comparison lispref/files.texi @ 25751:467b88fab665

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25750:f1968a807f56

@samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost.

This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar
cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}.  For
example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named
@var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{New file} in the echo
area, and leaves the buffer empty.

The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls
@code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of
Visiting}).  That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local

@cindex new file message
@cindex file open error
If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but
its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value
for @var{error}.  In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning:
@samp{(New File)}.  For more serious errors, the caller should usually not
call @code{after-find-file}.

If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning
if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file.

the user.

The optional @var{exiting} argument, if non-@code{nil}, requests this
function to offer also to save certain other buffers that are not
visiting files.  These are buffers that have a non-@code{nil}
buffer-local value of @code{buffer-offer-save}.  (A user who says yes to
saving one of these is asked to specify a file name to use.)  The
@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes a non-@code{nil} value
for this argument.
@end deffn

The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents
against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if
appropriate.  @xref{Format Conversion}.  It also calls the functions in
the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving
Properties}.

If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the
buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it
is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited
file name and its last save file modtime.  This feature is used by

An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file,
or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created.
@end deffn

@deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit confirm
This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end}
in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}.

@c Emacs 19 feature
If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends
that string, rather than text from the buffer.

If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended
to the existing file contents (if any).

If @var{confirm} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{write-region} asks
for confirmation if @var{filename} names an existing file.

If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association
between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file.
It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to
@var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified.  This

if the buffer is modified.  If the buffer is not modified, then
the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing.  It also
does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file.
@end defun

@defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user
This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it
is locked by another user named @var{other-user}.  The default
definition of this function asks the user to say what to do.  The value
this function returns determines what Emacs does next:

@end defun

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defun file-executable-p filename
This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and
you can execute it.  It returns @code{nil} otherwise.  If the file is a
directory, execute permission means you can check the existence and
attributes of files inside the directory, and open those files if their
modes permit.
@end defun

@defun file-writable-p filename
This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written
or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise.  A file is writable if the

@item (8489 20285)
last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09.

@item 14906
is 14906 characters long.

@item "-rw-rw-rw-"
has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world.

@item nil

81908 -rw-rw-rw-  3 rms       29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3
@end group
@end example

This function is meaningless on operating systems where multiple names
for one file are not allowed.

See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}.
@end defun

@deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists

@var{filename} @var{newname}}.

In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
@var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
@var{newname} already exists.
@end deffn

@defun define-logical-name varname string
This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value
@var{string}.  It is available only on VMS.

@end defun

@cindex MS-DOS and file modes
@cindex file modes and MS-DOS
  On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit.
So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in @samp{.com},
@samp{.bat} or @samp{.exe}.  This is reflected in the values returned
by @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}.

@node File Names
@section File Names
@cindex file names

directory.  Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main
parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part
(or @dfn{file name within the directory}).  Either part may be empty.
Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name.

  On Unix, the directory part is everything up to and including the last
slash; the nondirectory part is the rest.  The rules in VMS syntax are
complicated.

  For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into
the name proper and the @dfn{version number}.  On Unix, only backup
files have version numbers in their names.  On VMS, every file has a
version number, but most of the time the file name actually used in
Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are
found mostly in directory lists.

@defun file-name-directory filename
This function returns the directory part of @var{filename} (or
@code{nil} if @var{filename} does not include a directory part).  On
Unix, the function returns a string ending in a slash.  On VMS, it
returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:},
@samp{]}, or @samp{>}.

@example
@group
(file-name-directory "lewis/foo")  ; @r{Unix example}

  A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory.  A directory is a
kind of file, and it has a file name, which is related to the directory
name but not identical to it.  (This is not quite the same as the usual
Unix terminology.)  These two different names for the same entity are
related by a syntactic transformation.  On Unix, this is simple: a
directory name ends in a slash, whereas the directory's name as a file
lacks that slash.  On VMS, the relationship is more complicated.

  The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is
subtle but crucial.  When an Emacs variable or function argument is

names.  They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions
such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}.

@defun file-name-as-directory filename
This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form
that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory.  In
Unix, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not already
end in one).  On VMS, the function converts a string of the form
@file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}.

@example
@group
(file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis")

@end example
@end defun

@defun directory-file-name dirname
This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that
the operating system will interpret as the name of a file.  On Unix,
this means removing the final slash from the string.  On VMS, the
function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} to
@file{[X]Y.DIR.1}.

@example
@group
(directory-file-name "~lewis/")

root directory.  A file name can specify all the directory names
starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute}
file name.  Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree
relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative}
file name.  On Unix, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a
tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not.  The rules on VMS are
complicated.

