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@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999
@c   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
@setfilename ../info/windows
@node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top
@chapter Windows

* Splitting Windows::       Splitting one window into two windows.
* Deleting Windows::        Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
* Selecting Windows::       The selected window is the one that you edit in.
* Cyclic Window Ordering::  Moving around the existing windows.
* Buffers and Windows::     Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
* Displaying Buffers::      Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer
                              and choosing a window for it.
* Choosing Window::	    How to choose a window for displaying a buffer.
* Window Point::            Each window has its own location of point.
* Window Start::            The display-start position controls which text
                              is on-screen in the window.

* Vertical Scrolling::      Moving the contents up and down on the window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::    Moving the contents sideways on the window.
* Size of Window::          Accessing the size of a window.
* Resizing Windows::        Changing the size of a window.
* Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows.
* Window Configurations::   Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
* Window Hooks::            Hooks for scrolling, window size changes,
                              redisplay going past a certain point,
                              or window configuration changes.
@end menu

one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into
multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows.

  In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as
@dfn{selected within the frame}.  The frame's cursor appears in that
window.  At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the window
selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}.  The selected
window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when
@code{set-buffer} has been used).  @xref{Current Buffer}.

  For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in
a frame.  Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted
and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references
to it} from other Lisp objects.  Restoring a saved window configuration

@item
the mark

@item
how recently the window was selected
@end itemize

@cindex multiple windows
  Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at
once.  Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but

 column 0   column 80
@end group
@end smallexample

Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows
with a scroll bar (@pxref{Window Frame Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|}
characters.  The display table can specify alternative border
characters; see @ref{Display Tables}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size
This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the
other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size}
lines.  (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows
gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but
the upper window is still the one selected.)
@end deffn

@deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size
This function splits the selected window into two windows
side-by-side, leaving the selected window with @var{size} columns.

This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}.
You could define a simplified version of the function like this:

@smallexample

@defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames
This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window.  The
argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the
minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is
included, if active, in the total number of windows, which is compared
against one.

The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider.  Here
are the possible values and their meanings:

@table @asis

@code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default.

The return value is @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer &optional frame
This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer}.  If there are
no windows showing @var{buffer}, it does nothing.

@code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame.  If a frame has
several windows showing different buffers, then those showing
@var{buffer} are removed, and the others expand to fill the space.  If
all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer} (including the case
where there is only one window), then the frame reverts to having a
single window showing another buffer chosen with @code{other-buffer}.
@xref{The Buffer List}.

The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on.  This
function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions
which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil}
have the opposite of their meanings in other functions.  Here are the

@defun selected-window
This function returns the selected window.  This is the window in
which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply.
@end defun

@defun select-window window
This function makes @var{window} the selected window.  The cursor then
appears in @var{window} (on redisplay).  The buffer being displayed in
@var{window} is immediately designated the current buffer.

The return value is @var{window}.

@example
@group

@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{}
This macro records the selected window, executes @var{forms}
in sequence, then restores the earlier selected window (unless that
window is no longer alive).

This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes, arrangement
or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms} change them,
the change persists.

Each frame, at any time, has a window selected within the frame.  This
macro saves only @emph{the} selected window; it does not save anything
about other frames.  If the @var{forms} select some other frame and
alter the window selected within it, the change persists.
@end defmac

@cindex finding windows
  The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen,
offering various criteria for the choice.

@defun get-lru-window &optional frame
This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is,
selected).  The selected window is always the most recently used window.

The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the
only window.  A newly created window becomes the least recently used
window until it is selected.  A minibuffer window is never a candidate.

The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered.

@itemize @bullet
@item

@item
If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame.
@end itemize
@end defun

@defun get-largest-window &optional frame
This function returns the window with the largest area (height times
width).  If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window
with the most lines.  A minibuffer window is never a candidate.

If there are two windows of the same size, then the function returns
the window that is first in the cyclic ordering of windows (see
following section), starting from the selected window.

The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to
consider.  See @code{get-lru-window}, above.
@end defun

@cindex window that satisfies a predicate
@cindex conditional selection of windows
@defun get-window-with-predicate predicate &optional minibuf all-frames default
This function returns a window satisfying @var{predicate}.  It cycles
through all visible windows using @code{walk-windows} (@pxref{Cyclic
Window Ordering}), calling @var{predicate} on each one one of them
with that window as its argument.  The function returns the first
window for which @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value; if
that never happens, it returns @var{default}.

The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the

are the possible values and their meanings:

@table @asis
@item @code{nil}
Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer
used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame.

@item @code{t}
Consider all windows in all existing frames.

@item @code{visible}
Consider all windows in all visible frames.  (To get useful results, you
must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.)

@item 0
Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames.

@item anything else
Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others.
@end table

In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument.
@end deffn

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames
This function cycles through all windows, calling @code{proc}
once for each window with the window as its sole argument.

The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the
set of windows to include in the scan.  See @code{next-window}, above,
for details.
@end defun

@defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window
This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting
with @var{window}.  If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted, the
selected frame is used instead; if @var{window} is @code{nil} or
omitted, the selected window is used instead.

The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window will be
included in the result list.  If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the
minibuffer window will be included, even if it isn't active.  If
@var{minibuf} is @code{nil} or omitted, the minibuffer window will
only be included in the list if it is active.  If @var{minibuf} is
neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the minibuffer window is not
included, whether or not it is active.
@end defun

@node Buffers and Windows
@section Buffers and Windows
@cindex examining windows

related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it.
The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they
employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions
when you need complete control.

@defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name
This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its
contents.  It returns @code{nil}.  This is the fundamental primitive
for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all ways
of doing that call this function.

