comparison man/calc.texi @ 90070:95879cc1ed20

Revision: [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--unicode--0--patch-81 Merge from emacs--cvs-trunk--0 Patches applied: * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-748 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-749 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-750 Merge from gnus--rel--5.10 * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-751 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-753 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-754 Merge from gnus--rel--5.10 * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-755 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-757 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/gnus--rel--5.10--patch-78 Merge from emacs--cvs-trunk--0 * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/gnus--rel--5.10--patch-79 - [e-mail]--gnu-2004/gnus--rel--5.10--patch-80 Update from CVS * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/gnus--rel--5.10--patch-81 Merge from emacs--cvs-trunk--0 * [e-mail]--gnu-2004/gnus--rel--5.10--patch-82 Update from CVS

90069:fa0a5c4db2c8

We don't have enough space here to show all the zeros!  They won't
fit on a typical screen, either, so you will have to use horizontal
scrolling to see them all.  Press @kbd{<} and @kbd{>} to scroll the
stack window left and right by half its width.  Another way to view
something large is to press @kbd{`} (back-quote) to edit the top of
stack in a separate window.  (Press @kbd{M-# M-#} when you are done.)

You can enter non-decimal numbers using the @kbd{#} symbol, too.
Let's see what the hexadecimal number @samp{5FE} looks like in
binary.  Type @kbd{16#5FE} (the letters can be typed in upper or
lower case; they will always appear in upper case).  It will also

    r 1                a r tsc @key{RET}  a r merge @key{RET}  a r sinsqr @key{RET}  a s
@end group
@end smallexample

To edit a variable, type @kbd{s e} and the variable name, use regular
Emacs editing commands as necessary, then type @kbd{M-# M-#} or
@kbd{C-c C-c} to store the edited value back into the variable.
You can also use @w{@kbd{s e}} to create a new variable if you wish.

Notice that the first time you use each rule, Calc puts up a ``compiling''
message briefly.  The pattern matcher converts rules into a special
optimized pattern-matching language rather than using them directly.

type "1"
calc-kbd-pop          # Restore values (Z ')
@end smallexample

@noindent
Press @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing and return to the Calculator.

@smallexample
@group
1:  20         1:  3.597739
    .              .

A @dfn{variable} is somewhere between a storage register on a conventional
calculator, and a variable in a programming language.  (In fact, a Calc
variable is really just an Emacs Lisp variable that contains a Calc number
or formula.)  A variable's name is normally composed of letters and digits.
Calc also allows apostrophes and @code{#} signs in variable names.
The Calc variable @code{foo} corresponds to the Emacs Lisp variable
@code{var-foo}.  Commands like @kbd{s s} (@code{calc-store}) that operate
on variables can be made to use any arbitrary Lisp variable simply by
backspacing over the @samp{var-} prefix in the minibuffer.

In a command that takes a variable name, you can either type the full
name of a variable, or type a single digit to use one of the special
convenience variables @code{var-q0} through @code{var-q9}.  For example,
@kbd{3 s s 2} stores the number 3 in variable @code{var-q2}, and
@w{@kbd{3 s s foo @key{RET}}} stores that number in variable
@code{var-foo}.

To push a variable itself (as opposed to the variable's value) on the
stack, enter its name as an algebraic expression using the apostrophe
(@key{'}) key.  Variable names in algebraic formulas implicitly have
@samp{var-} prefixed to their names.  The @samp{#} character in variable
names used in algebraic formulas corresponds to a dash @samp{-} in the
Lisp variable name.  If the name contains any dashes, the prefix @samp{var-}
is @emph{not} automatically added.  Thus the two formulas @samp{foo + 1}
and @samp{var#foo + 1} both refer to the same variable.

@kindex =
@pindex calc-evaluate
@cindex Evaluation of variables in a formula
@cindex Variables, evaluation

or five modulo minus-two?  Calc always interprets the leftmost symbol as
an infix operator preferentially (modulo, in this case), so you would
need to write @samp{(5%)-2} to get the former interpretation.

