comparison man/programs.texi @ 89943:4c90ffeb71c5

Revision: [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--unicode--0--patch-15 Merge from emacs--cvs-trunk--0 Patches applied: * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-218 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-220 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-221 Restore deleted tagline in etc/TUTORIAL.ru * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-222 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-228 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-229 Remove TeX output files from the archive * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-230 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-247 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-248 src/lisp.h (CYCLE_CHECK): Macro moved from xfaces.c * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-249 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-256 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-258 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-263 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-264 Update from CVS: lispref/display.texi: emacs -> Emacs. * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-265 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-274 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-275 Update from CVS: man/makefile.w32-in: Revert last change * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-276 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-295 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-296 Allow restarting an existing debugger session that's exited * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-297 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-299 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-300 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-327 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-328 Update from CVS: src/.gdbinit (xsymbol): Fix last change. * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-329 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-344 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-345 Tweak source regexps so that building in place won't cause problems * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-346 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-351 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-352 Update from CVS: lisp/flymake.el: New file. * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-353 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-361 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-362 Support " [...]" style defaults in minibuffer-electric-default-mode * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-363 (read-number): Use canonical format for default in prompt. * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-364 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-367 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-368 Improve display-supports-face-attributes-p on non-ttys * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-369 Rewrite face-differs-from-default-p * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-370 Move `display-supports-face-attributes-p' entirely into C code * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-371 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-372 Simplify face-differs-from-default-p; don't consider :stipple. * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-373 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-374 (tty_supports_face_attributes_p): Ensure attributes differ from default * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-375 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-376 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-377 (Fdisplay_supports_face_attributes_p): Work around bootstrapping problem * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-378 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-380 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-381 Face merging cleanups * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-382 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-384 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-385 src/xfaces.c (push_named_merge_point): Return 0 if a cycle is detected * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-386 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-395 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-396 Tweak arch tagging to make build/install-in-place less annoying * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-397 Work around vc-arch problems when building eshell * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-398 Tweak permissions * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-399 Tweak directory permissions * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-400 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-401 More build-in-place tweaking of arch tagging * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-402 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-403 Yet more build-in-place tweaking of arch tagging * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-404 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-409 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-410 Make sure image types are initialized for lookup too * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-411 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-416 Update from CVS

89942:9cb747ae49af

and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}.
@xref{Choosing Modes}.

@cindex Perl mode
@cindex Icon mode
@cindex Awk mode
@cindex Makefile mode
@cindex Tcl mode
@cindex CPerl mode
@cindex DSSSL mode
@cindex Octave mode

@cindex Shell-script mode
@cindex Delphi mode
@cindex PostScript mode
  The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a
variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada,
Awk, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed
format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s
companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal,
Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL.  There is
also a major mode for makefiles, called Makefile mode.  An alternative
mode for Perl is called CPerl mode.  Modes are available for the

delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the
whitespace consists of spaces or tabs.  Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a
tab character before point, in these modes.

  Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada
Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL
(@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes
(@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}).

@cindex mode hook
@vindex c-mode-hook

reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit.  (This works in Lisp
modes and C and related modes.)  @key{TAB} with a numeric argument
reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount
all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current
line.  It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start
inside strings, or C preprocessor lines when in C mode.

@findex indent-code-rigidly
  You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command
@kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}.  It rigidly shifts all the lines in the
region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation
Commands}).  It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start
inside a comment or a string, unless the region starts inside that
comment or string.

@node Lisp Indent
@subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation
@cindex customizing Lisp indentation

@item C-M-q
@kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-indent-exp
Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point
(@code{c-indent-exp}).  A prefix argument inhibits error checking and
warning messages about invalid syntax.

@item @key{TAB}
@findex c-indent-command
Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character
(@code{c-indent-command}).

If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents
the current line and does nothing else.  This is the default.

If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line
only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation;
otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces,
if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}).

Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the
line, and also insert a tab if within a comment, a string, or a
preprocessor directive.
@end table

  To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}.  This
first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that
region.

@node Custom C Indent
@subsection Customizing C Indentation
@cindex style (for indentation)

  C mode and related modes use a simple yet flexible mechanism for
customizing indentation.  The mechanism works in two steps: first it
classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and context;
second, it associates each kind of syntactic construct with an
indentation offset based on your selected @dfn{style}.

