Mercurial > emacs
view man/emacs-mime.texi @ 59976:10ab4fe55163
* xfns.c (Fx_change_window_property): Use long array when format is 32.
(Fx_window_property): If format is 32 and long is bigger than 32 bits,
convert long array returned from XGetWindowProperty to an int array.
author | Jan Djärv <jan.h.d@swipnet.se> |
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date | Mon, 07 Feb 2005 20:00:07 +0000 |
parents | d7def5572cf3 |
children | c0aa521e0ca7 e24e2e78deda |
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\input texinfo @setfilename ../info/emacs-mime @settitle Emacs MIME Manual @synindex fn cp @synindex vr cp @synindex pg cp @copying This file documents the Emacs MIME interface functionality. Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License'' in the Emacs manual. (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. @end quotation @end copying @dircategory Emacs @direntry * Emacs MIME: (emacs-mime). Emacs MIME de/composition library. @end direntry @iftex @finalout @end iftex @setchapternewpage odd @titlepage @title Emacs MIME Manual @author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @node Top @top Emacs MIME This manual documents the libraries used to compose and display @acronym{MIME} messages. This manual is directed at users who want to modify the behaviour of the @acronym{MIME} encoding/decoding process or want a more detailed picture of how the Emacs @acronym{MIME} library works, and people who want to write functions and commands that manipulate @acronym{MIME} elements. @acronym{MIME} is short for @dfn{Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions}. This standard is documented in a number of RFCs; mainly RFC2045 (Format of Internet Message Bodies), RFC2046 (Media Types), RFC2047 (Message Header Extensions for Non-@acronym{ASCII} Text), RFC2048 (Registration Procedures), RFC2049 (Conformance Criteria and Examples). It is highly recommended that anyone who intends writing @acronym{MIME}-compliant software read at least RFC2045 and RFC2047. @menu * Decoding and Viewing:: A framework for decoding and viewing. * Composing:: @acronym{MML}; a language for describing @acronym{MIME} parts. * Interface Functions:: An abstraction over the basic functions. * Basic Functions:: Utility and basic parsing functions. * Standards:: A summary of RFCs and working documents used. * Index:: Function and variable index. @end menu @node Decoding and Viewing @chapter Decoding and Viewing This chapter deals with decoding and viewing @acronym{MIME} messages on a higher level. The main idea is to first analyze a @acronym{MIME} article, and then allow other programs to do things based on the list of @dfn{handles} that are returned as a result of this analysis. @menu * Dissection:: Analyzing a @acronym{MIME} message. * Non-MIME:: Analyzing a non-@acronym{MIME} message. * Handles:: Handle manipulations. * Display:: Displaying handles. * Display Customization:: Variables that affect display. * Files and Directories:: Saving and naming attachments. * New Viewers:: How to write your own viewers. @end menu @node Dissection @section Dissection The @code{mm-dissect-buffer} is the function responsible for dissecting a @acronym{MIME} article. If given a multipart message, it will recursively descend the message, following the structure, and return a tree of @acronym{MIME} handles that describes the structure of the message. @node Non-MIME @section Non-MIME @vindex mm-uu-configure-list Gnus also understands some non-@acronym{MIME} attachments, such as postscript, uuencode, binhex, yenc, shar, forward, gnatsweb, pgp, diff. Each of these features can be disabled by add an item into @code{mm-uu-configure-list}. For example, @lisp (require 'mm-uu) (add-to-list 'mm-uu-configure-list '(pgp-signed . disabled)) @end lisp @table @code @item postscript @findex postscript Postscript file. @item uu @findex uu Uuencoded file. @item binhex @findex binhex Binhex encoded file. @item yenc @findex yenc Yenc encoded file. @item shar @findex shar Shar archive file. @item forward @findex forward Non-@acronym{MIME} forwarded message. @item gnatsweb @findex gnatsweb Gnatsweb attachment. @item pgp-signed @findex pgp-signed @acronym{PGP} signed clear text. @item pgp-encrypted @findex pgp-encrypted @acronym{PGP} encrypted clear text. @item pgp-key @findex pgp-key @acronym{PGP} public keys. @item emacs-sources @findex emacs-sources @vindex mm-uu-emacs-sources-regexp Emacs source code. This item works only in the groups matching @code{mm-uu-emacs-sources-regexp}. @item diff @vindex diff @vindex mm-uu-diff-groups-regexp Patches. This is intended for groups where diffs of committed files are automatically sent to. It only works in groups matching @code{mm-uu-diff-groups-regexp}. @end table @node Handles @section Handles A @acronym{MIME} handle is a list that fully describes a @acronym{MIME} component. The following macros can be used to access elements in a handle: @table @code @item mm-handle-buffer @findex mm-handle-buffer Return the buffer that holds the contents of the undecoded @acronym{MIME} part. @item mm-handle-type @findex mm-handle-type Return the parsed @code{Content-Type} of the part. @item mm-handle-encoding @findex mm-handle-encoding Return the @code{Content-Transfer-Encoding} of the part. @item mm-handle-undisplayer @findex mm-handle-undisplayer Return the object that can be used to remove the displayed part (if it has been displayed). @item mm-handle-set-undisplayer @findex mm-handle-set-undisplayer Set the undisplayer object. @item mm-handle-disposition @findex mm-handle-disposition Return the parsed @code{Content-Disposition} of the part. @item mm-handle-disposition @findex mm-handle-disposition Return the description of the part. @item mm-get-content-id Returns the handle(s) referred to by @code{Content-ID}. @end table @node Display @section Display Functions for displaying, removing and saving. @table @code @item mm-display-part @findex mm-display-part Display the part. @item mm-remove-part @findex mm-remove-part Remove the part (if it has been displayed). @item mm-inlinable-p @findex mm-inlinable-p Say whether a @acronym{MIME} type can be displayed inline. @item mm-automatic-display-p @findex mm-automatic-display-p Say whether a @acronym{MIME} type should be displayed automatically. @item mm-destroy-part @findex mm-destroy-part Free all resources occupied by a part. @item mm-save-part @findex mm-save-part Offer to save the part in a file. @item mm-pipe-part @findex mm-pipe-part Offer to pipe the part to some process. @item mm-interactively-view-part @findex mm-interactively-view-part Prompt for a mailcap method to use to view the part. @end table @node Display Customization @section Display Customization @table @code @item mm-inline-media-tests @vindex mm-inline-media-tests This is an alist where the key is a @acronym{MIME} type, the second element is a function to display the part @dfn{inline} (i.e., inside Emacs), and the third element is a form to be @code{eval}ed to say whether the part can be displayed inline. This variable specifies whether a part @emph{can} be displayed inline, and, if so, how to do it. It does not say whether parts are @emph{actually} displayed inline. @item mm-inlined-types @vindex mm-inlined-types This, on the other hand, says what types are to be displayed inline, if they satisfy the conditions set by the variable above. It's a list of @acronym{MIME} media types. @item mm-automatic-display @vindex mm-automatic-display This is a list of types that are to be displayed ``automatically'', but only if the above variable allows it. That is, only inlinable parts can be displayed automatically. @item mm-automatic-external-display @vindex mm-automatic-external-display This is a list of types that will be displayed automatically in an external viewer. @item mm-keep-viewer-alive-types @vindex mm-keep-viewer-alive-types This is a list of media types for which the external viewer will not be killed when selecting a different article. @item mm-attachment-override-types @vindex mm-attachment-override-types Some @acronym{MIME} agents create parts that have a content-disposition of @samp{attachment}. This variable allows overriding that disposition and displaying the part inline. (Note that the disposition is only overridden if we are able to, and want to, display the part inline.) @item mm-discouraged-alternatives @vindex mm-discouraged-alternatives List of @acronym{MIME} types that are discouraged when viewing @samp{multipart/alternative}. Viewing agents are supposed to view the last possible part of a message, as that is supposed to be the richest. However, users may prefer other types instead, and this list says what types are most unwanted. If, for instance, @samp{text/html} parts are very unwanted, and @samp{text/richtext} parts are somewhat unwanted, you could say something like: @lisp (setq mm-discouraged-alternatives '("text/html" "text/richtext") mm-automatic-display (remove "text/html" mm-automatic-display)) @end lisp @item mm-inline-large-images @vindex mm-inline-large-images When displaying inline images that are larger than the window, Emacs does not enable scrolling, which means that you cannot see the whole image. To prevent this, the library tries to determine the image size before displaying it inline, and if it doesn't fit the window, the library will display it externally (e.g. with @samp{ImageMagick} or @samp{xv}). Setting this variable to @code{t} disables this check and makes the library display all inline images as inline, regardless of their size. @item mm-inline-override-types @vindex mm-inline-override-types @code{mm-inlined-types} may include regular expressions, for example to specify that all @samp{text/.*} parts be displayed inline. If a user prefers to have a type that matches such a regular expression be treated as an attachment, that can be accomplished by setting this variable to a list containing that type. For example assuming @code{mm-inlined-types} includes @samp{text/.*}, then including @samp{text/html} in this variable will cause @samp{text/html} parts to be treated as attachments. @item mm-text-html-renderer @vindex mm-text-html-renderer This selects the function used to render @acronym{HTML}. The predefined renderers are selected by the symbols @code{w3}, @code{w3m}@footnote{See @uref{http://emacs-w3m.namazu.org/} for more information about emacs-w3m}, @code{links}, @code{lynx}, @code{w3m-standalone} or @code{html2text}. If @code{nil} use an external viewer. You can also specify a function, which will be called with a @acronym{MIME} handle as the argument. @item mm-inline-text-html-with-images @vindex mm-inline-text-html-with-images Some @acronym{HTML} mails might have the trick of spammers using @samp{<img>} tags. It is likely to be intended to verify whether you have read the mail. You can prevent your personal informations from leaking by setting this option to @code{nil} (which is the default). It is currently ignored by Emacs/w3. For emacs-w3m, you may use the command @kbd{t} on the image anchor to show an image even if it is @code{nil}.@footnote{The command @kbd{T} will load all images. If you have set the option @code{w3m-key-binding} to @code{info}, use @kbd{i} or @kbd{I} instead.