@cindex Function call notation
A function call is, e.g., @samp{sin(1+x)}.  Function names follow the same
rules as variable names except that the default prefix @samp{calcFunc-} is
used (instead of @samp{var-}) for the internal Lisp form.
Most mathematical Calculator commands like
@code{calc-sin} have function equivalents like @code{sin}.
If no Lisp function is defined for a function called by a formula, the
call is left as it is during algebraic manipulation: @samp{f(x+y)} is
left alone.  Beware that many innocent-looking short names like @code{in}
and @code{re} have predefined meanings which could surprise you; however,

buffer (@samp{*Calc Edit*}) for editing the top-of-stack value using
regular Emacs commands.  With a numeric prefix argument, it edits the
specified number of stack entries at once.  (An argument of zero edits
the entire stack; a negative argument edits one specific stack entry.)

When you are done editing, press @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish and return
to Calc.  The @key{RET} and @key{LFD} keys also work to finish most
sorts of editing, though in some cases Calc leaves @key{RET} with its
usual meaning (``insert a newline'') if it's a situation where you
might want to insert new lines into the editing buffer.  The traditional
Emacs ``finish'' key sequence, @kbd{C-c C-c}, also works to finish
editing and may be easier to type, depending on your keyboard.

When you finish editing, the Calculator parses the lines of text in
the @samp{*Calc Edit*} buffer as numbers or formulas, replaces the
original stack elements in the original buffer with these new values,
then kills the @samp{*Calc Edit*} buffer.  The original Calculator buffer
continues to exist during editing, but for best results you should be
careful not to change it until you have finished the edit.  You can
also cancel the edit by pressing @kbd{M-# x}.

The formula is normally reevaluated as it is put onto the stack.
For example, editing @samp{a + 2} to @samp{3 + 2} and pressing
@kbd{M-# M-#} will push 5 on the stack.  If you use @key{LFD} to
finish, Calc will put the result on the stack without evaluating it.

If you give a prefix argument to @kbd{M-# M-#} (or @kbd{C-c C-c}),
Calc will not kill the @samp{*Calc Edit*} buffer.  You can switch
back to that buffer and continue editing if you wish.  However, you
should understand that if you initiated the edit with @kbd{`}, the
@kbd{M-# M-#} operation will be programmed to replace the top of the
stack with the new edited value, and it will do this even if you have
rearranged the stack in the meanwhile.  This is not so much of a problem
with other editing commands, though, such as @kbd{s e}
(@code{calc-edit-variable}; @pxref{Operations on Variables}).

translated into @code{subscr} calls, so that @samp{a[i]} in C
mode is the same as @samp{a_i} in Normal mode.  Assignments
turn into the @code{assign} function, which Calc normally displays
using the @samp{:=} symbol.

The variables @code{var-pi} and @code{var-e} would be displayed @samp{pi}
and @samp{e} in Normal mode, but in C mode they are displayed as
@samp{M_PI} and @samp{M_E}, corresponding to the names of constants
typically provided in the @file{<math.h>} header.  Functions whose
names are different in C are translated automatically for entry and
display purposes.  For example, entering @samp{asin(x)} will push the

@kindex Z S
@pindex calc-edit-user-syntax
The @kbd{Z S} (@code{calc-edit-user-syntax}) command edits the
syntax table for the current language mode.  If you want your
syntax to work in any language, define it in the Normal language
mode.  Type @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing the syntax table, or
@kbd{M-# x} to cancel the edit.  The @kbd{m m} command saves all
the syntax tables along with the other mode settings;
@pxref{General Mode Commands}.

@menu
* Syntax Table Basics::

that Calc would consider to be standard time), then Calc substitutes
the corresponding generalized time zone (like @code{PGT}).

If your system does not have a suitable @samp{date} command, you
may wish to put a @samp{(setq var-TimeZone ...)} in your Emacs
initialization file to set the time zone.  The easiest way to do
this is to edit the @code{TimeZone} variable using Calc's @kbd{s T}
command, then use the @kbd{s p} (@code{calc-permanent-variable})
command to save the value of @code{TimeZone} permanently.

The @kbd{t J} and @code{t U} commands with no numeric prefix

@vindex DistribRules
The @kbd{j D} command is implemented using rewrite rules.
@xref{Selections with Rewrite Rules}.  The rules are stored in
the Calc variable @code{DistribRules}.  A convenient way to view
these rules is to use @kbd{s e} (@code{calc-edit-variable}) which
displays and edits the stored value of a variable.  Press @kbd{M-# M-#}
to return from editing mode; be careful not to make any actual changes
or else you will affect the behavior of future @kbd{j D} commands!

