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@cindex subshell
@cindex shell commands

  Emacs has commands for passing single command lines to inferior shell
processes; it can also run a shell interactively with input and output
to an Emacs buffer named @samp{*shell*} or run s shell inside a terminal
emulator window.

There is a shell implemented entirely in Emacs, documented in a separate
manual.  @xref{, ,Eshell , eshell, Eshell: The Emacs Shell}.

@menu
* Single Shell::           How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell::      Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
* Shell Mode::             Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
* History: Shell History.  Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
* Options: Shell Options.  Options for customizing Shell mode.
* Terminal emulator::      An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
* Term Mode::              Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
* Paging in Term::         Paging in the terminal emulator.
* Remote Host::            Connecting to another computer.

windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while it is
running a command.  Output from the subshell waits until Emacs has time to
process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for keyboard input or
for time to elapse.

  To make multiple subshells, rename the buffer @samp{*shell*} to
something different using @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely}.  Then type @kbd{M-x
shell} again to create a new buffer @samp{*shell*} with its own
subshell.  If you rename this buffer as well, you can create a third
one, and so on.  All the subshells run independently and in parallel.

specified is relative, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are
searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable
@env{PATH} when Emacs is started.  Your @file{.emacs} file can override
either or both of these default initializations.

  To specify a coding system for the shell, you can use the command
@kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately before @kbd{M-x shell}.  You can also
specify a coding system after starting the shell by using @kbd{C-x
@key{RET} p} in the shell buffer.  @xref{Specify Coding}.

  As soon as the subshell is started, it is sent as input the contents
of the file @file{~/.emacs_@var{shellname}}, if that file exists, where
@var{shellname} is the name of the file that the shell was loaded from.
For example, if you use bash, the file sent to it is
@file{~/.emacs_bash}.

@vindex shell-pushd-regexp
@vindex shell-popd-regexp
@vindex shell-cd-regexp
  @code{cd}, @code{pushd} and @code{popd} commands given to the inferior
shell are watched by Emacs so it can keep the @samp{*shell*} buffer's
default directory the same as the shell's working directory.  These
commands are recognized syntactically by examining lines of input that are
sent.  If you use aliases for these commands, you can tell Emacs to
recognize them also.  For example, if the value of the variable
@code{shell-pushd-regexp} matches the beginning of a shell command line,
that line is regarded as a @code{pushd} command.  Change this variable when
you add aliases for @samp{pushd}.  Likewise, @code{shell-popd-regexp} and
@code{shell-cd-regexp} are used to recognize commands with the meaning of
@samp{popd} and @samp{cd}.  These commands are recognized only at the
beginning of a shell command line.@refill

@vindex shell-set-directory-error-hook
  If Emacs gets an error while trying to handle what it believes is a
@samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} or @samp{popd} command, it runs the hook
@code{shell-set-directory-error-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}).

@findex dirs
  If Emacs does not properly track changes in the current directory of
the subshell, use the command @kbd{M-x dirs} to ask the shell what its
current directory is.  This command works for shells that support the
most common command syntax; it may not work for unusual shells.

@findex dirtrack-mode
  You can also use @kbd{M-x dirtrack-mode} to enable (or disable) an
alternative and more aggressive method of tracking changes in the
current directory.

  Emacs defines the environment variable @env{EMACS} in the subshell,
with value @code{t}.  A shell script can check this variable to
determine whether it has been run from an Emacs subshell.

@table @kbd
@item @key{RET}
@kindex RET @r{(Shell mode)}
@findex comint-send-input
@vindex comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields
@cindex prompt, shell
At end of buffer send line as input; otherwise, copy current line to end
of buffer and send it (@code{comint-send-input}).  When a line is
copied, any prompt is left out (where the prompt is the part of the line
that was not input by the user; see also
@code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields}).

@item @key{TAB}
@kindex TAB @r{(Shell mode)}
@findex comint-dynamic-complete

@node History References
@subsubsection Shell History References
@cindex history reference

  Various shells including csh and bash support @dfn{history references}
that begin with @samp{!} and @samp{^}.  Shell mode can understand these
constructs and perform the history substitution for you.  If you insert
a history reference and type @key{TAB}, this searches the input history
for a matching command, performs substitution if necessary, and places
the result in the buffer in place of the history reference.  For
example, you can fetch the most recent command beginning with @samp{mv}
with @kbd{! m v @key{TAB}}.  You can edit the command if you wish, and
then resubmit the command to the shell by typing @key{RET}.

@vindex shell-prompt-pattern
@vindex comint-prompt-regexp
@vindex comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields
@cindex prompt, shell
  History references take effect only following a shell prompt.  The
prompt is defined to be any text not input by the user, unless the
variable @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields} is
non-@code{nil} (the default value is @code{nil}).  When
@code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields} is non-@code{nil}, the
variable @code{shell-prompt-pattern} specifies how to recognize a shell
prompt, and comint modes in general use the variable
@code{comint-prompt-regexp} (shell mode uses @code{shell-prompt-pattern}
to set up the local value of @code{comint-prompt-regexp}).

@vindex comint-input-autoexpand
  Shell mode can optionally expand history references in the buffer when
you send them to the shell.  To request this, set the variable
@code{comint-input-autoexpand} to @code{input}.

@findex comint-magic-space
  You can make @key{SPC} perform history expansion by binding @key{SPC} to
the command @code{comint-magic-space}.

@node Shell Options
@subsection Shell Mode Options

@vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input

directory stack if they are not already on it
(@code{shell-pushd-dunique}).  The values you choose should match the
underlying shell, of course.

@node Terminal emulator
@subsection Interactive Inferior Shell with Terminal Emulator
@findex term

  To run a subshell in a terminal emulator, putting its typescript in an Emacs
buffer, use @kbd{M-x term}.  This creates (or reuses) a buffer named
@samp{*term*} and runs a subshell with input coming from your keyboard and
output going to that buffer.

All the normal keys that you type are sent without any interpretation
by Emacs directly to the subshell, as ``terminal input''.
Any ``echo'' of your input is the responsibility of the subshell.
(The exception is the terminal escape character,
which by default is @kbd{C-c}.  @xref{Term Mode}.)
Any ``terminal output'' from the subshell goes into the buffer,
advancing point.

