comparison man/entering.texi @ 70359:a946a9fb6f9e

Many simplifications.

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@chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
@cindex entering Emacs
@cindex starting Emacs

  The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command
@command{emacs}.  Emacs clears the screen and then displays an initial
help message and copyright notice.  Some operating systems discard all
type-ahead when Emacs starts up; they give Emacs no way to prevent
this.  If you ever use those systems, learn the habit of waiting for
Emacs to clear the screen before typing your first editing command.

  If you run Emacs from a shell window under the X Window System, run it
in the background with @command{emacs&}.  This way, Emacs does not tie up
the shell window, so you can use that to run other shell commands while
Emacs operates its own X windows.  You can begin typing Emacs commands
as soon as you direct your keyboard input to the Emacs frame.

@vindex initial-major-mode
  When Emacs starts up, it creates a buffer named @samp{*scratch*}.
That's the buffer you start out in.  The @samp{*scratch*} buffer uses
Lisp Interaction mode; you can use it to type Lisp expressions and
evaluate them, or you can ignore that capability and just write notes
in it.  (You can specify a different major mode for this buffer by
setting the variable @code{initial-major-mode} in your init file.
@xref{Init File}.)

  It is possible to specify files to be visited, Lisp files to be
loaded, and functions to be called, by giving Emacs arguments in the
shell command line.  @xref{Emacs Invocation}.  But we don't recommend
doing this.  The feature exists mainly for compatibility with other
editors.

  Many other editors are designed to be started afresh each time you
want to edit.  You edit one file and then exit the editor.  The next
time you want to edit either another file or the same one, you must run
the editor again.  With these editors, it makes sense to use a
command-line argument to say which file to edit.

  But starting a new Emacs each time you want to edit a different file
does not make sense.  This would fail to take advantage of Emacs's
ability to visit more than one file in a single editing session, and
it would lose the other accumulated context, such as the kill ring,
registers, undo history, and mark ring, that are useful for operating
on multiple files or even one.

  The recommended way to use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just
after you log in, and do all your editing in the same Emacs session.
Each time you want to edit a different file, you visit it with the
existing Emacs, which eventually comes to have many files in it ready
for editing.  Usually you do not kill the Emacs until you are about to
log out.  @xref{Files}, for more information on visiting more than one
file.

  If you want to edit a file from another program and already have
Emacs running, you can use the @command{emacsclient} program to open a
file in the already running Emacs.  @xref{Emacs Server}, for more
information on editing files with Emacs from other programs.

@ifnottex
@raisesections
@end ifnottex

@cindex killing Emacs
@cindex suspending
@cindex leaving Emacs
@cindex quitting Emacs

  There are two commands for exiting Emacs because there are three
kinds of exiting: @dfn{suspending} Emacs, @dfn{Iconifying} Emacs, and
@dfn{killing} Emacs.

  @dfn{Suspending} means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning
control to its parent process (usually a shell), allowing you to resume
editing later in the same Emacs job, with the same buffers, same kill
ring, same undo history, and so on.  This is the usual way to exit Emacs

  Suspending Emacs takes you back to the shell from which you invoked
Emacs.  You can resume Emacs with the shell command @command{%emacs}
in most common shells.  On systems that don't support suspending
programs, @kbd{C-z} starts an inferior shell that communicates
directly with the terminal, and Emacs waits until you exit the subshell.
(The way to do that is probably with @kbd{C-d} or @command{exit}, but
it depends on which shell you use.)  The only way on these systems to
get back to the shell from which Emacs was run (to log out, for
example) is to kill Emacs.

  Suspending can fail if you run Emacs under a shell that doesn't
support suspending programs, even if the system itself does support
it.  In such a case, you can set the variable @code{cannot-suspend} to
a non-@code{nil} value to force @kbd{C-z} to start an inferior shell.

a shell window.

@kindex C-x C-c
@findex save-buffers-kill-emacs
  To exit and kill Emacs, type @kbd{C-x C-c}
(@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}).  A two-character key is used for
this to make it harder to type by accident.  This command first offers
to save any modified file-visiting buffers.  If you do not save them
all, it asks for reconfirmation with @kbd{yes} before killing Emacs,
since any changes not saved will be lost forever.  Also, if any
subprocesses are still running, @kbd{C-x C-c} asks for confirmation
about them, since killing Emacs will also kill the subprocesses.

@vindex confirm-kill-emacs
  If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
function, and calls that function.  If the result is non-@code{nil}, the
session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to run.  One convenient
function to use as the value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the
function @code{yes-or-no-p}.  The default value of
@code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.

  There is no way to resume an Emacs session once you have killed it.
You can, however, arrange for Emacs to record certain session
information when you kill it, such as which files are visited, so that
the next time you start Emacs it will try to visit the same files and
so on.  @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.