To extend @kbd{j D} to handle new cases, just edit @code{DistribRules}
as described above.  You can then use the @kbd{s p} command to save

using a pattern like @samp{as(n)}.  The @kbd{s l} command only works
on variables, but you can use the @kbd{a b} (@code{calc-substitute})
command to substitute actual values for function calls like @samp{as(3)}.

The @kbd{s G} (@code{calc-edit-GenCount}) command is a convenient
way to create or edit this variable.  Press @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish.

If you have not stored a value in @code{GenCount}, or if the value
in that variable is not a positive integer, the regular
@code{s1}/@code{n1} notation is used.

@vindex q0
@vindex q9
The @kbd{s s} (@code{calc-store}) command stores the value at the top of
the stack into a specified variable.  It prompts you to enter the
name of the variable.  If you press a single digit, the value is stored
immediately in one of the ``quick'' variables @code{var-q0} through
@code{var-q9}.  Or you can enter any variable name.  The prefix @samp{var-}
is supplied for you; when a name appears in a formula (as in @samp{a+q2})
the prefix @samp{var-} is also supplied there, so normally you can simply
forget about @samp{var-} everywhere.  Its only purpose is to enable you to
use Calc variables without fear of accidentally clobbering some variable in
another Emacs package.  If you really want to store in an arbitrary Lisp
variable, just backspace over the @samp{var-}.

@kindex s t
@pindex calc-store-into
The @kbd{s s} command leaves the stored value on the stack.  There is
also an @kbd{s t} (@code{calc-store-into}) command, which removes a

variables represent their standard values.  Calc displays a warning if
you change the value of one of these variables, or of one of the other
special variables @code{inf}, @code{uinf}, and @code{nan} (which are
normally void).

Note that @code{var-pi} doesn't actually have 3.14159265359 stored
in it, but rather a special magic value that evaluates to @cpi{}
at the current precision.  Likewise @code{var-e}, @code{var-i}, and
@code{var-phi} evaluate according to the current precision or polar mode.
If you recall a value from @code{pi} and store it back, this magic
property will be lost.

@kindex s c
@pindex calc-copy-variable
The @kbd{s c} (@code{calc-copy-variable}) command copies the stored
value of one variable to another.  It differs from a simple @kbd{s r}
followed by an @kbd{s t} in two important ways.  First, the value never
goes on the stack and thus is never rounded, evaluated, or simplified
in any way; it is not even rounded down to the current precision.
Second, the ``magic'' contents of a variable like @code{var-e} can
be copied into another variable with this command, perhaps because
you need to unstore @code{var-e} right now but you wish to put it
back when you're done.  The @kbd{s c} command is the only way to
manipulate these magic values intact.

@node Recalling Variables, Operations on Variables, Storing Variables, Store and Recall
@section Recalling Variables

The @kbd{s e} (@code{calc-edit-variable}) command edits the stored
value of a variable without ever putting that value on the stack
or simplifying or evaluating the value.  It prompts for the name of
the variable to edit.  If the variable has no stored value, the
editing buffer will start out empty.  If the editing buffer is
empty when you press @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish, the variable will
be made void.  @xref{Editing Stack Entries}, for a general
description of editing.

The @kbd{s e} command is especially useful for creating and editing
rewrite rules which are stored in variables.  Sometimes these rules

only way to remove a saved variable is to edit your @file{.emacs} file
by hand.  (@xref{General Mode Commands}, for a way to tell Calc to
use a different file instead of @file{.emacs}.)

If you do not specify the name of a variable to save (i.e.,
@kbd{s p @key{RET}}), all @samp{var-} variables with defined values
are saved except for the special constants @code{pi}, @code{e},
@code{i}, @code{phi}, and @code{gamma}; the variables @code{TimeZone}
and @code{PlotRejects};
@code{FitRules}, @code{DistribRules}, and other built-in rewrite
rules; and @code{PlotData@var{n}} variables generated

explicitly naming them in an @kbd{s p} command.)