@example
@group
(set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo")
     @result{} nil
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defun window-buffer &optional window
This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying.  If
@var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the
selected window.

The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of
@code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not}
like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}.  Perhaps
we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it
compatible with the other functions.

The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider.

@itemize @bullet
@item
If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame.
@item
If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames.
@item
If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames.
@item
If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames.
@item
If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame.
@end itemize
@end defun

@defvar buffer-display-time
This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible
in a window.  It is always local in each buffer; each time

@xref{Current Buffer}.

If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new
buffer by that name is created.  The major mode for the new buffer is
set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}.  @xref{Auto
Major Mode}.

Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list
(both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer
list).  This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}.  However, if
@var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done.  @xref{The Buffer

The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as
the binding of @kbd{C-x b}.  It is also used frequently in programs.  It
returns the buffer that it switched to.
@end deffn

@deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord
This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and
displays it in a window not currently selected.  It then selects that
window.  The handling of the buffer is the same as in
@code{switch-to-buffer}.

@defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord
This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and
switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously
selected.  The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within
its frame.  The return value is the buffer that was switched to.

If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil},
@code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already
displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes
it be selected within its frame.  If there is none, it creates a new

This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer}
unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}.
@end defun

@deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer
This function replaces @var{buffer} with some other buffer in all
windows displaying it.  The other buffer used is chosen with
@code{other-buffer}.  In the usual applications of this function, you
don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that
@var{buffer} is no longer displayed.

This function returns @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@node Choosing Window

@deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame
This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like
@code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not
make the buffer current.  The identity of the selected window is
unaltered by this function.

If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the
specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is
already on display in the selected window.  This can cause the buffer to
appear in two windows at once.  Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is

values of @var{frame}:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame.
@item
If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames.
@item
If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames.
@item

@xref{Frames}, for more information.
@end defopt

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defvar pop-up-frame-function
This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames}
is non-@code{nil}.

Its value should be a function of no arguments.  When
@code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that
function, which should return a frame.  The default value of the
variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from
@code{pop-up-frame-alist}.
@end defvar

@defopt pop-up-frame-alist
This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when
@code{display-buffer} makes a new frame.  @xref{Frame Parameters}, for
more information about frame parameters.

buffer specially.

By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame.

If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the
list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create the
frame.  There are two possibilities for the rest of the list.  It can be
an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can contain a function and
arguments to give to it.  (The function's first argument is always the
buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the list come after that.)
@end defopt

@defopt special-display-regexps
A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be
displayed specially.  If the buffer's name matches any of the regular

If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the
list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to
create the frame.  See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}.
@end defopt

@defvar special-display-function
This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially.
It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in
which it is displayed.

The default value of this variable is
@code{special-display-popup-frame}.
@end defvar

@defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &rest args
This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own.  If
@var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes
the frame visible and raises it, to use that window.  Otherwise, it
creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}.

If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new
frame.

If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car

variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then
presumably the window was previously made by this function.
@end defun

@defopt special-display-frame-alist
This variable holds frame parameters for
@code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame.
@end defopt

@defopt same-window-buffer-names

displayed in the selected window.  If the buffer's name matches any of
the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the
buffer by switching to it in the selected window.
@end defopt

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defvar display-buffer-function
This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of
@code{display-buffer}.  If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function
that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work.  The function should
accept two arguments, the same two arguments that @code{display-buffer}
received.  It should choose or create a window, display the specified
buffer, and then return the window.

This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks
described above.
@end defvar

A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer.  Then
@code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any
other buffer.

@defun window-dedicated-p window
This function returns @code{t} if @var{window} is marked as dedicated;
otherwise @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag
This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is
non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise.

the other windows are stored in those windows.

@item
As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's
point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal.

@item
@xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions.
@end itemize

  As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and
when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the
position of point in that buffer.

forms.  But that value is hard to find.
@end defun

@defun set-window-point window position
This function positions point in @var{window} at position
@var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer.
@end defun

@node Window Start
@section The Window Start Position

changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the
window-start position to change in response until after the next
redisplay.

For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the
description of @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}.
@end defun

@defun window-end &optional window update
This function returns the position of the end of the display in window
@var{window}.  If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is

off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start
position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used.
@end defun

@defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window partially
This function returns @code{t} if @var{position} is within the range of
text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}.  It returns
@code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled vertically or horizontally out
of view.  Locations that are partially obscured are not considered
visible unless @var{partially} is non-@code{nil}.  The argument
@var{position} defaults to the current position of point in
@var{window}; @var{window}, to the selected window.

Here is an example:

@example
@group
(or (pos-visible-in-window-p
     (point) (selected-window))
    (recenter 0))
@end group
@end example

@node Textual Scrolling
@section Textual Scrolling
@cindex textual scrolling
@cindex scrolling textually

  @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down though a
window.  It works by changing the value of the window's display-start
location.  It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep
point on the screen.

  Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we

  The textual scrolling functions (aside from
@code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current
buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected
window.  @xref{Current Buffer}.

@deffn Command scroll-up &optional count
This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward
@var{count} lines.  If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually
downward.

If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll
is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of
the window (not counting its mode line).

@code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command scroll-down &optional count
This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward
@var{count} lines.  If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually

If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll
is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of
the window (not counting its mode line).

@code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count
This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count}
lines.  Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled

When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally
the one at the top left corner.  You can specify a different window to
scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable
@code{minibuffer-scroll-window}.  This variable has no effect when any
other window is selected.  @xref{Minibuffer Misc}.