@table @kbd
@item M-x c-set-style @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET}
Select predefined indentation style @var{style}.
@end table

  A style is a named collection of indentation customizations that can
be used in C mode and the related modes.  Emacs comes with several
predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd},
@code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java},
@code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, @code{cc-mode}, and @code{user}.
Some of these styles are primarily intended for one language, but any
of them can be used with any of the languages supported by these
modes.  To find out what a style looks like, select it and reindent
some code, e.g., by typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function
definition.

@findex c-set-style
  To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @kbd{M-x
c-set-style}.  Specify a style name as an argument (case is not
significant).  This command affects the current buffer only, and it
affects only future invocations of the indentation commands; it does
not reindent the code in the buffer.  To reindent the whole buffer in
the new style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}.

@vindex c-default-style
  You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the
default style for various major modes.  Its value should be an alist,
in which each element specifies one major mode and which indentation
style to use for it.  For example,

@example
(setq c-default-style
      '((java-mode . "java") (other . "gnu")))
@end example

@cindex indentation for comments

  The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments.
They are described in this section and following sections.

@table @kbd
@item M-;
Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or
uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}).
@item C-u M-;
Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}).
@item C-x ;
Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}).
@item C-M-j
Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment
(@code{comment-indent-new-line}).
@item M-x comment-region
Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region.
@end table

@kindex M-;
@findex comment-dwim

@node Multi-Line Comments
@subsection Multiple Lines of Comments

@kindex C-M-j
@cindex blank lines in programs
@findex comment-indent-new-line
  If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line,
you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} (@code{comment-indent-new-line}).
This terminates the comment you are typing, creates a new blank line
afterward, and begins a new comment indented under the old one.  When
Auto Fill mode is on, going past the fill column while typing a comment
causes the comment to be continued in just this fashion.  If point is
not at the end of the line when @kbd{C-M-j} is typed, the text on
the rest of the line becomes part of the new comment line.

@findex comment-region
  To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x
comment-region} command.  It adds comment delimiters to the lines that start
in the region, thus commenting them out.  With a negative argument, it
does the opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the

@subsection Options Controlling Comments

@vindex comment-column
@kindex C-x ;
@findex comment-set-column
  The comment column is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}.  You
can set it to a number explicitly.  Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;}
(@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column point is
at.  @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the last comment
before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to align the
current line's comment under the previous one.

  The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable
in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a
default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}.
@xref{Locals}.  Many major modes initialize this variable for the

expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}.
Make sure this regexp does not match the null string.  It may match more
than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word;
for example, in C mode the value of the variable is
@c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code.
@code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *""}}, which matches extra stars and spaces
after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also.
(Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in
the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning
in regexp syntax.  @xref{Regexps}.)

into the comment.  In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value
@w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}.

@vindex comment-padding
  The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces
@code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the
comment delimiter and the line's original text.  The default is 1,
to insert one space.

@vindex comment-multi-line
  The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j}
(@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment.  If
@code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, as it normally is, then the
comment on the starting line is terminated and a new comment is started
on the new following line.  If @code{comment-multi-line} is not
@code{nil}, then the new following line is set up as part of the same
comment that was found on the starting line.  This is done by not
inserting a terminator on the old line, and not inserting a starter on
the new line.  In languages where multi-line comments work, the choice
of value for this variable is a matter of taste.

@vindex comment-indent-function
  The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function
that will be called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted
comment or for aligning an existing comment.  It is set differently by

@node Info Lookup
@subsection Info Documentation Lookup

@findex info-lookup-symbol
@findex info-lookup-file
@kindex C-h C-i
  For C, Lisp, and other languages that have documentation in Info,
you can use @kbd{C-h C-i} (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info
documentation for a symbol.  You specify the symbol with the
minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the buffer at
point.

  The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the
symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search.
You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation
for a file name.

  This feature currently supports the modes Awk, Autoconf, Bison, C,
Emacs Lisp, LaTeX, M4, Makefile, Octave, Perl, Scheme, and Texinfo,
provided you have installed the relevant Info files, which are
typically available with the appropriate GNU package.

@node Man Page

with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}).  This process is not finished, so it is
still useful to read manual pages.

@findex manual-entry
  You can read the man page for an operating system command, library
function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x manual-entry} command.  It
runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system
permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on
editing while the page is being formatted.  (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows
3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.)  The
result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}.  These buffers

@cindex Pike mode
@cindex IDL mode
@cindex CORBA IDL mode
@cindex Objective C mode
@cindex C++ mode
@cindex mode, Java
@cindex mode, C
@cindex mode, Objective C
@cindex mode, CORBA IDL
@cindex mode, Pike

  This section gives a brief description of the special features
available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, and Pike modes.
(These are called ``C mode and related modes.'')  @xref{Top, , CC Mode,
ccmode, CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes
and their special features.

