comparison etc/TUTORIAL @ 1375:577493baf266

*** empty log message ***

1374:3d87587ddc4e

key).

>>  Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.


SUMMARY
-------

The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:

	C-v	Move forward one screenful
	M-v	Move backward one screenful

>> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
   Then type a C-l.
   Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.


BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
--------------------

Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
There are several ways you can do this.  One way (not the best, but
the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward

Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines?  If you would like to
scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.


WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
-----------------

If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
a command that you don't want to finish.

not want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question.

>> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n.


WINDOWS
-------

Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get
rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or

   to display documentation on the Control-f command.

>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.


INSERTING AND DELETING
----------------------

If you want to insert text, just type it.  Characters which you can
see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
Newline character.

   the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
   If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
   arguments.


UNDO
----

Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
with the undo command, C-x u.  Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,

Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
it as many times as the argument says.


FILES
-----

In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  What
finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;

will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
existing file.


BUFFERS
-------

If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.

C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.


EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
-------------------------

There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:

   Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
   after the cursor.


MODE LINE
---------

If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area."  The echo
area contains the bottom line of the screen.  The line immediately above
it is called the MODE LINE.  The mode line says something like

--**--Emacs: TUTORIAL		    (Fundamental)----58%-------------

This is a very useful "information" line.

You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
found.  What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is

To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
that paragraph.

>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.

SEARCHING
---------

Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
through it.  To search for the string means that you are trying to
locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the

search for something earlier in the text?  To do this, type C-r for
Reverse search.  Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
that the direction of the search is reversed.


MULTIPLE WINDOWS
----------------

One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
window on the screen at the same time.

>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.

>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
   the bottom window.


RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
------------------------

Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).

You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands
WITHIN the recursive editing level.


GETTING MORE HELP
-----------------

In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features

>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window.  Do this a few times.

>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.


CONCLUSION
----------

Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.

This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if

1375:577493baf266

key).

>>  Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.


* SUMMARY
---------

The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:

	C-v	Move forward one screenful
	M-v	Move backward one screenful

>> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
   Then type a C-l.
   Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.


* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
----------------------

Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
There are several ways you can do this.  One way (not the best, but
the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward

Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines?  If you would like to
scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.


* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
--------------------

If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
a command that you don't want to finish.

not want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question.

>> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n.


* WINDOWS
---------

Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get
rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or

   to display documentation on the Control-f command.

>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.


* INSERTING AND DELETING
------------------------

If you want to insert text, just type it.  Characters which you can
see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
Newline character.

   the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
   If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
   arguments.


* UNDO
------

Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
with the undo command, C-x u.  Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,

Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
it as many times as the argument says.


* FILES
-------

In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  What
finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;

will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
existing file.


* BUFFERS
---------

If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.

C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.


* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
---------------------------

There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:

   Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
   after the cursor.


* MODE LINE
-----------

If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area."  The echo
area contains the bottom line of the screen.  The line immediately above
it is called the MODE LINE.  The mode line says something like

----**--Emacs: TUTORIAL		    (Fundamental)----58%-------------

This is a very useful "information" line.

You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
found.  What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is

To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
that paragraph.

>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.

* SEARCHING
-----------

Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
through it.  To search for the string means that you are trying to
locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the

search for something earlier in the text?  To do this, type C-r for
Reverse search.  Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
that the direction of the search is reversed.


* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
------------------

One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
window on the screen at the same time.

>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.

>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
   the bottom window.


* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
--------------------------

Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).

You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands
WITHIN the recursive editing level.


* GETTING MORE HELP
-------------------

In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features

>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window.  Do this a few times.

>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.


* CONCLUSION
------------

Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.

This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if