When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected
window is the one at the bottom right corner.  In this case,
@code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer.  If the
minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the

only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number.  This feature
does not work with @code{scroll-margin}.  The default value is zero.
@end defopt

@defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position
If this option is non-@code{nil}, the scroll functions move point so
that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, when that is
possible.
@end defopt

@defopt next-screen-context-lines
The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to
retain when scrolling by full screens.  For example, @code{scroll-up}

@section Vertical Fractional Scrolling
@cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling

  @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the
window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line.
Starting in Emacs 21, each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position},
which is a number, never less than zero.  It specifies how far to raise
the contents of the window.  Raising the window contents generally makes
all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some
other lines appear at the bottom.  The usual value is zero.

  What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many
lines, depends on what the lines contain.  A value of .5 could scroll a
line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3
could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image.

@defun window-vscroll &optional window
This function returns the current vertical scroll position of
@var{window}, If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is
used.

@example
@group
(window-vscroll)
     @result{} 0
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defun set-window-vscroll window lines
This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to
@var{lines}.  The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if
not, it is taken as zero.

If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used.

@group
(set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2)
     @result{} 1.13
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@node Horizontal Scrolling
@section Horizontal Scrolling
@cindex horizontal scrolling

reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero.  There is no limit to how far
left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the
left edge.

@vindex auto-hscroll-mode
  In Emacs 21, redisplay automatically alters the horizontal scrolling
of a window as necessary to ensure that point is always visible, if
@code{auto-hscroll-mode} is set.  However, you can still set the
horizontal scrolling value explicitly.  The value you specify serves as
a lower bound for automatic scrolling, i.e. automatic scrolling
will not scroll a window to a column less than the specified one.

@deffn Command scroll-left &optional count
This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the
left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative).  The default
for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2.

The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in
effect after the change---just like the value returned by
@code{window-hscroll} (below).
@end deffn

@deffn Command scroll-right &optional count
This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the
right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative).  The default
for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2.

The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in
effect after the change---just like the value returned by
@code{window-hscroll} (below).

Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal
position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll
any farther right have no effect.
@end deffn

@defun window-hscroll &optional window
This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of
@var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window}

@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defun set-window-hscroll window columns
This function sets the number of columns from the left margin that
@var{window} is scrolled from the value of @var{columns}.  The argument
@var{columns} should be zero or positive; if not, it is taken as zero.
Fractional values of @var{columns} are not supported at present.

Note that @code{set-window-hscroll} may appear not to work if you test
it by evaluating a call with @kbd{M-:} in a simple way.  What happens
is that the function sets the horizontal scroll value and returns, but
then redisplay adjusts the horizontal scrolling to make point visible,

  The following three functions return size information about a window:

@defun window-height &optional window
This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including
its mode line and header line, if any.  If @var{window} fills its
entire frame except for the echo area, and there is no tool bar, this
is typically one less than the value of @code{frame-height} on that
frame.

If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window.

@example
@group

@var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of
the frame.  The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the
rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than
the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line.

If a window has a scroll bar, the right edge value includes the width of
the scroll bar.  Otherwise, if the window has a neighbor on the right,
its right edge value includes the width of the separator line between
the window and that neighbor.  Since the width of the window does not
include this separator, the width does not usually equal the difference
between the right and left edges.

Here is the result obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just one
window:

@example
@group
(window-edges (selected-window))
     @result{} (0 0 80 23)
@end group
@end example

@noindent
The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area.

If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, then
@var{bottom} is the same as the value of @code{(window-height)},
@var{right} is almost the same as the value of @code{(window-width)},
and @var{top} and @var{left} are zero.  For example, the edges of the
following window are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}.  Assuming that the frame has
more than 8 columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a
border rather than text.  The last row (row 4) holds the mode line,
shown here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}.

@example
@group
           0
           _______

@end group
@end example

In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7
columns wide.  Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}}
and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 8 3}}.

@example
@group
           ___ ___
          |   |   |

          xxxxxxxxx

           0  34  7
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@node Resizing Windows
@section Changing the Size of a Window
@cindex window resizing

It could be defined as follows:

@example
@group
(defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns)
  (enlarge-window columns t))
@end group
@end example
@end deffn

It could be defined as follows:

@example
@group
(defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns)
  (shrink-window columns t))
@end group
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window
This command shrinks @var{window} to be as small as possible while still
showing the full contents of its buffer---but not less than
@code{window-min-height} lines.  If @var{window} is not given,
it defaults to the selected window.

However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to
display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are
currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of
its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame.
@end deffn

@tindex window-size-fixed
@defvar window-size-fixed
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer,
then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed
unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice.
(This feature is new in Emacs 21.)

If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed;
if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed.
Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height.

The usual way to use this variable is to give it a buffer-local value in
a particular buffer.  That way, the windows (but usually there is only
one) displaying that buffer have fixed size.

Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window}
get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed.
Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window,
you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this:

The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its
neighbor to the right.  This value occurs only if the window doesn't
have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the
window for these purposes.

@item nil
The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}.
@end table

The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as
argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on.
@end defun

@node Window Configurations
@section Window Configurations
@cindex window configurations
@cindex saving window information

  A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one
frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what
part of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the
mark.  It also includes the values of @code{window-min-height},
@code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}.  An
exception is made for point in the selected window for the current
buffer; its value is not saved in the window configuration.

  You can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window

know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the
old one.

If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this
function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height},
@code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}.

Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect
as @code{save-window-excursion}:

@example

@end defun

@defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{}
This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms}
in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration.  The window
configuration includes the value of point and the portion of the buffer
that is visible.  It also includes the choice of selected window.
However, it does not include the value of point in the current buffer;
use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to preserve that.

Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is all you need.

Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the
@code{window-size-change-functions}.  (It doesn't know how to tell
whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in
effect at the end of the @var{forms}.)