  The operating system usually listens for certain special characters
whose meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.
@b{This operating system feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.}
The meanings of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were

70359:a946a9fb6f9e

@chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
@cindex entering Emacs
@cindex starting Emacs

  The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command
@command{emacs}.  Emacs clears the screen, then displays an initial
help message and copyright notice.  Some operating systems discard
your type-ahead when Emacs starts up; they give Emacs no way to
prevent this.  On those systems, wait for Emacs to clear the screen
before you start typing.

  From a shell window under the X Window System, run Emacs in the
background with @command{emacs&}.  This way, Emacs won't tie up the
shell window, so you can use it to run other shell commands while
Emacs is running.  You can type Emacs commands as soon as you direct
your keyboard input to an Emacs frame.

@vindex initial-major-mode
  When Emacs starts up, it creates a buffer named @samp{*scratch*}.
That's the buffer you start out in.  The @samp{*scratch*} buffer uses
Lisp Interaction mode; you can use it to type Lisp expressions and
evaluate them.  You can also ignore that capability and just write notes
there.  You can specify a different major mode for this buffer by
setting the variable @code{initial-major-mode} in your init file.
@xref{Init File}.

  It is possible to specify files to be visited, Lisp files to be
loaded, and functions to be called through Emacs command-line
arguments.  @xref{Emacs Invocation}.  The feature exists mainly for
compatibility with other editors, and for scripts.

  Many editors are designed to edit one file.  When done with that
file, you exit the editor.  The next time you want to edit a file, you
must start the editor again.  Working this way, it is convenient to
use a command-line argument to say which file to edit.

  It's not smart to start Emacs afresh for every file you edit.  Emacs
can visit more than one file in a single editing session, and upon
exit Emacs loses valuable accumulated context, such as the kill ring,
registers, undo history, and mark ring.  These features are useful for
operating on multiple files, or even one.  If you kill Emacs after
each file, you don't take advantage of them.

  The recommended way to use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just
after you log in, and do all your editing in the same Emacs session.
Each time you edit a file, you visit it with the existing Emacs, which
eventually has many files in it ready for editing.  Usually you do not
kill Emacs until you are about to log out.  @xref{Files}, for more
information on visiting more than one file.

  To edit a file from another program while Emacs is running, you can
use the @command{emacsclient} helper program to open a file in the
already running Emacs.  @xref{Emacs Server}.

@ifnottex
@raisesections
@end ifnottex

@cindex killing Emacs
@cindex suspending
@cindex leaving Emacs
@cindex quitting Emacs

  There are two commands for exiting Emacs, and three kinds of exiting:
@dfn{suspending} Emacs, @dfn{Iconifying} Emacs, and @dfn{killing}
Emacs.

  @dfn{Suspending} means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning
control to its parent process (usually a shell), allowing you to resume
editing later in the same Emacs job, with the same buffers, same kill
ring, same undo history, and so on.  This is the usual way to exit Emacs

  Suspending Emacs takes you back to the shell from which you invoked
Emacs.  You can resume Emacs with the shell command @command{%emacs}
in most common shells.  On systems that don't support suspending
programs, @kbd{C-z} starts an inferior shell that communicates
directly with the terminal, and Emacs waits until you exit the
subshell.  (The way to do that is probably with @kbd{C-d} or
@command{exit}, but it depends on which shell you use.)  On these
systems, you can only get back to the shell from which Emacs was run
(to log out, for example) when you kill Emacs.

  Suspending can fail if you run Emacs under a shell that doesn't
support suspending programs, even if the system itself does support
it.  In such a case, you can set the variable @code{cannot-suspend} to
a non-@code{nil} value to force @kbd{C-z} to start an inferior shell.

a shell window.

@kindex C-x C-c
@findex save-buffers-kill-emacs
  To exit and kill Emacs, type @kbd{C-x C-c}
(@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}).  A two-character key is used to make
it harder to type by accident.  This command first offers to save any
modified file-visiting buffers.  If you do not save them all, it asks
for confirmation with @kbd{yes} before killing Emacs, since any
changes not saved now will be lost forever.  Also, if any subprocesses are
still running, @kbd{C-x C-c} asks for confirmation about them, since
killing Emacs will also kill the subprocesses.

@vindex confirm-kill-emacs
  If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
function, and calls that function.  If the result is non-@code{nil}, the
session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to run.  One convenient
function to use as the value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the
function @code{yes-or-no-p}.  The default value of
@code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.

  You can't resume an Emacs session after killing it.  Emacs can,
however, record certain session information when you kill it, such as
which files you visited, so the next time you start Emacs it will try
to visit the same files.  @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.

  The operating system usually listens for certain special characters
whose meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.
@b{This operating system feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.}
The meanings of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were