comparison doc/misc/calc.texi @ 108542:f69005ce0acc

calc.texi: Remove "\turnoffactive" commands throughout.

108541:ce09b34d4a43

@newcount@calcclubpenalty @calcclubpenalty=1000
@ignore
@newcount@calcpageno
@newtoks@calcoldeverypar @calcoldeverypar=@everypar
@everypar={@calceverypar@the@calcoldeverypar}
@ifx@turnoffactive@undefinedzzz@def@turnoffactive{}@fi
@ifx@ninett@undefinedzzz@font@ninett=cmtt9@fi
@catcode`@\=0 \catcode`\@=11
\r@ggedbottomtrue
\catcode`\@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
@end ignore

     6 * 7
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ 2 + { 3 \times 4 \times 5 \over 6 \times 7^8 } - 9 $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

   7a + 6b      = 3
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplayh
$$ \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\halign to\displaywidth{\tabskip=0pt
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&

     [ 7, 6, 0 ] ]     [ c ] ]     [ 3 ] ]
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \pmatrix{ 1 & 2 & 3 \cr 4 & 5 & 6 \cr 7 & 6 & 0 }
   \times
   \pmatrix{ a \cr b \cr c } = \pmatrix{ 6 \cr 2 \cr 3 }
$$

   x + b y = 10
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \eqalign{ x &+ a y = 6 \cr
             x &+ b y = 10}
$$
\afterdisplay

on the left by the transpose of @expr{A}:
@ifnottex
@samp{trn(A)*A*X = trn(A)*B}.
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
$A^T A \, X = A^T B$, where $A^T$ is the transpose \samp{trn(A)}.
@end tex
Now 
@texline @math{A^T A}
@infoline @expr{trn(A)*A} 

   2a + 4b + 6c = 11
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplayh
$$ \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\halign to\displaywidth{\tabskip=0pt
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&

@example
m = (N sum(x y) - sum(x) sum(y)) / (N sum(x^2) - sum(x)^2)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ m = {N \sum x y - \sum x \sum y  \over
        N \sum x^2 - \left( \sum x \right)^2} $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

These are @samp{sum(x)}, @samp{sum(x^2)}, @samp{sum(y)}, and @samp{sum(x y)},
respectively.  (We could have used @kbd{*} to compute @samp{sum(x^2)} and
@samp{sum(x y)}.)
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
These are $\sum x$, $\sum x^2$, $\sum y$, and $\sum x y$,
respectively.  (We could have used \kbd{*} to compute $\sum x^2$ and
$\sum x y$.)
@end tex

@example
b = (sum(y) - m sum(x)) / N
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ b = {\sum y - m \sum x \over N} $$
\afterdisplay
\vskip10pt
@end tex

(h/3) * (f(a) + 4 f(a+h) + 2 f(a+2h) + 4 f(a+3h) + ...
              + 2 f(a+(n-2)*h) + 4 f(a+(n-1)*h) + f(a+n*h))
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \displaylines{
      \qquad {h \over 3} (f(a) + 4 f(a+h) + 2 f(a+2h) + 4 f(a+3h) + \cdots
   \hfill \cr \hfill    {} + 2 f(a+(n-2)h) + 4 f(a+(n-1)h) + f(a+n h)) \qquad
} $$

h * (f(a) + f(a+h) + f(a+2h) + f(a+3h) + ...
          + f(a+(n-2)*h) + f(a+(n-1)*h))
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ h (f(a) + f(a+h) + f(a+2h) + f(a+3h) + \cdots
           + f(a+(n-2)h) + f(a+(n-1)h)) $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
cos(x) = 1 - x^2 / 2! + x^4 / 4! - x^6 / 6! + ...
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \cos x = 1 - {x^2 \over 2!} + {x^4 \over 4!} - {x^6 \over 6!} + \cdots $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
cos(x) = 1 - x^2 / 2! + O(x^3)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \cos x = 1 - {x^2 \over 2!} + O(x^3) $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

s(n,0) = 0   for n > 0,
s(n+1,m) = s(n,m-1) - n s(n,m)   for n >= m >= 1.
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \eqalign{ s(n,n)   &= 1 \qquad \hbox{for } n \ge 0,  \cr
             s(n,0)   &= 0 \qquad \hbox{for } n > 0, \cr
             s(n+1,m) &= s(n,m-1) - n \, s(n,m) \qquad
                          \hbox{for } n \ge m \ge 1.}

   x + b y = 10
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \eqalign{ x &+ a y = 6 \cr
             x &+ b y = 10}
$$
\afterdisplay