The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it
regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a
saved point or mark.
@end defun

  Primitives to look inside of window configurations would make sense,
but none are implemented.  It is not clear they are useful enough to
be worth implementing.  See the file @file{winner.el} for some more
operations on windows configurations.

@node Window Hooks
@section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes

This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a
window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer.
There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window,
switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window.
The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs
@code{window-size-change-functions}.  The paradigmatic use of these
hooks is in the implementation of Lazy Lock mode; see @ref{Support
Modes, Lazy Lock, Font Lock Support Modes, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.

@defvar window-scroll-functions
This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before
redisplaying a window with scrolling.  It is not a normal hook, because
each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new

@var{position}.
@end defun

@defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window
This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position.
@end defun

@defvar window-configuration-change-hook
A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration
of an existing frame.  This includes splitting or deleting windows,
changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a
window.  The frame whose window configuration has changed is the
selected frame when this hook runs.
@end defvar

88155:d7ddb3e565de

@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003,
@c   2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
@setfilename ../info/windows
@node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top
@chapter Windows

* Splitting Windows::       Splitting one window into two windows.
* Deleting Windows::        Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
* Selecting Windows::       The selected window is the one that you edit in.
* Cyclic Window Ordering::  Moving around the existing windows.
* Buffers and Windows::     Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
* Displaying Buffers::      Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer
                              and choosing a window for it.
* Choosing Window::	    How to choose a window for displaying a buffer.
* Window Point::            Each window has its own location of point.
* Window Start::            The display-start position controls which text
                              is on-screen in the window.

* Vertical Scrolling::      Moving the contents up and down on the window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::    Moving the contents sideways on the window.
* Size of Window::          Accessing the size of a window.
* Resizing Windows::        Changing the size of a window.
* Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows.
* Window Tree::             The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame.
* Window Configurations::   Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
* Window Hooks::            Hooks for scrolling, window size changes,
                              redisplay going past a certain point,
                              or window configuration changes.
@end menu

one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into
multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows.

  In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as
@dfn{selected within the frame}.  The frame's cursor appears in that
window, but the other windows have ``non-selected'' cursors, normally
less visible.  At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the
window selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}.  The
selected window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when
@code{set-buffer} has been used).  @xref{Current Buffer}.

@defvar cursor-in-non-selected-windows
If this variable is @code{nil}, Emacs displays only one cursor,
in the selected window.  Other windows have no cursor at all.
@end defvar

  For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in
a frame.  Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted
and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references
to it} from other Lisp objects.  Restoring a saved window configuration

@item
the mark

@item
how recently the window was selected

@item
fringe settings

@item
display margins

@item
scroll-bar settings
@end itemize

@cindex multiple windows
  Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at
once.  Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but

 column 0   column 80
@end group
@end smallexample

Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows
with a scroll bar (@pxref{Layout Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|}
characters.  The display table can specify alternative border
characters; see @ref{Display Tables}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size
This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the
other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size}
lines.  (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows
gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but
the upper window is still the one selected.)  However, if
@code{split-window-keep-point} (see below) is @code{nil}, then either
window can be selected.

In other respects, this function is similar to @code{split-window}.
In particular, the upper window is the original one and the return
value is the new, lower window.
@end deffn

@defopt split-window-keep-point
If this variable is non-@code{nil} (the default), then
@code{split-window-vertically} behaves as described above.

If it is @code{nil}, then @code{split-window-vertically} adjusts point
in each of the two windows to avoid scrolling.  (This is useful on
slow terminals.)  It selects whichever window contains the screen line
that point was previously on.

This variable only affects the behavior of @code{split-window-vertically}.
It has no effect on the other functions described here.
@end defopt

@deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size
This function splits the selected window into two windows
side-by-side, leaving the selected window on the left with @var{size}
columns.  If @var{size} is negative, the rightmost window gets
@minus{} @var{size} columns, but the leftmost window still remains
selected.

This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}.
You could define a simplified version of the function like this:

@smallexample

@defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames
This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window.  The
argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the
minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is
counted when it is active.

The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider.  Here
are the possible values and their meanings:

@table @asis

@code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default.

The return value is @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer-or-name &optional frame
This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer-or-name}.  If
there are no windows showing @var{buffer-or-name}, it does nothing.
@var{buffer-or-name} must be a buffer or the name of an existing
buffer.

@code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame.  If a frame has
several windows showing different buffers, then those showing
@var{buffer-or-name} are removed, and the others expand to fill the
space.  If all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer-or-name}
(including the case where there is only one window), then the frame
winds up with a single window showing another buffer chosen with
@code{other-buffer}.  @xref{The Buffer List}.

The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on.  This
function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions
which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil}
have the opposite of their meanings in other functions.  Here are the

@defun selected-window
This function returns the selected window.  This is the window in
which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply.
@end defun

@defun select-window window &optional norecord
This function makes @var{window} the selected window.  The cursor then
appears in @var{window} (on redisplay).  Unless @var{window} was
already selected, @code{select-window} makes @var{window}'s buffer the
current buffer.

Normally @var{window}'s selected buffer is moved to the front of the
buffer list, but if @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, the buffer list
order is unchanged.

The return value is @var{window}.

@example
@group

@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{}
This macro records the selected frame, as well as the selected window
of each frame, executes @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the
earlier selected frame and windows.  It also saves and restores the
current buffer.  It returns the value of the last form in @var{forms}.

This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes,
arrangement or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms}
change them, the change persists.  If the previously selected window
of some frame is no longer live at the time of exit from @var{forms},
that frame's selected window is left alone.  If the previously
selected window is no longer live, then whatever window is selected at
the end of @var{forms} remains selected.
@end defmac

@defmac with-selected-window window forms@dots{}
This macro selects @var{window} (without changing the buffer list),
executes @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the previously
selected window and current buffer.  It is just like
@code{save-selected-window}, except that it explicitly selects
@var{window}, also without altering the buffer list sequence.
@end defmac

@cindex finding windows
  The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen,
offering various criteria for the choice.