@defun file-name-absolute-p filename
This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute
file name, @code{nil} otherwise.  On VMS, this function understands both
Unix syntax and VMS syntax.

with @samp{~}.  This variable is buffer-local in every buffer.

@code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second
argument is @code{nil}.

On Unix systems, the value is always a string ending with a slash.

@example
@group
default-directory
     @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/"

@node Unique File Names
@subsection Generating Unique File Names

  Some programs need to write temporary files.  Here is the usual way to
construct a name for such a file:

@example
(make-temp-name
 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application}
                   temporary-file-directory))
@end example

@noindent
The job of @code{make-temp-name} is to prevent two different users or
two different jobs from trying to use the exact same file name.  This
example uses the variable @code{temporary-file-directory} to decide
where to put the temporary file.  All Emacs Lisp programs should
use @code{temporary-file-directory} for this purpose, to give the user
a uniform way to specify the directory for all temporary files.

@defun make-temp-name string
This function generates a string that can be used as a unique file name.
The name starts with @var{string}, and contains a number that is
different in each Emacs job.

@example
@group
(make-temp-name "/tmp/foo")
     @result{} "/tmp/foo232J6v"
@end group
@end example

To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same
Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-name} should have its
own @var{string}.  The number added to the end of @var{string}
distinguishes between the same application running in different Emacs
jobs.  Additional added characters permit a large number of distinct
names even in one Emacs job.
@end defun

@defvar temporary-file-directory
@cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable.
@cindex @code{TMP} environment variable.
This variable specifies the directory name for creating temporary files.
Its value should be a directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), but it
is good for Lisp programs to cope if the value is a directory's file
name instead.  Using the value as the second argument to
@code{expand-file-name} is a good way to achieve that.

The default value is determined in a reasonable way for your operating
system; on GNU and Unix systems it is based on the @code{TMP} and
@code{TMPDIR} environment variables.

Even if you do not use @code{make-temp-name} to choose the temporary
file's name, you should still use this variable to decide which
directory to put the file in.
@end defvar

@node File Name Completion
@subsection File Name Completion
@cindex file name completion subroutines

should specify @code{t} when @var{file} is a directory and switches do
not contain @samp{-d}.  (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to
describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its
contents.)

This function works by running a directory listing program whose name is
in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}.  If @var{wildcard} is
non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by
@code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards.
@end defun

@defvar insert-directory-program
This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing
for the function @code{insert-directory}.
@end defvar

@node Create/Delete Dirs
@section Creating and Deleting Directories
@c Emacs 19 features

@code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@*
@code{write-region}.
@end ifinfo
@iftex
@noindent
@code{add-name-to-file}, @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
@code{delete-file},
@code{diff-latest-backup-file},
@code{directory-file-name},
@code{directory-files},

@code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command},
@code{unhandled-file-name-directory},
@code{vc-regis@discretionary{}{}{}tered},
@code{verify-visited-file-modtime},
@code{write-region}.
@end iftex

Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the
buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the
@var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}.  This also has the effect of

25751:467b88fab665

@samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost.

This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar
cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}.  For
example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named
@var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{(New file)} in the echo
area, and leaves the buffer empty.

The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls
@code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of
Visiting}).  That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local

@cindex new file message
@cindex file open error
If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but
its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value
for @var{error}.  In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning:
@samp{(New file)}.  For more serious errors, the caller should usually not
call @code{after-find-file}.

If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning
if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file.

the user.

The optional @var{exiting} argument, if non-@code{nil}, requests this
function to offer also to save certain other buffers that are not
visiting files.  These are buffers that have a non-@code{nil}
buffer-local value of @code{buffer-offer-save}.  (A user who says @samp{yes} to
saving one of these is asked to specify a file name to use.)  The
@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes a non-@code{nil} value
for this argument.
@end deffn

The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents
against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if
appropriate.  @xref{Format Conversion}.  It also calls the functions in
the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving
Properties}.  Normally, one of the functions in the
@code{after-insert-file-functions} list determines the coding system
(@pxref{Coding Systems}) used for decoding the file's contents.

If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the
buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it
is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited
file name and its last save file modtime.  This feature is used by

An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file,
or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created.
@end deffn

@deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit mustbenew
This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end}
in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}.

@c Emacs 19 feature
If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends
that string, rather than text from the buffer.  @var{end} is ignored in
this case.

If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended
to the existing file contents (if any).

If @var{mustbenew} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{write-region} asks
for confirmation if @var{filename} names an existing file.
Starting in Emacs 21, if @var{mustbenew} is the symbol @code{excl}, 
then @code{write-region} does not ask for confirmation, but instead
it signals an error @code{file-already-exists} if the file already
exists.

