comparison lispref/nonascii.texi @ 29265:69f20c18d6eb

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@defvar nonascii-insert-offset
This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@sc{ascii} character
when converting unibyte text to multibyte.  It also applies when
@code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte
non-@sc{ascii} range, 128 through 255.  However, the function
@code{insert-char} does not perform this conversion.

The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(-
(make-char @var{cs}) 128)}.  If the value of
@code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the
value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero.

@defvar nonascii-translation-table
This variable provides a more general alternative to
@code{nonascii-insert-offset}.  You can use it to specify independently
how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a
multibyte character.  The value should be a vector, or @code{nil}.
If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}.
@end defvar

@defun string-make-unibyte string
This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte

This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a
sequence of bytes.  As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed
as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character
in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte
representation.

This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which
representation is in use.  It also adjusts various data in the buffer
(including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the
same text as they did before.

really proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit
encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).  Some other character
codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text.  Only the @sc{ascii} codes
0 through 127 are truly legitimate in both representations.

@defun char-valid-p charcode
This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two
text representations.

@example
(char-valid-p 65)

(char-valid-p 256)
     @result{} nil
(char-valid-p 2248)
     @result{} t
@end example
@end defun

@node Character Sets
@section Character Sets
@cindex character sets

@defun charset-plist charset
@tindex charset-plist
This function returns the charset property list of the character set
@var{charset}.  Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same
as the property list of that symbol.  Charset properties are used for
special purposes within Emacs; for example, @code{x-charset-registry}
helps determine which fonts to use (@pxref{Font Selection}).
@end defun

@node Chars and Bytes
@section Characters and Bytes
@cindex bytes and characters

@cindex introduction sequence
@cindex dimension (of character set)
  In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more
bytes.  Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is
normally one or two bytes long.  (Exception: the @sc{ascii} character
set has a zero-length introduction sequence.)  The introduction sequence
is the beginning of the byte sequence for any character in the character
set.  The rest of the character's bytes distinguish it from the other
characters in the same character set.  Depending on the character set,
there are either one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such
bytes is called the @dfn{dimension} of the character set.

@defun charset-dimension charset
This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the
dimension is always 1 or 2.
@end defun

@example
(split-char 2248)
     @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72)
(split-char 65)
     @result{} (ascii 65)
@end example

Unibyte non-@sc{ascii} characters are considered as part of
the @code{ascii} character set:

@example
(split-char 192)
     @result{} (ascii 192)
@end example
@end defun

@defun make-char charset &rest byte-values
This function returns the character in character set @var{charset}

@example
(make-char 'latin-iso8859-1)
     @result{} 2176
(char-valid-p 2176)
     @result{} nil
(split-char 2176)
     @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0)
@end example

@node Scanning Charsets
@section Scanning for Character Sets

  Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a

However, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does not affect sending text
to a subprocess.
@end defvar

@defvar save-buffer-coding-system
This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer---but it
is not used for @code{write-region}.

When a command to save the buffer starts out to use
@code{save-buffer-coding-system}, and that coding system cannot handle
the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose
another coding system.  After that happens, the command also updates
@code{save-buffer-coding-system} to represent the coding system that the
user specified.
@end defvar

@defvar last-coding-system-used
I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the

  Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems:

@defun coding-system-list &optional base-only
This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols).  If
@var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the
base coding systems.  Otherwise, it includes variant coding systems as well.
@end defun

@defun coding-system-p object
This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system
name.

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@defvar nonascii-insert-offset
This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@sc{ascii} character
when converting unibyte text to multibyte.  It also applies when
@code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte
non-@sc{ascii} range, 128 through 255.  However, the function
@code{insert} and @code{insert-char} do not perform this conversion.

The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(-
(make-char @var{cs}) 128)}.  If the value of
@code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the
value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero.

@defvar nonascii-translation-table
This variable provides a more general alternative to
@code{nonascii-insert-offset}.  You can use it to specify independently
how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a
multibyte character.  The value should be a char-table, or @code{nil}.
If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}.
@end defvar

@defun string-make-unibyte string
This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte

This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a
sequence of bytes.  As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed
as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character
in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte
representation.  Character codes 128 through 159 are an exception.  They
are represented by one byte in a unibyte buffer, but when the buffer is
set to multibyte, they are converted to two-byte sequences, and vice
versa.

This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which
representation is in use.  It also adjusts various data in the buffer
(including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the
same text as they did before.

really proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit
encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).  Some other character
codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text.  Only the @sc{ascii} codes
0 through 127 are truly legitimate in both representations.

@defun char-valid-p charcode &optional genericp
This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two
text representations.

@example
(char-valid-p 65)

(char-valid-p 256)
     @result{} nil
(char-valid-p 2248)
     @result{} t
@end example

If the optional argument @var{genericp} is non-nil, this function
returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is a generic character
(@pxref{Generic Character}).
@end defun

@node Character Sets
@section Character Sets
@cindex character sets

@defun charset-plist charset
@tindex charset-plist
This function returns the charset property list of the character set
@var{charset}.  Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same
as the property list of that symbol.  Charset properties are used for
special purposes within Emacs; for example,
@code{preferred-coding-system} helps determine which coding system to
use to encode characters in a charset.
@end defun

@node Chars and Bytes
@section Characters and Bytes
@cindex bytes and characters

@cindex introduction sequence
@cindex dimension (of character set)
  In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more
bytes.  Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is
normally one or two bytes long.  (Exception: the @sc{ascii} character
set and the @sc{eight-bit-graphic} character set have a zero-length
introduction sequence.)  The introduction sequence is the beginning of
the byte sequence for any character in the character set.  The rest of
the character's bytes distinguish it from the other characters in the
same character set.  Depending on the character set, there are either
one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such bytes is called the
@dfn{dimension} of the character set.

@defun charset-dimension charset
This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the
dimension is always 1 or 2.
@end defun

@example
(split-char 2248)
     @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72)
(split-char 65)
     @result{} (ascii 65)
(split-char 128)
     @result{} (eight-bit-control 128)
@end example
@end defun

@defun make-char charset &rest byte-values
This function returns the character in character set @var{charset}

@example
(make-char 'latin-iso8859-1)
     @result{} 2176
(char-valid-p 2176)
     @result{} nil
(char-valid-p 2176 t)
     @result{} t
(split-char 2176)
     @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0)
@end example

The character sets @sc{ascii}, @sc{eight-bit-control}, and
@sc{eight-bit-graphic} don't have corresponding generic characters.

@node Scanning Charsets
@section Scanning for Character Sets

  Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a

However, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does not affect sending text
to a subprocess.
@end defvar

@defvar save-buffer-coding-system
This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer (by
overriding @code{buffer-file-coding-system}).  Note that it is not used
for @code{write-region}.

When a command to save the buffer starts out to use
@code{buffer-file-coding-system} (or @code{save-buffer-coding-system}),
and that coding system cannot handle
the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose
another coding system.  After that happens, the command also updates
@code{buffer-file-coding-system} to represent the coding system that the
user specified.
@end defvar

@defvar last-coding-system-used
I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the

  Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems:

@defun coding-system-list &optional base-only
This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols).  If
@var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the
base coding systems.  Otherwise, it includes alias and variant coding
systems as well.
@end defun

@defun coding-system-p object
This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system
name.