  Some programs (such as Emacs itself) need to control the
appearance on the terminal screen in detail.  They do this by
sending special control codes.  The exact control
codes needed vary from terminal to terminal, but nowadays
most terminals and terminal emulators (including @code{xterm})
understand the ANSI-standard (VT100-style) escape sequences.
Term mode also understands these escape sequences,
and for each control code does the appropriate thing
to change the buffer so that the appearance of the window
matches what it would be on a real terminal.
Thus you can actually run Emacs inside an Emacs Term window!

   Emacs does not wait for the subshell to do anything.  You can switch
windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while
it is running a command.  Output from the subshell waits until Emacs
has time to process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for
keyboard input or for time to elapse.

   To make multiple terminal emulators, rename the buffer @samp{*term*}
to something different using @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely},
just as with Shell mode.

   The file name used to load the subshell is determined
the same way as for Shell mode.

Unlike Shell mode, Term mode does not track the current directory
by examining your input.  Instead, if you use a programmable
shell, you can have it tell Term what the current directory is.
This is done automatically by @code{bash} version 1.15 and later.

@node Term Mode
@subsection Term Mode
@cindex Term mode
@cindex mode, Term

  Term uses Term mode, which has two input modes:
In line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode.  @xref{Shell Mode}.
In Char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior subshell,
except for the Term escape character, normally @kbd{C-c}.

To switch between line and char mode, use these commands:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-k @r{(Term mode)}
@findex term-char-mode
@item C-c C-k
Switch to line mode.  Do nothing if already in line mode.

@findex term-line-mode
@item C-c C-j
Switch to char mode.  Do nothing if already in char mode.
@end table

The following commands are only available in Char mode:
@table @kbd
@item C-c C-c
Send a literal @key{C-c} to the sub-shell.

@item C-c C-x

For example, @kbd{C-c C-x o} invokes the global binding of
@kbd{C-x o}, which is normally @samp{other-window}.
@end table

@node Paging in Term
@subsection Paging in the terminal emulator

Term mode has a pager feature.  When the pager is enabled,
term mode will pause at the end of each screenful.

@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-q @r{(Term mode)}
@findex term-pager-toggle
@item C-c C-q
Toggles the pager feature:  Disables the pager if it is enabled,
and vice versa.  This works in both line and char modes.
If the pager enabled, the mode-line contains the word @samp{page}.
@end table

If the pager is enabled, and Term receives more than a screenful
of output since your last input, Term will enter More break mode.
This is indicated by @samp{**MORE**} in the mode-line.
Type a @kbd{Space} to display the next screenful of output.
Type @kbd{?} to see your other options.  The interface is similar
to the Unix @code{more} program.

@node Remote Host
@subsection Remote Host Shell
@cindex remote host
@cindex connecting to remote host

  You can login to a remote computer, using whatever commands you
would from a regular terminal (e.g.@: using the @code{telnet} or
@code{rlogin} commands), from a Term window.

A program that asks you for a password will normally suppress
echoing of the password, so the password will not show up in the buffer.
This will happen just as if you were using a real terminal, if
the buffer is in char mode.  If it is in line mode, the password
will be temporarily visible, but will be erased when you hit return.
(This happens automatically; there is no special password processing.)

When you log in to a different machine, you need to specify the
type of terminal your using.  Terminal types @samp{ansi}
or @samp{vt100} will work on most systems.

@c   If you are talking to a Bourne-compatible
@c shell, and your system understands the @env{TERMCAP} variable,
@c you can use the command @kbd{M-x shell-send-termcap}, which
@c sends a string specifying the terminal type and size.

@c it will send special commands to Emacs that will cause Emacs to
@c pop up the source files you're debugging.  This will work
@c whether or not gdb is running on a different computer than Emacs,
@c as long as Emacs can access the source files specified by gdb.

You cannot log into to a remove comuter using the Shell mode.
@c (This will change when Shell is re-written to use Term.)
Instead, Emacs provides two commands for logging in to another computer
and communicating with it through an Emacs buffer.

@table @kbd
@item M-x telnet @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET}
Set up a Telnet connection to the computer named @var{hostname}.
@item M-x rlogin @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET}

You can use the command @code{rlogin-directory-tracking-mode} to switch
modes.  No argument means use remote directory names, a positive
argument means use local names, and a negative argument means turn
off directory tracking.

@node Emacs Server, Hardcopy, Shell, Top
@section Using Emacs as a Server
@pindex emacsclient
@cindex Emacs as a server
@cindex server, using Emacs as

  You can switch to a server buffer manually if you wish; you don't have
to arrive at it with @kbd{C-x #}.  But @kbd{C-x #} is the only way to
say that you are ``finished'' with one.

@vindex server-window
  If you set the variable @code{server-window} to a window or a frame,
@kbd{C-x #} displays the server buffer in that window or in that frame.

  While @code{mail} or another application is waiting for
@code{emacsclient} to finish, @code{emacsclient} does not read terminal
input.  So the terminal that @code{mail} was using is effectively
blocked for the duration.  In order to edit with your principal Emacs,
you need to be able to use it without using that terminal.  There are
two ways to do this:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Using a window system, run @code{mail} and the principal Emacs in two
separate windows.  While @code{mail} is waiting for @code{emacsclient},
the window where it was running is blocked, but you can use Emacs by
switching windows.

@item
Use Shell mode in Emacs to run the other program such as @code{mail};
then, @code{emacsclient} blocks only the subshell under Emacs, and you
can still use Emacs to edit the file.
@end itemize

@vindex server-temp-file-regexp
  Some programs write temporary files for you to edit.  After you edit
the temporary file, the program reads it back and deletes it.  If the
Emacs server is later asked to edit the same file name, it should assume
this has nothing to do with the previous occasion for that file name.
The server accomplishes this by killing the temporary file's buffer when
you finish with the file.  Use the variable
@code{server-temp-file-regexp} to specify which files are temporary in
this sense; its value should be a regular expression that matches file
names that are temporary.

