd{Z `} except that it sets the modes
listed above to their default values.  As usual, the matching @kbd{Z '}
will restore the modes to their settings from before the @kbd{C-u Z `}.
Also, @w{@kbd{Z `}} with a negative prefix argument resets algebraic mode
to its default (off) but leaves the other modes the same as they were
outside the construct.

The contents of the stack and trail, values of non-quick variables, and
other settings such as the language mode and the various display modes,

@noindent
If the first argument to @code{calc-eval} is a list whose first
element is a formula string, then @code{calc-eval} sets all the
various Calc modes to their default values while the formula is
evaluated and formatted.  For example, the precision is set to 12
digits, digit grouping is turned off, and the normal language
mode is used.

This same principle applies to the other options discussed below.
If the first argument would normally be @var{x}, then it can also
be the list @samp{(@var{x})} to use the default mode settings.

It's usually best to use this form of @code{calc-eval} unless your
program actually considers the interaction with Calc's mode settings
to be a feature.  This will avoid all sorts of potential ``gotchas'';
consider what happens with @samp{(calc-eval "sqrt(2)" 'num)}
when the user has left Calc in symbolic mode or no-simplify mode.

As another example, @samp{(equal (calc-eval '("$<$$") nil a b) "1")}
checks if the number in string @expr{a} is less than the one in
string @expr{b}.  Without using a list, the integer 1 might
come out in a variety of formats which would be hard to test for

@defun calc-normalize n
This function takes a Calc object and ``normalizes'' it.  At the very
least this involves re-rounding floating-point values according to the
current precision and other similar jobs.  Also, unless the user has
selected no-simplify mode (@pxref{Simplification Modes}), this involves
actually evaluating a formula object by executing the function calls
it contains, and possibly also doing algebraic simplification, etc.
@end defun

@defun calc-top-list-n n m

Lisp error which @code{normalize} will trap.  The net effect is that the
function call which led here will be left in symbolic form.
@end defun

@defun inexact-value
If Symbolic Mode is enabled, this will signal an error that causes
@code{normalize} to leave the formula in symbolic form, with the message
``Inexact result.''  (This function has no effect when not in Symbolic Mode.)
Note that if your function calls @samp{(sin 5)} in Symbolic Mode, the
@code{sin} function will call @code{inexact-value}, which will cause your
function to be left unsimplified.  You may instead wish to call
@samp{(normalize (list 'calcFunc-sin 5))}, which in Symbolic Mode will
return the formula @samp{sin(5)} to your function.
@end defun

@defun overflow
This signals an error that will be reported as a floating-point overflow.

If a function call fails, because the function is void or has the wrong
number of parameters, or because it returns @code{nil} or calls
@code{reject-arg} or @code{inexact-result}, @code{normalize} returns
the formula still in symbolic form.

If the current Simplification Mode is ``none'' or ``numeric arguments
only,'' @code{normalize} will act appropriately.  However, the more
powerful simplification modes (like algebraic simplification) are
not handled by @code{normalize}.  They are handled by @code{calc-normalize},
which calls @code{normalize} and possibly some other routines, such
as @code{simplify} or @code{simplify-units}.  Programs generally will
never call @code{calc-normalize} except when popping or pushing values
on the stack.

@findex quarter-circle
@defun full-circle symb
If the current angular mode is Degrees or HMS, this function returns the
integer 360.  In Radians mode, this function returns either the
corresponding value in radians to the current precision, or the formula
@samp{2*pi}, depending on the Symbolic Mode.  There are also similar
function @code{half-circle} and @code{quarter-circle}.
@end defun

@defun power-of-2 n
Compute two to the integer power @var{n}, as a (potentially very large)

Convert the number @var{a} from radians to the current angular mode.
If @var{a} is a formula, this returns the formula @samp{deg(@var{a})}.
@end defun

@defun to-radians-2 a
Like @code{to-radians}, except that in Symbolic Mode a degrees to
radians conversion yields a formula like @samp{@var{a}*pi/180}.
@end defun

@defun from-radians-2 a
Like @code{from-radians}, except that in Symbolic Mode a radians to
degrees conversion yields a formula like @samp{@var{a}*180/pi}.
@end defun

@defun random-digit
Produce a random base-1000 digit in the range 0 to 999.

58970:3dc0b0b0b0cb

@item
Moving data to and from regular editing buffers.

@item
Embedded mode for manipulating Calc formulas and data directly
inside any editing buffer.

@item
Graphics using GNUPLOT, a versatile (and free) plotting program.

@section Using Calc

@noindent
Calc has several user interfaces that are specialized for
different kinds of tasks.  As well as Calc's standard interface,
there are Quick mode, Keypad mode, and Embedded mode.

@menu
* Starting Calc::
* The Standard Interface::
* Quick Mode Overview::

you will follow @kbd{M-#} with a letter (upper- or lower-case, it
doesn't matter for @kbd{M-#}) that says which Calc interface you
want to use.

To get Calc's standard interface, type @kbd{M-# c}.  To get
Keypad mode, type @kbd{M-# k}.  Type @kbd{M-# ?} to get a brief
list of the available options, and type a second @kbd{?} to get
a complete list.

To ease typing, @kbd{M-# M-#} (or @kbd{M-# #} if that's easier)
also works to start Calc.  It starts the same interface (either

a special function key set up to act like @kbd{M-#}, hitting that
function key twice is just like hitting @kbd{M-# M-#}.)

If @kbd{M-#} doesn't work for you, you can always type explicit
commands like @kbd{M-x calc} (for the standard user interface) or
@w{@kbd{M-x calc-keypad}} (for Keypad mode).  First type @kbd{M-x}
(that's Meta with the letter @kbd{x}), then, at the prompt,
type the full command (like @kbd{calc-keypad}) and press Return.

The same commands (like @kbd{M-# c} or @kbd{M-# M-#}) that start
the Calculator also turn it off if it is already on.

@node Quick Mode Overview, Keypad Mode Overview, The Standard Interface, Using Calc
@subsection Quick Mode (Overview)

@noindent
@dfn{Quick mode} is a quick way to use Calc when you don't need the
full complexity of the stack and trail.  To use it, type @kbd{M-# q}
(@code{quick-calc}) in any regular editing buffer.

Quick mode is very simple:  It prompts you to type any formula in
standard algebraic notation (like @samp{4 - 2/3}) and then displays
the result at the bottom of the Emacs screen (@mathit{3.33333333333}
in this case).  You are then back in the same editing buffer you
were in before, ready to continue editing or to type @kbd{M-# q}
again to do another quick calculation.  The result of the calculation
will also be in the Emacs ``kill ring'' so that a @kbd{C-y} command
at this point will yank the result into your editing buffer.

Calc mode settings affect Quick mode, too, though you will have to
go into regular Calc (with @kbd{M-# c}) to change the mode settings.

@c [fix-ref Quick Calculator mode]
@xref{Quick Calculator}, for further information.

@node Keypad Mode Overview, Standalone Operation, Quick Mode Overview, Using Calc
@subsection Keypad Mode (Overview)

@noindent
@dfn{Keypad mode} is a mouse-based interface to the Calculator.
It is designed for use with terminals that support a mouse.  If you
don't have a mouse, you will have to operate Keypad mode with your
arrow keys (which is probably more trouble than it's worth).

Type @kbd{M-# k} to turn Keypad mode on or off.  Once again you
get two new windows, this time on the righthand side of the screen
instead of at the bottom.  The upper window is the familiar Calc
Stack; the lower window is a picture of a typical calculator keypad.

@tex

                                        |-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|
                                        | OFF |  0  |  .  | PI  |  +  |
                                        |-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
@end smallexample

Keypad mode is much easier for beginners to learn, because there
is no need to memorize lots of obscure key sequences.  But not all
commands in regular Calc are available on the Keypad.  You can
always switch the cursor into the Calc stack window to use
standard Calc commands if you need.  Serious Calc users, though,
often find they prefer the standard interface over Keypad mode.

To operate the Calculator, just click on the ``buttons'' of the
keypad using your left mouse button.  To enter the two numbers
shown here you would click @w{@kbd{1 7 .@: 3 ENTER 5 +/- ENTER}}; to
add them together you would then click @kbd{+} (to get 12.3 on

If you click the right mouse button, the top three rows of the
keypad change to show other sets of commands, such as advanced
math functions, vector operations, and operations on binary
numbers.

Because Keypad mode doesn't use the regular keyboard, Calc leaves
the cursor in your original editing buffer.  You can type in
this buffer in the usual way while also clicking on the Calculator
keypad.  One advantage of Keypad mode is that you don't need an
explicit command to switch between editing and calculating.

If you press @kbd{M-# b} first, you get a full-screen Keypad mode
(@code{full-calc-keypad}) with three windows:  The keypad in the lower
left, the stack in the lower right, and the trail on top.

@c [fix-ref Keypad Mode]
@xref{Keypad Mode}, for further information.

@node Embedded Mode Overview, Other M-# Commands, Standalone Operation, Using Calc
@subsection Embedded Mode (Overview)

@noindent
@dfn{Embedded mode} is a way to use Calc directly from inside an
editing buffer.  Suppose you have a formula written as part of a
document like this:

@smallexample
@group

@end smallexample

@noindent
and you wish to have Calc compute and format the derivative for
you and store this derivative in the buffer automatically.  To
do this with Embedded mode, first copy the formula down to where
you want the result to be:

@smallexample
@group
The derivative of

1 / ln(x) x
@end group
@end smallexample

To make this look nicer, you might want to press @kbd{d =} to center
the formula, and even @kbd{d B} to use Big display mode.

@smallexample
@group
The derivative of

                                    -------                      (1)
                                    ln(x) x
@end group
@end smallexample

To leave Embedded mode, type @kbd{M-# e} again.  The mode line
and keyboard will revert to the way they were before.  (If you have
actually been trying this as you read along, you'll want to press
@kbd{M-# 0} [with the digit zero] now to reset the modes you changed.)

The related command @kbd{M-# w} operates on a single word, which

@smallexample
A slope of one-third corresponds to an angle of 1 degrees.
@end smallexample

Place the cursor on the @samp{1}, then type @kbd{M-# w} to enable
Embedded mode on that number.  Now type @kbd{3 /} (to get one-third),
and @kbd{I T} (the Inverse Tangent converts a slope into an angle),
then @w{@kbd{M-# w}} again to exit Embedded mode.