} @item mm-w3m-safe-url-regexp @vindex mm-w3m-safe-url-regexp A regular expression that matches safe URL names, i.e. URLs that are unlikely to leak personal information when rendering @acronym{HTML} email (the default value is @samp{\\`cid:}). If @code{nil} consider all URLs safe. @item mm-inline-text-html-with-w3m-keymap @vindex mm-inline-text-html-with-w3m-keymap You can use emacs-w3m command keys in the inlined text/html part by setting this option to non-@code{nil}. The default value is @code{t}. @item mm-external-terminal-program @vindex mm-external-terminal-program The program used to start an external terminal. @item mm-enable-external @vindex mm-enable-external Indicate whether external MIME handlers should be used. If @code{t}, all defined external MIME handlers are used. If @code{nil}, files are saved to disk (@code{mailcap-save-binary-file}). If it is the symbol @code{ask}, you are prompted before the external @acronym{MIME} handler is invoked. When you launch an attachment through mailcap (@pxref{mailcap}) an attempt is made to use a safe viewer with the safest options--this isn't the case if you save it to disk and launch it in a different way (command line or double-clicking). Anyhow, if you want to be sure not to launch any external programs, set this variable to @code{nil} or @code{ask}. @end table @node Files and Directories @section Files and Directories @table @code @item mm-default-directory @vindex mm-default-directory The default directory for saving attachments. If @code{nil} use @code{default-directory}. @item mm-tmp-directory @vindex mm-tmp-directory Directory for storing temporary files. @item mm-file-name-rewrite-functions @vindex mm-file-name-rewrite-functions A list of functions used for rewriting file names of @acronym{MIME} parts. Each function is applied successively to the file name. Ready-made functions include @table @code @item mm-file-name-delete-control @findex mm-file-name-delete-control Delete all control characters. @item mm-file-name-delete-gotchas @findex mm-file-name-delete-gotchas Delete characters that could have unintended consequences when used with flawed shell scripts, i.e. @samp{|}, @samp{>} and @samp{<}; and @samp{-}, @samp{.} as the first character. @item mm-file-name-delete-whitespace @findex mm-file-name-delete-whitespace Remove all whitespace. @item mm-file-name-trim-whitespace @findex mm-file-name-trim-whitespace Remove leading and trailing whitespace. @item mm-file-name-collapse-whitespace @findex mm-file-name-collapse-whitespace Collapse multiple whitespace characters. @item mm-file-name-replace-whitespace @findex mm-file-name-replace-whitespace @vindex mm-file-name-replace-whitespace Replace whitespace with underscores. Set the variable @code{mm-file-name-replace-whitespace} to any other string if you do not like underscores. @end table The standard Emacs functions @code{capitalize}, @code{downcase}, @code{upcase} and @code{upcase-initials} might also prove useful. @item mm-path-name-rewrite-functions @vindex mm-path-name-rewrite-functions List of functions used for rewriting the full file names of @acronym{MIME} parts. This is used when viewing parts externally, and is meant for transforming the absolute name so that non-compliant programs can find the file where it's saved. @end table @node New Viewers @section New Viewers Here's an example viewer for displaying @code{text/enriched} inline: @lisp (defun mm-display-enriched-inline (handle) (let (text) (with-temp-buffer (mm-insert-part handle) (save-window-excursion (enriched-decode (point-min) (point-max)) (setq text (buffer-string)))) (mm-insert-inline handle text))) @end lisp We see that the function takes a @acronym{MIME} handle as its parameter. It then goes to a temporary buffer, inserts the text of the part, does some work on the text, stores the result, goes back to the buffer it was called from and inserts the result. The two important helper functions here are @code{mm-insert-part} and @code{mm-insert-inline}. The first function inserts the text of the handle in the current buffer. It handles charset and/or content transfer decoding. The second function just inserts whatever text you tell it to insert, but it also sets things up so that the text can be ``undisplayed'' in a convenient manner. @node Composing @chapter Composing @cindex Composing @cindex MIME Composing @cindex MML @cindex MIME Meta Language Creating a @acronym{MIME} message is boring and non-trivial. Therefore, a library called @code{mml} has been defined that parses a language called @acronym{MML} (@acronym{MIME} Meta Language) and generates @acronym{MIME} messages. @findex mml-generate-mime The main interface function is @code{mml-generate-mime}. It will examine the contents of the current (narrowed-to) buffer and return a string containing the @acronym{MIME} message. @menu * Simple MML Example:: An example @acronym{MML} document. * MML Definition:: All valid @acronym{MML} elements. * Advanced MML Example:: Another example @acronym{MML} document. * Encoding Customization:: Variables that affect encoding. * Charset Translation:: How charsets are mapped from @sc{mule} to @acronym{MIME}. * Conversion:: Going from @acronym{MIME} to @acronym{MML} and vice versa. * Flowed text:: Soft and hard newlines. @end menu @node Simple MML Example @section Simple MML Example Here's a simple @samp{multipart/alternative}: @example <#multipart type=alternative> This is a plain text part. <#part type=text/enriched> <center>This is a centered enriched part</center> <#/multipart> @end example After running this through @code{mml-generate-mime}, we get this: @example Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="=-=-=" --=-=-= This is a plain text part. --=-=-= Content-Type: text/enriched <center>This is a centered enriched part</center> --=-=-=-- @end example @node MML Definition @section MML Definition The @acronym{MML} language is very simple. It looks a bit like an SGML application, but it's not. The main concept of @acronym{MML} is the @dfn{part}. Each part can be of a different type or use a different charset. The way to delineate a part is with a @samp{<#part ...