@kindex s i
@pindex calc-insert-variables
The @kbd{s i} (@code{calc-insert-variables}) command writes
the values of all @samp{var-} variables into a specified buffer.
The variables are written in the form of Lisp @code{setq} commands
which store the values in string form.  You can place these commands
in your @file{.emacs} buffer if you wish, though in this case it
would be easier to use @kbd{s p @key{RET}}.  (Note that @kbd{s i}
omits the same set of variables as @w{@kbd{s p @key{RET}}}; the difference
is that @kbd{s i} will store the variables in any buffer, and it also

The graph is made the same size as the Emacs screen, which on most
dumb terminals will be 
@texline @math{80\times24}
@infoline 80x24
characters.  The graph is displayed in
an Emacs ``recursive edit''; type @kbd{q} or @kbd{M-# M-#} to exit
the recursive edit and return to Calc.  Note that the @code{dumb}
device is present only in GNUPLOT 3.0 and later versions.

The word @code{dumb} may be followed by two numbers separated by
spaces.  These are the desired width and height of the graph in

@kindex M-# `
@pindex calc-embedded-edit
The @kbd{M-# `} (@code{calc-embedded-edit}) command edits the
embedded formula at the current point as if by @kbd{`} (@code{calc-edit}).
Embedded mode does not have to be enabled for this to work.  Press
@kbd{M-# M-#} to finish the edit, or @kbd{M-# x} to cancel.

@node Assignments in Embedded Mode, Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, More About Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Assignments in Embedded Mode

@noindent

The @kbd{Z P} command also saves the user definition, if any, for the
command bound to the key.  After @kbd{Z F} and @kbd{Z C}, a given user
key could invoke a command, which in turn calls an algebraic function,
which might have one or more special display formats.  A single @kbd{Z P}
command will save all of these definitions.

To save a command or function without its key binding (or if there is
no key binding for the command or function), type @kbd{'} (the apostrophe)
when prompted for a key.  Then, type the function name, or backspace
to change the @samp{calcFunc-} prefix to @samp{calc-} and enter a
command name.  (If the command you give implies a function, the function
will be saved, and if the function has any display formats, those will
be saved, but not the other way around:  Saving a function will not save
any commands or key bindings associated with the function.)

@kindex Z E
@pindex calc-user-define-edit
@cindex Editing user definitions
The @kbd{Z E} (@code{calc-user-define-edit}) command edits the definition

The @kbd{Z E} (@code{calc-user-define-edit}) command on a key that has
been defined by a keyboard macro tries to use the @code{edit-kbd-macro}
command to edit the macro.  This command may be found in the
@file{macedit} package, a copy of which comes with Calc.  It decomposes
the macro definition into full Emacs command names, like @code{calc-pop}
and @code{calc-add}.  Type @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing and update
the definition stored on the key, or, to cancel the edit, type
@kbd{M-# x}.

If you give a negative numeric prefix argument to @kbd{Z E}, the keyboard
macro is edited in spelled-out keystroke form.  For example, the editing
buffer might contain the nine characters @w{@samp{1 @key{RET} 2 +}}.  When you press
@kbd{M-# M-#}, the @code{read-kbd-macro} feature of the @file{macedit}
package is used to reinterpret these key names.  The
notations @code{RET}, @code{LFD}, @code{TAB}, @code{SPC}, @code{DEL}, and
@code{NUL} must be written in all uppercase, as must the prefixes @code{C-}
and @code{M-}.  Spaces and line breaks are ignored.  Other characters are
copied verbatim into the keyboard macro.  Basically, the notation is the

If you want to give the formula a long-style name only, you can press
@key{SPC} or @key{RET} when asked which single key to use.  For example
@kbd{Z F @key{RET} spam @key{RET}} defines the new command as
@kbd{M-x calc-spam}, with no keyboard equivalent.

The third prompt is for a function name.  The default is to use the same
name as the command name but with @samp{calcFunc-} in place of
@samp{calc-}.  This is the name you will use if you want to enter your
new function in an algebraic formula.  Suppose we enter @kbd{yow @key{RET}}.
Then the new function can be invoked by pushing two numbers on the
stack and typing @kbd{z m} or @kbd{x spam}, or by entering the algebraic
formula @samp{yow(x,y)}.

an error message if the key is undefined, or if the key was not defined
by a @kbd{Z F} command.

The @kbd{Z E} (@code{calc-user-define-edit}) command on a key that has
been defined by a formula uses a variant of the @code{calc-edit} command
to edit the defining formula.  Press @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing and
store the new formula back in the definition, or @kbd{M-# x} to
cancel the edit.  (The argument list and other properties of the
definition are unchanged; to adjust the argument list, you can use
@kbd{Z G} to grab the function onto the stack, edit with @kbd{`}, and
then re-execute the @kbd{Z F} command.)