@smallexample
A slope of one-third corresponds to an angle of 18.4349488229 degrees.

@item B
Control whether @kbd{M-# c} and @kbd{M-# k} use the full screen.

@item Q
Use Quick mode for a single short calculation.

@item K
Turn Calc Keypad mode on or off.

@item E

@iftex
@sp 2
@end iftex

@noindent
Commands for use with Embedded mode:

@table @kbd
@item A
``Activate'' the current buffer.  Locate all formulas that
contain @samp{:=} or @samp{=>} symbols and record their locations

@c [when-split]
@c to skip on to volume II of this manual, the @dfn{Calc Reference}.

@c [fix-ref Embedded Mode]
This tutorial describes the standard user interface of Calc only.
The Quick mode and Keypad mode interfaces are fairly
self-explanatory.  @xref{Embedded Mode}, for a description of
the Embedded mode interface.

@ifinfo
The easiest way to read this tutorial on-line is to have two windows on
your Emacs screen, one with Calc and one with the Info system.  (If you
have a printed copy of the manual you can use that instead.)  Press

@node Algebraic Tutorial, Undo Tutorial, RPN Tutorial, Basic Tutorial
@subsection Algebraic-Style Calculations

@noindent
If you are not used to RPN notation, you may prefer to operate the
Calculator in Algebraic mode, which is closer to the way
non-RPN calculators work.  In Algebraic mode, you enter formulas
in traditional @expr{2+3} notation.

You don't really need any special ``mode'' to enter algebraic formulas.
You can enter a formula at any time by pressing the apostrophe (@kbd{'})
key.  Answer the prompt with the desired formula, then press @key{RET}.

Operators at the same level are evaluated from left to right, except
that @samp{^} is evaluated from right to left.  Thus, @samp{2-3-4} is
equivalent to @samp{(2-3)-4} or @mathit{-5}, whereas @samp{2^3^4} is equivalent
to @samp{2^(3^4)} (a very large integer; try it!).

If you tire of typing the apostrophe all the time, there is
Algebraic mode, where Calc automatically senses
when you are about to type an algebraic expression.  To enter this
mode, press the two letters @w{@kbd{m a}}.  (An @samp{Alg} indicator
should appear in the Calc window's mode line.)

Press @kbd{m a}, then @kbd{2+3+4} with no apostrophe, then @key{RET}.

In Algebraic mode, when you press any key that would normally begin
entering a number (such as a digit, a decimal point, or the @kbd{_}
key), or if you press @kbd{(} or @kbd{[}, Calc automatically begins
an algebraic entry.

Functions which do not have operator symbols like @samp{+} and @samp{*}

Press the apostrophe, then type @kbd{sqrt(5*2) - 3}.  The result should
be @expr{0.16227766017}.

Note that if the formula begins with a function name, you need to use
the apostrophe even if you are in Algebraic mode.  If you type @kbd{arcsin}
out of the blue, the @kbd{a r} will be taken as an Algebraic Rewrite
command, and the @kbd{csin} will be taken as the name of the rewrite
rule to use!

Some people prefer to enter complex numbers and vectors in algebraic
form because they find RPN entry with incomplete objects to be too
distracting, even though they otherwise use Calc as an RPN calculator.

Still in Algebraic mode, type:

@smallexample
@group
1:  (2, 3)     2:  (2, 3)     1:  (8, -1)    2:  (8, -1)    1:  (9, -1)
    .          1:  (1, -2)        .          1:  1              .

Algebraic mode allows us to enter complex numbers without pressing
an apostrophe first, but it also means we need to press @key{RET}
after every entry, even for a simple number like @expr{1}.

(You can type @kbd{C-u m a} to enable a special Incomplete Algebraic
mode in which the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys use algebraic entry even
though regular numeric keys still use RPN numeric entry.  There is also
Total Algebraic mode, started by typing @kbd{m t}, in which all
normal keys begin algebraic entry.  You must then use the @key{META} key
to type Calc commands:  @kbd{M-m t} to get back out of Total Algebraic
mode, @kbd{M-q} to quit, etc.)

If you're still in Algebraic mode, press @kbd{m a} again to turn it off.

Actual non-RPN calculators use a mixture of algebraic and RPN styles.
In general, operators of two numbers (like @kbd{+} and @kbd{*})
use algebraic form, but operators of one number (like @kbd{n} and @kbd{Q})
use RPN form.  Also, a non-RPN calculator allows you to see the

@subsection Mode-Setting Commands

@noindent
Calc has many types of @dfn{modes} that affect the way it interprets
your commands or the way it displays data.  We have already seen one
mode, namely Algebraic mode.  There are many others, too; we'll
try some of the most common ones here.

Perhaps the most fundamental mode in Calc is the current @dfn{precision}.
Notice the @samp{12} on the Calc window's mode line:

    45             c r                    c d
@end group
@end smallexample

Another interesting mode is @dfn{Fraction mode}.  Normally,
dividing two integers produces a floating-point result if the
quotient can't be expressed as an exact integer.  Fraction mode
causes integer division to produce a fraction, i.e., a rational
number, instead.

You can enter a fraction at any time using @kbd{:} notation.
(Calc uses @kbd{:} instead of @kbd{/} as the fraction separator
because @kbd{/} is already used to divide the top two stack
elements.)  Calculations involving fractions will always
produce exact fractional results; Fraction mode only says
what to do when dividing two integers.

@cindex Fractions vs. floats
@cindex Floats vs. fractions
(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 4.}  If fractional arithmetic is exact,
why would you ever use floating-point numbers instead?
@xref{Modes Answer 4, 4}. (@bullet{})

Typing @kbd{m f} doesn't change any existing values in the stack.
In the above example, we had to Undo the division and do it over
again when we changed to Fraction mode.  But if you use the
evaluates-to operator you can get commands like @kbd{m f} to
recompute for you.

@smallexample
@group

@end smallexample

@noindent
In this example, the righthand side of the @samp{=>} operator
on the stack is recomputed when we change the precision, then
again when we change to Fraction mode.  All @samp{=>} expressions
on the stack are recomputed every time you change any mode that
might affect their values.

@node Arithmetic Tutorial, Vector/Matrix Tutorial, Basic Tutorial, Tutorial
@section Arithmetic Tutorial

So we say the result is @dfn{indeterminate}, which Calc writes
with the symbol @code{nan} (for Not A Number).

Dividing by zero is normally treated as an error, but you can get
Calc to write an answer in terms of infinity by pressing @kbd{m i}
to turn on Infinite mode.

@smallexample
@group
3:  nan        2:  nan        2:  nan        2:  nan        1:  nan
2:  1          1:  1 / 0      1:  uinf       1:  uinf           .

@node Basic Algebra Tutorial, Rewrites Tutorial, Algebra Tutorial, Algebra Tutorial
@subsection Basic Algebra

@noindent
If you enter a formula in Algebraic mode that refers to variables,
the formula itself is pushed onto the stack.  You can manipulate
formulas as regular data objects.

@smallexample
@group

sequence of commands would you use to reconstruct the original
polynomial?  (The answer will be unique to within a constant
multiple; choose the solution where the leading coefficient is one.)
@xref{Algebra Answer 2, 2}. (@bullet{})

The @kbd{m s} command enables Symbolic mode, in which formulas
like @samp{sqrt(5)} that can't be evaluated exactly are left in
symbolic form rather than giving a floating-point approximate answer.
Fraction mode (@kbd{m f}) is also useful when doing algebra.

@smallexample

    r 2  @key{RET}     m s  m f    a P x @key{RET}
@end group
@end smallexample

One more mode that makes reading formulas easier is Big mode.

@smallexample
@group
               3
2:  34 x - 24 x

@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
(If you got wildly different results, did you remember to switch
to Radians mode?)

Here we have divided the curve into ten segments of equal width;
approximating these segments as rectangular boxes (i.e., assuming
the curve is nearly flat at that resolution), we compute the areas
of the boxes (height times width), then sum the areas.  (It is

efficiently.  If the rule is stored in a variable, Calc compiles it
only once and stores the compiled form along with the variable.  That's
another good reason to store your rules in variables rather than
entering them on the fly.

(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 1.}  Type @kbd{m s} to get Symbolic
mode, then enter the formula @samp{@w{(2 + sqrt(2))} / @w{(1 + sqrt(2))}}.
Using a rewrite rule, simplify this formula by multiplying both
sides by the conjugate @w{@samp{1 - sqrt(2)}}.  The result will have
to be expanded by the distributive law; do this with another
rewrite.  @xref{Rewrites Answer 1, 1}. (@bullet{})

is one or more non-sum terms separated by @samp{+} or @samp{-} signs,
so that @expr{2 - 3 (x + y) + x y} is a sum of three terms.)
@xref{Rewrites Answer 5, 5}. (@bullet{})

(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 6.}  Calc considers the form @expr{0^0}
to be ``indeterminate,'' and leaves it unevaluated (assuming Infinite
mode is not enabled).  Some people prefer to define @expr{0^0 = 1},
so that the identity @expr{x^0 = 1} can safely be used for all @expr{x}.
Find a way to make Calc follow this convention.  What happens if you
now type @kbd{m i} to turn on Infinite mode?
@xref{Rewrites Answer 6, 6}. (@bullet{})

(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 7.}  A Taylor series for a function is an
infinite series that exactly equals the value of that function at
values of @expr{x} near zero.

is zero, so it is left in symbolic form.  When you now type @kbd{0 *},
the result will be zero because Calc uses the general rule that ``zero
times anything is zero.''

@c [fix-ref Infinities]
The @kbd{m i} command enables an @dfn{Infinite mode} in which @expr{1 / 0}
results in a special symbol that represents ``infinity.''  If you
multiply infinity by zero, Calc uses another special new symbol to
show that the answer is ``indeterminate.''  @xref{Infinities}, for
further discussion of infinite and indeterminate values.

@infoline @expr{12345700.@: / 2.@: = 61728500.}.
The result, when converted to an integer, will be off by 106.

Here are two solutions:  Raise the precision enough that the
floating-point round-off error is strictly to the right of the
decimal point.  Or, convert to Fraction mode so that @expr{123456789 / 2}
produces the exact fraction @expr{123456789:2}, which can be rounded
down by the @kbd{F} command without ever switching to floating-point
format.