   2a + 4b + 6c = 11
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplayh
$$ \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\halign to\displaywidth{\tabskip=0pt
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&

@example
   m*x + b*1 = y
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ m \times x + b \times 1 = y $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
3 (3 a + b - 511 m) + c - 511 n
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ 3 (3 a + b - 511 m) + c - 511 n $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
9 a + 3 b + c - 511*3 m - 511 n
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ 9 a + 3 b + c - 511\times3 m - 511 n $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
9 a + 3 b + c - 511 n'
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ 9 a + 3 b + c - 511 n^{\prime} $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

[(3, 4), 3:4, 3 +/- 4, [3 .. inf)]
[3 + 4i, @{3 \over 4@}, 3 \pm 4, [3 \ldots \infty)]
@end group
@end example
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ [3 + 4i, {3 \over 4}, 3 \pm 4, [ 3 \ldots \infty)] $$
@end tex
@sp 1

@example

[\sin@{a@}, \sin@{2 a@}, \sin(2 + a),
 \sin\left( @{a \over b@} \right)]
@end group
@end example
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ [\sin{a}, \sin{2 a}, \sin(2 + a), \sin\left( {a \over b} \right)] $$
@end tex
@sp 2

First with plain @kbd{d T}, then with @kbd{C-u d T}, then finally with

2 + 3 => 5
\evalto 2 + 3 \to 5
@end group
@end example
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ 2 + 3 \to 5 $$
$$ 5 $$
@end tex
@sp 2

[2 + 3 => 5, a / 2 => (b + c) / 2]
[@{2 + 3 \to 5@}, @{@{a \over 2@} \to @{b + c \over 2@}@}]
@end group
@end example
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ [{2 + 3 \to 5}, {{a \over 2} \to {b + c \over 2}}] $$
{\let\to\Rightarrow
$$ [{2 + 3 \to 5}, {{a \over 2} \to {b + c \over 2}}] $$}
@end tex
@sp 2

\matrix@{ @{a \over b@} & 0 \\ 0 & 2^@{(x + 1)@} @}
\pmatrix@{ @{a \over b@} & 0 \\ 0 & 2^@{(x + 1)@} @}
@end group
@end example
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \matrix{ {a \over b} & 0 \cr 0 & 2^{(x + 1)} } $$
$$ \pmatrix{ {a \over b} & 0 \cr 0 & 2^{(x + 1)} } $$
@end tex
@sp 2
@end iftex

ddb(cost, salv, life, per) = --------,  book = cost - depreciation so far
                               life
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \code{fv}(r, n, p) = p { (1 + r)^n - 1 \over r } $$
$$ \code{fvb}(r, n, p) = p { ((1 + r)^n - 1) (1 + r) \over r } $$
$$ \code{fvl}(r, n, p) = p (1 + r)^n $$
$$ \code{pv}(r, n, p) = p { 1 - (1 + r)^{-n} \over r } $$
$$ \code{pvb}(r, n, p) = p { (1 - (1 + r)^{-n}) (1 + r) \over r } $$

(where @expr{g} and @expr{G} represent the lower- and upper-case Greek
letter gamma).  You can obtain these using the @kbd{H f G} [@code{gammag}]
and @kbd{H I f G} [@code{gammaG}] commands.
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
The functions corresponding to the integrals that define $P(a,x)$
and $Q(a,x)$ but without the normalizing $1/\Gamma(a)$
factor are called $\gamma(a,x)$ and $\Gamma(a,x)$, respectively.
You can obtain these using the \kbd{H f G} [\code{gammag}] and
\kbd{I H f G} [\code{gammaG}] commands.

@infoline @samp{x +/- s}, 
this is the weighted mean of the @expr{x} values with weights 
@texline @math{1 /\sigma^2}.
@infoline @expr{1 / s^2}.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \mu = { \displaystyle \sum { x_i \over \sigma_i^2 } \over
           \displaystyle \sum { 1 \over \sigma_i^2 } } $$
@end tex
If the inputs are not error forms, this is simply the sum of the
values divided by the count of the values.

