comparison man/mule.texi @ 68694:6e0262b41466

(Communication Coding): Say "other applications". (Fontsets): Not specific to X. Add xref to X Resources. (Unibyte Mode): Renamed from Single-Byte Character Support. "Graphical display", not window system. (International): Update menu.

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for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set
your language environment.  If
your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an
appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Terminal Coding}), and Emacs
will accept those characters.  Latin-1 characters can also be input by
using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Single-Byte Character Support,
C-x 8}.

On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value
to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see
@ref{Language Environments, locales}.

                              terminal input and output.
* Fontsets::                Fontsets are collections of fonts
                              that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets::       Defining a new fontset.
* Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display.
* Single-Byte Character Support:: You can pick one European character set
                              to use without multibyte characters.
* Charsets::                How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
@end menu

@node International Chars

in communication with other processes.

@table @kbd
@item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET}
Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from
other programs through the window system.

@item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET}
Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one}
selection---the next one---to or from the window system.

@item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET}
Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for
subprocess input and output in the current buffer.

@node Fontsets
@section Fontsets
@cindex fontsets

  A font for X Windows typically defines shapes for a single alphabet
or script.  Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that
Emacs supports requires a collection of many fonts.  In Emacs, such a
collection is called a @dfn{fontset}.  A fontset is defined by a list
of fonts, each assigned to handle a range of character codes.

  Each fontset has a name, like a font.  The available X fonts are
defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs
itself.  Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by
specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font.  Of
course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server
supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes,
this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those
characters.@footnote{The Emacs installation instructions have information on
additional font support.}

  Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset}
and the @dfn{startup fontset}.  The standard fontset is most likely to
have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters;
however, this is not the default for Emacs to use.  (By default, Emacs
tries to find a font that has bold and italic variants.)  You can
specify use of the standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or
with the @samp{Font} X resource (@pxref{Font X}).  For example,

@example
emacs -fn fontset-standard
@end example

  A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character
code.  If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
display that character properly.  It will display that character as an

from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent
Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics.  Customize the variable
@code{latin1-display} to enable this.  The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII}
sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods.

@node Single-Byte Character Support
@section Single-byte Character Set Support

@cindex European character sets
@cindex accented characters
@cindex ISO Latin character sets
@cindex Unibyte operation

your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain
non-@acronym{ASCII} characters.

@vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment
  Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font
in use supports them.  This works automatically.  Alternatively, if you
are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters
through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte
characters according to the current language environment.  To request
this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment}
to a non-@code{nil} value.

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for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set
your language environment.  If
your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an
appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Terminal Coding}), and Emacs
will accept those characters.  Latin-1 characters can also be input by
using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Unibyte Mode}.
C-x 8}.

On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value
to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see
@ref{Language Environments, locales}.

                              terminal input and output.
* Fontsets::                Fontsets are collections of fonts
                              that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets::       Defining a new fontset.
* Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display.
* Unibyte Mode::            You can pick one European character set
                              to use without multibyte characters.
* Charsets::                How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
@end menu

@node International Chars

in communication with other processes.

@table @kbd
@item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET}
Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from
other window-based applications.

@item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET}
Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one}
selection---the next one---to or from another window-based application.

@item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET}
Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for
subprocess input and output in the current buffer.

@node Fontsets
@section Fontsets
@cindex fontsets

  A font typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script.
Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports
requires a collection of many fonts.  In Emacs, such a collection is
called a @dfn{fontset}.  A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each
assigned to handle a range of character codes.

  Each fontset has a name, like a font.  However, while fonts are
stored in the system and the available font names are defined by the
system, fontsets are defined within Emacs itself.  Once you have
defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by specifying its name,
anywhere that you could use a single font.  Of course, Emacs fontsets
can use only the fonts that the system supports; if certain characters
appear on the screen as hollow boxes, this means that the fontset in
use for them has no font for those characters.@footnote{The Emacs
installation instructions have information on additional font
support.}

  Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset}
and the @dfn{startup fontset}.  The standard fontset is most likely to
have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters;
however, this is not the default for Emacs to use.  (By default, Emacs
tries to find a font that has bold and italic variants.)  You can
specify use of the standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option.  For
example,

@example
emacs -fn fontset-standard
@end example

@noindent
You can also specify a fontset with the @samp{Font} resource (@pxref{X
Resources}).

  A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character
code.  If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
display that character properly.  It will display that character as an

from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent
Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics.  Customize the variable
@code{latin1-display} to enable this.  The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII}
sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods.

@node Unibyte Mode
@section Unibyte Editing Mode

@cindex European character sets
@cindex accented characters
@cindex ISO Latin character sets
@cindex Unibyte operation

your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain
non-@acronym{ASCII} characters.

@vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment
  Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font
in use supports them.  This works automatically.  Alternatively, on a
graphical display, Emacs can also display single-byte characters
through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte
characters according to the current language environment.  To request
this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment}
to a non-@code{nil} value.