>} tag. Multipart parts can be introduced with the @samp{<#multipart ...>} tag. Parts are ended by the @samp{<#/part>} or @samp{<#/multipart>} tags. Parts started with the @samp{<#part ...>} tags are also closed by the next open tag. There's also the @samp{<#external ...>} tag. These introduce @samp{external/message-body} parts. Each tag can contain zero or more parameters on the form @samp{parameter=value}. The values may be enclosed in quotation marks, but that's not necessary unless the value contains white space. So @samp{filename=/home/user/#hello$^yes} is perfectly valid. The following parameters have meaning in @acronym{MML}; parameters that have no meaning are ignored. The @acronym{MML} parameter names are the same as the @acronym{MIME} parameter names; the things in the parentheses say which header it will be used in. @table @samp @item type The @acronym{MIME} type of the part (@code{Content-Type}). @item filename Use the contents of the file in the body of the part (@code{Content-Disposition}). @item charset The contents of the body of the part are to be encoded in the character set specified (@code{Content-Type}). @xref{Charset Translation}. @item name Might be used to suggest a file name if the part is to be saved to a file (@code{Content-Type}). @item disposition Valid values are @samp{inline} and @samp{attachment} (@code{Content-Disposition}). @item encoding Valid values are @samp{7bit}, @samp{8bit}, @samp{quoted-printable} and @samp{base64} (@code{Content-Transfer-Encoding}). @xref{Charset Translation}. @item description A description of the part (@code{Content-Description}). @item creation-date RFC822 date when the part was created (@code{Content-Disposition}). @item modification-date RFC822 date when the part was modified (@code{Content-Disposition}). @item read-date RFC822 date when the part was read (@code{Content-Disposition}). @item recipients Who to encrypt/sign the part to. This field is used to override any auto-detection based on the To/CC headers. @item sender Identity used to sign the part. This field is used to override the default key used. @item size The size (in octets) of the part (@code{Content-Disposition}). @item sign What technology to sign this @acronym{MML} part with (@code{smime}, @code{pgp} or @code{pgpmime}) @item encrypt What technology to encrypt this @acronym{MML} part with (@code{smime}, @code{pgp} or @code{pgpmime}) @end table Parameters for @samp{text/plain}: @table @samp @item format Formatting parameter for the text, valid values include @samp{fixed} (the default) and @samp{flowed}. Normally you do not specify this manually, since it requires the textual body to be formatted in a special way described in RFC 2646. @xref{Flowed text}. @end table Parameters for @samp{application/octet-stream}: @table @samp @item type Type of the part; informal---meant for human readers (@code{Content-Type}). @end table Parameters for @samp{message/external-body}: @table @samp @item access-type A word indicating the supported access mechanism by which the file may be obtained. Values include @samp{ftp}, @samp{anon-ftp}, @samp{tftp}, @samp{localfile}, and @samp{mailserver}. (@code{Content-Type}.) @item expiration The RFC822 date after which the file may no longer be fetched. (@code{Content-Type}.) @item size The size (in octets) of the file. (@code{Content-Type}.) @item permission Valid values are @samp{read} and @samp{read-write} (@code{Content-Type}). @end table Parameters for @samp{sign=smime}: @table @samp @item keyfile File containing key and certificate for signer. @end table Parameters for @samp{encrypt=smime}: @table @samp @item certfile File containing certificate for recipient. @end table @node Advanced MML Example @section Advanced MML Example Here's a complex multipart message. It's a @samp{multipart/mixed} that contains many parts, one of which is a @samp{multipart/alternative}. @example <#multipart type=mixed> <#part type=image/jpeg filename=~/rms.jpg disposition=inline> <#multipart type=alternative> This is a plain text part. <#part type=text/enriched name=enriched.txt> <center>This is a centered enriched part</center> <#/multipart> This is a new plain text part. <#part disposition=attachment> This plain text part is an attachment. <#/multipart> @end example And this is the resulting @acronym{MIME} message: @example Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="=-=-=" --=-=-= --=-=-= Content-Type: image/jpeg; filename="~/rms.jpg" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="~/rms.jpg" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRof Hh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/wAALCAAwADABAREA/8QAHwAA AQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQR BRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RF RkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ip qrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oACAEB AAA/AO/rifFHjldNuGsrDa0qcSSHkA+gHrXKw+LtWLrMb+RgTyhbr+HSug07xNqV9fQtZrNI AyiaE/NuBPOOOP0rvRNE880KOC8TbXXGCv1FPqjrF4LDR7u5L7SkTFT/ALWOP1xXgTuXfc7E sx6nua6rwp4IvvEM8chCxWxOdzn7wz6V9AaB4S07w9p5itow0rDLSY5Pt9K43xO66P4xs71m 2QXiGCbA4yOVJ9+1aYORkdK434lyNH4ahCnG66VT9Nj15JFbPdX0MS43M4VQf5/yr2vSpLnw 5ZW8dlCZ8KFXjOPX0/mK6rSPEGt3Angu44fNEReHYNvIH3TzXDeKNO8RX+kSX2ouZkicTIOc L+g7E810ulFjpVtv3bwgB3HJyK5L4quY/C9sVxk3ij/xx6850u7t1mtp/wDlpEw3An3Jr3Dw 34gsbWza4nBlhC5LDsaW6+IFgupQyCF3iHH7gA7c9R9ay7zx6t7aX9jHC4smhfBkGCvHGfrm tLQ7hbnRrV1GPkAP1x1/Hr+Ncr8Vzjwrbf8AX6v/AKA9eQRyYlQk8Yx9K6XTNbkgia2ciSIn 7p5Ga9Atte0LTLKO6it4i7dVRFJDcZ4PvXN+JvEMF9bILVGXJLSZ4zkjivRPDaeX4b08HOTC pOffmua+KkbS+GLVUGT9tT/0B68eeIpIFYjB70+OOVXyoOM9+M1eaWeCLzHPyHGO/NVWvJJm jQ8KGH1NfQWhXSXmh2c8eArRLwO3HSv/2Q== --=-=-= Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="==-=-=" --==-=-= This is a plain text part. --==-=-= Content-Type: text/enriched; name="enriched.txt" <center>This is a centered enriched part</center> --==-=-=-- --=-=-= This is a new plain text part. --=-=-= Content-Disposition: attachment This plain text part is an attachment. --=-=-=-- @end example @node Encoding Customization @section Encoding Customization @table @code @item mm-body-charset-encoding-alist @vindex mm-body-charset-encoding-alist Mapping from @acronym{MIME} charset to encoding to use. This variable is usually used except, e.g., when other requirements force a specific encoding (digitally signed messages require 7bit encodings). The default is @lisp ((iso-2022-jp . 