the mean.  If the inputs are error forms, the error is the square
root of the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the squares
of the input errors.  (I.e., the variance is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the variances.)
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \sigma_\mu^2 = {1 \over \displaystyle \sum {1 \over \sigma_i^2}} $$
@end tex
If the inputs are plain
numbers, the error is equal to the standard deviation of the values
divided by the square root of the number of values.  (This works
out to be equivalent to calculating the standard deviation and
then assuming each value's error is equal to this standard
deviation.)
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \sigma_\mu^2 = {\sigma^2 \over N} $$
@end tex

@kindex H u M
@pindex calc-vector-median

The @kbd{H I u M} (@code{calc-vector-harmonic-mean}) [@code{vhmean}]
command computes the harmonic mean of the data values.  This is
defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals
of the values.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ { N \over \displaystyle \sum {1 \over x_i} } $$
@end tex

@kindex u G
@pindex calc-vector-geometric-mean

command computes the geometric mean of the data values.  This
is the @var{n}th root of the product of the values.  This is also
equal to the @code{exp} of the arithmetic mean of the logarithms
of the data values.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \exp \left ( \sum { \ln x_i } \right ) =
   \left ( \prod { x_i } \right)^{1 / N} $$
@end tex

@kindex H u G

The @kbd{H u G} [@code{agmean}] command computes the ``arithmetic-geometric
mean'' of two numbers taken from the stack.  This is computed by
replacing the two numbers with their arithmetic mean and geometric
mean, then repeating until the two values converge.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ a_{i+1} = { a_i + b_i \over 2 } , \qquad b_{i+1} = \sqrt{a_i b_i} $$
@end tex

@cindex Root-mean-square
Another commonly used mean, the RMS (root-mean-square), can be computed

as weights just as for @kbd{u M}.  This is the @emph{sample} standard
deviation, whose value is the square root of the sum of the squares of
the differences between the values and the mean of the @expr{N} values,
divided by @expr{N-1}.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \sigma^2 = {1 \over N - 1} \sum (x_i - \mu)^2 $$
@end tex

This function also applies to distributions.  The standard deviation
of a single error form is simply the error part.  The standard deviation

data values in the distribution; the sample standard deviation
is used when the input represents a sample of the set of all
data values, so that the mean computed from the input is itself
only an estimate of the true mean.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \sigma^2 = {1 \over N} \sum (x_i - \mu)^2 $$
@end tex

For error forms and continuous intervals, @code{vpsdev} works
exactly like @code{vsdev}.  For integer intervals, it computes the

errors are used as weight factors.  If both @var{x} and @var{y}
are composed of error forms, the error for a given data point
is taken as the square root of the sum of the squares of the two
input errors.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \sigma_{x\!y}^2 = {1 \over N-1} \sum (x_i - \mu_x) (y_i - \mu_y) $$
$$ \sigma_{x\!y}^2 =
    {\displaystyle {1 \over N-1}
                   \sum {(x_i - \mu_x) (y_i - \mu_y) \over \sigma_i^2}
     \over \displaystyle {1 \over N} \sum {1 \over \sigma_i^2}}

command computes the linear correlation coefficient of two vectors.
This is defined by the covariance of the vectors divided by the
product of their standard deviations.  (There is no difference
between sample or population statistics here.)
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ r_{x\!y} = { \sigma_{x\!y}^2 \over \sigma_x^2 \sigma_y^2 } $$
@end tex

@node Reducing and Mapping, Vector and Matrix Formats, Statistical Operations, Matrix Functions
@section Reducing and Mapping Vectors

  [ 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ] ]
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \pmatrix{ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4  & 5  \cr
             5 & 7 & 9 & 11 & 13 }
$$
\afterdisplay

@example
chi^2 = sum((y_i - (a + b x_i))^2, i, 1, N)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N (y_i - (a + b x_i))^2 $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
chi^2 = sum(((y_i - (a + b x_i)) / sigma_i)^2, i, 1, N)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\turnoffactive
\beforedisplay
$$ \chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N \left(y_i - (a + b x_i) \over \sigma_i\right)^2 $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

enter a blank line at any of these prompts, that prompt and
any later ones are answered by reading additional elements from
the stack.  Thus, @kbd{' k^2 @key{RET} ' k @key{RET} 1 @key{RET} 5 @key{RET} a + @key{RET}}
produces the result 55.
@tex
\turnoffactive
$$ \sum_{k=1}^5 k^2 = 55 $$
@end tex

The choice of index variable is arbitrary, but it's best not to
use a variable with a stored value.  In particular, while