@item
Variable name may be a single digit or a full name.

@c 30
@item
Editing occurs in a separate buffer.  Press @kbd{M-# M-#} (or @kbd{C-c C-c},
@key{LFD}, or in some cases @key{RET}) to finish the edit, or press
@kbd{M-# x} to cancel the edit.  The @key{LFD} key prevents evaluation
of the result of the edit.

@c 31
@item
The number prompted for can also be provided as a prefix argument.

90070:95879cc1ed20

We don't have enough space here to show all the zeros!  They won't
fit on a typical screen, either, so you will have to use horizontal
scrolling to see them all.  Press @kbd{<} and @kbd{>} to scroll the
stack window left and right by half its width.  Another way to view
something large is to press @kbd{`} (back-quote) to edit the top of
stack in a separate window.  (Press @kbd{C-c C-c} when you are done.)

You can enter non-decimal numbers using the @kbd{#} symbol, too.
Let's see what the hexadecimal number @samp{5FE} looks like in
binary.  Type @kbd{16#5FE} (the letters can be typed in upper or
lower case; they will always appear in upper case).  It will also

    r 1                a r tsc @key{RET}  a r merge @key{RET}  a r sinsqr @key{RET}  a s
@end group
@end smallexample

To edit a variable, type @kbd{s e} and the variable name, use regular
Emacs editing commands as necessary, then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to store
the edited value back into the variable. 
You can also use @w{@kbd{s e}} to create a new variable if you wish.

Notice that the first time you use each rule, Calc puts up a ``compiling''
message briefly.  The pattern matcher converts rules into a special
optimized pattern-matching language rather than using them directly.

type "1"
calc-kbd-pop          # Restore values (Z ')
@end smallexample

@noindent
Press @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish editing and return to the Calculator.

@smallexample
@group
1:  20         1:  3.597739
    .              .

A @dfn{variable} is somewhere between a storage register on a conventional
calculator, and a variable in a programming language.  (In fact, a Calc
variable is really just an Emacs Lisp variable that contains a Calc number
or formula.)  A variable's name is normally composed of letters and digits.
Calc also allows apostrophes and @code{#} signs in variable names.
(The Calc variable @code{foo} corresponds to the Emacs Lisp variable
@code{var-foo}, but unless you access the variable from within Emacs
Lisp, you don't need to worry about it.  Variable names in algebraic
formulas implicitly have @samp{var-} prefixed to their names.  The
@samp{#} character in variable names used in algebraic formulas
corresponds to a dash @samp{-} in the Lisp variable name.  If the name
contains any dashes, the prefix @samp{var-} is @emph{not} automatically
added.  Thus the two formulas @samp{foo + 1} and @samp{var#foo + 1} both
refer to the same variable.)

In a command that takes a variable name, you can either type the full
name of a variable, or type a single digit to use one of the special
convenience variables @code{q0} through @code{q9}.  For example,
@kbd{3 s s 2} stores the number 3 in variable @code{q2}, and
@w{@kbd{3 s s foo @key{RET}}} stores that number in variable
@code{foo}.

To push a variable itself (as opposed to the variable's value) on the
stack, enter its name as an algebraic expression using the apostrophe
(@key{'}) key.

@kindex =
@pindex calc-evaluate
@cindex Evaluation of variables in a formula
@cindex Variables, evaluation

or five modulo minus-two?  Calc always interprets the leftmost symbol as
an infix operator preferentially (modulo, in this case), so you would
need to write @samp{(5%)-2} to get the former interpretation.

@cindex Function call notation
A function call is, e.g., @samp{sin(1+x)}.  (The Calc algebraic function
@code{foo} corresponds to the Emacs Lisp function @code{calcFunc-foo},
but unless you access the function from within Emacs Lisp, you don't
need to worry about it.)  Most mathematical Calculator commands like
@code{calc-sin} have function equivalents like @code{sin}.
If no Lisp function is defined for a function called by a formula, the
call is left as it is during algebraic manipulation: @samp{f(x+y)} is
left alone.  Beware that many innocent-looking short names like @code{in}
and @code{re} have predefined meanings which could surprise you; however,

buffer (@samp{*Calc Edit*}) for editing the top-of-stack value using
regular Emacs commands.  With a numeric prefix argument, it edits the
specified number of stack entries at once.  (An argument of zero edits
the entire stack; a negative argument edits one specific stack entry.)