The test for an existing file, when @var{mustbenew} is @code{excl}, uses
a special system feature.  At least for files on a local disk, there is
no chance that some other program could create a file of the same name
before Emacs does, without Emacs's noticing.

If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association
between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file.
It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to
@var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified.  This

if the buffer is modified.  If the buffer is not modified, then
the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing.  It also
does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file.
@end defun

  File locking is not supported on some systems.  On systems that do not
support it, the functions @code{lock-buffer}, @code{unlock-buffer} and
@code{file-locked-p} do nothing and return @code{nil}.

@defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user
This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it
is locked by another user named @var{other-user}.  The default
definition of this function asks the user to say what to do.  The value
this function returns determines what Emacs does next:

@end defun

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defun file-executable-p filename
This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and
you can execute it.  It returns @code{nil} otherwise.  On Unix, if the
file is a directory, execute permission means you can check the
existence and attributes of files inside the directory, and open those
files if their modes permit.
@end defun

@defun file-writable-p filename
This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written
or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise.  A file is writable if the

@item (8489 20285)
last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09.

@item 14906
is 14906 bytes long.  (It may not contain 14906 characters, though,
if some of the bytes belong to multibyte sequences.)

@item "-rw-rw-rw-"
has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world.

@item nil

81908 -rw-rw-rw-  3 rms       29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3
@end group
@end example

This function is meaningless on operating systems where multiple names
for one file are not allowed.  Some systems implement multiple names
by copying the file instead.

See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}.
@end defun

@deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists

@var{filename} @var{newname}}.

In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
@var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
@var{newname} already exists.

This function is not available on systems that don't support symbolic
links.
@end deffn

@defun define-logical-name varname string
This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value
@var{string}.  It is available only on VMS.

@end defun

@cindex MS-DOS and file modes
@cindex file modes and MS-DOS
  On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit.
So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in one of the
standard executable extensions, such as @file{.com}, @file{.bat},
@file{.exe}, and some others.  Files that begin with the Unix-standard
@samp{#!} signature, such as shell and Perl scripts, are also considered
as executable files.  This is reflected in the values returned by
@code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}.  Directories are also
reported with executable bit set, for compatibility with Unix.

@node File Names
@section File Names
@cindex file names

directory.  Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main
parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part
(or @dfn{file name within the directory}).  Either part may be empty.
Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name.

  On most systems, the directory part is everything up to and including
the last slash; the nondirectory part is the rest.  The rules in VMS
syntax are complicated.

  For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into
the name proper and the @dfn{version number}.  On most systems, only
backup files have version numbers in their names.  On VMS, every file
has a version number, but most of the time the file name actually used
in Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are
found mostly in directory lists.

@defun file-name-directory filename
This function returns the directory part of @var{filename} (or
@code{nil} if @var{filename} does not include a directory part).  On
most systems, the function returns a string ending in a slash.  On VMS,
it returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:},
@samp{]}, or @samp{>}.

@example
@group
(file-name-directory "lewis/foo")  ; @r{Unix example}

  A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory.  A directory is a
kind of file, and it has a file name, which is related to the directory
name but not identical to it.  (This is not quite the same as the usual
Unix terminology.)  These two different names for the same entity are
related by a syntactic transformation.  On most systems, this is simple: a
directory name ends in a slash, whereas the directory's name as a file
lacks that slash.  On VMS, the relationship is more complicated.

  The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is
subtle but crucial.  When an Emacs variable or function argument is

names.  They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions
such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}.

@defun file-name-as-directory filename
This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form
that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory.  On
most systems, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not
already end in one).  On VMS, the function converts a string of the form
@file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}.

@example
@group
(file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis")

@end example
@end defun

@defun directory-file-name dirname
This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that
the operating system will interpret as the name of a file.  On most
systems, this means removing the final slash from the string.  On VMS,
the function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} to
@file{[X]Y.DIR.1}.

@example
@group
(directory-file-name "~lewis/")

root directory.  A file name can specify all the directory names
starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute}
file name.  Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree
relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative}
file name.  On Unix, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a
tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not.  On MS-DOS and
MS-Windows, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a backslash, or
with a drive specification @samp{@var{x}:/}, where @var{x} is the
@dfn{drive letter}. The rules on VMS are complicated.

@defun file-name-absolute-p filename
This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute
file name, @code{nil} otherwise.  On VMS, this function understands both
Unix syntax and VMS syntax.

with @samp{~}.  This variable is buffer-local in every buffer.