108542:f69005ce0acc

@newcount@calcclubpenalty @calcclubpenalty=1000
@ignore
@newcount@calcpageno
@newtoks@calcoldeverypar @calcoldeverypar=@everypar
@everypar={@calceverypar@the@calcoldeverypar}
@ifx@ninett@undefinedzzz@font@ninett=cmtt9@fi
@catcode`@\=0 \catcode`\@=11
\r@ggedbottomtrue
\catcode`\@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
@end ignore

     6 * 7
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ 2 + { 3 \times 4 \times 5 \over 6 \times 7^8 } - 9 $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

   7a + 6b      = 3
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplayh
$$ \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\halign to\displaywidth{\tabskip=0pt
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&

     [ 7, 6, 0 ] ]     [ c ] ]     [ 3 ] ]
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \pmatrix{ 1 & 2 & 3 \cr 4 & 5 & 6 \cr 7 & 6 & 0 }
   \times
   \pmatrix{ a \cr b \cr c } = \pmatrix{ 6 \cr 2 \cr 3 }
$$

   x + b y = 10
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \eqalign{ x &+ a y = 6 \cr
             x &+ b y = 10}
$$
\afterdisplay

on the left by the transpose of @expr{A}:
@ifnottex
@samp{trn(A)*A*X = trn(A)*B}.
@end ifnottex
@tex
$A^T A \, X = A^T B$, where $A^T$ is the transpose \samp{trn(A)}.
@end tex
Now 
@texline @math{A^T A}
@infoline @expr{trn(A)*A} 

   2a + 4b + 6c = 11
@end example
@end group
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplayh
$$ \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\halign to\displaywidth{\tabskip=0pt
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&

@example
m = (N sum(x y) - sum(x) sum(y)) / (N sum(x^2) - sum(x)^2)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ m = {N \sum x y - \sum x \sum y  \over
        N \sum x^2 - \left( \sum x \right)^2} $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

These are @samp{sum(x)}, @samp{sum(x^2)}, @samp{sum(y)}, and @samp{sum(x y)},
respectively.  (We could have used @kbd{*} to compute @samp{sum(x^2)} and
@samp{sum(x y)}.)
@end ifnottex
@tex
These are $\sum x$, $\sum x^2$, $\sum y$, and $\sum x y$,
respectively.  (We could have used \kbd{*} to compute $\sum x^2$ and
$\sum x y$.)
@end tex

@example
b = (sum(y) - m sum(x)) / N
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ b = {\sum y - m \sum x \over N} $$
\afterdisplay
\vskip10pt
@end tex

(h/3) * (f(a) + 4 f(a+h) + 2 f(a+2h) + 4 f(a+3h) + ...
              + 2 f(a+(n-2)*h) + 4 f(a+(n-1)*h) + f(a+n*h))
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \displaylines{
      \qquad {h \over 3} (f(a) + 4 f(a+h) + 2 f(a+2h) + 4 f(a+3h) + \cdots
   \hfill \cr \hfill    {} + 2 f(a+(n-2)h) + 4 f(a+(n-1)h) + f(a+n h)) \qquad
} $$

h * (f(a) + f(a+h) + f(a+2h) + f(a+3h) + ...
          + f(a+(n-2)*h) + f(a+(n-1)*h))
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ h (f(a) + f(a+h) + f(a+2h) + f(a+3h) + \cdots
           + f(a+(n-2)h) + f(a+(n-1)h)) $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
cos(x) = 1 - x^2 / 2! + x^4 / 4! - x^6 / 6! + ...
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \cos x = 1 - {x^2 \over 2!} + {x^4 \over 4!} - {x^6 \over 6!} + \cdots $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
cos(x) = 1 - x^2 / 2! + O(x^3)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \cos x = 1 - {x^2 \over 2!} + O(x^3) $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

s(n,0) = 0   for n > 0,
s(n+1,m) = s(n,m-1) - n s(n,m)   for n >= m >= 1.
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \eqalign{ s(n,n)   &= 1 \qquad \hbox{for } n \ge 0,  \cr
             s(n,0)   &= 0 \qquad \hbox{for } n > 0, \cr
             s(n+1,m) &= s(n,m-1) - n \, s(n,m) \qquad
                          \hbox{for } n \ge m \ge 1.}

   x + b y = 10
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \eqalign{ x &+ a y = 6 \cr
             x &+ b y = 10}
$$
\afterdisplay

   2a + 4b + 6c = 11
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplayh
$$ \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\halign to\displaywidth{\tabskip=0pt
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&
   $\hfil#$&$\hfil{}#{}$&