@vindex server-kill-new-buffers
  If the variable @code{server-kill-new-buffers} is set to non-nil,
buffers which still have a client are killed when you are done with
them, unless they were already present before Emacs Server visited
them.  This overrides the effect of the @code{server-temp-file-regexp}
variable.  By default, @code{server-kill-new-buffers} has a non-nil
value; set it to nil if you want the old behavior governed by
@code{server-temp-file-regexp}.

  If you run @code{emacsclient} with the option @samp{--no-wait}, it
returns immediately without waiting for you to ``finish'' the buffer in
Emacs.  Note that it this case, buffers for temporary files will not be
killed automatically with the default value of
@code{server-kill-new-buffers}, since those buffers will not have a
client.

  If you have forgotten to start Emacs, then the option
@samp{--alternate-editor=@var{command}} may be useful.  It specifies a
command to run if @code{emacsclient} fails to contact Emacs.  For
example, the following setting for the @var{EDITOR} environment variable
will always give an editor, even if Emacs is not running.

@example
EDITOR="emacsclient --alternate-editor vi +%d %s"
@end example

The environment variable @var{ALTERNATE_EDITOR} has the same effect, but
the value of the @samp{--alternate-editor} takes precedence.

@pindex emacs.bash
Alternatively, the file @file{etc/emacs.bash} defines a function for
@command{bash} which will use a running Emacs server or start one if
none exists.

@menu
* Invoking emacsclient::
@end menu

@node Invoking emacsclient,, Emacs Server, Emacs Server
@section Invoking @code{emacsclient}

  To run the @code{emacsclient} program, specify file names as arguments,
and optionally line numbers as well.  Do it like this:

@example
emacsclient @r{@{}@r{[}+@var{line}@r{]} @var{filename}@r{@}}@dots{}
@end example

This tells Emacs to visit each of the specified files; if you specify a
line number for a certain file, Emacs moves to that line in the file.

Ordinarily, @code{emacsclient} does not return until you use the
@kbd{C-x #} command on each of these buffers.  When that happens, Emacs
sends a message to the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to return.

But if you use the option @samp{-n} or @samp{--no-wait} when running
@code{emacsclient}, then it returns immediately.  (You can take as long
as you like to edit the files in Emacs.)


@node Hardcopy, PostScript, Emacs Server, Top
@section Hardcopy Output
@cindex hardcopy

with color information; on black-and-white printers, colors are emulated
with shades of gray.  This might produce illegible output, even if your
screen colors only use shades of gray.

@vindex ps-use-face-background
  By default, PostScript printing ignored the background of the faces,
unless the variable @code{ps-use-face-background} is set to a
non-@code{nil} value.  This is to avoid unwanted interference with the
zebra stripes and background image/text.

@vindex ps-paper-type
@vindex ps-page-dimensions-database
  The variable @code{ps-paper-type} specifies which size of paper to
format for; legitimate values include @code{a4}, @code{a3},

@xref{Remote Files}.

@vindex save-place
@cindex Saveplace
@findex toggle-save-place
There is a simpler mechanism provided by Saveplace library which records
your position in each file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and
jumps to the same position when you visit the file again (even in
another Emacs session).  Use @kbd{M-x toggle-save-place} to turn on
place-saving in a given file.  Customize the option @code{save-place} to
turn it on for all files in each session.

@node Recursive Edit, Emulation, Saving Emacs Sessions, Top
@section Recursive Editing Levels
@cindex recursive editing level
@cindex editing level, recursive

buffers or major modes while in EDT emulation.

@item `PC' bindings
@findex pc-bindings-mode
@cindex `PC' key bindings
The command @kbd{M-x pc-bindings-mode} sets up certain key bindings for
`PC compatibility'---what people are often used to on PCs---as follows:
@kbd{Delete} and its variants) delete forward instead of backward,
@kbd{C-Backspace} kills backward a word (as @kbd{C-Delete} normally
would), @kbd{M-Backspace} does undo, @kbd{Home} and @kbd{End} move to
beginning and end of line, @kbd{C-Home} and @kbd{C-End} move to
beginning and end of buffer and @kbd{C-Escape} does @code{list-buffers}.

@item PC Selection mode
@findex pc-selection-mode
@cindex PC Selection minor mode
@cindex mode, PC selection
@cindex selection, `PC'
The command @kbd{M-x pc-selction-mode} turns on a global minor mode
which emulates the mark, copy, cut and paste
look-and-feel of Motif programs (which is the same as the Macintosh GUI
and MS-Windows).  It makes the keybindings of PC mode and also modifies
the bindings of the cursor keys and the @kbd{next}, @kbd{prior},
@kbd{home} and @kbd{end} keys.  It does not provide the full set of CUA
keybindings---the fundamental Emacs keys @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} and
@kbd{C-x} are not rebound.

The standard keys for moving around (@kbd{right}, @kbd{left}, @kbd{up},
@kbd{down}, @kbd{home}, @kbd{end}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{next}, called
``move-keys'') will always de-activate the mark.  Using @kbd{Shift}
together with the ``move keys'' activates the region over which they
move.  The copy, cut and paste functions (as in many other programs)
operate on the active region, bound to @kbd{C-insert}, @kbd{S-delete}
and @kbd{S-insert} respectively.

@cindex s-region package
The @code{s-region} package provides similar, but less complete,
facilities.

@section Hyperlinking and Navigation Features

@cindex hyperlinking
@cindex URLs
@cindex navigation
Various modes documented elsewhere have hypertext features whereby you
can follow links, usually with @kbd{mouse-2} or @kbd{RET} on the text of
the link.  Info mode, Help mode and the Dired-like modes are examples.
The Tags facility links between uses and definitions in source files,
see @ref{Tags}.  Imenu provides navigation amongst items indexed in the
current buffer, see @ref{Imenu}.  Info-lookup provides mode-specific
lookup of definitions in Info indexes, see @ref{Documentation}.
Speedbar maintains a frame in which links to files, and locations in
files are displayed, see @ref{Speedbar}.

Other non-mode-specific facilities described in this section enable
following links from the current buffer in a context-sensitive fashion.

@menu
* Browse-URL::                  Following URLs.
* Goto-address::                Activating URLs.
* FFAP::                        Finding files etc. at point.