@node Arithmetic Answer 2, Vector Answer 1, Arithmetic Answer 1, Answers to Exercises

@noindent
@kbd{27 @key{RET} 9 B} could give the exact result @expr{3:2}, but it
does a floating-point calculation instead and produces @expr{1.5}.

Calc will find an exact result for a logarithm if the result is an integer
or (when in Fraction mode) the reciprocal of an integer.  But there is
no efficient way to search the space of all possible rational numbers
for an exact answer, so Calc doesn't try.

@node Vector Answer 1, Vector Answer 2, Arithmetic Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Vector Tutorial Exercise 1

@noindent

' [6 10] @key{RET}     ' [1 a; 1 b] @key{RET}      /
@end group
@end smallexample

This can be made more readable using @kbd{d B} to enable Big display
mode:

@smallexample
@group
          4 a     4
1:  [6 - -----, -----]
         b - a  b - a
@end group
@end smallexample

Type @kbd{d N} to return to Normal display mode afterwards.

@node Matrix Answer 3, List Answer 1, Matrix Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Matrix Tutorial Exercise 3

@noindent

@samp{abs(uinf) = inf}.  No matter which direction @expr{x} points,
@samp{abs(x)} always points along the positive real axis.

@samp{ln(0) = -inf}.  Here we have an infinite answer to a finite
input.  As in the @expr{1 / 0} case, Calc will only use infinities
here if you have turned on Infinite mode.  Otherwise, it will
treat @samp{ln(0)} as an error.

@node Types Answer 3, Types Answer 4, Types Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Types Tutorial Exercise 3

Calc normally treats division by zero as an error, so that the formula
@w{@samp{1 / 0}} is left unsimplified.  Our third problem,
@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 10]}}, also (potentially) divides by zero because zero
is now a member of the interval.  So Calc leaves this one unevaluated, too.

If you turn on Infinite mode by pressing @kbd{m i}, you will
instead get the answer @samp{[0.1 .. inf]}, which includes infinity
as a possible value.

The fourth calculation, @samp{1 / (-10 .. 10)}, has the same problem.
Zero is buried inside the interval, but it's still a possible value.

    U  ' 0^0:=1 @key{RET} s t EvalRules @key{RET}    V M ^
@end group
@end smallexample

Perhaps more surprisingly, this rule still works with Infinite mode
turned on.  Calc tries @code{EvalRules} before any built-in rules for
a function.  This allows you to override the default behavior of any
Calc feature:  Even though Calc now wants to evaluate @expr{0^0} to
@code{nan}, your rule gets there first and evaluates it to 1 instead.

To start the Calculator in its standard interface, type @kbd{M-x calc}.
By default this creates a pair of small windows, @samp{*Calculator*}
and @samp{*Calc Trail*}.  The former displays the contents of the
Calculator stack and is manipulated exclusively through Calc commands.
It is possible (though not usually necessary) to create several Calc
mode buffers each of which has an independent stack, undo list, and
mode settings.  There is exactly one Calc Trail buffer; it records a
list of the results of all calculations that have been done.  The
Calc Trail buffer uses a variant of Calc mode, so Calculator commands
still work when the trail buffer's window is selected.  It is possible
to turn the trail window off, but the @samp{*Calc Trail*} buffer itself
still exists and is updated silently.  @xref{Trail Commands}.

@kindex M-# c

@end ignore
@kindex M-# #
In most installations, the @kbd{M-# c} key sequence is a more
convenient way to start the Calculator.  Also, @kbd{M-# M-#} and
@kbd{M-# #} are synonyms for @kbd{M-# c} unless you last used Calc
in its Keypad mode.

@kindex x
@kindex M-x
@pindex calc-execute-extended-command
Most Calc commands use one or two keystrokes.  Lower- and upper-case

@kindex q
@pindex calc-quit
@cindex Quitting the Calculator
@cindex Exiting the Calculator
The @kbd{q} key (@code{calc-quit}) exits Calc mode and closes the
Calculator's window(s).  It does not delete the Calculator buffers.
If you type @kbd{M-x calc} again, the Calculator will reappear with the
contents of the stack intact.  Typing @kbd{M-# c} or @kbd{M-# M-#}
again from inside the Calculator buffer is equivalent to executing
@code{calc-quit}; you can think of @kbd{M-# M-#} as toggling the

ignore the RPN aspect of Calc altogether and simply enter algebraic
expressions in this way.  You may want to use @key{DEL} every so often to
clear previous results off the stack.

You can press the apostrophe key during normal numeric entry to switch
the half-entered number into Algebraic entry mode.  One reason to do this
would be to use the full Emacs cursor motion and editing keys, which are
available during algebraic entry but not during numeric entry.

In the same vein, during either numeric or algebraic entry you can
press @kbd{`} (backquote) to switch to @code{calc-edit} mode, where
you complete your half-finished entry in a separate buffer.
@xref{Editing Stack Entries}.

@kindex m a
@pindex calc-algebraic-mode
@cindex Algebraic Mode
If you prefer algebraic entry, you can use the command @kbd{m a}
(@code{calc-algebraic-mode}) to set Algebraic mode.  In this mode,
digits and other keys that would normally start numeric entry instead
start full algebraic entry; as long as your formula begins with a digit
you can omit the apostrophe.  Open parentheses and square brackets also
begin algebraic entry.  You can still do RPN calculations in this mode,
but you will have to press @key{RET} to terminate every number:
@kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 @key{RET} * 4 @key{RET} +} would accomplish the same
thing as @kbd{2*3+4 @key{RET}}.

@cindex Incomplete Algebraic Mode
If you give a numeric prefix argument like @kbd{C-u} to the @kbd{m a}
command, it enables Incomplete Algebraic mode; this is like regular
Algebraic mode except that it applies to the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys
only.  Numeric keys still begin a numeric entry in this mode.

@kindex m t
@pindex calc-total-algebraic-mode
@cindex Total Algebraic Mode
The @kbd{m t} (@code{calc-total-algebraic-mode}) gives you an even
stronger algebraic-entry mode, in which @emph{all} regular letter and
punctuation keys begin algebraic entry.  Use this if you prefer typing
@w{@kbd{sqrt( )}} instead of @kbd{Q}, @w{@kbd{factor( )}} instead of
@kbd{a f}, and so on.  To type regular Calc commands when you are in
Total Algebraic mode, hold down the @key{META} key.  Thus @kbd{M-q}
is the command to quit Calc, @kbd{M-p} sets the precision, and
@kbd{M-m t} (or @kbd{M-m M-t}, if you prefer) turns Total Algebraic
mode back off again.  Meta keys also terminate algebraic entry, so
that @kbd{2+3 M-S} is equivalent to @kbd{2+3 @key{RET} M-S}.  The symbol
@samp{Alg*} will appear in the mode line whenever you are in this mode.

Pressing @kbd{'} (the apostrophe) a second time re-enters the previous

@node Multiple Calculators, Troubleshooting Commands, Error Messages, Introduction
@section Multiple Calculators

@noindent
@pindex another-calc
It is possible to have any number of Calc mode buffers at once.
Usually this is done by executing @kbd{M-x another-calc}, which
is similar to @kbd{M-# c} except that if a @samp{*Calculator*}
buffer already exists, a new, independent one with a name of the
form @samp{*Calculator*<@var{n}>} is created.  You can also use the
command @code{calc-mode} to put any buffer into Calculator mode, but

@cindex Integers
The Calculator stores integers to arbitrary precision.  Addition,
subtraction, and multiplication of integers always yields an exact
integer result.  (If the result of a division or exponentiation of
integers is not an integer, it is expressed in fractional or
floating-point form according to the current Fraction mode.
@xref{Fraction Mode}.)

A decimal integer is represented as an optional sign followed by a
sequence of digits.  Grouping (@pxref{Grouping Digits}) can be used to
insert a comma at every third digit for display purposes, but you

@cindex Fractions
A @dfn{fraction} is a ratio of two integers.  Fractions are traditionally
written ``2/3'' but Calc uses the notation @samp{2:3}.  (The @kbd{/} key
performs RPN division; the following two sequences push the number
@samp{2:3} on the stack:  @kbd{2 :@: 3 @key{RET}}, or @kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 /}
assuming Fraction mode has been enabled.)
When the Calculator produces a fractional result it always reduces it to
simplest form, which may in fact be an integer.

Fractions may also be entered in a three-part form, where @samp{2:3:4}
represents two-and-three-quarters.  @xref{Fraction Formats}, for fraction

@xref{Incomplete Objects}.

Operations on rectangular complex numbers yield rectangular complex
results, and similarly for polar complex numbers.  Where the two types
are mixed, or where new complex numbers arise (as for the square root of
a negative real), the current @dfn{Polar mode} is used to determine the
type.  @xref{Polar Mode}.

A complex result in which the imaginary part is zero (or the phase angle
is 0 or 180 degrees or @cpi{} radians) is automatically converted to a real
number.

misnomer, since @code{nan} @emph{does} stand for some number or
infinity, it's just that @emph{which} number it stands for
cannot be determined.)  In Calc's notation, @samp{0 * inf = nan}
and @samp{inf / inf = nan}.  A few other common indeterminate
expressions are @samp{inf - inf} and @samp{inf ^ 0}.  Also,
@samp{0 / 0 = nan} if you have turned on Infinite mode
(as described above).

Infinities are especially useful as parts of @dfn{intervals}.
@xref{Interval Forms}.

left to right, so that @samp{1...1e2} is interpreted as @samp{1.0 ..@: 1e2}
rather than @samp{1 ..@: 0.1e2}.  Add spaces or zeros if you want to
get the other interpretation.  If you omit the lower or upper limit,
a default of @samp{-inf} or @samp{inf} (respectively) is furnished.

Infinite mode also affects operations on intervals
(@pxref{Infinities}).  Calc will always introduce an open infinity,
as in @samp{1 / (0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf)}.  But closed infinities,
@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf]}}, arise only in Infinite mode;
otherwise they are left unevaluated.  Note that the ``direction'' of
a zero is not an issue in this case since the zero is always assumed
to be continuous with the rest of the interval.  For intervals that
contain zero inside them Calc is forced to give the result,
@samp{1 / (-2 .. 2) = [-inf .. inf]}.