@defun get-lru-window &optional frame dedicated
This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is,
selected).  If any full-width windows are present, it only considers
these.  The selected window is always the most recently used window.

The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the
only window.  A newly created window becomes the least recently used
window until it is selected.  A minibuffer window is never a
candidate.  Dedicated windows are never candidates unless the
@var{dedicated} argument is non-@code{nil}, so if all
existing windows are dedicated, the value is @code{nil}.

The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered.

@itemize @bullet
@item

@item
If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame.
@end itemize
@end defun

@defun get-largest-window &optional frame dedicated
This function returns the window with the largest area (height times
width).  If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window
with the most lines.  A minibuffer window is never a candidate.
Dedicated windows are never candidates unless the
@var{dedicated} argument is non-@code{nil}, so if all existing windows
are dedicated, the value is @code{nil}.

If there are two candidate windows of the same size, this function
prefers the one that comes first in the cyclic ordering of windows
(see following section), starting from the selected window.

The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to
consider.  See @code{get-lru-window}, above.
@end defun

@cindex window that satisfies a predicate
@cindex conditional selection of windows
@defun get-window-with-predicate predicate &optional minibuf all-frames default
This function returns a window satisfying @var{predicate}.  It cycles
through all visible windows using @code{walk-windows} (@pxref{Cyclic
Window Ordering}), calling @var{predicate} on each one of them
with that window as its argument.  The function returns the first
window for which @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value; if
that never happens, it returns @var{default}.

The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the

are the possible values and their meanings:

@table @asis
@item @code{nil}
Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer
used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame.  If the
minibuffer counts (as determined by @var{minibuf}), then all windows on
all frames that share that minibuffer count too.

@item @code{t}
Consider all windows in all existing frames.

@item @code{visible}
Consider all windows in all visible frames.  (To get useful results, you
must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.)

@item 0
Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames.

@item a frame
Consider all windows on that frame.

@item anything else
Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others.
@end table

In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument.
@end deffn

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames
This function cycles through all windows.  It calls the function
@code{proc} once for each window, with the window as its sole
argument.

The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the
set of windows to include in the scan.  See @code{next-window}, above,
for details.
@end defun

@defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window
This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting
with @var{window}.  If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted,
@code{window-list} uses the selected frame instead; if @var{window} is
@code{nil} or omitted, it uses the selected window.

The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window is
included in the result list.  If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the result
always includes the minibuffer window.  If @var{minibuf} is @code{nil}
or omitted, that includes the minibuffer window if it is active.  If
@var{minibuf} is neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the result never
includes the minibuffer window.
@end defun

@node Buffers and Windows
@section Buffers and Windows
@cindex examining windows

related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it.
The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they
employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions
when you need complete control.

@defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name &optional keep-margins
This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its
contents.  It returns @code{nil}.  @var{buffer-or-name} must be a
buffer, or the name of an existing buffer.  This is the fundamental
primitive for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all
ways of doing that call this function.

@example
@group
(set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo")
     @result{} nil
@end group
@end example

Normally, displaying @var{buffer} in @var{window} resets the window's
display margins, fringe widths, scroll bar settings, and position
based on the local variables of @var{buffer}.  However, if
@var{keep-margins} is non-@code{nil}, the display margins and fringe
widths of @var{window} remain unchanged.  @xref{Fringes}.
@end defun

@defvar buffer-display-count
This buffer-local variable records the number of times a buffer is
displayed in a window.  It is incremented each time
@code{set-window-buffer} is called for the buffer.
@end defvar

@defun window-buffer &optional window
This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying.  If
@var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the
selected window.

The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of
@code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not}
like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}.  Perhaps
we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it
compatible with the other functions.
@end defun

@defvar buffer-display-time
This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible
in a window.  It is always local in each buffer; each time

@xref{Current Buffer}.

If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new
buffer by that name is created.  The major mode for the new buffer is
set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}.  @xref{Auto
Major Mode}.  If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil},
@code{switch-to-buffer} chooses a buffer using @code{other-buffer}.

Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list
(both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer
list).  This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}.  However, if
@var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done.  @xref{The Buffer

The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as
the binding of @kbd{C-x b}.  It is also used frequently in programs.  It
returns the buffer that it switched to.
@end deffn

The next two functions are similar to @code{switch-to-buffer}, except
for the described features.

@deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord
This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and
displays it in a window not currently selected.  It then selects that
window.  The handling of the buffer is the same as in
@code{switch-to-buffer}.

@defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord
This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and
switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously
selected.  The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within
its frame.  The return value is the buffer that was switched to.
If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil}, that means to choose some
other buffer, but you don't specify which.

If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil},
@code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already
displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes
it be selected within its frame.  If there is none, it creates a new

This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer}
unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}.
@end defun

@deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer-or-name
This function replaces @var{buffer-or-name} with some other buffer in all
windows displaying it.  It chooses the other buffer with
@code{other-buffer}.  In the usual applications of this function, you
don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that
@var{buffer-or-name} is no longer displayed.

This function returns @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@node Choosing Window

@deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame
This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like
@code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not
make the buffer current.  The identity of the selected window is
unaltered by this function.  @var{buffer-or-name} must be a buffer, or
the name of an existing buffer.