Load a URL into a Web browser.
@end table

The Browse-URL package provides facilities for following URLs specifying
links on the World Wide Web.  Usually this works by invoking a web
browser but you can, for instance, arrange to invoke @code{compose-mail}
from @samp{mailto:} URLs.  Packages such as Gnus may make active links
from URLs themselves.  Otherwise you can use @kbd{M-x browse-url} to
follow a link, defaulting to the URL at point.  Other commands are
available which you might like to bind to keys, such as
@code{browse-url-at-point} and @code{browse-url-at-mouse}.

@vindex browse-url-browser-function
You can customize Browse-URL's behaviour via various options in the
@code{browse-url} Customize group, particularly
@code{browse-url-browser-function}.  You can invoke actions dependent on
the type of URL by defining @code{browse-url-browser-function} as an
association list.  The package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h p}
provides more information.  Packages with facilities for following URLs
should use Browse-URL, so customizing options in the @code{browse-url}
group should be sufficient to determine how they all work in that
respect.

@node Goto-address
@subsection Activating URLs
@findex goto-address
@cindex Goto-address

@table @kbd
@item M-x goto-address
Activate URLs and e-mail addresses in the current buffer.
@end table

You can arrange to activate URLs in any buffer with @kbd{M-x
goto-address}.  It may be useful to add @code{goto-address} to hooks
invoked when buffers are displayed in particular modes.
@code{rmail-show-message-hook} is the appropriate hook if you use Rmail,
or @code{mh-show-mode-hook} if you use MH.

@node FFAP
@subsection Finding Files and URLs at Point
@findex ffap
@findex find-file-at-point
@findex ffap
@findex ffap-dired-at-point
@findex ffap-next
@findex ffap-menu
@cindex FFAP
@cindex URLs
@cindex finding file at point

@table @kbd
@item M-x ffap @key{RET} @var{filename} @key{RET}
Find @var{filename}, guessing a default from text around point.
@item M-x ffap-next
Search buffer for next file or URL, and run `ffap'.  With single prefix
arg, search backwards, with double arg wrap search forwards, with triple
arg wrap search backwards.
@item M-x ffap-menu
Put up a menu of files and URLs mentioned in current buffer and try to
fetch the selected one.
@item M-x ffap-dired-at-point
Start Dired, defaulting to file at point.
@end table

The command @kbd{M-x find-file-at-point} (or @kbd{M-x ffap}) can be used
as a replacement for @kbd{M-x find-file}.  With a prefix argument it
behaves as @kbd{M-x find-file}.  Otherwise it tries to guess a default
file or URL from the text around point.  In the case of a URL, it will
invoke @code{browse-url} rather than finding a file.  This is useful for
following references in mail or news buffers, @file{README}s,
@file{MANIFEST}s, and so on.  The @samp{ffap} package's
commentary available via @kbd{C-h p} and the @code{ffap} Custom group
provide details.

@cindex FFAP minor mode
@findex ffap-mode
You can turn on FFAP minor mode to make the following key bindings and
to install hooks for using @code{ffap} in Rmail, Gnus and VM article
buffers.

@table @kbd
@item C-x C-f
@kindex C-x C-f @r{(FFAP)}
@kbd{find-file-at-point};
@item C-x 4 f
@kindex C-x 4 f @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-other-window}, analagous to @kbd{M-x find-file-other-window};
@item C-x 5 f
@kindex C-x 5 f @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-other-frame}, analagous to @kbd{M-x find-file-other-frame};
@item C-x d
@kindex C-x d @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-dired-at-point}, analogous to @kbd{M-x dired};
@item S-mouse-3
@kindex S-mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-at-mouse} finds the file guessed from text around the position
of a mouse click;
@item C-S-mouse-3
@kindex C-S-mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-menu} puts up a selectable menu of files and URLs mentioned in
the current buffer.
@end table

@node Find-func
@subsection Finding Function and Variable Definitions
@findex find-function
@findex find-function-on-key
@findex find-variable
@cindex examples of Lisp functions
@cindex Lisp examples
@cindex Find-func
@cindex Lisp definitions
@cindex definitions, locating in sources
@cindex tags

@table @kbd
@item M-x find-function @key{RET} @var{function} @key{RET}
Find the definition of the @var{function} at point.
@item M-x find-variable @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET}
Find the definition of the @var{variable} at point.
@item M-x find-function-on-key @var{key}
Find the definition of the function that @var{key} invokes.
@end table

The Find-func package provides convenient facilities for finding the
definitions of Emacs Lisp functions and variables.  It has a somewhat
similar function to the Tags facility (@pxref{Tags}) but uses Emacs's
introspective facilities which maintain information about loaded
libraries.  In contrast to Tags, it only works for functions and
variables with definitions which are already loaded but it relates to
the code actually running and doesn't require maintaining tags files.

You need to have the Lisp source (@samp{.el}) files available on your
load path along with the compiled (@samp{.elc}) versions for this to
work.  You can use compressed source files if you turn on
@code{auto-compression-mode}.

The commands available include @kbd{M-x find-function} to find the
definition of a named function, @kbd{find-function-on-key} to find the
definition of the function bound to a key and @kbd{find-variable} to
find a variable's definition.  These only work for things defined in
Lisp source files, not primitive functions or variables defined
primitively in the Emacs layer implemented in C.

Find-func is useful for finding examples of how to do things if you want
to write an Emacs Lisp extension similar to some existing function.

@node Dissociated Press, Amusements, Hyperlinking, Top
@section Dissociated Press

@findex dissociated-press

@kbd{M-x morse-region} converts text in a region to Morse code and
@kbd{M-x unmorse-region} converts it back.  No cause for remorse.

@findex pong
@cindex Pong game
@kbd{M-x pong} plays an implementation of the game Pong, bouncing the
ball off opposing bats.

@findex solitaire
@cindex solitaire
@kbd{M-x solitaire} plays a game of solitaire in which you jump pegs
across other pegs.

@findex studlify-region
@cindex StudlyCaps
@kbd{M-x studlify-region} studlify-cases the region, that is

@example
M-x stUdlIfY-RegioN stUdlIfY-CaSeS thE region.
@end example

@findex tetris
@cindex Tetris
@kbd{M-x tetris} runs an implementation of the well-known Tetris game.
@findex snake
@cindex Snake
Likewise, @kbd{M-x snake} provides an implementation of Snake.