@menu
* Motion in C::         Commands to move by C statements, etc.
* Electric C::          Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
* Hungry Delete::       A more powerful DEL command.
* Other C Commands::    Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
                          and other neat features.
* Comments in C::       Options for customizing comment style.
@end menu

@node Motion in C
@subsection C Mode Motion Commands

  This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and
related modes.

@table @code
@item C-c C-u
@kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-up-conditional
Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the
mark behind.  A prefix argument acts as a repeat count.  With a negative
argument, move point forward to the end of the containing
preprocessor conditional.  When going backwards, @code{#elif} is treated
like @code{#else} followed by @code{#if}.  When going forwards,
@code{#elif} is ignored.@refill

@item C-c C-p
@kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-backward-conditional
Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark

Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark
behind.  A prefix argument acts as a repeat count.  With a negative
argument, move backward.

@item M-a
@kindex ESC a
@findex c-beginning-of-statement
Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement
(@code{c-beginning-of-statement}).  If point is already at the beginning
of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement.  With
prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements.

If point is within a string or comment, or next to a comment (only
whitespace between them), this command moves by sentences instead of
statements.

When called from a program, this function takes three optional
arguments: the numeric prefix argument, a buffer position limit
(don't move back before that place), and a flag that controls whether
to do sentence motion when inside of a comment.

@item M-e
@kindex ESC e
@findex c-end-of-statement
Move point to the end of the innermost C statement; like @kbd{M-a}
except that it moves in the other direction (@code{c-end-of-statement}).

@item M-x c-backward-into-nomenclature
@findex c-backward-into-nomenclature
Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or word.
With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times.  If @var{n} is

@findex c-scope-operator
Insert a double colon scope operator at point, without reindenting the
line or adding any newlines (@code{c-scope-operator}).
@end table

  The electric @kbd{#} key reindents the line if it appears to be the
beginning of a preprocessor directive.  This happens when the value of
@code{c-electric-pound-behavior} is @code{(alignleft)}.  You can turn
this feature off by setting @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} to
@code{nil}.

   The variable @code{c-hanging-braces-alist} controls the insertion of
newlines before and after inserted braces.  It is an association list
with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol}
. @var{nl-list})}.  Most of the syntactic symbols that appear in
@code{c-offsets-alist} are meaningful here as well.

@code{c-hanging-braces-alist}; if it is found, the @var{nl-list} is used
to determine where newlines are inserted: either before the brace,
after, or both.  If not found, the default is to insert a newline both
before and after braces.

   The variable @code{c-hanging-colons-alist} controls the insertion of
newlines before and after inserted colons.  It is an association list
with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol}
. @var{nl-list})}.  The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the
symbols @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}.

up in this list, and if found, the @var{nl-list} is used to determine
where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, after, or both.
If the syntactic symbol is not found in this list, no newlines are
inserted.

   Electric characters can also delete newlines automatically when the
auto-newline feature is enabled.  This feature makes auto-newline more
acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where you
do not want them.  Emacs can recognize several cases in which deleting a
newline might be desirable; by setting the variable

whitespace.
@end table

@node Hungry Delete
@subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C

  When the @dfn{hungry-delete} feature is enabled (indicated by
@samp{/h} or @samp{/ah} in the mode line after the mode name), a single
@key{DEL} command deletes all preceding whitespace, not just one space.
To turn this feature on or off, use @kbd{C-c C-d}:

@node Other C Commands
@subsection Other Commands for C Mode

@table @kbd
@item C-M-h
Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the
beginning (@code{c-mark-function}).

@item M-q

@item M-x cwarn-mode
@itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode
@findex cwarn-mode
@findex global-cwarn-mode
@cindex CWarn mode
@cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++
CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions:

@itemize @bullet{}

Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the
current buffer.  Typically this will be the header file corresponding
to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa.  The variable
@code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file
names.
@end table

@node Comments in C
@subsection Comments in C Modes

   C mode and related modes use a number of variables for controlling
comment format.

@table @code
@item c-comment-only-line-offset
@vindex c-comment-only-line-offset
Extra offset for line which contains only the start of a comment.  It
can be either an integer or a cons cell of the form
@code{(@var{non-anchored-offset} . @var{anchored-offset})}, where
@var{non-anchored-offset} is the amount of offset given to
non-column-zero anchored comment-only lines, and @var{anchored-offset}
is the amount of offset to give column-zero anchored comment-only lines.
Just an integer as value is equivalent to @code{(@var{val} . 0)}.