@example
   m*x + b*1 = y
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ m \times x + b \times 1 = y $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
3 (3 a + b - 511 m) + c - 511 n
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ 3 (3 a + b - 511 m) + c - 511 n $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
9 a + 3 b + c - 511*3 m - 511 n
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ 9 a + 3 b + c - 511\times3 m - 511 n $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
9 a + 3 b + c - 511 n'
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ 9 a + 3 b + c - 511 n^{\prime} $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

[(3, 4), 3:4, 3 +/- 4, [3 .. inf)]
[3 + 4i, @{3 \over 4@}, 3 \pm 4, [3 \ldots \infty)]
@end group
@end example
@tex
$$ [3 + 4i, {3 \over 4}, 3 \pm 4, [ 3 \ldots \infty)] $$
@end tex
@sp 1

@example

[\sin@{a@}, \sin@{2 a@}, \sin(2 + a),
 \sin\left( @{a \over b@} \right)]
@end group
@end example
@tex
$$ [\sin{a}, \sin{2 a}, \sin(2 + a), \sin\left( {a \over b} \right)] $$
@end tex
@sp 2

First with plain @kbd{d T}, then with @kbd{C-u d T}, then finally with

2 + 3 => 5
\evalto 2 + 3 \to 5
@end group
@end example
@tex
$$ 2 + 3 \to 5 $$
$$ 5 $$
@end tex
@sp 2

[2 + 3 => 5, a / 2 => (b + c) / 2]
[@{2 + 3 \to 5@}, @{@{a \over 2@} \to @{b + c \over 2@}@}]
@end group
@end example
@tex
$$ [{2 + 3 \to 5}, {{a \over 2} \to {b + c \over 2}}] $$
{\let\to\Rightarrow
$$ [{2 + 3 \to 5}, {{a \over 2} \to {b + c \over 2}}] $$}
@end tex
@sp 2

\matrix@{ @{a \over b@} & 0 \\ 0 & 2^@{(x + 1)@} @}
\pmatrix@{ @{a \over b@} & 0 \\ 0 & 2^@{(x + 1)@} @}
@end group
@end example
@tex
$$ \matrix{ {a \over b} & 0 \cr 0 & 2^{(x + 1)} } $$
$$ \pmatrix{ {a \over b} & 0 \cr 0 & 2^{(x + 1)} } $$
@end tex
@sp 2
@end iftex

ddb(cost, salv, life, per) = --------,  book = cost - depreciation so far
                               life
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
$$ \code{fv}(r, n, p) = p { (1 + r)^n - 1 \over r } $$
$$ \code{fvb}(r, n, p) = p { ((1 + r)^n - 1) (1 + r) \over r } $$
$$ \code{fvl}(r, n, p) = p (1 + r)^n $$
$$ \code{pv}(r, n, p) = p { 1 - (1 + r)^{-n} \over r } $$
$$ \code{pvb}(r, n, p) = p { (1 - (1 + r)^{-n}) (1 + r) \over r } $$

(where @expr{g} and @expr{G} represent the lower- and upper-case Greek
letter gamma).  You can obtain these using the @kbd{H f G} [@code{gammag}]
and @kbd{H I f G} [@code{gammaG}] commands.
@end ifnottex
@tex
The functions corresponding to the integrals that define $P(a,x)$
and $Q(a,x)$ but without the normalizing $1/\Gamma(a)$
factor are called $\gamma(a,x)$ and $\Gamma(a,x)$, respectively.
You can obtain these using the \kbd{H f G} [\code{gammag}] and
\kbd{I H f G} [\code{gammaG}] commands.

@infoline @samp{x +/- s}, 
this is the weighted mean of the @expr{x} values with weights 
@texline @math{1 /\sigma^2}.
@infoline @expr{1 / s^2}.
@tex
$$ \mu = { \displaystyle \sum { x_i \over \sigma_i^2 } \over
           \displaystyle \sum { 1 \over \sigma_i^2 } } $$
@end tex
If the inputs are not error forms, this is simply the sum of the
values divided by the count of the values.

the mean.  If the inputs are error forms, the error is the square
root of the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the squares
of the input errors.  (I.e., the variance is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the variances.)
@tex
$$ \sigma_\mu^2 = {1 \over \displaystyle \sum {1 \over \sigma_i^2}} $$
@end tex
If the inputs are plain
numbers, the error is equal to the standard deviation of the values
divided by the square root of the number of values.  (This works
out to be equivalent to calculating the standard deviation and
then assuming each value's error is equal to this standard
deviation.)
@tex
$$ \sigma_\mu^2 = {\sigma^2 \over N} $$
@end tex