  When you are frustrated, try the famous Eliza program.  Just do
@kbd{M-x doctor}.  End each input by typing @key{RET} twice.

36168:df827c1def99

@cindex subshell
@cindex shell commands

  Emacs has commands for passing single command lines to inferior shell
processes; it can also run a shell interactively with input and output
to an Emacs buffer named @samp{*shell*} or run a shell inside a terminal
emulator window.

There is a shell implemented entirely in Emacs, documented in a separate
manual.  @xref{, ,Eshell , eshell, Eshell: The Emacs Shell}.

@menu
* Single Shell::           How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell::      Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
* Shell Mode::             Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
* History: Shell History.  Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
* Directory Tracking::     Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
* Options: Shell Options.  Options for customizing Shell mode.
* Terminal emulator::      An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
* Term Mode::              Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
* Paging in Term::         Paging in the terminal emulator.
* Remote Host::            Connecting to another computer.

windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while it is
running a command.  Output from the subshell waits until Emacs has time to
process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for keyboard input or
for time to elapse.

@cindex @code{comint-highlight-input} face
@cindex @code{comint-highlight-prompt} face
  Input lines, once you submit them, are displayed using the face
@code{comint-highlight-input}, and prompts are displayed using the
face @code{comint-highlight-prompt}.  This makes it easier to see
previous input lines in the buffer.  @xref{Faces}.

  To make multiple subshells, rename the buffer @samp{*shell*} to
something different using @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely}.  Then type @kbd{M-x
shell} again to create a new buffer @samp{*shell*} with its own
subshell.  If you rename this buffer as well, you can create a third
one, and so on.  All the subshells run independently and in parallel.

specified is relative, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are
searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable
@env{PATH} when Emacs is started.  Your @file{.emacs} file can override
either or both of these default initializations.

  Emacs sends the new shell the contents of the file
@file{~/.emacs_@var{shellname}} as input, if it exists, where
@var{shellname} is the name of the file that the shell was loaded
from.  For example, if you use bash, the file sent to it is
@file{~/.emacs_bash}.

  To specify a coding system for the shell, you can use the command
@kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately before @kbd{M-x shell}.  You can also
specify a coding system after starting the shell by using @kbd{C-x
@key{RET} p} in the shell buffer.  @xref{Specify Coding}.

  Emacs defines the environment variable @env{EMACS} in the subshell,
with value @code{t}.  A shell script can check this variable to
determine whether it has been run from an Emacs subshell.

@table @kbd
@item @key{RET}
@kindex RET @r{(Shell mode)}
@findex comint-send-input
@cindex prompt, shell
At end of buffer send line as input; otherwise, copy current line to
end of buffer and send it (@code{comint-send-input}).  When a line is
copied, any prompt at the beginning if the line (text output by
programs preceding your input) is omitted.  See also
@code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields}).

@item @key{TAB}
@kindex TAB @r{(Shell mode)}
@findex comint-dynamic-complete

@node History References
@subsubsection Shell History References
@cindex history reference

  Various shells including csh and bash support @dfn{history
references} that begin with @samp{!} and @samp{^}.  Shell mode
recognizes these constructs, and can perform the history substitution
for you.

  If you insert a history reference and type @key{TAB}, this searches
the input history for a matching command, performs substitution if
necessary, and places the result in the buffer in place of the history
reference.  For example, you can fetch the most recent command
beginning with @samp{mv} with @kbd{! m v @key{TAB}}.  You can edit the
command if you wish, and then resubmit the command to the shell by
typing @key{RET}.

@vindex comint-input-autoexpand
@findex comint-magic-space
  Shell mode can optionally expand history references in the buffer
when you send them to the shell.  To request this, set the variable
@code{comint-input-autoexpand} to @code{input}.  You can make
@key{SPC} perform history expansion by binding @key{SPC} to the
command @code{comint-magic-space}.

@vindex shell-prompt-pattern
@vindex comint-prompt-regexp
@vindex comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields
@cindex prompt, shell
  Shell mode recognizes history references when they follow a prompt.
Normally, any text output by a program at the beginning of an input
line is considered a prompt.  However, if the variable
@code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields} is non-@code{nil},
then Comint mode uses a regular expression to recognize prompts.  In
general, the variable @code{comint-prompt-regexp} specifies the
regular expression; Shell mode uses the variable
@code{shell-prompt-pattern} to set up @code{comint-prompt-regexp} in
the shell buffer.

@node Directory Tracking
@subsection Directory Tracking
@cindex directory tracking

@vindex shell-pushd-regexp
@vindex shell-popd-regexp
@vindex shell-cd-regexp
  Shell mode keeps track of @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} and @samp{popd}
commands given to the inferior shell, so it can keep the
@samp{*shell*} buffer's default directory the same as the shell's
working directory.  It recognizes these commands syntactically, by
examining lines of input that are sent.

  If you use aliases for these commands, you can tell Emacs to
recognize them also.  For example, if the value of the variable
@code{shell-pushd-regexp} matches the beginning of a shell command
line, that line is regarded as a @code{pushd} command.  Change this
variable when you add aliases for @samp{pushd}.  Likewise,
@code{shell-popd-regexp} and @code{shell-cd-regexp} are used to
recognize commands with the meaning of @samp{popd} and @samp{cd}.
These commands are recognized only at the beginning of a shell command
line.

@vindex shell-set-directory-error-hook
  If Emacs gets an error while trying to handle what it believes is a
@samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} or @samp{popd} command, it runs the hook
@code{shell-set-directory-error-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}).

@findex dirs
  If Emacs gets confused about changes in the current directory of the
subshell, use the command @kbd{M-x dirs} to ask the shell what its
current directory is.  This command works for shells that support the
most common command syntax; it may not work for unusual shells.

@findex dirtrack-mode
  You can also use @kbd{M-x dirtrack-mode} to enable (or disable) an
alternative and more aggressive method of tracking changes in the
current directory.

@node Shell Options
@subsection Shell Mode Options

@vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input

directory stack if they are not already on it
(@code{shell-pushd-dunique}).  The values you choose should match the
underlying shell, of course.