When you are done editing, press @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish and return
to Calc.  The @key{RET} and @key{LFD} keys also work to finish most
sorts of editing, though in some cases Calc leaves @key{RET} with its
usual meaning (``insert a newline'') if it's a situation where you
might want to insert new lines into the editing buffer.

When you finish editing, the Calculator parses the lines of text in
the @samp{*Calc Edit*} buffer as numbers or formulas, replaces the
original stack elements in the original buffer with these new values,
then kills the @samp{*Calc Edit*} buffer.  The original Calculator buffer
continues to exist during editing, but for best results you should be
careful not to change it until you have finished the edit.  You can
also cancel the edit by killing the buffer with @kbd{C-x k}.

The formula is normally reevaluated as it is put onto the stack.
For example, editing @samp{a + 2} to @samp{3 + 2} and pressing
@kbd{C-c C-c} will push 5 on the stack.  If you use @key{LFD} to
finish, Calc will put the result on the stack without evaluating it.

If you give a prefix argument to @kbd{C-c C-c},
Calc will not kill the @samp{*Calc Edit*} buffer.  You can switch
back to that buffer and continue editing if you wish.  However, you
should understand that if you initiated the edit with @kbd{`}, the
@kbd{C-c C-c} operation will be programmed to replace the top of the
stack with the new edited value, and it will do this even if you have
rearranged the stack in the meanwhile.  This is not so much of a problem
with other editing commands, though, such as @kbd{s e}
(@code{calc-edit-variable}; @pxref{Operations on Variables}).

translated into @code{subscr} calls, so that @samp{a[i]} in C
mode is the same as @samp{a_i} in Normal mode.  Assignments
turn into the @code{assign} function, which Calc normally displays
using the @samp{:=} symbol.

The variables @code{pi} and @code{e} would be displayed @samp{pi}
and @samp{e} in Normal mode, but in C mode they are displayed as
@samp{M_PI} and @samp{M_E}, corresponding to the names of constants
typically provided in the @file{<math.h>} header.  Functions whose
names are different in C are translated automatically for entry and
display purposes.  For example, entering @samp{asin(x)} will push the

@kindex Z S
@pindex calc-edit-user-syntax
The @kbd{Z S} (@code{calc-edit-user-syntax}) command edits the
syntax table for the current language mode.  If you want your
syntax to work in any language, define it in the Normal language
mode.  Type @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish editing the syntax table, or
@kbd{C-x k} to cancel the edit.  The @kbd{m m} command saves all
the syntax tables along with the other mode settings;
@pxref{General Mode Commands}.

@menu
* Syntax Table Basics::

that Calc would consider to be standard time), then Calc substitutes
the corresponding generalized time zone (like @code{PGT}).

If your system does not have a suitable @samp{date} command, you
may wish to put a @samp{(setq var-TimeZone ...)} in your Emacs
initialization file to set the time zone.  (Since you are interacting
with the variable @code{TimeZone} directly from Emacs Lisp, the
@code{var-} prefix needs to be present.)  The easiest way to do
this is to edit the @code{TimeZone} variable using Calc's @kbd{s T}
command, then use the @kbd{s p} (@code{calc-permanent-variable})
command to save the value of @code{TimeZone} permanently.

The @kbd{t J} and @code{t U} commands with no numeric prefix

@vindex DistribRules
The @kbd{j D} command is implemented using rewrite rules.
@xref{Selections with Rewrite Rules}.  The rules are stored in
the Calc variable @code{DistribRules}.  A convenient way to view
these rules is to use @kbd{s e} (@code{calc-edit-variable}) which
displays and edits the stored value of a variable.  Press @kbd{C-c C-c}
to return from editing mode; be careful not to make any actual changes
or else you will affect the behavior of future @kbd{j D} commands!

To extend @kbd{j D} to handle new cases, just edit @code{DistribRules}
as described above.  You can then use the @kbd{s p} command to save

using a pattern like @samp{as(n)}.  The @kbd{s l} command only works
on variables, but you can use the @kbd{a b} (@code{calc-substitute})
command to substitute actual values for function calls like @samp{as(3)}.