@item c-comment-start-regexp
@vindex c-comment-start-regexp
This buffer-local variable specifies how to recognize the start of a comment.

@item c-hanging-comment-ender-p
@vindex c-hanging-comment-ender-p
If this variable is @code{nil}, @code{c-fill-paragraph} leaves the
comment terminator of a block comment on a line by itself.  The default
value is @code{t}, which puts the comment-end delimiter @samp{*/} at the
end of the last line of the comment text.

@item c-hanging-comment-starter-p
@vindex c-hanging-comment-starter-p
If this variable is @code{nil}, @code{c-fill-paragraph} leaves the
starting delimiter of a block comment on a line by itself.  The default
value is @code{t}, which puts the comment-start delimiter @samp{/*} at
the beginning of the first line of the comment text.
@end table

@node Fortran
@section Fortran Mode
@cindex Fortran mode

89943:4c90ffeb71c5

and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}.
@xref{Choosing Modes}.

@cindex Perl mode
@cindex Icon mode
@cindex Makefile mode
@cindex Tcl mode
@cindex CPerl mode
@cindex DSSSL mode
@cindex Octave mode

@cindex Shell-script mode
@cindex Delphi mode
@cindex PostScript mode
  The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a
variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada,
AWK, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed
format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s
companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal,
Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL.  There is
also a major mode for makefiles, called Makefile mode.  An alternative
mode for Perl is called CPerl mode.  Modes are available for the

delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the
whitespace consists of spaces or tabs.  Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a
tab character before point, in these modes.

  Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada
Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL/Pike/AWK
(@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes
(@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}).

@cindex mode hook
@vindex c-mode-hook

reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit.  (This works in Lisp
modes and C and related modes.)  @key{TAB} with a numeric argument
reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount
all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current
line.  It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start
inside strings.  Neither does it alter C preprocessor lines when in C
mode, but it does reindent any continuation lines that may be attached
to them.

@findex indent-code-rigidly
  You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command
@kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}.  It rigidly shifts all the lines in the
region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation
Commands}).  It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start
inside a string, unless the region also starts inside that string.

@node Lisp Indent
@subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation
@cindex customizing Lisp indentation

@item C-M-q
@kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-indent-exp
Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point
(@code{c-indent-exp}).  A prefix argument inhibits warning messages
about invalid syntax.

@item @key{TAB}
@findex c-indent-command
Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character
(@code{c-indent-command}).

@vindex c-tab-always-indent
If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents
the current line and does nothing else.  This is the default.

If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line
only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation;
otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces,
if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}).

Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the
line, and also insert a tab if within a comment or a string.
@end table

  To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}.  This
first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that
region.

@node Custom C Indent
@subsection Customizing C Indentation
@cindex style (for indentation)

  C mode and related modes use a flexible mechanism for customizing
indentation.  C mode indents a source line in two steps: first it
classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and
context; second, it determines the indentation offset associated by
your selected @dfn{style} with the syntactic construct and adds this
onto the indentation of the @dfn{anchor statement}.

@table @kbd
@item C-c . @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET}
Select a predefined style @var{style} (@code{c-set-style}).
@end table

  A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can
be used in C mode and the related modes.  Emacs comes with several
predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd},
@code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java},
@code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, @code{cc-mode}, and @code{user}.
Some of these styles are primarily intended for one language, but any
of them can be used with any of the languages supported by these
modes.  To find out what a style looks like, select it and reindent
some code, e.g., by typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function
definition.

@kindex C-c . @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-set-style
  To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @kbd{C-c
.}.  Specify a style name as an argument (case is not significant).
This command affects the current buffer only, and it affects only
future invocations of the indentation commands; it does not reindent
the code in the buffer.  To reindent the whole buffer in the new
style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}.