@node Terminal emulator
@subsection Emacs Terminal Emulator
@findex term

  To run a subshell in a terminal emulator, putting its typescript in
an Emacs buffer, use @kbd{M-x term}.  This creates (or reuses) a
buffer named @samp{*term*}, and runs a subshell with input coming from
your keyboard, and output going to that buffer.

  The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes.  In
line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}.

  In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior
subshell, as ``terminal input.''  Any ``echoing'' of your input is the
responsibility of the subshell.  The sole exception is the terminal
escape character, which by default is @kbd{C-c} (@pxref{Term Mode}).
Any ``terminal output'' from the subshell goes into the buffer,
advancing point.

  Some programs (such as Emacs itself) need to control the appearance
on the terminal screen in detail.  They do this by sending special
control codes.  The exact control codes needed vary from terminal to
terminal, but nowadays most terminals and terminal emulators
(including @code{xterm}) understand the ANSI-standard (VT100-style)
escape sequences.  Term mode recognizes these escape sequences, and
handles each one appropriately, changing the buffer so that the
appearance of the window matches what it would be on a real terminal.
You can actually run Emacs inside an Emacs Term window.

   The file name used to load the subshell is determined the same way
as for Shell mode.  To make multiple terminal emulators, rename the
buffer @samp{*term*} to something different using @kbd{M-x
rename-uniquely}, just as with Shell mode.

  Unlike Shell mode, Term mode does not track the current directory by
examining your input.  But some shells can tell Term what the current
directory is.  This is done automatically by @code{bash} version 1.15
and later.

@node Term Mode
@subsection Term Mode
@cindex Term mode
@cindex mode, Term

  The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes.  In
line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}.
In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior
subshell, except for the Term escape character, normally @kbd{C-c}.

  To switch between line and char mode, use these commands:

@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-k @r{(Term mode)}
@findex term-char-mode
@item C-c C-k
Switch to line mode.  Do nothing if already in line mode.

@findex term-line-mode
@item C-c C-j
Switch to char mode.  Do nothing if already in char mode.
@end table

  The following commands are only available in char mode:

@table @kbd
@item C-c C-c
Send a literal @key{C-c} to the sub-shell.

@item C-c C-x

For example, @kbd{C-c C-x o} invokes the global binding of
@kbd{C-x o}, which is normally @samp{other-window}.
@end table

@node Paging in Term
@subsection Page-At-A-Time Output
@cindex page-at-a-time

  Term mode has a page-at-a-time feature.  When enabled it makes
output pause at the end of each screenful.

@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-q @r{(Term mode)}
@findex term-pager-toggle
@item C-c C-q
Toggle the page-at-a-time feature.  This command works in both line
and char modes.  When page-at-a-time is enabled, the mode-line
displays the word @samp{page}.
@end table

  With page-at-a-time enabled, whenever Term receives more than a
screenful of output since your last input, it pauses, displaying
@samp{**MORE**} in the mode-line.  Type @key{SPC} to display the next
screenful of output.  Type @kbd{?} to see your other options.  The
interface is similar to the Unix @code{more} program.

@node Remote Host
@subsection Remote Host Shell
@cindex remote host
@cindex connecting to remote host

  You can login to a remote computer, using whatever commands you
would from a regular terminal (e.g.@: using the @code{telnet} or
@code{rlogin} commands), from a Term window.

  A program that asks you for a password will normally suppress
echoing of the password, so the password will not show up in the
buffer.  This will happen just as if you were using a real terminal,
if the buffer is in char mode.  If it is in line mode, the password is
temporarily visible, but will be erased when you hit return.  (This
happens automatically; there is no special password processing.)

  When you log in to a different machine, you need to specify the type
of terminal your using.  Terminal types @samp{ansi} or @samp{vt100}
will work on most systems.

@c   If you are talking to a Bourne-compatible
@c shell, and your system understands the @env{TERMCAP} variable,
@c you can use the command @kbd{M-x shell-send-termcap}, which
@c sends a string specifying the terminal type and size.

@c it will send special commands to Emacs that will cause Emacs to
@c pop up the source files you're debugging.  This will work
@c whether or not gdb is running on a different computer than Emacs,
@c as long as Emacs can access the source files specified by gdb.

@ignore
  You cannot log into to a remote computer using the Shell mode.
@c (This will change when Shell is re-written to use Term.)
Instead, Emacs provides two commands for logging in to another computer
and communicating with it through an Emacs buffer using Comint mode:

@table @kbd
@item M-x telnet @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET}
Set up a Telnet connection to the computer named @var{hostname}.
@item M-x rlogin @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET}

You can use the command @code{rlogin-directory-tracking-mode} to switch
modes.  No argument means use remote directory names, a positive
argument means use local names, and a negative argument means turn
off directory tracking.

@end ignore

@node Emacs Server, Hardcopy, Shell, Top
@section Using Emacs as a Server
@pindex emacsclient
@cindex Emacs as a server
@cindex server, using Emacs as

  You can switch to a server buffer manually if you wish; you don't have
to arrive at it with @kbd{C-x #}.  But @kbd{C-x #} is the only way to
say that you are ``finished'' with one.

@vindex server-kill-new-buffers
@vindex server-temp-file-regexp
  Finishing with a server buffer also kills the buffer, unless it
already existed in the Emacs session before the server asked to create
it.  However, if you set @code{server-kill-new-buffers} to @code{nil},
then a different criterion is used: finishing with a server buffer
kills it if the file name matches the regular expression
@code{server-temp-file-regexp}.  This is set up to distinguish certain
``temporary'' files.

@vindex server-window
  If you set the variable @code{server-window} to a window or a frame,
@kbd{C-x #} displays the server buffer in that window or in that frame.

  While @code{mail} or another application is waiting for
@code{emacsclient} to finish, @code{emacsclient} does not read terminal
input.  So the terminal that @code{mail} was using is effectively
blocked for the duration.  In order to edit with your principal Emacs,
you need to be able to use it without using that terminal.  There are
three ways to do this:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Using a window system, run @code{mail} and the principal Emacs in two
separate windows.  While @code{mail} is waiting for @code{emacsclient},
the window where it was running is blocked, but you can use Emacs by
switching windows.