7bit) (iso-2022-jp-2 . 7bit) (utf-16 . base64) (utf-16be . base64) (utf-16le . base64)) @end lisp As an example, if you do not want to have ISO-8859-1 characters quoted-printable encoded, you may add @code{(iso-8859-1 . 8bit)} to this variable. You can override this setting on a per-message basis by using the @code{encoding} @acronym{MML} tag (@pxref{MML Definition}). @item mm-coding-system-priorities @vindex mm-coding-system-priorities Prioritize coding systems to use for outgoing messages. The default is @code{nil}, which means to use the defaults in Emacs. It is a list of coding system symbols (aliases of coding systems are also allowed, use @kbd{M-x describe-coding-system} to make sure you are specifying correct coding system names). For example, if you have configured Emacs to prefer UTF-8, but wish that outgoing messages should be sent in ISO-8859-1 if possible, you can set this variable to @code{(iso-8859-1)}. You can override this setting on a per-message basis by using the @code{charset} @acronym{MML} tag (@pxref{MML Definition}). @item mm-content-transfer-encoding-defaults @vindex mm-content-transfer-encoding-defaults Mapping from @acronym{MIME} types to encoding to use. This variable is usually used except, e.g., when other requirements force a safer encoding (digitally signed messages require 7bit encoding). Besides the normal @acronym{MIME} encodings, @code{qp-or-base64} may be used to indicate that for each case the most efficient of quoted-printable and base64 should be used. @code{qp-or-base64} has another effect. It will fold long lines so that MIME parts may not be broken by MTA. So do @code{quoted-printable} and @code{base64}. Note that it affects body encoding only when a part is a raw forwarded message (which will be made by @code{gnus-summary-mail-forward} with the arg 2 for example) or is neither the @samp{text/*} type nor the @samp{message/*} type. Even though in those cases, you can override this setting on a per-message basis by using the @code{encoding} @acronym{MML} tag (@pxref{MML Definition}). @item mm-use-ultra-safe-encoding @vindex mm-use-ultra-safe-encoding When this is non-@code{nil}, it means that textual parts are encoded as quoted-printable if they contain lines longer than 76 characters or starting with "From " in the body. Non-7bit encodings (8bit, binary) are generally disallowed. This reduce the probability that a non-8bit clean MTA or MDA changes the message. This should never be set directly, but bound by other functions when necessary (e.g., when encoding messages that are to be digitally signed). @end table @node Charset Translation @section Charset Translation @cindex charsets During translation from @acronym{MML} to @acronym{MIME}, for each @acronym{MIME} part which has been composed inside Emacs, an appropriate charset has to be chosen. @vindex mail-parse-charset If you are running a non-@sc{mule} Emacs, this process is simple: If the part contains any non-@acronym{ASCII} (8-bit) characters, the @acronym{MIME} charset given by @code{mail-parse-charset} (a symbol) is used. (Never set this variable directly, though. If you want to change the default charset, please consult the documentation of the package which you use to process @acronym{MIME} messages. @xref{Various Message Variables, , Various Message Variables, message, Message Manual}, for example.) If there are only @acronym{ASCII} characters, the @acronym{MIME} charset US-ASCII is used, of course. @cindex MULE @cindex UTF-8 @cindex Unicode @vindex mm-mime-mule-charset-alist Things are slightly more complicated when running Emacs with @sc{mule} support. In this case, a list of the @sc{mule} charsets used in the part is obtained, and the @sc{mule} charsets are translated to @acronym{MIME} charsets by consulting the variable @code{mm-mime-mule-charset-alist}. If this results in a single @acronym{MIME} charset, this is used to encode the part. But if the resulting list of @acronym{MIME} charsets contains more than one element, two things can happen: If it is possible to encode the part via UTF-8, this charset is used. (For this, Emacs must support the @code{utf-8} coding system, and the part must consist entirely of characters which have Unicode counterparts.) If UTF-8 is not available for some reason, the part is split into several ones, so that each one can be encoded with a single @acronym{MIME} charset. The part can only be split at line boundaries, though---if more than one @acronym{MIME} charset is required to encode a single line, it is not possible to encode the part. When running Emacs with @sc{mule} support, the preferences for which coding system to use is inherited from Emacs itself. This means that if Emacs is set up to prefer UTF-8, it will be used when encoding messages. You can modify this by altering the @code{mm-coding-system-priorities} variable though (@pxref{Encoding Customization}). The charset to be used can be overridden by setting the @code{charset} @acronym{MML} tag (@pxref{MML Definition}) when composing the message. The encoding of characters (quoted-printable, 8bit etc) is orthogonal to the discussion here, and is controlled by the variables @code{mm-body-charset-encoding-alist} and @code{mm-content-transfer-encoding-defaults} (@pxref{Encoding Customization}). @node Conversion @section Conversion @findex mime-to-mml A (multipart) @acronym{MIME} message can be converted to @acronym{MML} with the @code{mime-to-mml} function. It works on the message in the current buffer, and substitutes @acronym{MML} markup for @acronym{MIME} boundaries. Non-textual parts do not have their contents in the buffer, but instead have the contents in separate buffers that are referred to from the @acronym{MML} tags. @findex mml-to-mime An @acronym{MML} message can be converted back to @acronym{MIME} by the @code{mml-to-mime} function. These functions are in certain senses ``lossy''---you will not get back an identical message if you run @code{mime-to-mml} and then @code{mml-to-mime}. Not only will trivial things like the order of the headers differ, but the contents of the headers may also be different. For instance, the original message may use base64 encoding on text, while @code{mml-to-mime} may decide to use quoted-printable encoding, and so on. In essence, however, these two functions should be the inverse of each other. The resulting contents of the message should remain equivalent, if not identical. @node Flowed text @section Flowed text @cindex format=flowed The Emacs @acronym{MIME} library will respect the @code{use-hard-newlines} variable (@pxref{Hard and Soft Newlines, ,Hard and Soft Newlines, emacs, Emacs Manual}) when encoding a message, and the ``format=flowed'' Content-Type parameter when decoding a message. On encoding text, regardless of @code{use-hard-newlines}, lines terminated by soft newline characters are filled together and wrapped after the column decided by @code{fill-flowed-encode-column}. Quotation marks (matching @samp{^>* ?}) are respected. The variable controls how the text will look in a client that does not support flowed text, the default is to wrap after 66 characters. If hard newline characters are not present in the buffer, no flow encoding occurs. On decoding flowed text, lines with soft newline characters are filled together and wrapped after the column decided by @code{fill-flowed-display-column}. The default is to wrap after @code{fill-column}. @node Interface Functions @chapter Interface Functions @cindex interface functions @cindex mail-parse The @code{mail-parse} library is an abstraction over the actual low-level libraries that are described in the next chapter. Standards change, and so programs have to change to fit in the new mold. For instance, RFC2045 describes a syntax for the @code{Content-Type} header that only allows @acronym{ASCII} characters in the parameter list. RFC2231 expands on RFC2045 syntax to provide a scheme for continuation headers and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. The traditional way to deal with this is just to update the library functions to parse the new syntax. However, this is sometimes the wrong thing to do. In some instances it may be vital to be able to understand both the old syntax as well as the new syntax, and if there is only one library, one must choose between the old version of the library and the new version of the library. The Emacs @acronym{MIME} library takes a different tack. It defines a series of low-level libraries (@file{rfc2047.el}, @file{rfc2231.el} and so on) that parses strictly according to the corresponding standard. However, normal programs would not use the functions provided by these libraries directly, but instead use the functions provided by the @code{mail-parse} library. The functions in this library are just aliases to the corresponding functions in the latest low-level libraries. Using this scheme, programs get a consistent interface they can use, and library developers are free to create write code that handles new standards. The following functions are defined by this library: @table @code @item mail-header-parse-content-type @findex mail-header-parse-content-type Parse a @code{Content-Type} header and return a list on the following format: @lisp ("type/subtype" (attribute1 . value1) (attribute2 . value2) ...) @end lisp Here's an example: @example (mail-header-parse-content-type "image/gif; name=\"b980912.gif\"") @result{} ("image/gif" (name . "b980912.gif")) @end example @item mail-header-parse-content-disposition @findex mail-header-parse-content-disposition Parse a @code{Content-Disposition} header and return a list on the same format as the function above. @item mail-content-type-get @findex mail-content-type-get Takes two parameters---a list on the format above, and an attribute. Returns the value of the attribute. @example (mail-content-type-get '("image/gif" (name . "b980912.gif")) 'name) @result{} "b980912.gif" @end example @item mail-header-encode-parameter @findex mail-header-encode-parameter Takes a parameter string and returns an encoded version of the string. This is used for parameters in headers like @code{Content-Type} and @code{Content-Disposition}. @item mail-header-remove-comments @findex mail-header-remove-comments Return a comment-free version of a header. @example (mail-header-remove-comments "Gnus/5.070027 (Pterodactyl Gnus v0.27) (Finnish Landrace)") @result{} "Gnus/5.070027 " @end example @item mail-header-remove-whitespace @findex mail-header-remove-whitespace Remove linear white space from a header. Space inside quoted strings and comments is preserved. @example (mail-header-remove-whitespace "image/gif; name=\"Name with spaces\"") @result{} "image/gif;name=\"Name with spaces\"" @end example @item mail-header-get-comment @findex mail-header-get-comment Return the last comment in a header. @example (mail-header-get-comment "Gnus/5.070027 (Pterodactyl Gnus v0.27) (Finnish Landrace)") @result{} "Finnish Landrace" @end example @item mail-header-parse-address @findex mail-header-parse-address Parse an address and return a list containing the mailbox and the plaintext name. @example (mail-header-parse-address "Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@@srce.hr>") @result{} ("hniksic@@srce.hr" . "Hrvoje Niksic") @end example @item mail-header-parse-addresses @findex mail-header-parse-addresses Parse a string with list of addresses and return a list of elements like the one described above. @example (mail-header-parse-addresses "Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@@srce.hr>, Steinar Bang <sb@@metis.no>") @result{} (("hniksic@@srce.hr" . "Hrvoje Niksic") ("sb@@metis.no" . "Steinar Bang")) @end example @item mail-header-parse-date @findex mail-header-parse-date Parse a date string and return an Emacs time structure. @item mail-narrow-to-head @findex mail-narrow-to-head Narrow the buffer to the header section of the buffer. Point is placed at the beginning of the narrowed buffer. @item mail-header-narrow-to-field @findex mail-header-narrow-to-field Narrow the buffer to the header under point. Understands continuation headers. @item mail-header-fold-field @findex mail-header-fold-field Fold the header under point. @item mail-header-unfold-field @findex mail-header-unfold-field Unfold the header under point. @item mail-header-field-value @findex mail-header-field-value Return the value of the field under point. @item mail-encode-encoded-word-region @findex mail-encode-encoded-word-region Encode the non-@acronym{ASCII} words in the region. For instance, @samp{Naïve} is encoded as @samp{=?iso-8859-1?q?Na=EFve?=}. @item mail-encode-encoded-word-buffer @findex mail-encode-encoded-word-buffer Encode the non-@acronym{ASCII} words in the current buffer. This function is meant to be called narrowed to the headers of a message. @item mail-encode-encoded-word-string @findex mail-encode-encoded-word-string Encode the words that need encoding in a string, and return the result. @example (mail-encode-encoded-word-string "This is naïve, baby") @result{} "This is =?iso-8859-1?q?na=EFve,?= baby" @end example @item mail-decode-encoded-word-region @findex mail-decode-encoded-word-region Decode the encoded words in the region. @item mail-decode-encoded-word-string @findex mail-decode-encoded-word-string Decode the encoded words in the string and return the result. @example (mail-decode-encoded-word-string "This is =?iso-8859-1?q?na=EFve,?= baby") @result{} "This is naïve, baby" @end example @end table Currently, @code{mail-parse} is an abstraction over @code{ietf-drums}, @code{rfc2047}, @code{rfc2045} and @code{rfc2231}. These are documented in the subsequent sections. @node Basic Functions @chapter Basic Functions This chapter describes the basic, ground-level functions for parsing and handling. Covered here is parsing @code{From} lines, removing comments from header lines, decoding encoded words, parsing date headers and so on. High-level functionality is dealt with in the next chapter (@pxref{Decoding and Viewing}). @menu * rfc2045:: Encoding @code{Content-Type} headers. * rfc2231:: Parsing @code{Content-Type} headers. * ietf-drums:: Handling mail headers defined by RFC822bis. * rfc2047:: En/decoding encoded words in headers. * time-date:: Functions for parsing dates and manipulating time. * qp:: Quoted-Printable en/decoding. * base64:: Base64 en/decoding. * binhex:: Binhex decoding. * uudecode:: Uuencode decoding. * yenc:: Yenc decoding. * rfc1843:: Decoding HZ-encoded text. * mailcap:: How parts are displayed is specified by the @file{.mailcap} file @end menu @node rfc2045 @section rfc2045 RFC2045 is the ``main'' @acronym{MIME} document, and as such, one would imagine that there would be a lot to implement. But there isn't, since most of the implementation details are delegated to the subsequent RFCs. So @file{rfc2045.el} has only a single function: @table @code @item rfc2045-encode-string @findex rfc2045-encode-string Takes a parameter and a value and returns a @samp{PARAM=VALUE} string. @var{value} will be quoted if there are non-safe characters in it. @end table @node rfc2231 @section rfc2231 RFC2231 defines a syntax for the @code{Content-Type} and @code{Content-Disposition} headers. Its snappy name is @dfn{MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations}. In short, these headers look something like this: @example Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*0*=us-ascii'en'This%20is%20even%20more%20; title*1*=%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A%20; title*2="isn't it!" @end example They usually aren't this bad, though. The following functions are defined by this library: @table @code @item rfc2231-parse-string @findex rfc2231-parse-string Parse a @code{Content-Type} header and return a list describing its elements. @example (rfc2231-parse-string "application/x-stuff; title*0*=us-ascii'en'This%20is%20even%20more%20; title*1*=%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A%20; title*2=\"isn't it!