The @kbd{s G} (@code{calc-edit-GenCount}) command is a convenient
way to create or edit this variable.  Press @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish.

If you have not stored a value in @code{GenCount}, or if the value
in that variable is not a positive integer, the regular
@code{s1}/@code{n1} notation is used.

@vindex q0
@vindex q9
The @kbd{s s} (@code{calc-store}) command stores the value at the top of
the stack into a specified variable.  It prompts you to enter the
name of the variable.  If you press a single digit, the value is stored
immediately in one of the ``quick'' variables @code{q0} through
@code{q9}.  Or you can enter any variable name.  

@kindex s t
@pindex calc-store-into
The @kbd{s s} command leaves the stored value on the stack.  There is
also an @kbd{s t} (@code{calc-store-into}) command, which removes a

variables represent their standard values.  Calc displays a warning if
you change the value of one of these variables, or of one of the other
special variables @code{inf}, @code{uinf}, and @code{nan} (which are
normally void).

Note that @code{pi} doesn't actually have 3.14159265359 stored
in it, but rather a special magic value that evaluates to @cpi{}
at the current precision.  Likewise @code{e}, @code{i}, and
@code{phi} evaluate according to the current precision or polar mode.
If you recall a value from @code{pi} and store it back, this magic
property will be lost.

@kindex s c
@pindex calc-copy-variable
The @kbd{s c} (@code{calc-copy-variable}) command copies the stored
value of one variable to another.  It differs from a simple @kbd{s r}
followed by an @kbd{s t} in two important ways.  First, the value never
goes on the stack and thus is never rounded, evaluated, or simplified
in any way; it is not even rounded down to the current precision.
Second, the ``magic'' contents of a variable like @code{e} can
be copied into another variable with this command, perhaps because
you need to unstore @code{e} right now but you wish to put it
back when you're done.  The @kbd{s c} command is the only way to
manipulate these magic values intact.

@node Recalling Variables, Operations on Variables, Storing Variables, Store and Recall
@section Recalling Variables

The @kbd{s e} (@code{calc-edit-variable}) command edits the stored
value of a variable without ever putting that value on the stack
or simplifying or evaluating the value.  It prompts for the name of
the variable to edit.  If the variable has no stored value, the
editing buffer will start out empty.  If the editing buffer is
empty when you press @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish, the variable will
be made void.  @xref{Editing Stack Entries}, for a general
description of editing.

The @kbd{s e} command is especially useful for creating and editing
rewrite rules which are stored in variables.  Sometimes these rules

only way to remove a saved variable is to edit your @file{.emacs} file
by hand.  (@xref{General Mode Commands}, for a way to tell Calc to
use a different file instead of @file{.emacs}.)

If you do not specify the name of a variable to save (i.e.,
@kbd{s p @key{RET}}), all Calc variables with defined values
are saved except for the special constants @code{pi}, @code{e},
@code{i}, @code{phi}, and @code{gamma}; the variables @code{TimeZone}
and @code{PlotRejects};
@code{FitRules}, @code{DistribRules}, and other built-in rewrite
rules; and @code{PlotData@var{n}} variables generated

explicitly naming them in an @kbd{s p} command.)

@kindex s i
@pindex calc-insert-variables
The @kbd{s i} (@code{calc-insert-variables}) command writes
the values of all Calc variables into a specified buffer.
The variables are written with the prefix @code{var-} in the form of
Lisp @code{setq} commands 
which store the values in string form.  You can place these commands
in your @file{.emacs} buffer if you wish, though in this case it
would be easier to use @kbd{s p @key{RET}}.  (Note that @kbd{s i}
omits the same set of variables as @w{@kbd{s p @key{RET}}}; the difference
is that @kbd{s i} will store the variables in any buffer, and it also

The graph is made the same size as the Emacs screen, which on most
dumb terminals will be 
@texline @math{80\times24}
@infoline 80x24
characters.  The graph is displayed in
an Emacs ``recursive edit''; type @kbd{q} or @kbd{C-c C-c} to exit
the recursive edit and return to Calc.  Note that the @code{dumb}
device is present only in GNUPLOT 3.0 and later versions.