Commands that interpret (``parse'') text as algebraic formulas include
algebraic entry (@kbd{'}), editing commands like @kbd{`} which parse
the contents of the editing buffer when you finish, the @kbd{M-# g}
and @w{@kbd{M-# r}} commands, the @kbd{C-y} command, the X window system
``paste'' mouse operation, and Embedded mode.  All of these operations
use the same rules for parsing formulas; in particular, language modes
(@pxref{Language Modes}) affect them all in the same way.

When you read a large amount of text into the Calculator (say a vector
which represents a big set of rewrite rules; @pxref{Rewrite Rules}),

@kindex m R
@pindex calc-mode-record-mode
The @kbd{m R} (@code{calc-mode-record-mode}) command tells Calc to
record the new mode settings (as if by pressing @kbd{m m}) every
time a mode setting changes.  If Embedded mode is enabled, other
options are available; @pxref{Mode Settings in Embedded Mode}.

@kindex m F
@pindex calc-settings-file-name
The @kbd{m F} (@code{calc-settings-file-name}) command allows you to

Functions that compute angles produce a number in radians, a number in
degrees, or an HMS form depending on the current angular mode.  If the
result is a complex number and the current mode is HMS, the number is
instead expressed in degrees.  (Complex-number calculations would
normally be done in Radians mode, though.  Complex numbers are converted
to degrees by calculating the complex result in radians and then
multiplying by 180 over @cpi{}.)

@kindex m r
@pindex calc-radians-mode

@kindex m h
@pindex calc-hms-mode
The @kbd{m r} (@code{calc-radians-mode}), @kbd{m d} (@code{calc-degrees-mode}),
and @kbd{m h} (@code{calc-hms-mode}) commands control the angular mode.
The current angular mode is displayed on the Emacs mode line.
The default angular mode is Degrees.

@node Polar Mode, Fraction Mode, Angular Modes, Calculation Modes
@subsection Polar Mode

@noindent

number, or by entering @kbd{( 2 @key{SPC} 3 )}.

@kindex m p
@pindex calc-polar-mode
The @kbd{m p} (@code{calc-polar-mode}) command toggles complex-number
preference between rectangular and polar forms.  In Polar mode, all
of the above example situations would produce polar complex numbers.

@node Fraction Mode, Infinite Mode, Polar Mode, Calculation Modes
@subsection Fraction Mode

@kindex m f
@pindex calc-frac-mode
To set the Calculator to produce fractional results for normal integer
divisions, use the @kbd{m f} (@code{calc-frac-mode}) command.
For example, @expr{8/4} produces @expr{2} in either mode,
but @expr{6/4} produces @expr{3:2} in Fraction mode, @expr{1.5} in
Float mode.

At any time you can use @kbd{c f} (@code{calc-float}) to convert a
fraction to a float, or @kbd{c F} (@code{calc-fraction}) to convert a
float to a fraction.  @xref{Conversions}.

The @kbd{m i} (@code{calc-infinite-mode}) command turns this mode
on and off.  When the mode is off, infinities do not arise except
in calculations that already had infinities as inputs.  (One exception
is that infinite open intervals like @samp{[0 .. inf)} can be
generated; however, intervals closed at infinity (@samp{[0 .. inf]})
will not be generated when Infinite mode is off.)

With Infinite mode turned on, @samp{1 / 0} will generate @code{uinf},
an undirected infinity.  @xref{Infinities}, for a discussion of the
difference between @code{inf} and @code{uinf}.  Also, @expr{0 / 0}
evaluates to @code{nan}, the ``indeterminate'' symbol.  Various other
functions can also return infinities in this mode; for example,
@samp{ln(0) = -inf}, and @samp{gamma(-7) = uinf}.  Once again,
note that @samp{exp(inf) = inf} regardless of Infinite mode because
this calculation has infinity as an input.

@cindex Positive Infinite mode
The @kbd{m i} command with a numeric prefix argument of zero,
i.e., @kbd{C-u 0 m i}, turns on a Positive Infinite mode in
which zero is treated as positive instead of being directionless.
Thus, @samp{1 / 0 = inf} and @samp{-1 / 0 = -inf} in this mode.
Note that zero never actually has a sign in Calc; there are no
separate representations for @mathit{+0} and @mathit{-0}.  Positive
Infinite mode merely changes the interpretation given to the
single symbol, @samp{0}.  One consequence of this is that, while
you might expect @samp{1 / -0 = -inf}, actually @samp{1 / -0}
is equivalent to @samp{1 / 0}, which is equal to positive @code{inf}.

@node Symbolic Mode, Matrix Mode, Infinite Mode, Calculation Modes

number or a symbolic expression if the argument is an expression:
@kbd{2 Q} pushes 1.4142 but @kbd{@key{'} x+1 @key{RET} Q} pushes @samp{sqrt(x+1)}.

@kindex m s
@pindex calc-symbolic-mode
In @dfn{Symbolic mode}, controlled by the @kbd{m s} (@code{calc-symbolic-mode})
command, functions which would produce inexact, irrational results are
left in symbolic form.  Thus @kbd{16 Q} pushes 4, but @kbd{2 Q} pushes
@samp{sqrt(2)}.

@kindex N

@noindent
@cindex Matrix mode
@cindex Scalar mode
Calc sometimes makes assumptions during algebraic manipulation that
are awkward or incorrect when vectors and matrices are involved.
Calc has two modes, @dfn{Matrix mode} and @dfn{Scalar mode}, which
modify its behavior around vectors in useful ways.

@kindex m v
@pindex calc-matrix-mode
Press @kbd{m v} (@code{calc-matrix-mode}) once to enter Matrix mode.
In this mode, all objects are assumed to be matrices unless provably
otherwise.  One major effect is that Calc will no longer consider
multiplication to be commutative.  (Recall that in matrix arithmetic,
@samp{A*B} is not the same as @samp{B*A}.)  This assumption affects
rewrite rules and algebraic simplification.  Another effect of this

with a matrix whose size is known, it will be converted into
a true identity matrix of the appropriate size.  On the other hand,
if it is combined with a scalar (as in @samp{idn(1) + 2}), Calc
will assume it really was a scalar after all and produce, e.g., 3.

Press @kbd{m v} a second time to get Scalar mode.  Here, objects are
assumed @emph{not} to be vectors or matrices unless provably so.
For example, normally adding a variable to a vector, as in
@samp{[x, y, z] + a}, will leave the sum in symbolic form because
as far as Calc knows, @samp{a} could represent either a number or
another 3-vector.  In Scalar mode, @samp{a} is assumed to be a
non-vector, and the addition is evaluated to @samp{[x+a, y+a, z+a]}.

Press @kbd{m v} a third time to return to the normal mode of operation.

If you press @kbd{m v} with a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, you
get a special ``dimensioned'' Matrix mode in which matrices of
unknown size are assumed to be @var{n}x@var{n} square matrices.
Then, the function call @samp{idn(1)} will expand into an actual
matrix rather than representing a ``generic'' matrix.

@cindex Declaring scalar variables

@samp{[1, 2, 3]} in @samp{a}.  The result would not be the same as
for @samp{[x, y, z] + [1, 2, 3]}, but that's because you have broken
your earlier promise to Calc that @samp{a} would be scalar.

Another way to mix scalars and matrices is to use selections
(@pxref{Selecting Subformulas}).  Use Matrix mode when operating on
your formula normally; then, to apply Scalar mode to a certain part
of the formula without affecting the rest just select that part,
change into Scalar mode and press @kbd{=} to resimplify the part
under this mode, then change back to Matrix mode before deselecting.

@node Automatic Recomputation, Working Message, Matrix Mode, Calculation Modes
@subsection Automatic Recomputation

@noindent

@kindex m C
@pindex calc-auto-recompute
The @kbd{m C} (@code{calc-auto-recompute}) command turns this
automatic recomputation on and off.  If you turn it off, Calc will
not update @samp{=>} operators on the stack (nor those in the
attached Embedded mode buffer, if there is one).  They will not
be updated unless you explicitly do so by pressing @kbd{=} or until
you press @kbd{m C} to turn recomputation back on.  (While automatic
recomputation is off, you can think of @kbd{m C m C} as a command
to update all @samp{=>} operators while leaving recomputation off.)

A common technique is to set the simplification mode down to the lowest
amount of simplification you will allow to be applied automatically, then
use manual commands like @kbd{a s} and @kbd{c c} (@code{calc-clean}) to
perform higher types of simplifications on demand.  @xref{Algebraic
Definitions}, for another sample use of No-Simplification mode.

@node Declarations, Display Modes, Simplification Modes, Mode Settings
@section Declarations

@noindent

but the terms in @samp{x y} will never be exchanged if both @code{x}
and @code{y} are known to be vectors or matrices.  (Calc currently
never distinguishes between @code{vector} and @code{matrix}
declarations.)

@xref{Matrix Mode}, for a discussion of Matrix mode and
Scalar mode, which are similar to declaring @samp{[All, matrix]}
or @samp{[All, scalar]} but much more convenient.

One more type symbol that is recognized is used with the @kbd{H a d}
command for taking total derivatives of a formula.  @xref{Calculus}.

@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex dscalar
The @code{dscalar} function returns 1 if its argument is provably
scalar, or 0 if its argument is provably non-scalar.  It is left
unevaluated if this cannot be determined.  (If Matrix mode or Scalar
mode is in effect, this function returns 1 or 0, respectively,
if it has no other information.)  When Calc interprets a condition
(say, in a rewrite rule) it considers an unevaluated formula to be
``false.''  Thus, @samp{dscalar(a)} is ``true'' only if @code{a} is
provably scalar, and @samp{!dscalar(a)} is ``true'' only if @code{a}
is provably non-scalar; both are ``false'' if there is insufficient

@pindex calc-group-digits
@cindex Grouping digits
@cindex Digit grouping
Long numbers can be hard to read if they have too many digits.  For
example, the factorial of 30 is 33 digits long!  Press @kbd{d g}
(@code{calc-group-digits}) to enable @dfn{Grouping} mode, in which digits
are displayed in clumps of 3 or 4 (depending on the current radix)
separated by commas.

The @kbd{d g} command toggles grouping on and off.
With a numerix prefix of 0, this command displays the current state of

@kindex d >
@pindex calc-right-justify
Values on the stack are normally left-justified in the window.  You can
control this arrangement by typing @kbd{d <} (@code{calc-left-justify}),
@kbd{d >} (@code{calc-right-justify}), or @kbd{d =}
(@code{calc-center-justify}).  For example, in Right-Justification mode,
stack entries are displayed flush-right against the right edge of the
window.