@vindex c-default-style
  You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the
default style for various major modes.  Its value should be either the
style's name (a string) or an alist, in which each element specifies
one major mode and which indentation style to use for it.  For
example,

@example
(setq c-default-style
      '((java-mode . "java") (other . "gnu")))
@end example

@cindex indentation for comments

  The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments.
They are described in this section and following sections.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-;}
Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or
uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}).
@item @kbd{C-u M-;}
Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}).
@item @kbd{C-x ;}
Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}).
@item @kbd{C-M-j}
@itemx @kbd{M-j}
Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment
(@code{comment-indent-new-line}).
@item @kbd{M-x comment-region}
@itemx @kbd{C-c C-c} (in C-like modes)
Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region.
@end table

@kindex M-;
@findex comment-dwim

@node Multi-Line Comments
@subsection Multiple Lines of Comments

@kindex C-M-j
@kindex M-j
@cindex blank lines in programs
@findex comment-indent-new-line
  If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line,
you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} or @kbd{M-j}
(@code{comment-indent-new-line}).  This terminates the comment you are
typing, creates a new blank line afterward, and begins a new comment
indented under the old one.  When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the
fill column while typing a comment causes the comment to be continued
in just this fashion.  If point is not at the end of the line when you
type the command, the text on the rest of the line becomes part of the
new comment line.

@kindex C-c C-c (C mode)
@findex comment-region
  To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x
comment-region} command.  It adds comment delimiters to the lines that start
in the region, thus commenting them out.  With a negative argument, it
does the opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the

@subsection Options Controlling Comments

@vindex comment-column
@kindex C-x ;
@findex comment-set-column
  The @dfn{comment column}, the column at which Emacs tries to place
comments, is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}.  You can
set it to a number explicitly.  Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;}
(@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column
point is at.  @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the
last comment before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to
align the current line's comment under the previous one.

  The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable
in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a
default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}.
@xref{Locals}.  Many major modes initialize this variable for the

expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}.
Make sure this regexp does not match the null string.  It may match more
than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word;
for example, in C mode the value of the variable is
@c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code.
@code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *"}}, which matches extra stars and spaces
after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also.
(Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in
the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning
in regexp syntax.  @xref{Regexps}.)

into the comment.  In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value
@w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}.

@vindex comment-padding
  The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces
@code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the comment
delimiter and the line's original text.  The default is 1, to insert
one space.  @code{nil} means 0.  Alternatively, @code{comment-padding}
can hold the actual string to insert.

@vindex comment-multi-line
  The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j}
(@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment.
Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil} (the
default value), the command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new
line, and finally inserts a comment starter.  Otherwise it does not
insert the terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the
current comment across multiple lines.  In languages that allow
multi-line comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter
of taste.

@vindex comment-indent-function
  The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function
that will be called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted
comment or for aligning an existing comment.  It is set differently by

@node Info Lookup
@subsection Info Documentation Lookup

@findex info-lookup-symbol
@findex info-lookup-file
@kindex C-h S
  For C, Lisp, and other languages that have documentation in Info,
you can use @kbd{C-h S} (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info
documentation for a symbol.  You specify the symbol with the
minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the buffer at
point.

  The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the
symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search.
You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation
for a file name.

  This feature currently supports the modes AWK, Autoconf, Bison, C,
Emacs Lisp, LaTeX, M4, Makefile, Octave, Perl, Scheme, and Texinfo,
provided you have installed the relevant Info files, which are
typically available with the appropriate GNU package.

@node Man Page

with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}).  This process is not finished, so it is
still useful to read manual pages.

@findex manual-entry
  You can read the man page for an operating system command, library
function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x man} command.  It
runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system
permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on
editing while the page is being formatted.  (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows
3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.)  The
result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}.  These buffers

@cindex Pike mode
@cindex IDL mode
@cindex CORBA IDL mode
@cindex Objective C mode
@cindex C++ mode
@cindex AWK mode
@cindex mode, Java
@cindex mode, C
@cindex mode, C++
@cindex mode, Objective C
@cindex mode, CORBA IDL
@cindex mode, Pike
@cindex mode, AWK

  This section gives a brief description of the special features
available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, Pike and AWK modes.
(These are called ``C mode and related modes.'')  @xref{Top, , CC Mode,
ccmode, CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes
and their special features.

@menu
* Motion in C::                 Commands to move by C statements, etc.
* Electric C::                  Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
* Hungry Delete::               A more powerful DEL command.
* Other C Commands::            Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
                                and other neat features.
@end menu

@node Motion in C
@subsection C Mode Motion Commands

  This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and
related modes.

@table @code
@item M-x c-beginning-of-defun
@itemx M-x c-end-of-defun
@findex c-beginning-of-defun
@findex c-end-of-defun
Move point to the beginning or end of the current function or
top-level definition.  These are found by searching for the least
enclosing braces.  (By contrast, @code{beginning-of-defun} and
@code{end-of-defun} search for braces in column zero.)  If you are
editing code where the opening brace of a function isn't placed in
column zero, you may wish to bind @code{C-M-a} and @code{C-M-e} to
these commands.  @xref{Moving by Defuns}.