@item
Using virtual terminals, run @code{mail} in one virtual terminal
and run Emacs in another.

@item
Use Shell mode or Term mode in Emacs to run the other program such as
@code{mail}; then, @code{emacsclient} blocks only the subshell under
Emacs, and you can still use Emacs to edit the file.
@end itemize

  If you run @code{emacsclient} with the option @samp{--no-wait}, it
returns immediately without waiting for you to ``finish'' the buffer
in Emacs.  Note that server buffers created in this way are not killed
automatically when you finish with them.

@menu
* Invoking emacsclient::
@end menu

@node Invoking emacsclient,, Emacs Server, Emacs Server
@section Invoking @code{emacsclient}

  To run the @code{emacsclient} program, specify file names as arguments,
and optionally line numbers as well.  Do it like this:

@example
emacsclient @r{@{}@r{[}+@var{line}@r{]} @var{filename}@r{@}}@dots{}
@end example

@noindent
This tells Emacs to visit each of the specified files; if you specify a
line number for a certain file, Emacs moves to that line in the file.

  Ordinarily, @code{emacsclient} does not return until you use the
@kbd{C-x #} command on each of these buffers.  When that happens,
Emacs sends a message to the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to
return.

  But if you use the option @samp{-n} or @samp{--no-wait} when running
@code{emacsclient}, then it returns immediately.  (You can take as
long as you like to edit the files in Emacs.)

  The option @samp{--alternate-editor=@var{command}} is useful when
running @code{emacsclient} in a script.  It specifies a command to run
if @code{emacsclient} fails to contact Emacs.  For example, the
following setting for the @var{EDITOR} environment variable will
always give an editor, even if Emacs is not running:

@example
EDITOR="emacsclient --alternate-editor vi +%d %s"
@end example

@noindent
The environment variable @var{ALTERNATE_EDITOR} has the same effect, but
the value of the @samp{--alternate-editor} takes precedence.

@pindex emacs.bash
  Alternatively, the file @file{etc/emacs.bash} defines a bash
function which will communicate with a running Emacs server, or start
one if none exists.

@node Hardcopy, PostScript, Emacs Server, Top
@section Hardcopy Output
@cindex hardcopy

with color information; on black-and-white printers, colors are emulated
with shades of gray.  This might produce illegible output, even if your
screen colors only use shades of gray.

@vindex ps-use-face-background
  By default, PostScript printing ignores the background colors of the
faces, unless the variable @code{ps-use-face-background} is
non-@code{nil}.  This is to avoid unwanted interference with the zebra
stripes and background image/text.

@vindex ps-paper-type
@vindex ps-page-dimensions-database
  The variable @code{ps-paper-type} specifies which size of paper to
format for; legitimate values include @code{a4}, @code{a3},

@xref{Remote Files}.

@vindex save-place
@cindex Saveplace
@findex toggle-save-place
  The Saveplace library provides a simpler feature that records your
position in each file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and
jumps to the same position when you visit the file again (even in
another Emacs session).  Use @kbd{M-x toggle-save-place} to turn on
place-saving in a given file.  Customize the option @code{save-place}
to turn it on for all files in each session.

@node Recursive Edit, Emulation, Saving Emacs Sessions, Top
@section Recursive Editing Levels
@cindex recursive editing level
@cindex editing level, recursive

buffers or major modes while in EDT emulation.

@item `PC' bindings
@findex pc-bindings-mode
@cindex `PC' key bindings
The command @kbd{M-x pc-bindings-mode} sets up certain key bindings
for ``PC compatibility''---what people are often used to on PCs---as
follows: @kbd{Delete} and its variants delete forward instead of
backward, @kbd{C-Backspace} kills backward a word (as @kbd{C-Delete}
normally would), @kbd{M-Backspace} does undo, @kbd{Home} and @kbd{End}
move to beginning and end of line, @kbd{C-Home} and @kbd{C-End} move
to beginning and end of buffer and @kbd{C-Escape} does
@code{list-buffers}.

@item PC Selection mode
@findex pc-selection-mode
@cindex PC Selection minor mode
@cindex mode, PC selection
@cindex selection, `PC'
The command @kbd{M-x pc-selection-mode} enables a global minor mode
that emulates the mark, copy, cut and paste commands of various other
systems---an interface known as CUA.  It establishes the keybindings
of PC mode, and also modifies the bindings of the cursor keys and the
@kbd{next}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{home} and @kbd{end} keys.  It does not
provide the full set of CUA keybindings---the fundamental Emacs keys
@kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{C-x} are not changed.

The standard keys for moving around (@kbd{right}, @kbd{left},
@kbd{up}, @kbd{down}, @kbd{home}, @kbd{end}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{next},
called ``move-keys'') deactivate the mark in PC selection mode.
However, using @kbd{Shift} together with the ``move keys'' activates
the region over which they move.  The copy, cut and paste functions
are available on @kbd{C-insert}, @kbd{S-delete} and @kbd{S-insert}
respectively.

@cindex s-region package
The @code{s-region} package provides similar, but less complete,
facilities.

@section Hyperlinking and Navigation Features

@cindex hyperlinking
@cindex URLs
@cindex navigation
  Various modes documented elsewhere have hypertext features so that
you can follow links, usually by clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on the link or
typing @key{RET} while point is on the link.  Info mode, Help mode and
the Dired-like modes are examples.  The Tags facility links between
uses and definitions in source files, see @ref{Tags}.  Imenu provides
navigation amongst items indexed in the current buffer, see
@ref{Imenu}.  Info-lookup provides mode-specific lookup of definitions
in Info indexes, see @ref{Documentation}.  Speedbar maintains a frame
in which links to files, and locations in files are displayed, see
@ref{Speedbar}.

  Other non-mode-specific facilities described in this section enable
following links from the current buffer in a context-sensitive
fashion.

@menu
* Browse-URL::                  Following URLs.
* Goto-address::                Activating URLs.
* FFAP::                        Finding files etc. at point.