If you change the width of the Calculator window you may have to type
@kbd{d @key{SPC}} (@code{calc-refresh}) to re-align right-justified or centered

Language Modes}).  For reference, the precise rules for formatting and
breaking lines are given below.  Notice that the interaction between
origin and line width is slightly different in each justification
mode.

In Left-Justified mode, the line is indented by a number of spaces
given by the origin (default zero).  If the result is longer than the
maximum line width, if given, or too wide to fit in the Calc window
otherwise, then it is broken into lines which will fit; each broken
line is indented to the origin.

In Right-Justified mode, lines are shifted right so that the rightmost
character is just before the origin, or just before the current
window width if no origin was specified.  If the line is too long
for this, then it is broken; the current line width is used, if
specified, or else the origin is used as a width if that is
specified, or else the line is broken to fit in the window.

In Centering mode, the origin is the column number of the center of
each stack entry.  If a line width is specified, lines will not be
allowed to go past that width; Calc will either indent less or
break the lines if necessary.  If no origin is specified, half the
line width or Calc window width is used.

@kindex d @}
@pindex calc-right-label
The @kbd{d @}} (@code{calc-right-label}) command similarly adds a
label on the righthand side.  It does not affect positioning of
the stack entries unless they are right-justified.  Also, if both
a line width and an origin are given in Right-Justified mode, the
stack entry is justified to the origin and the righthand label is
justified to the line width.

One application of labels would be to add equation numbers to
formulas you are manipulating in Calc and then copying into a
document (possibly using Embedded mode).  The equations would
typically be centered, and the equation numbers would be on the
left or right as you prefer.

@node Language Modes, Modes Variable, Display Modes, Mode Settings
@section Language Modes

@end example

@noindent
in place of @samp{sqrt((a+1)/b + c^2)}.

Subscripts like @samp{a_i} are displayed as actual subscripts in Big
mode.  Double subscripts, @samp{a_i_j} (@samp{subscr(subscr(a, i), j)})
are displayed as @samp{a} with subscripts separated by commas:
@samp{i, j}.  They must still be entered in the usual underscore
notation.

In C mode, vectors and matrices use curly braces instead of brackets.
Octal and hexadecimal values are written with leading @samp{0} or @samp{0x}
rather than using the @samp{#} symbol.  Array subscripting is
translated into @code{subscr} calls, so that @samp{a[i]} in C
mode is the same as @samp{a_i} in Normal mode.  Assignments
turn into the @code{assign} function, which Calc normally displays
using the @samp{:=} symbol.

The variables @code{var-pi} and @code{var-e} would be displayed @samp{pi}
and @samp{e} in Normal mode, but in C mode they are displayed as
@samp{M_PI} and @samp{M_E}, corresponding to the names of constants
typically provided in the @file{<math.h>} header.  Functions whose
names are different in C are translated automatically for entry and
display purposes.  For example, entering @samp{asin(x)} will push the
formula @samp{arcsin(x)} onto the stack; this formula will be displayed

vector (or unless @code{a} happens to be the name of a built-in
function!).

Underscores are allowed in variable and function names in all of these
language modes.  The underscore here is equivalent to the @samp{#} in
Normal mode, or to hyphens in the underlying Emacs Lisp variable names.

FORTRAN and Pascal modes normally do not adjust the case of letters in
formulas.  Most built-in Calc names use lower-case letters.  If you use a
positive numeric prefix argument with @kbd{d P} or @kbd{d F}, these
modes will use upper-case letters exclusively for display, and will

@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex choriz
The @code{choriz} function takes a vector of objects and composes
them horizontally.  For example, @samp{choriz([17, a b/c, d])} formats
as @w{@samp{17a b / cd}} in Normal language mode, or as

@example
@group
  a b
17---d

@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex cwidth
The @code{cwidth} function measures the width, in characters, of a
composition.  For example, @samp{cwidth(a + b)} is 5, and
@samp{cwidth(a / b)} is 5 in Normal mode, 1 in Big mode, and 11 in
@TeX{} mode (for @samp{@{a \over b@}}).  The argument may involve
the composition functions described in this section.

@ignore
@starindex

@kindex Z S
@pindex calc-edit-user-syntax
The @kbd{Z S} (@code{calc-edit-user-syntax}) command edits the
syntax table for the current language mode.  If you want your
syntax to work in any language, define it in the Normal language
mode.  Type @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing the syntax table, or
@kbd{M-# x} to cancel the edit.  The @kbd{m m} command saves all
the syntax tables along with the other mode settings;
@pxref{General Mode Commands}.

zero or more expressions separated by commas, and @samp{)}.''

A @dfn{syntax table} is a list of user-defined @dfn{syntax rules},
which allow you to specify new patterns to define your own
favorite input notations.  Calc's parser always checks the syntax
table for the current language mode, then the table for the Normal
language mode, before it uses its built-in rules to parse an
algebraic formula you have entered.  Each syntax rule should go on
its own line; it consists of a @dfn{pattern}, a @samp{:=} symbol,
and a Calc formula with an optional @dfn{condition}.  (Syntax rules
resemble algebraic rewrite rules, but the notation for patterns is

This is another way to implement the Maple mode @code{sum} notation.
In this approach, we allow @samp{#2} to equal the whole expression
@samp{i=1..10}.  Then, we use @code{matches} to break it apart into
its components.  If the expression turns out not to match the pattern,
the syntax rule will fail.  Note that @kbd{Z S} always uses Calc's
Normal language mode for editing expressions in syntax rules, so we
must use regular Calc notation for the interval @samp{[b..c]} that
will correspond to the Maple mode interval @samp{1..10}.

@node Modes Variable, Calc Mode Line, Language Modes, Mode Settings
@section The @code{Modes} Variable

@item
Polar mode.  Value is 0 (rectangular) or 1 (polar); default is 0.
Command is @kbd{m p}.

@item
Matrix/Scalar mode.  Default value is @mathit{-1}.  Value is 0 for Scalar
mode, @mathit{-2} for Matrix mode, or @var{N} for 
@texline @math{N\times N}
@infoline @var{N}x@var{N} 
Matrix mode.  Command is @kbd{m v}.

@item
Simplification mode.  Default is 1.  Value is @mathit{-1} for off (@kbd{m O}),
0 for @kbd{m N}, 2 for @kbd{m B}, 3 for @kbd{m A}, 4 for @kbd{m E},
or 5 for @w{@kbd{m U}}.  The @kbd{m D} command accepts these prefixes.

@noindent
@cindex Mode line indicators
This section is a summary of all symbols that can appear on the
Calc mode line, the highlighted bar that appears under the Calc
stack window (or under an editing window in Embedded mode).

The basic mode line format is:

@example
--%%-Calc: 12 Deg @var{other modes}       (Calculator)

The @samp{%%} is the Emacs symbol for ``read-only''; it shows that
regular Emacs commands are not allowed to edit the stack buffer
as if it were text.

The word @samp{Calc:} changes to @samp{CalcEmbed:} if Embedded mode
is enabled.  The words after this describe the various Calc modes
that are in effect.

The first mode is always the current precision, an integer.
The second mode is always the angular mode, either @code{Deg},

@item Matrix
Matrix mode (@kbd{m v}; @pxref{Matrix Mode}).

@item Matrix@var{n}
Dimensioned Matrix mode (@kbd{C-u @var{n} m v}).

@item Scalar
Scalar mode (@kbd{m v}; @pxref{Matrix Mode}).

@item Polar

@item Inf
Infinite mode (@kbd{m i}; @pxref{Infinite Mode}).

@item +Inf
Positive Infinite mode (@kbd{C-u 0 m i}).

@item NoSimp
Default simplifications off (@kbd{m O}; @pxref{Simplification Modes}).

@item NumSimp

safest assumption.  @xref{Reducing and Mapping}, for a way to add @samp{x}
to every element of a vector.

If either argument of @kbd{+} is a complex number, the result will in general
be complex.  If one argument is in rectangular form and the other polar,
the current Polar mode determines the form of the result.  If Symbolic
mode is enabled, the sum may be left as a formula if the necessary
conversions for polar addition are non-trivial.

If both arguments of @kbd{+} are HMS forms, the forms are added according to
the usual conventions of hours-minutes-seconds notation.  If one argument
is an HMS form and the other is a number, that number is converted from
degrees or radians (depending on the current Angular mode) to HMS format
and then the two HMS forms are added.

If one argument of @kbd{+} is a date form, the other can be either a
real number, which advances the date by a certain number of days, or
an HMS form, which advances the date by a certain amount of time.

@kindex :
@pindex calc-fdiv
@tindex fdiv
The @kbd{:} (@code{calc-fdiv}) command [@code{fdiv} function in a formula]
divides the two integers on the top of the stack to produce a fractional
result.  This is a convenient shorthand for enabling Fraction mode (with
@kbd{m f}) temporarily and using @samp{/}.  Note that during numeric entry
the @kbd{:} key is interpreted as a fraction separator, so to divide 8 by 6
you would have to type @kbd{8 @key{RET} 6 @key{RET} :}.  (Of course, in
this case, it would be much easier simply to enter the fraction directly
as @kbd{8:6 @key{RET}}!)

@kindex Q
@pindex calc-sqrt
@tindex sqrt
The @kbd{Q} (@code{calc-sqrt}) [@code{sqrt}] command computes the square
root of a number.  For a negative real argument, the result will be a
complex number whose form is determined by the current Polar mode.

@kindex f h
@pindex calc-hypot
@tindex hypot
The @kbd{f h} (@code{calc-hypot}) [@code{hypot}] command computes the square

@tindex scf
The @kbd{f S} (@code{calc-scale-float}) [@code{scf}] function scales a number
by a given power of ten.  Thus, @samp{scf(mant(x), xpon(x)) = x} for any
real @samp{x}.  The second argument must be an integer, but the first
may actually be any numeric value.  For example, @samp{scf(5,-2) = 0.05}
or @samp{1:20} depending on the current Fraction mode.

@kindex f [
@kindex f ]
@pindex calc-decrement
@pindex calc-increment

@pindex calc-imaginary
The @code{calc-imaginary} command multiplies the number on the
top of the stack by the imaginary number @expr{i = (0,1)}.  This
command is not normally bound to a key in Calc, but it is available
on the @key{IMAG} button in Keypad mode.