@code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second
argument is @code{nil}.

Aside from VMS, the value is always a string ending with a slash.

@example
@group
default-directory
     @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/"

@node Unique File Names
@subsection Generating Unique File Names

  Some programs need to write temporary files.  Here is the usual way to
construct a name for such a file, starting in Emacs 21:

@example
(make-temp-file @var{name-of-application})
@end example

@noindent
The job of @code{make-temp-file} is to prevent two different users or
two different jobs from trying to use the exact same file name.

@defun make-temp-file prefix &optional dir-flag
@tindex make-temp-file
This function creates a temporary file and returns its name.
The name starts with @var{prefix}; it also contains a number that is
different in each Emacs job.  If @var{prefix} is a relative file name,
it is expanded against @code{temporary-file-directory}.

@example
@group
(make-temp-file "foo")
     @result{} "/tmp/foo232J6v"
@end group
@end example

When @code{make-temp-file} returns, the file has been created and is
empty.  At that point, you should write the intended contents into the
file.

If @var{dir-flag} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} creates
an empty directory instead of an empty file.

To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same
Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-file} should have its
own @var{prefix}.  The number added to the end of @var{prefix}
distinguishes between the same application running in different Emacs
jobs.  Additional added characters permit a large number of distinct
names even in one Emacs job.
@end defun

  The default directory for temporary files is controlled by the
variable @code{temporary-file-directory}.  This variable gives the user
a uniform way to specify the directory for all temporary files.  Some
programs use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} instead, if that is
non-@code{nil}.  To use it, you should expand the prefix against
the proper directory before calling @code{make-temp-file}.

  In older Emacs versions where @code{make-temp-file} does not exist,
you should use @code{make-temp-name} instead:

@example
(make-temp-name
 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application}
                   temporary-file-directory))
@end example

@defun make-temp-name string
This function generates a string that can be used as a unique file name.
The name starts with @var{string}, and contains a number that is
different in each Emacs job.  It is like @code{make-temp-file} except
that it just constructs a name, and does not create a file.  On MS-DOS,
the @var{string} prefix can be truncated to fit into the 8+3 file-name
limits.
@end defun

@defvar temporary-file-directory
@cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable
@cindex @code{TMP} environment variable
@cindex @code{TEMP} environment variable
This variable specifies the directory name for creating temporary files.
Its value should be a directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), but it
is good for Lisp programs to cope if the value is a directory's file
name instead.  Using the value as the second argument to
@code{expand-file-name} is a good way to achieve that.

The default value is determined in a reasonable way for your operating
system; it is based on the @code{TMPDIR}, @code{TMP} and @code{TEMP}
environment variables, with a fall-back to a system-dependent name if
none of these variables is defined.

Even if you do not use @code{make-temp-name} to choose the temporary
file's name, you should still use this variable to decide which
directory to put the file in.  However, if you expect the file to be
small, you should use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} first if
that is non-@code{nil}.
@end defvar

@tindex small-temporary-file-directory
@defvar small-temporary-file-directory
This variable (new in Emacs 21) specifies the directory name for
creating certain temporary files, which are likely to be small.

If you want to write a temporary file which is likely to be small, you
should compute the directory like this:

@example
(make-temp-file
  (expand-file-name @var{prefix}
                    (or small-temporary-file-directory
                        temporary-file-directory)))
@end example
@end defvar

@node File Name Completion
@subsection File Name Completion
@cindex file name completion subroutines

should specify @code{t} when @var{file} is a directory and switches do
not contain @samp{-d}.  (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to
describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its
contents.)

On most systems, this function works by running a directory listing
program whose name is in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}.
If @var{wildcard} is non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by
@code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards.

MS-DOS and MS-Windows systems usually lack the standard Unix program
@code{ls}, so this function emulates the standard Unix program @code{ls}
with Lisp code.
@end defun

@defvar insert-directory-program
This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing
for the function @code{insert-directory}.  It is ignored on systems
which generate the listing with Lisp code.
@end defvar

@node Create/Delete Dirs
@section Creating and Deleting Directories
@c Emacs 19 features

@code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@*
@code{write-region}.
@end ifinfo
@iftex
@noindent
@flushleft
@code{add-name-to-file}, @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
@code{delete-file},
@code{diff-latest-backup-file},
@code{directory-file-name},
@code{directory-files},

@code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command},
@code{unhandled-file-name-directory},
@code{vc-regis@discretionary{}{}{}tered},
@code{verify-visited-file-modtime},
@code{write-region}.
@end flushleft
@end iftex

Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the
buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the
@var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}.  This also has the effect of