If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the
specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is
already on display in the selected window.  This can cause the buffer to
appear in two windows at once.  Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is

values of @var{frame}:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame.
(Actually, the last non-minibuffer frame.)
@item
If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames.
@item
If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames.
@item

@xref{Frames}, for more information.
@end defopt

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defopt pop-up-frame-function
This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames}
is non-@code{nil}.

Its value should be a function of no arguments.  When
@code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that
function, which should return a frame.  The default value of the
variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from
@code{pop-up-frame-alist}.
@end defopt

@defopt pop-up-frame-alist
This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when
@code{display-buffer} makes a new frame.  @xref{Frame Parameters}, for
more information about frame parameters.

buffer specially.

By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame.

If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the
list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create
the frame.  There are two possibilities for the rest of the list (its
@sc{cdr}).  It can be an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can
contain a function and arguments to give to it.  (The function's first
argument is always the buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the
list come after that.)

For example:

@example
(("myfile" (minibuffer) (menu-bar-lines . 0)))
@end example

@noindent
specifies to display a buffer named @samp{myfile} in a dedicated frame
with specified @code{minibuffer} and @code{menu-bar-lines} parameters.

The list of frame parameters can also use the phony frame parameters
@code{same-frame} and @code{same-window}.  If the specified frame
parameters include @code{(same-window . @var{value})} and @var{value}
is non-@code{nil}, that means to display the buffer in the current
selected window.  Otherwise, if they include @code{(same-frame .
@var{value})} and @var{value} is non-@code{nil}, that means to display
the buffer in a new window in the currently selected frame.
@end defopt

@defopt special-display-regexps
A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be
displayed specially.  If the buffer's name matches any of the regular

If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the
list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to
create the frame.  See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}.
@end defopt

@defun special-display-p buffer-name
This function returns non-@code{nil} if displaying a buffer
named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would
create a special frame.  The value is @code{t} if it would
use the default frame parameters, or else the specified list
of frame parameters.
@end defun

@defvar special-display-function
This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially.
It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in
which it is displayed.

The default value of this variable is
@code{special-display-popup-frame}.
@end defvar

@defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &optional args
This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own.  If
@var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes
the frame visible and raises it, to use that window.  Otherwise, it
creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}.  This
function returns the window it used.

If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new
frame.

If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car

variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then
presumably the window was previously made by this function.
@end defun

@defopt special-display-frame-alist
@anchor{Definition of special-display-frame-alist}
This variable holds frame parameters for
@code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame.
@end defopt

@defopt same-window-buffer-names

displayed in the selected window.  If the buffer's name matches any of
the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the
buffer by switching to it in the selected window.
@end defopt

@defun same-window-p buffer-name
This function returns @code{t} if displaying a buffer
named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would
put it in the selected window.
@end defun

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defvar display-buffer-function
This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of
@code{display-buffer}.  If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function
that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work.  The function should
accept two arguments, the first two arguments that @code{display-buffer}
received.  It should choose or create a window, display the specified
buffer in it, and then return the window.

This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks
described above.
@end defvar

A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer.  Then
@code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any
other buffer.

@defun window-dedicated-p window
This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is marked as
dedicated; otherwise @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag
This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is
non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise.

the other windows are stored in those windows.

@item
As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's
point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal.
@end itemize

@noindent
@xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions.

  As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and
when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the
position of point in that buffer.

forms.  But that value is hard to find.
@end defun

@defun set-window-point window position
This function positions point in @var{window} at position
@var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer.  It returns @var{position}.

If @var{window} is selected, and its buffer is current,
this simply does @code{goto-char}.
@end defun

@node Window Start
@section The Window Start Position

changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the
window-start position to change in response until after the next
redisplay.

For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the
description of @code{count-lines}.  @xref{Definition of count-lines}.
@end defun

@defun window-end &optional window update
This function returns the position of the end of the display in window
@var{window}.  If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is

off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start
position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used.
@end defun

@defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window partially
This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{position} is within the
range of text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}.  It
returns @code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled vertically out of
view.  Locations that are partially obscured are not considered
visible unless @var{partially} is non-@code{nil}.  The argument
@var{position} defaults to the current position of point in
@var{window}; @var{window}, to the selected window.

The @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} function considers only vertical
scrolling.  If @var{position} is out of view only because @var{window}
has been scrolled horizontally, @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} returns
non-@code{nil} anyway.  @xref{Horizontal Scrolling}.

If @var{position} is visible, @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} returns
@code{t} if @var{partially} is @code{nil}; if @var{partially} is
non-@code{nil}, it returns a list of the form @code{(@var{x} @var{y}
@var{partial})}, where @var{x} and @var{y} are the pixel coordinates
relative to the top left corner of the window, and @var{partial} is
@code{nil} if the character after @var{position} is fully visible;
otherwise it is a cons @code{(@var{rtop} . @var{rbot})} where the
@var{rtop} and @var{rbot} specify the number of invisible pixels at
the top and bottom of the row at @var{position}.

Here is an example:

@example
@group
;; @r{If point is off the screen now, recenter it now.}
(or (pos-visible-in-window-p
     (point) (selected-window))
    (recenter 0))
@end group
@end example

@node Textual Scrolling
@section Textual Scrolling
@cindex textual scrolling
@cindex scrolling textually

  @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down through a
window.  It works by changing the value of the window's display-start
location.  It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep
point on the screen.

  Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we

  The textual scrolling functions (aside from
@code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current
buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected
window.  @xref{Current Buffer}.

  If the window contains a row which is taller than the height of the
window (for example in the presense of a large image), the scroll
functions will adjust the window vscroll to scroll the partially
visible row.  To disable this feature, Lisp code may bind the variable
`auto-window-vscroll' to @code{nil} (@pxref{Vertical Scrolling}).

@deffn Command scroll-up &optional count
This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward
@var{count} lines.  If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually
downward.