@kindex H u M
@pindex calc-vector-median

The @kbd{H I u M} (@code{calc-vector-harmonic-mean}) [@code{vhmean}]
command computes the harmonic mean of the data values.  This is
defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals
of the values.
@tex
$$ { N \over \displaystyle \sum {1 \over x_i} } $$
@end tex

@kindex u G
@pindex calc-vector-geometric-mean

command computes the geometric mean of the data values.  This
is the @var{n}th root of the product of the values.  This is also
equal to the @code{exp} of the arithmetic mean of the logarithms
of the data values.
@tex
$$ \exp \left ( \sum { \ln x_i } \right ) =
   \left ( \prod { x_i } \right)^{1 / N} $$
@end tex

@kindex H u G

The @kbd{H u G} [@code{agmean}] command computes the ``arithmetic-geometric
mean'' of two numbers taken from the stack.  This is computed by
replacing the two numbers with their arithmetic mean and geometric
mean, then repeating until the two values converge.
@tex
$$ a_{i+1} = { a_i + b_i \over 2 } , \qquad b_{i+1} = \sqrt{a_i b_i} $$
@end tex

@cindex Root-mean-square
Another commonly used mean, the RMS (root-mean-square), can be computed

as weights just as for @kbd{u M}.  This is the @emph{sample} standard
deviation, whose value is the square root of the sum of the squares of
the differences between the values and the mean of the @expr{N} values,
divided by @expr{N-1}.
@tex
$$ \sigma^2 = {1 \over N - 1} \sum (x_i - \mu)^2 $$
@end tex

This function also applies to distributions.  The standard deviation
of a single error form is simply the error part.  The standard deviation

data values in the distribution; the sample standard deviation
is used when the input represents a sample of the set of all
data values, so that the mean computed from the input is itself
only an estimate of the true mean.
@tex
$$ \sigma^2 = {1 \over N} \sum (x_i - \mu)^2 $$
@end tex

For error forms and continuous intervals, @code{vpsdev} works
exactly like @code{vsdev}.  For integer intervals, it computes the

errors are used as weight factors.  If both @var{x} and @var{y}
are composed of error forms, the error for a given data point
is taken as the square root of the sum of the squares of the two
input errors.
@tex
$$ \sigma_{x\!y}^2 = {1 \over N-1} \sum (x_i - \mu_x) (y_i - \mu_y) $$
$$ \sigma_{x\!y}^2 =
    {\displaystyle {1 \over N-1}
                   \sum {(x_i - \mu_x) (y_i - \mu_y) \over \sigma_i^2}
     \over \displaystyle {1 \over N} \sum {1 \over \sigma_i^2}}

command computes the linear correlation coefficient of two vectors.
This is defined by the covariance of the vectors divided by the
product of their standard deviations.  (There is no difference
between sample or population statistics here.)
@tex
$$ r_{x\!y} = { \sigma_{x\!y}^2 \over \sigma_x^2 \sigma_y^2 } $$
@end tex

@node Reducing and Mapping, Vector and Matrix Formats, Statistical Operations, Matrix Functions
@section Reducing and Mapping Vectors

  [ 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ] ]
@end group
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \pmatrix{ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4  & 5  \cr
             5 & 7 & 9 & 11 & 13 }
$$
\afterdisplay

@example
chi^2 = sum((y_i - (a + b x_i))^2, i, 1, N)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N (y_i - (a + b x_i))^2 $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

@example
chi^2 = sum(((y_i - (a + b x_i)) / sigma_i)^2, i, 1, N)
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
\beforedisplay
$$ \chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N \left(y_i - (a + b x_i) \over \sigma_i\right)^2 $$
\afterdisplay
@end tex

enter a blank line at any of these prompts, that prompt and
any later ones are answered by reading additional elements from
the stack.  Thus, @kbd{' k^2 @key{RET} ' k @key{RET} 1 @key{RET} 5 @key{RET} a + @key{RET}}
produces the result 55.
@tex
$$ \sum_{k=1}^5 k^2 = 55 $$
@end tex

The choice of index variable is arbitrary, but it's best not to
use a variable with a stored value.  In particular, while