@kindex f r
@pindex calc-re
@tindex re
The @kbd{f r} (@code{calc-re}) [@code{re}] command replaces a complex number

formulas below for symbolic arguments only when you use the @kbd{a "}
(@code{calc-expand-formula}) command, or when taking derivatives or
integrals or solving equations involving the functions.

@ifinfo
These formulas are shown using the conventions of Big display
mode (@kbd{d B}); for example, the formula for @code{fv} written
linearly is @samp{pmt * ((1 + rate)^n) - 1) / rate}.

@example
                                        n

to any base.  For example, @kbd{1024 @key{RET} 2 B} produces 10, since
@texline @math{2^{10} = 1024}.
@infoline @expr{2^10 = 1024}.  
In certain cases like @samp{log(3,9)}, the result
will be either @expr{1:2} or @expr{0.5} depending on the current Fraction
mode setting.  With the Inverse flag [@code{alog}], this command is
similar to @kbd{^} except that the order of the arguments is reversed.

@kindex f I
@pindex calc-ilog
@tindex ilog

of the current angular mode.  @xref{Basic Operations on Units}.

Also, the symbolic variable @code{pi} is not ordinarily recognized in
arguments to trigonometric functions, as in @samp{sin(3 pi / 4)}, but
the @kbd{a s} (@code{calc-simplify}) command recognizes many such
formulas when the current angular mode is Radians @emph{and} Symbolic
mode is enabled; this example would be replaced by @samp{sqrt(2) / 2}.
@xref{Symbolic Mode}.  Beware, this simplification occurs even if you
have stored a different value in the variable @samp{pi}; this is one
reason why changing built-in variables is a bad idea.  Arguments of
the form @expr{x} plus a multiple of @cpiover{2} are also simplified.
Calc includes similar formulas for @code{cos} and @code{tan}.

The @kbd{a s} command knows all angles which are integer multiples of
@cpiover{12}, @cpiover{10}, or @cpiover{8} radians.  In Degrees mode,
analogous simplifications occur for integer multiples of 15 or 18
degrees, and for arguments plus multiples of 90 degrees.

@kindex I S
@pindex calc-arcsin

For @samp{arctanh(z)}:  This is defined by @samp{(ln(1+z) - ln(1-z)) / 2}.
The branch cuts are on the real axis, less than @mathit{-1} and greater than 1.

The following tables for @code{arcsin}, @code{arccos}, and
@code{arctan} assume the current angular mode is Radians.  The
hyperbolic functions operate independently of the angular mode.

@smallexample
       z             arcsin(z)            arccos(z)
-------------------------------------------------------

Note that the prefix argument can have an effect even when the input is
not a vector.  For example, if the input is the number @mathit{-5}, then
@kbd{c-u -1 v u} yields @mathit{-5} and 0 (the components of @mathit{-5}
when viewed as a rectangular complex number); @kbd{C-u -2 v u} yields 5
and 180 (assuming Degrees mode); and @kbd{C-u -10 v u} yields @mathit{-5}
and 1 (the numerator and denominator of @mathit{-5}, viewed as a rational
number).  Plain @kbd{v u} with this input would complain that the input
is not a composite object.

Unpacking mode @mathit{-11} converts a float into an integer mantissa and

identity matrix of unknown size.  Calc can operate algebraically on
such generic identity matrices, and if one is combined with a matrix
whose size is known, it is converted automatically to an identity
matrix of a suitable matching size.  The @kbd{v i} command with an
argument of zero creates a generic identity matrix, @samp{idn(1)}.
Note that in dimensioned Matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), generic
identity matrices are immediately expanded to the current default
dimensions.

@kindex v x
@pindex calc-index

@xref{Editing Stack Entries}, to see how to manipulate formulas
using regular Emacs editing commands.

When doing algebraic work, you may find several of the Calculator's
modes to be helpful, including Algebraic Simplification mode (@kbd{m A})
or No-Simplification mode (@kbd{m O}),
Algebraic entry mode (@kbd{m a}), Fraction mode (@kbd{m f}), and
Symbolic mode (@kbd{m s}).  @xref{Mode Settings}, for discussions
of these modes.  You may also wish to select Big display mode (@kbd{d B}).
@xref{Normal Language Modes}.

@menu
* Selecting Subformulas::
* Algebraic Manipulation::

To select a sub-formula, move the Emacs cursor to any character in that
sub-formula, and press @w{@kbd{j s}} (@code{calc-select-here}).  Calc will
highlight the smallest portion of the formula that contains that
character.  By default the sub-formula is highlighted by blanking out
all of the rest of the formula with dots.  Selection works in any
display mode but is perhaps easiest in Big mode (@kbd{d B}).
Suppose you enter the following formula:

@smallexample
@group
           3    ___

@noindent
Every character not part of the sub-formula @samp{b} has been changed
to a dot.  The @samp{*} next to the line number is to remind you that
the formula has a portion of it selected.  (In this case, it's very
obvious, but it might not always be.  If Embedded mode is enabled,
the word @samp{Sel} also appears in the mode line because the stack
may not be visible.  @pxref{Embedded Mode}.)

If you had instead placed the cursor on the parenthesis immediately to
the right of the @samp{b}, the selection would have been:

It is often more convenient to type @kbd{=}, which is like @kbd{a v}
but which also substitutes stored values for variables in the formula.
Use @kbd{a v} if you want the variables to ignore their stored values.

If you give a numeric prefix argument of 2 to @kbd{a v}, it simplifies
as if in Algebraic Simplification mode.  This is equivalent to typing
@kbd{a s}; @pxref{Simplifying Formulas}.  If you give a numeric prefix
of 3 or more, it uses Extended Simplification mode (@kbd{a e}).

If you give a negative prefix argument @mathit{-1}, @mathit{-2}, or @mathit{-3},
it simplifies in the corresponding mode but only works on the top-level
function call of the formula.  For example, @samp{(2 + 3) * (2 + 3)} will
simplify to @samp{(2 + 3)^2}, without simplifying the sub-formulas
@samp{2 + 3}.  As another example, typing @kbd{V R +} to sum the vector
@samp{[1, 2, 3, 4]} produces the formula @samp{reduce(add, [1, 2, 3, 4])}
in No-Simplify mode.  Using @kbd{a v} will evaluate this all the way to
10; using @kbd{C-u - a v} will evaluate it only to @samp{1 + 2 + 3 + 4}.
(@xref{Reducing and Mapping}.)

@tindex evalv
@tindex evalvn
The @kbd{=} command corresponds to the @code{evalv} function, and
the related @kbd{N} command, which is like @kbd{=} but temporarily
disables Symbolic mode (@kbd{m s}) during the evaluation, corresponds
to the @code{evalvn} function.  (These commands interpret their prefix
arguments differently than @kbd{a v}; @kbd{=} treats the prefix as
the number of stack elements to evaluate at once, and @kbd{N} treats
it as a temporary different working precision.)

For example, @expr{2 + 3} is evaluated to @expr{5}, and @expr{@t{sqrt}(9)}
is evaluated to @expr{3}.  Evaluation does not occur if the arguments
to a function are somehow of the wrong type @expr{@t{tan}([2,3,4])}),
range (@expr{@t{tan}(90)}), or number (@expr{@t{tan}(3,5)}), 
or if the function name is not recognized (@expr{@t{f}(5)}), or if
Symbolic mode (@pxref{Symbolic Mode}) prevents evaluation
(@expr{@t{sqrt}(2)}).

Calc simplifies (evaluates) the arguments to a function before it
simplifies the function itself.  Thus @expr{@t{sqrt}(5+4)} is
simplified to @expr{@t{sqrt}(9)} before the @code{sqrt} function

@end tex

The products @expr{1 a} and @expr{a 1} are simplified to @expr{a};
@expr{(-1) a} and @expr{a (-1)} are simplified to @expr{-a};
@expr{0 a} and @expr{a 0} are simplified to @expr{0}, except that
in Matrix mode where @expr{a} is not provably scalar the result
is the generic zero matrix @samp{idn(0)}, and that if @expr{a} is
infinite the result is @samp{nan}.

Also, @expr{(-a) b} and @expr{a (-b)} are simplified to @expr{-(a b)},
where this occurs for negated formulas but not for regular negative

where @expr{a} is a number, or an implicit 1 (as in @expr{x}),
or the implicit one-half of @expr{@t{sqrt}(x)}, and similarly for
@expr{b}.  The result is written using @samp{sqrt} or @samp{1/sqrt}
if the sum of the powers is @expr{1/2} or @expr{-1/2}, respectively.
If the sum of the powers is zero, the product is simplified to
@expr{1} or to @samp{idn(1)} if Matrix mode is enabled.

The product of a negative power times anything but another negative
power is changed to use division:  
@texline @math{x^{-2} y}
@infoline @expr{x^(-2) y} 
goes to @expr{y / x^2} unless Matrix mode is
in effect and neither @expr{x} nor @expr{y} are scalar (in which
case it is considered unsafe to rearrange the order of the terms).

Finally, @expr{a (b/c)} is rewritten to @expr{(a b)/c}, and also
@expr{(a/b) c} is changed to @expr{(a c)/b} unless in Matrix mode.

@tex
\bigskip
@end tex

@infoline @expr{b^(-c)} 
for any power @expr{c}.

Also, @expr{(-a) / b} and @expr{a / (-b)} go to @expr{-(a/b)};
@expr{(a/b) / c} goes to @expr{a / (b c)}; and @expr{a / (b/c)}
goes to @expr{(a c) / b} unless Matrix mode prevents this
rearrangement.  Similarly, @expr{a / (b:c)} is simplified to
@expr{(c:b) a} for any fraction @expr{b:c}.

The distributive law is applied to @expr{(a + b) / c} only if
@expr{c} and at least one of @expr{a} and @expr{b} are numbers.

@tex
\bigskip
@end tex

The formula @expr{x^0} is simplified to @expr{1}, or to @samp{idn(1)}
in Matrix mode.  The formula @expr{0^x} is simplified to @expr{0}
unless @expr{x} is a negative number or complex number, in which
case the result is an infinity or an unsimplified formula according
to the current infinite mode.  Note that @expr{0^0} is an
indeterminate form, as evidenced by the fact that the simplifications
for @expr{x^0} and @expr{0^x} conflict when @expr{x=0}.