Load a URL into a Web browser.
@end table

The Browse-URL package provides facilities for following URLs specifying
links on the World Wide Web.  Usually this works by invoking a web
browser, but you can, for instance, arrange to invoke @code{compose-mail}
from @samp{mailto:} URLs.

  The general way to use this feature is to type @kbd{M-x browse-url},
which displays a specified URL.  If point is located near a plausible
URL, that URL is used as the default.  Other commands are available
which you might like to bind to keys, such as
@code{browse-url-at-point} and @code{browse-url-at-mouse}.

@vindex browse-url-browser-function
  You can customize Browse-URL's behaviour via various options in the
@code{browse-url} Customize group, particularly
@code{browse-url-browser-function}.  You can invoke actions dependent
on the type of URL by defining @code{browse-url-browser-function} as
an association list.  The package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h
p} provides more information.  Packages with facilities for following
URLs should always go through Browse-URL, so that the customization
options for Browse-URL will affect all browsing in Emacs.

@node Goto-address
@subsection Activating URLs
@findex goto-address
@cindex Goto-address

@table @kbd
@item M-x goto-address
Activate URLs and e-mail addresses in the current buffer.
@end table

  You can make URLs in the current buffer active with @kbd{M-x
goto-address}.  This finds all the URLs in the buffer, and establishes
bindings for @kbd{Mouse-2} and @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} on them.  After
activation, if you click on a URL with @kbd{Mouse-2}, or move to a URL
and type @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}, that will display the web page that the URL
specifies.  For a @samp{mailto} URL, it sends mail instead, using your
selected mail-composition method (@pxref{Mail Methods}).

  It can be useful to add @code{goto-address} to mode hooks and the
hooks used to display an incoming message.
@code{rmail-show-message-hook} is the appropriate hook for Rmail, and
@code{mh-show-mode-hook} for MH-E.  This is not needed for Gnus,
which has a similar feature of its own.


@node FFAP
@subsection Finding Files and URLs at Point
@findex ffap
@findex find-file-at-point
@findex ffap
@findex ffap-dired-at-point
@findex ffap-next
@findex ffap-menu
@cindex FFAP
@cindex finding file at point

  FFAP mode replaces certain key bindings for finding files, including
@kbd{C-x C-f}, with commands that provide more sensitive defaults.
These commands behave like the ordinary ones when given a prefix
argument.  Otherwise, they get the default file name or URL from the
text around point.  If what is found in the buffer has the form of a
URL rather than a file name, the commands use @code{browse-url} to
view it.

  This feature is useful for following references in mail or news
buffers, @file{README} files, @file{MANIFEST} files, and so on.  The
@samp{ffap} package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h p} and the
@code{ffap} Custom group provide details.

@cindex FFAP minor mode
@findex ffap-mode
  You can turn on FFAP minor mode to make the following key bindings
and to install hooks for using @code{ffap} in Rmail, Gnus and VM
article buffers.

@table @kbd
@item C-x C-f @var{filename} @key{RET}
@kindex C-x C-f @r{(FFAP)}
Find @var{filename}, guessing a default from text around point
(@code{find-file-at-point}).
@item C-x 4 f
@kindex C-x 4 f @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-other-window}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-window}.
@item C-x 5 f
@kindex C-x 5 f @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-other-frame}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-frame}.
@item M-x ffap-next
Search buffer for next file name or URL, then find that file or URL.
@item C-x d @var{directory} @key{RET}
@kindex C-x d @r{(FFAP)}
Start Dired on @var{directory}, defaulting to the directory name at
point (@code{ffap-dired-at-point}).
@item S-Mouse-3
@kindex S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)}
@code{ffap-at-mouse} finds the file guessed from text around the position
of a mouse click.
@item C-S-Mouse-3
@kindex C-S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)}
Display a menu of files and URLs mentioned in current buffer, then
find the one you select (@code{ffap-menu}).
@end table

@node Find-func
@subsection Finding Function and Variable Definitions
@cindex definitions, finding in Lisp sources
@cindex Lisp definitions, finding in sources

@table @kbd
@item M-x find-function @key{RET} @var{function} @key{RET}
Find the definition @var{function} in its source file.
@item M-x find-variable @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET}
Find the definition of @var{variable} in its source file.
@item M-x find-function-on-key @key{RET} @var{key}
Find the definition of the function that @var{key} invokes.
@end table

  These commands provide an easy way to find the definitions of Emacs
Lisp functions and variables.  They are similar in purpose to the Tags
facility (@pxref{Tags}), but don't require a tags table; on the other
hand, they only works for function and variable definitions that are
already loaded in the Emacs session.

@findex find-function
@findex find-function-on-key
@findex find-variable
  To find the definition of a function, use @kbd{M-x find-function}.
@kbd{M-x find-variable} finds the definition of a specified variable.
@kbd{M-x find-function-on-key} finds the definition of the function
bound to a specified key.

  To use these commands, you must have the Lisp source (@samp{.el})
files available along with the compiled (@samp{.elc}) files, in
directories in @code{load-path}.  You can use compressed source files
if you enable Auto Compression mode.  These commands only handle
definitions written in Lisp, not primitive functions or variables
defined in the C code of Emacs.

@node Dissociated Press, Amusements, Hyperlinking, Top
@section Dissociated Press

@findex dissociated-press

@kbd{M-x morse-region} converts text in a region to Morse code and
@kbd{M-x unmorse-region} converts it back.  No cause for remorse.

@findex pong
@cindex Pong game
@kbd{M-x pong} plays a Pong-like game, bouncing the ball off opposing
bats.

@findex solitaire
@cindex solitaire
@kbd{M-x solitaire} plays a game of solitaire in which you jump pegs
across other pegs.

@findex studlify-region
@cindex StudlyCaps
@kbd{M-x studlify-region} studlify-cases the region, producing
text like this:

@example
M-x stUdlIfY-RegioN stUdlIfY-CaSeS thE region.
@end example

@findex tetris
@cindex Tetris
@findex snake
@cindex Snake
@kbd{M-x tetris} runs an implementation of the well-known Tetris game.
Likewise, @kbd{M-x snake} provides an implementation of Snake.

  When you are frustrated, try the famous Eliza program.  Just do
@kbd{M-x doctor}.  End each input by typing @key{RET} twice.