@item C-c C-u
@kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-up-conditional
Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the
mark behind.  A prefix argument acts as a repeat count.  With a negative
argument, move point forward to the end of the containing
preprocessor conditional.

@samp{#elif} is equivalent to @samp{#else} followed by @samp{#if}, so
the function will stop at a @samp{#elif} when going backward, but not
when going forward.

@item C-c C-p
@kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)}
@findex c-backward-conditional
Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark

Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark
behind.  A prefix argument acts as a repeat count.  With a negative
argument, move backward.

@item M-a
@kindex M-a (C mode)
@findex c-beginning-of-statement
Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement
(@code{c-beginning-of-statement}).  If point is already at the beginning
of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement.  With
prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements.

In comments or in strings which span more than one line, this command
moves by sentences instead of statements.

@item M-e
@kindex M-e (C mode)
@findex c-end-of-statement
Move point to the end of the innermost C statement or sentence; like
@kbd{M-a} except that it moves in the other direction
(@code{c-end-of-statement}).

@item M-x c-backward-into-nomenclature
@findex c-backward-into-nomenclature
Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or word.
With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times.  If @var{n} is

@findex c-scope-operator
Insert a double colon scope operator at point, without reindenting the
line or adding any newlines (@code{c-scope-operator}).
@end table

@vindex c-electric-pound-behavior
  The electric @kbd{#} key reindents the line if it appears to be the
beginning of a preprocessor directive.  This happens when the value of
@code{c-electric-pound-behavior} is @code{(alignleft)}.  You can turn
this feature off by setting @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} to
@code{nil}.

@vindex c-hanging-braces-alist
   The variable @code{c-hanging-braces-alist} controls the insertion of
newlines before and after inserted braces.  It is an association list
with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol}
. @var{nl-list})}.  Most of the syntactic symbols that appear in
@code{c-offsets-alist} are meaningful here as well.

@code{c-hanging-braces-alist}; if it is found, the @var{nl-list} is used
to determine where newlines are inserted: either before the brace,
after, or both.  If not found, the default is to insert a newline both
before and after braces.

@vindex c-hanging-colons-alist
   The variable @code{c-hanging-colons-alist} controls the insertion of
newlines before and after inserted colons.  It is an association list
with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol}
. @var{nl-list})}.  The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the
symbols @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}.

up in this list, and if found, the @var{nl-list} is used to determine
where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, after, or both.
If the syntactic symbol is not found in this list, no newlines are
inserted.

@vindex c-cleanup-list
   Electric characters can also delete newlines automatically when the
auto-newline feature is enabled.  This feature makes auto-newline more
acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where you
do not want them.  Emacs can recognize several cases in which deleting a
newline might be desirable; by setting the variable

whitespace.
@end table

@node Hungry Delete
@subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C
@cindex hungry deletion (C Mode)

  When the @dfn{hungry-delete} feature is enabled (indicated by
@samp{/h} or @samp{/ah} in the mode line after the mode name), a single
@key{DEL} command deletes all preceding whitespace, not just one space.
To turn this feature on or off, use @kbd{C-c C-d}:

@node Other C Commands
@subsection Other Commands for C Mode

@table @kbd
@item M-x c-context-line-break
@findex c-context-line-break
This command inserts a line break and indents the new line in a manner
appropriate to the context.  In normal code, it does the work of
@kbd{C-j} (@code{newline-and-indent}), in a C preprocessor line it
additionally inserts a @samp{\} at the line break, and within comments
it's like @kbd{M-j} (@code{c-indent-new-comment-line}).

@code{c-context-line-break} isn't bound to a key by default, but it
needs a binding to be useful.  The following code will bind it to
@kbd{C-j}.
@example
(define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break)
@end example

@item C-M-h
Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the
beginning (@code{c-mark-function}).

@item M-q

@item M-x cwarn-mode
@itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode
@findex cwarn-mode
@findex global-cwarn-mode
@vindex global-cwarn-mode
@cindex CWarn mode
@cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++
CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions:

@itemize @bullet{}

Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the
current buffer.  Typically this will be the header file corresponding
to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa.  The variable
@code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file
names.
@end table

@node Fortran
@section Fortran Mode
@cindex Fortran mode