The canonical ordering used to sort terms of products has the
property that real-valued numbers, interval forms and infinities
come first, and are sorted into increasing order.  The @kbd{V S}
command uses the same ordering when sorting a vector.

Sorting of terms of products is inhibited when Matrix mode is
turned on; in this case, Calc will never exchange the order of
two terms unless it knows at least one of the terms is a scalar.

Products of powers are distributed by comparing all pairs of
terms, using the same method that the default simplifications

With a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, this command computes the
@var{n}th derivative.

When working with trigonometric functions, it is best to switch to
Radians mode first (with @w{@kbd{m r}}).  The derivative of @samp{sin(x)}
in degrees is @samp{(pi/180) cos(x)}, probably not the expected
answer!

If you use the @code{deriv} function directly in an algebraic formula,
you can write @samp{deriv(f,x,x0)} which represents the derivative

@infoline @expr{pi i / 2},
due to a different choice of constant of integration.

The Calculator remembers all the integrals it has done.  If conditions
change in a way that would invalidate the old integrals, say, a switch
from Degrees to Radians mode, then they will be thrown out.  If you
suspect this is not happening when it should, use the
@code{calc-flush-caches} command; @pxref{Caches}.

@vindex IntegLimit
Calc normally will pursue integration by substitution or integration by

can be:  @expr{x^6 + x^3 + 1} is converted to @expr{(x^3)^2 + (x^3) + 1},
which can be solved for @expr{x^3} using the quadratic equation, and then
for @expr{x} by taking cube roots.  But in many cases, like
@expr{x^6 + x + 1}, Calc does not know how to rewrite the polynomial
into a form it can solve.  The @kbd{a P} command can still deliver a
list of numerical roots, however, provided that Symbolic mode (@kbd{m s})
is not turned on.  (If you work with Symbolic mode on, recall that the
@kbd{N} (@code{calc-eval-num}) key is a handy way to reevaluate the
formula on the stack with Symbolic mode temporarily off.)  Naturally,
@kbd{a P} can only provide numerical roots if the polynomial coefficients
are all numbers (real or complex).

@node Solving Systems of Equations, Decomposing Polynomials, Multiple Solutions, Solving Equations
@subsection Solving Systems of Equations

Note that since the constant and linear terms are enough to fit the
data exactly, it's no surprise that Calc chose a tiny contribution
for @expr{x^2}.  (The fact that it's not exactly zero is due only
to roundoff error.  Since our data are exact integers, we could get
an exact answer by typing @kbd{m f} first to get Fraction mode.
Then the @expr{x^2} term would vanish altogether.  Usually, though,
the data being fitted will be approximate floats so Fraction mode
won't help.)

Doing the @kbd{a F 2} fit on the data set with 14 instead of 13
gives a much larger @expr{x^2} contribution, as Calc bends the
line slightly to improve the fit.

The actual coefficients we get with a precision of 12, like
@expr{0.0416666663588}, clearly suffer from loss of precision.
It is a good idea to increase the working precision to several
digits beyond what you need when you do a fitting operation.
Or, if your data are exact, use Fraction mode to get exact
results.

You can type @kbd{i} instead of a digit at the model prompt to fit
the data exactly to a polynomial.  This just counts the number of
columns of the data matrix to choose the degree of the polynomial

four terms with @samp{a} matching the remainder.  Half-and-half matches,
like @samp{(x + y) + (z - w)}, are not tried.

Note that @samp{*} is not commutative when applied to matrices, but
rewrite rules pretend that it is.  If you type @kbd{m v} to enable
Matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), rewrite rules will match @samp{*}
literally, ignoring its usual commutativity property.  (In the
current implementation, the associativity also vanishes---it is as
if the pattern had been enclosed in a @code{plain} marker; see below.)
If you are applying rewrites to formulas with matrices, it's best to
enable Matrix mode first to prevent algebraically incorrect rewrites
from occurring.

The pattern @samp{-x} will actually match any expression.  For example,
the rule

You must use @code{apply} for meta-variables with function names
on both sides of a rewrite rule:  @samp{apply(f, [x]) := f(x+1)}
is @emph{not} correct, because it rewrites @samp{spam(6)} into
@samp{f(7)}.  The righthand side should be @samp{apply(f, [x+1])}.
Also note that you will have to use No-Simplify mode (@kbd{m O})
when entering this rule so that the @code{apply} isn't
evaluated immediately to get the new rule @samp{f(x) := f(x+1)}.
Or, use @kbd{s e} to enter the rule without going through the stack,
or enter the rule as @samp{apply(f, [x]) := apply(f, [x+1]) @w{:: 1}}.
@xref{Conditional Rewrite Rules}.

To apply these manually, you could put them in a variable called
@code{trigexp} and then use @kbd{a r trigexp} every time you wanted
to expand trig functions.  But if instead you store them in the
variable @code{EvalRules}, they will automatically be applied to all
sines and cosines of sums.  Then, with @samp{2 x} and @samp{45} on
the stack, typing @kbd{+ S} will (assuming Degrees mode) result in
@samp{0.7071 sin(2 x) + 0.7071 cos(2 x)} automatically.

As each level of a formula is evaluated, the rules from
@code{EvalRules} are applied before the default simplifications.
Rewriting continues until no further @code{EvalRules} apply.

functions.  For example, when you take the absolute value of the complex
number @expr{(2, 3)}, Calc computes @samp{sqrt(2*2 + 3*3)} by calling
the multiplication, addition, and square root functions directly rather
than applying the default simplifications to this formula.  So an
@code{EvalRules} rule that (perversely) rewrites @samp{sqrt(13) := 6}
would not apply.  (However, if you put Calc into Symbolic mode so that
@samp{sqrt(13)} will be left in symbolic form by the built-in square
root function, your rule will be able to apply.  But if the complex
number were @expr{(3,4)}, so that @samp{sqrt(25)} must be calculated,
then Symbolic mode will not help because @samp{sqrt(25)} can be
evaluated exactly to 5.)

One subtle restriction that normally only manifests itself with
@code{EvalRules} is that while a given rewrite rule is in the process
of being checked, that same rule cannot be recursively applied.  Calc

A surprisingly useful rewrite rule is @samp{a/(b-c) := a*(b+c)/(b^2-c^2)}.
This will simplify the formula whenever @expr{b} and/or @expr{c} can
be made simpler by squaring.  For example, applying this rule to
@samp{2 / (sqrt(2) + 3)} yields @samp{6:7 - 2:7 sqrt(2)} (assuming
Symbolic mode has been enabled to keep the square root from being
evaluated to a floating-point approximation).  This rule is also
useful when working with symbolic complex numbers, e.g.,
@samp{(a + b i) / (c + d i)}.

As another example, we could define our own ``triangular numbers'' function

it will be removed by the Calculator's automatic algebra routines:  The
formula @samp{1 mm} is ``simplified'' to @samp{mm}.  This is only a
display anomaly, however; @samp{mm} will work just fine as a
representation of one millimeter.

You may find that Algebraic mode (@pxref{Algebraic Entry}) makes working
with units expressions easier.  Otherwise, you will have to remember
to hit the apostrophe key every time you wish to enter units.

@kindex u s
@pindex calc-simplify-units

All current modes apply when an @samp{=>} operator is computed,
including the current simplification mode.  Recall that the
formula @samp{x + y + x} is not handled by Calc's default
simplifications, but the @kbd{a s} command will reduce it to
the simpler form @samp{y + 2 x}.  You can also type @kbd{m A}
to enable an Algebraic Simplification mode in which the
equivalent of @kbd{a s} is used on all of Calc's results.
If you enter @samp{x + y + x =>} normally, the result will
be @samp{x + y + x => x + y + x}.  If you change to
Algebraic Simplification mode, the result will be
@samp{x + y + x => y + 2 x}.  However, just pressing @kbd{a s}
once will have no effect on @samp{x + y + x => x + y + x},
because the righthand side depends only on the lefthand side
and the current mode settings, and the lefthand side is not
affected by commands like @kbd{a s}.

@kindex s :
@pindex calc-assign
@tindex assign
@tindex :=
Embedded mode also uses @samp{=>} operators.  In Embedded mode,
the lefthand side of an @samp{=>} operator can refer to variables
assigned elsewhere in the file by @samp{:=} operators.  The
assignment operator @samp{a := 17} does not actually do anything
by itself.  But Embedded mode recognizes it and marks it as a sort
of file-local definition of the variable.  You can enter @samp{:=}
operators in Algebraic mode, or by using the @kbd{s :}
(@code{calc-assign}) [@code{assign}] command which takes a variable
and value from the stack and replaces them with an assignment.

@xref{TeX Language Mode}, for the way @samp{=>} appears in
@TeX{} language output.  The @dfn{eqn} mode gives similar

@noindent
The commands in this chapter move information between the Calculator and
other Emacs editing buffers.

In many cases Embedded mode is an easier and more natural way to
work with Calc from a regular editing buffer.  @xref{Embedded Mode}.

@menu
* Killing From Stack::
* Yanking Into Stack::

whole line.  So you can usually transfer a single number into Calc
just by double-clicking on it in the shell, then middle-clicking
in the Calc window.

@node Keypad Mode, Embedded Mode, Kill and Yank, Introduction
@chapter Keypad Mode

@noindent
@kindex M-# k
@pindex calc-keypad
The @kbd{M-# k} (@code{calc-keypad}) command starts the Calculator
and displays a picture of a calculator-style keypad.  If you are using
the X window system, you can click on any of the ``keys'' in the
keypad using the left mouse button to operate the calculator.
The original window remains the selected window; in Keypad mode
you can type in your file while simultaneously performing
calculations with the mouse.

@pindex full-calc-keypad
If you have used @kbd{M-# b} first, @kbd{M-# k} instead invokes

If you aren't using the X window system, you must switch into
the @samp{*Calc Keypad*} window, place the cursor on the desired
``key,'' and type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}.  If you think this
is easier than using Calc normally, go right ahead.

Calc commands are more or less the same in Keypad mode.  Certain
keypad keys differ slightly from the corresponding normal Calc
keystrokes; all such deviations are described below.

Keypad mode includes many more commands than will fit on the keypad
at once.  Click the right mouse button [@code{calc-keypad-menu}]
to switch to the next menu.  The bottom five rows of the keypad
stay the same; the top three rows change to a new set of commands.
To return to earlier menus, click the middle mouse button
[@code{calc-keypad-menu-back}] or simply advance through the menus

|-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
This is the menu that appears the first time you start Keypad mode.
It will show up in a vertical window on the right side of your screen.
Above this menu is the traditional Calc stack display.  On a 24-line
screen you will be able to see the top three stack entries.