The word @code{dumb} may be followed by two numbers separated by
spaces.  These are the desired width and height of the graph in

@kindex M-# `
@pindex calc-embedded-edit
The @kbd{M-# `} (@code{calc-embedded-edit}) command edits the
embedded formula at the current point as if by @kbd{`} (@code{calc-edit}).
Embedded mode does not have to be enabled for this to work.  Press
@kbd{C-c C-c} to finish the edit, or @kbd{C-x k} to cancel.

@node Assignments in Embedded Mode, Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, More About Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Assignments in Embedded Mode

@noindent

The @kbd{Z P} command also saves the user definition, if any, for the
command bound to the key.  After @kbd{Z F} and @kbd{Z C}, a given user
key could invoke a command, which in turn calls an algebraic function,
which might have one or more special display formats.  A single @kbd{Z P}
command will save all of these definitions.
To save an algebraic function, type @kbd{'} (the apostrophe)
when prompted for a key, and type the function name.  To save a command
without its key binding, type @kbd{M-x} and enter a function name.  (The
@samp{calc-} prefix will automatically be inserted for you.)
(If the command you give implies a function, the function will be saved,
and if the function has any display formats, those will be saved, but
not the other way around:  Saving a function will not save any commands
or key bindings associated with the function.) 

@kindex Z E
@pindex calc-user-define-edit
@cindex Editing user definitions
The @kbd{Z E} (@code{calc-user-define-edit}) command edits the definition

The @kbd{Z E} (@code{calc-user-define-edit}) command on a key that has
been defined by a keyboard macro tries to use the @code{edit-kbd-macro}
command to edit the macro.  This command may be found in the
@file{macedit} package, a copy of which comes with Calc.  It decomposes
the macro definition into full Emacs command names, like @code{calc-pop}
and @code{calc-add}.  Type @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish editing and update
the definition stored on the key, or, to cancel the edit, kill the
buffer with @kbd{C-x k}.

If you give a negative numeric prefix argument to @kbd{Z E}, the keyboard
macro is edited in spelled-out keystroke form.  For example, the editing
buffer might contain the nine characters @w{@samp{1 @key{RET} 2 +}}.  When you press
@kbd{C-c C-c}, the @code{read-kbd-macro} feature of the @file{macedit}
package is used to reinterpret these key names.  The
notations @code{RET}, @code{LFD}, @code{TAB}, @code{SPC}, @code{DEL}, and
@code{NUL} must be written in all uppercase, as must the prefixes @code{C-}
and @code{M-}.  Spaces and line breaks are ignored.  Other characters are
copied verbatim into the keyboard macro.  Basically, the notation is the

If you want to give the formula a long-style name only, you can press
@key{SPC} or @key{RET} when asked which single key to use.  For example
@kbd{Z F @key{RET} spam @key{RET}} defines the new command as
@kbd{M-x calc-spam}, with no keyboard equivalent.

The third prompt is for an algebraic function name.  The default is to
use the same name as the command name but without the @samp{calc-}
prefix.  (If this is of the form @samp{User-m}, the hyphen is removed so
it won't be taken for a minus sign in algebraic formulas.)
This is the name you will use if you want to enter your 
new function in an algebraic formula.  Suppose we enter @kbd{yow @key{RET}}.
Then the new function can be invoked by pushing two numbers on the
stack and typing @kbd{z m} or @kbd{x spam}, or by entering the algebraic
formula @samp{yow(x,y)}.

an error message if the key is undefined, or if the key was not defined
by a @kbd{Z F} command.

The @kbd{Z E} (@code{calc-user-define-edit}) command on a key that has
been defined by a formula uses a variant of the @code{calc-edit} command
to edit the defining formula.  Press @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish editing and
store the new formula back in the definition, or kill the buffer with
@kbd{C-x k} to
cancel the edit.  (The argument list and other properties of the
definition are unchanged; to adjust the argument list, you can use
@kbd{Z G} to grab the function onto the stack, edit with @kbd{`}, and
then re-execute the @kbd{Z F} command.)

@item
Variable name may be a single digit or a full name.

@c 30
@item
Editing occurs in a separate buffer.  Press @kbd{C-c C-c} (or 
@key{LFD}, or in some cases @key{RET}) to finish the edit, or kill the
buffer with @kbd{C-x k} to cancel the edit.  The @key{LFD} key prevents evaluation
of the result of the edit.

@c 31
@item
The number prompted for can also be provided as a prefix argument.