If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll
is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of
the window (not counting its mode line).

@code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error
because it can't scroll any further.
@end deffn

@deffn Command scroll-down &optional count
This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward
@var{count} lines.  If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually

If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll
is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of
the window (not counting its mode line).

@code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error because
it can't scroll any further.
@end deffn

@deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count
This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count}
lines.  Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled

When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally
the one at the top left corner.  You can specify a different window to
scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable
@code{minibuffer-scroll-window}.  This variable has no effect when any
other window is selected.  When it is non-@code{nil} and the
minibuffer is selected, it takes precedence over
@code{other-window-scroll-buffer}.  @xref{Definition of
minibuffer-scroll-window}.

When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected
window is the one at the bottom right corner.  In this case,
@code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer.  If the
minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the

only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number.  This feature
does not work with @code{scroll-margin}.  The default value is zero.
@end defopt

@defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position
If this option is @code{t}, scrolling which would move the current
point position out of the window chooses the new position of point
so that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, if possible.

If it is non-@code{nil} and not @code{t}, then the scrolling functions
always preserve the vertical position of point, if possible.
@end defopt

@defopt next-screen-context-lines
The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to
retain when scrolling by full screens.  For example, @code{scroll-up}

@section Vertical Fractional Scrolling
@cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling

  @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the
window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line.
Each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position},
which is a number, never less than zero.  It specifies how far to raise
the contents of the window.  Raising the window contents generally makes
all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some
other lines appear at the bottom.  The usual value is zero.

  What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many
lines, depends on what the lines contain.  A value of .5 could scroll a
line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3
could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image.

@defun window-vscroll &optional window pixels-p
This function returns the current vertical scroll position of
@var{window}.  If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is
used.  If @var{pixels-p} is non-@code{nil}, the return value is
measured in pixels, rather than in units of the normal line height.

@example
@group
(window-vscroll)
     @result{} 0
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defun set-window-vscroll window lines &optional pixels-p
This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to
@var{lines}.  The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if
not, it is taken as zero.

If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used.

@group
(set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2)
     @result{} 1.13
@end group
@end example

If @var{pixels-p} is non-@code{nil}, @var{lines} specifies a number of
pixels.  In this case, the return value is @var{lines}.
@end defun

@defvar auto-window-vscroll
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the line-move, scroll-up, and
scroll-down functions will automatically modify the window vscroll to
scroll through display rows that are taller that the height of the
window, for example in the presense of large images.
@end defvar

@node Horizontal Scrolling
@section Horizontal Scrolling
@cindex horizontal scrolling

reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero.  There is no limit to how far
left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the
left edge.

@vindex auto-hscroll-mode
  If @code{auto-hscroll-mode} is set, redisplay automatically alters
the horizontal scrolling of a window as necessary to ensure that point
is always visible.  However, you can still set the horizontal
scrolling value explicitly.  The value you specify serves as a lower
bound for automatic scrolling, i.e. automatic scrolling will not
scroll a window to a column less than the specified one.

@deffn Command scroll-left &optional count set-minimum
This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the
left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative).  The default
for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2.

The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in
effect after the change---just like the value returned by
@code{window-hscroll} (below).

Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal
position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll
any farther right have no effect.

If @var{set-minimum} is non-@code{nil}, the new scroll amount becomes
the lower bound for automatic scrolling; that is, automatic scrolling
will not scroll a window to a column less than the value returned by
this function.  Interactive calls pass non-@code{nil} for
@var{set-minimum}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command scroll-right &optional count set-minimum
This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the
right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative).  The default
for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2.  Aside from the direction
of scrolling, this works just like @code{scroll-left}.
@end deffn

@defun window-hscroll &optional window
This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of
@var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window}

@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defun set-window-hscroll window columns
This function sets horizontal scrolling of @var{window}.  The value of
@var{columns} specifies the amount of scrolling, in terms of columns
from the left margin.  The argument @var{columns} should be zero or
positive; if not, it is taken as zero.  Fractional values of
@var{columns} are not supported at present.

Note that @code{set-window-hscroll} may appear not to work if you test
it by evaluating a call with @kbd{M-:} in a simple way.  What happens
is that the function sets the horizontal scroll value and returns, but
then redisplay adjusts the horizontal scrolling to make point visible,

  The following three functions return size information about a window:

@defun window-height &optional window
This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including
its mode line and header line, if any.  If @var{window} fills its
entire frame except for the echo area, this is typically one less than
the value of @code{frame-height} on that frame.

If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window.

@example
@group

@var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of
the frame.  The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the
rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than
the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line.

The edges include the space used by the window's scroll bar, display
margins, fringes, header line, and mode line, if it has them.  Also,
if the window has a neighbor on the right, its right edge value
includes the width of the separator line between the window and that
neighbor.  Since the width of the window does not include this
separator, the width does not usually equal the difference between the
right and left edges.
@end defun

@defun window-inside-edges &optional window
This is similar to @code{window-edges}, but the edge values
it returns include only the text area of the window.  They
do not include the header line, mode line, scroll bar or
vertical separator, fringes, or display margins.
@end defun

Here are the results obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just
one window, with menu bar enabled:

@example
@group
(window-edges (selected-window))
     @result{} (0 1 80 23)
@end group
@group
(window-inside-edges (selected-window))
     @result{} (0 1 80 22)
@end group
@end example

@noindent
The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area.
The bottom inside edge is at line 22, which is the window's mode line.

If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, and there is
no menu bar, then @var{bottom} returned by @code{window-edges} is the
same as the value of @code{(window-height)}, @var{right} is almost the
same as the value of @code{(window-width)}, and @var{top} and
@var{left} are zero.  For example, the edges of the following window
are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}.  Assuming that the frame has more than 8
columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a border
rather than text.  The last row (row 4) holds the mode line, shown
here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}.