The ten digit keys, decimal point, and @key{EEX} key are used for

numeric entry it changes the sign of the number or of the exponent.
At other times it changes the sign of the number on the top of the
stack.

The @key{INV} and @key{HYP} keys modify other keys.  As well as
having the effects described elsewhere in this manual, Keypad mode
defines several other ``inverse'' operations.  These are described
below and in the following sections.

The @key{ENTER} key finishes the current numeric entry, or otherwise
duplicates the top entry on the stack.

The @key{EXEC} key prompts you to enter any keystroke sequence
that would normally work in Calc mode.  This can include a
numeric prefix if you wish.  It is also possible simply to
switch into the Calc window and type commands in it; there is
nothing ``magic'' about this window when Keypad mode is active.

The other keys in this display perform their obvious calculator
functions.  @key{CLN2} rounds the top-of-stack by temporarily
reducing the precision by 2 digits.  @key{FLT} converts an
integer or fraction on the top of the stack to floating-point.

The @key{OVER} key duplicates the second-to-top stack element.

The @key{STO} and @key{RCL} keys are analogous to @kbd{s t} and
@kbd{s r} in regular Calc.  @xref{Store and Recall}.  Click the
@key{STO} or @key{RCL} key, then one of the ten digits.  (Named
variables are not available in Keypad mode.)  You can also use,
for example, @kbd{STO + 3} to add to register 3.

@node Embedded Mode, Programming, Keypad Mode, Top
@chapter Embedded Mode

@noindent
Embedded mode in Calc provides an alternative to copying numbers
and formulas back and forth between editing buffers and the Calc
stack.  In Embedded mode, your editing buffer becomes temporarily
linked to the stack and this copying is taken care of automatically.

@menu
* Basic Embedded Mode::
* More About Embedded Mode::

like most Calc commands, but rather in regular editing buffers that
are visiting your own files.

Calc normally scans backward and forward in the buffer for the
nearest opening and closing @dfn{formula delimiters}.  The simplest
delimiters are blank lines.  Other delimiters that Embedded mode
understands are:

@enumerate
@item
The @TeX{} and La@TeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},

@node Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Customizing Embedded Mode, Assignments in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Mode Settings in Embedded Mode

@noindent
Embedded mode has a rather complicated mechanism for handling mode
settings in Embedded formulas.  It is possible to put annotations
in the file that specify mode settings either global to the entire
file or local to a particular formula or formulas.  In the latter
case, different modes can be specified for use when a formula
is the enabled Embedded mode formula.

When you give any mode-setting command, like @kbd{m f} (for Fraction
mode) or @kbd{d s} (for scientific notation), Embedded mode adds
a line like the following one to the file just before the opening
delimiter of the formula.

@example
% [calc-mode: fractions: t]

second parts are ignored.  The third part is not checked to make
sure the value is of a legal type or range; if you write an
annotation by hand, be sure to give a proper value or results
will be unpredictable.  Mode-setting annotations are case-sensitive.

While Embedded mode is enabled, the word @code{Local} appears in
the mode line.  This is to show that mode setting commands generate
annotations that are ``local'' to the current formula or set of
formulas.  The @kbd{m R} (@code{calc-mode-record-mode}) command
causes Calc to generate different kinds of annotations.  Pressing
@kbd{m R} repeatedly cycles through the possible modes.

% [calc-edit-mode: float-format: (sci 0)]
% [calc-perm-mode: float-format: (sci 5)]
@end example

The first kind of annotation will be used only while a formula
is enabled in Embedded mode.  The second kind will be used only
when the formula is @emph{not} enabled.  (Whether the formula
is ``active'' or not, i.e., whether Calc has seen this formula
yet, is not relevant here.)

@code{Global} mode generates an annotation like this at the end

We would have to go down to the other formula and press @kbd{M-# u}
on it in order to get it to notice the new annotation.

Two more mode-recording modes selectable by @kbd{m R} are @code{Save}
(which works even outside of Embedded mode), in which mode settings
are recorded permanently in your Emacs startup file @file{~/.emacs}
rather than by annotating the current document, and no-recording
mode (where there is no symbol like @code{Save} or @code{Local} in
the mode line), in which mode-changing commands do not leave any
annotations at all.

When Embedded mode is not enabled, mode-recording modes except
for @code{Save} have no effect.

@node Customizing Embedded Mode, , Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Customizing Embedded Mode

@noindent
You can modify Embedded mode's behavior by setting various Lisp
variables described here.  Use @kbd{M-x set-variable} or
@kbd{M-x edit-options} to adjust a variable on the fly, or
put a suitable @code{setq} statement in your @file{~/.emacs}
file to set a variable permanently.  (Another possibility would
be to use a file-local variable annotation at the end of the
file; @pxref{File Variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, the
Emacs manual}.)

While none of these variables will be buffer-local by default, you
can make any of them local to any Embedded mode buffer.  (Their
values in the @samp{*Calculator*} buffer are never used.)

@vindex calc-embedded-open-formula
The @code{calc-embedded-open-formula} variable holds a regular
expression for the opening delimiter of a formula.  @xref{Regexp Search,

The default string is @code{"%%% "} (note the trailing space).

@vindex calc-embedded-close-plain
The @code{calc-embedded-close-plain} variable is a string which
ends a ``plain'' formula.  The default is @code{" %%%\n"}.  Without
the trailing newline here, the first line of a Big mode formula
that followed might be shifted over with respect to the other lines.

@vindex calc-embedded-open-new-formula
The @code{calc-embedded-open-new-formula} variable is a string
which is inserted at the front of a new formula when you type

@noindent
@cindex Local variables
@cindex Restoring saved modes
Keyboard macros sometimes want to operate under known conditions
without affecting surrounding conditions.  For example, a keyboard
macro may wish to turn on Fraction mode, or set a particular
precision, independent of the user's normal setting for those
modes.

@kindex Z `
@kindex Z '

for all mode-setting commands inside the macro.

In fact, @kbd{C-u Z `} is like @kbd{Z `} except that it sets the modes
listed above to their default values.  As usual, the matching @kbd{Z '}
will restore the modes to their settings from before the @kbd{C-u Z `}.
Also, @w{@kbd{Z `}} with a negative prefix argument resets the algebraic mode
to its default (off) but leaves the other modes the same as they were
outside the construct.

The contents of the stack and trail, values of non-quick variables, and
other settings such as the language mode and the various display modes,

@noindent
If the first argument to @code{calc-eval} is a list whose first
element is a formula string, then @code{calc-eval} sets all the
various Calc modes to their default values while the formula is
evaluated and formatted.  For example, the precision is set to 12
digits, digit grouping is turned off, and the Normal language
mode is used.

This same principle applies to the other options discussed below.
If the first argument would normally be @var{x}, then it can also
be the list @samp{(@var{x})} to use the default mode settings.

It's usually best to use this form of @code{calc-eval} unless your
program actually considers the interaction with Calc's mode settings
to be a feature.  This will avoid all sorts of potential ``gotchas'';
consider what happens with @samp{(calc-eval "sqrt(2)" 'num)}
when the user has left Calc in Symbolic mode or No-Simplify mode.

As another example, @samp{(equal (calc-eval '("$<$$") nil a b) "1")}
checks if the number in string @expr{a} is less than the one in
string @expr{b}.  Without using a list, the integer 1 might
come out in a variety of formats which would be hard to test for

@defun calc-normalize n
This function takes a Calc object and ``normalizes'' it.  At the very
least this involves re-rounding floating-point values according to the
current precision and other similar jobs.  Also, unless the user has
selected No-Simplify mode (@pxref{Simplification Modes}), this involves
actually evaluating a formula object by executing the function calls
it contains, and possibly also doing algebraic simplification, etc.
@end defun

@defun calc-top-list-n n m

Lisp error which @code{normalize} will trap.  The net effect is that the
function call which led here will be left in symbolic form.
@end defun

@defun inexact-value
If Symbolic mode is enabled, this will signal an error that causes
@code{normalize} to leave the formula in symbolic form, with the message
``Inexact result.''  (This function has no effect when not in Symbolic mode.)
Note that if your function calls @samp{(sin 5)} in Symbolic mode, the
@code{sin} function will call @code{inexact-value}, which will cause your
function to be left unsimplified.  You may instead wish to call
@samp{(normalize (list 'calcFunc-sin 5))}, which in Symbolic mode will
return the formula @samp{sin(5)} to your function.
@end defun

@defun overflow
This signals an error that will be reported as a floating-point overflow.

If a function call fails, because the function is void or has the wrong
number of parameters, or because it returns @code{nil} or calls
@code{reject-arg} or @code{inexact-result}, @code{normalize} returns
the formula still in symbolic form.

If the current simplification mode is ``none'' or ``numeric arguments
only,'' @code{normalize} will act appropriately.  However, the more
powerful simplification modes (like Algebraic Simplification) are
not handled by @code{normalize}.  They are handled by @code{calc-normalize},
which calls @code{normalize} and possibly some other routines, such
as @code{simplify} or @code{simplify-units}.  Programs generally will
never call @code{calc-normalize} except when popping or pushing values
on the stack.

@findex quarter-circle
@defun full-circle symb
If the current angular mode is Degrees or HMS, this function returns the
integer 360.  In Radians mode, this function returns either the
corresponding value in radians to the current precision, or the formula
@samp{2*pi}, depending on the Symbolic mode.  There are also similar
function @code{half-circle} and @code{quarter-circle}.
@end defun

@defun power-of-2 n
Compute two to the integer power @var{n}, as a (potentially very large)

Convert the number @var{a} from radians to the current angular mode.
If @var{a} is a formula, this returns the formula @samp{deg(@var{a})}.
@end defun

@defun to-radians-2 a
Like @code{to-radians}, except that in Symbolic mode a degrees to
radians conversion yields a formula like @samp{@var{a}*pi/180}.
@end defun

@defun from-radians-2 a
Like @code{from-radians}, except that in Symbolic mode a radians to
degrees conversion yields a formula like @samp{@var{a}*180/pi}.
@end defun

@defun random-digit
Produce a random base-1000 digit in the range 0 to 999.