@example
@group
           0
           _______

@end group
@end example

In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7
columns wide.  Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}}
and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 3}}.
The inside edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 3 2}},
and the inside edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 2}},

@example
@group
           ___ ___
          |   |   |

          xxxxxxxxx

           0  34  7
@end group
@end example

@defun window-pixel-edges &optional window
This function is like @code{window-edges} except that, on a graphical
display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of in
character lines and columns.
@end defun

@defun window-inside-pixel-edges &optional window
This function is like @code{window-inside-edges} except that, on a
graphical display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of
in character lines and columns.
@end defun

@node Resizing Windows
@section Changing the Size of a Window
@cindex window resizing

It could be defined as follows:

@example
@group
(defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns)
  (interactive "p")
  (enlarge-window columns t))
@end group
@end example
@end deffn

It could be defined as follows:

@example
@group
(defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns)
  (interactive "p")
  (shrink-window columns t))
@end group
@end example
@end deffn

@defun adjust-window-trailing-edge window delta horizontal
This function makes the selected window @var{delta} lines taller or
@var{delta} columns wider, by moving the bottom or right edge.  This
function does not delete other windows; if it cannot make the
requested size adjustment, it signals an error.  On success, this
function returns @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defun fit-window-to-buffer &optional window max-height min-height
This function makes @var{window} the right height to display its
contents exactly.  If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, it uses
the selected window.

The argument @var{max-height} specifies the maximum height the window
is allowed to be; @code{nil} means use the frame height.  The argument
@var{min-height} specifies the minimum height for the window;
@code{nil} means use @code{window-min-height}.  All these height
values include the mode-line and/or header-line.
@end defun

@deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window
This command shrinks @var{window} vertically to be as small as
possible while still showing the full contents of its buffer---but not
less than @code{window-min-height} lines.  If @var{window} is not
given, it defaults to the selected window.

However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to
display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are
currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of
its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame.

This command returns non-@code{nil} if it actually shrank the window
and @code{nil} otherwise.
@end deffn

@tindex window-size-fixed
@defvar window-size-fixed
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer,
then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed
unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice.

If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed;
if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed.
Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height.

This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set.

Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window}
get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed.
Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window,
you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this:

The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its
neighbor to the right.  This value occurs only if the window doesn't
have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the
window for these purposes.

@item left-fringe
@itemx right-fringe
The coordinates are in the left or right fringe of the window.

@item left-margin
@itemx right-margin
The coordinates are in the left or right margin of the window.

@item nil
The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}.
@end table

The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as
argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on.
@end defun

@node Window Tree
@section The Window Tree
@cindex window tree

  A @dfn{window tree} specifies the layout, size, and relationship
between all windows in one frame.

@defun window-tree &optional frame
This function returns the window tree for frame @var{frame}.
If @var{frame} is omitted, the selected frame is used.

The return value is a list of the form @code{(@var{root} @var{mini})},
where @var{root} represents the window tree of the frame's
root window, and @var{mini} is the frame's minibuffer window.

If the root window is not split, @var{root} is the root window itself.
Otherwise, @var{root} is a list @code{(@var{dir} @var{edges} @var{w1}
@var{w2} ...)} where @var{dir} is @code{nil} for a horisontal split,
and @code{t} for a vertical split, @var{edges} gives the combined size and
position of the subwindows in the split, and the rest of the elements
are the subwindows in the split.  Each of the subwindows may again be
a window or a list representing a window split, and so on.  The
@var{edges} element is a list @code{(@var{left}@var{ top}@var{ right}@var{ bottom})}
similar to the value returned by @code{window-edges}.
@end defun

@node Window Configurations
@section Window Configurations
@cindex window configurations
@cindex saving window information

  A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one
frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what
part of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the
mark; also their fringes, margins, and scroll bar settings.  It also
includes the values of @code{window-min-height},
@code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}.  An
exception is made for point in the selected window for the current
buffer; its value is not saved in the window configuration.

  You can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window

know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the
old one.

If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this
function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height},
@code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. In this
case, the function returns @code{nil}.  Otherwise, it returns @code{t}.

Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect
as @code{save-window-excursion}:

@example

@end defun

@defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{}
This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms}
in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration.  The window
configuration includes, for each window, the value of point and the
portion of the buffer that is visible.  It also includes the choice of
selected window.  However, it does not include the value of point in
the current buffer; use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to
preserve that.

Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is sufficient.

Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the
@code{window-size-change-functions}.  (It doesn't know how to tell
whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in
effect at the end of the @var{forms}.)

The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it
regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a
saved point or mark.
@end defun

@defun window-configuration-frame config
This function returns the frame for which the window configuration
@var{config} was made.
@end defun

  Other primitives to look inside of window configurations would make
sense, but are not implemented because we did not need them.  See the
file @file{winner.el} for some more operations on windows
configurations.

@node Window Hooks
@section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes

This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a
window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer.
There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window,
switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window.
The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs
@code{window-size-change-functions}.

@defvar window-scroll-functions
This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before
redisplaying a window with scrolling.  It is not a normal hook, because
each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new

@var{position}.
@end defun

@defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window
This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position.
If @var{window} is @code{nil} or omitted, it uses the selected window.
@end defun

@defvar window-configuration-change-hook
A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration
of an existing frame.  This includes splitting or deleting windows,
changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a
window.  The frame whose window configuration has changed is the
selected frame when this hook runs.
@end defvar

@ignore
   arch-tag: 3f6c36e8-df49-4986-b757-417feed88be3
@end ignore