\"") @result{} ("application/x-stuff" (title . "This is even more ***fun*** isn't it!")) @end example @item rfc2231-get-value @findex rfc2231-get-value Takes one of the lists on the format above and returns the value of the specified attribute. @item rfc2231-encode-string @findex rfc2231-encode-string Encode a parameter in headers likes @code{Content-Type} and @code{Content-Disposition}. @end table @node ietf-drums @section ietf-drums @dfn{drums} is an IETF working group that is working on the replacement for RFC822. The functions provided by this library include: @table @code @item ietf-drums-remove-comments @findex ietf-drums-remove-comments Remove the comments from the argument and return the results. @item ietf-drums-remove-whitespace @findex ietf-drums-remove-whitespace Remove linear white space from the string and return the results. Spaces inside quoted strings and comments are left untouched. @item ietf-drums-get-comment @findex ietf-drums-get-comment Return the last most comment from the string. @item ietf-drums-parse-address @findex ietf-drums-parse-address Parse an address string and return a list that contains the mailbox and the plain text name. @item ietf-drums-parse-addresses @findex ietf-drums-parse-addresses Parse a string that contains any number of comma-separated addresses and return a list that contains mailbox/plain text pairs. @item ietf-drums-parse-date @findex ietf-drums-parse-date Parse a date string and return an Emacs time structure. @item ietf-drums-narrow-to-header @findex ietf-drums-narrow-to-header Narrow the buffer to the header section of the current buffer. @end table @node rfc2047 @section rfc2047 RFC2047 (Message Header Extensions for Non-@acronym{ASCII} Text) specifies how non-@acronym{ASCII} text in headers are to be encoded. This is actually rather complicated, so a number of variables are necessary to tweak what this library does. The following variables are tweakable: @table @code @item rfc2047-header-encoding-alist @vindex rfc2047-header-encoding-alist This is an alist of header / encoding-type pairs. Its main purpose is to prevent encoding of certain headers. The keys can either be header regexps, or @code{t}. The values can be @code{nil}, in which case the header(s) in question won't be encoded, @code{mime}, which means that they will be encoded, or @code{address-mime}, which means the header(s) will be encoded carefully assuming they contain addresses. @item rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist @vindex rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist RFC2047 specifies two forms of encoding---@code{Q} (a Quoted-Printable-like encoding) and @code{B} (base64). This alist specifies which charset should use which encoding. @item rfc2047-encoding-function-alist @vindex rfc2047-encoding-function-alist This is an alist of encoding / function pairs. The encodings are @code{Q}, @code{B} and @code{nil}. @item rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp @vindex rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp When decoding words, this library looks for matches to this regexp. @end table Those were the variables, and these are this functions: @table @code @item rfc2047-narrow-to-field @findex rfc2047-narrow-to-field Narrow the buffer to the header on the current line. @item rfc2047-encode-message-header @findex rfc2047-encode-message-header Should be called narrowed to the header of a message. Encodes according to @code{rfc2047-header-encoding-alist}. @item rfc2047-encode-region @findex rfc2047-encode-region Encodes all encodable words in the region specified. @item rfc2047-encode-string @findex rfc2047-encode-string Encode a string and return the results. @item rfc2047-decode-region @findex rfc2047-decode-region Decode the encoded words in the region. @item rfc2047-decode-string @findex rfc2047-decode-string Decode a string and return the results. @end table @node time-date @section time-date While not really a part of the @acronym{MIME} library, it is convenient to document this library here. It deals with parsing @code{Date} headers and manipulating time. (Not by using tesseracts, though, I'm sorry to say.) These functions convert between five formats: A date string, an Emacs time structure, a decoded time list, a second number, and a day number. Here's a bunch of time/date/second/day examples: @example (parse-time-string "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200") @result{} (54 21 12 12 9 1998 6 nil 7200) (date-to-time "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200") @result{} (13818 19266) (time-to-seconds '(13818 19266)) @result{} 905595714.0 (seconds-to-time 905595714.0) @result{} (13818 19266 0) (time-to-days '(13818 19266)) @result{} 729644 (days-to-time 729644) @result{} (961933 65536) (time-since '(13818 19266)) @result{} (0 430) (time-less-p '(13818 19266) '(13818 19145)) @result{} nil (subtract-time '(13818 19266) '(13818 19145)) @result{} (0 121) (days-between "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200" "Sat Sep 07 12:21:54 1998 +0200") @result{} 5 (date-leap-year-p 2000) @result{} t (time-to-day-in-year '(13818 19266)) @result{} 255 (time-to-number-of-days (time-since (date-to-time "Mon, 01 Jan 2001 02:22:26 GMT"))) @result{} 4.146122685185185 @end example And finally, we have @code{safe-date-to-time}, which does the same as @code{date-to-time}, but returns a zero time if the date is syntactically malformed. The five data representations used are the following: @table @var @item date An RFC822 (or similar) date string. For instance: @code{"Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200"}. @item time An internal Emacs time. For instance: @code{(13818 26466)}. @item seconds A floating point representation of the internal Emacs time. For instance: @code{905595714.0}. @item days An integer number representing the number of days since 00000101. For instance: @code{729644}. @item decoded time A list of decoded time. For instance: @code{(54 21 12 12 9 1998 6 t 7200)}. @end table All the examples above represent the same moment. These are the functions available: @table @code @item date-to-time Take a date and return a time. @item time-to-seconds Take a time and return seconds. @item seconds-to-time Take seconds and return a time. @item time-to-days Take a time and return days. @item days-to-time Take days and return a time. @item date-to-day Take a date and return days. @item time-to-number-of-days Take a time and return the number of days that represents. @item safe-date-to-time Take a date and return a time. If the date is not syntactically valid, return a ``zero'' date. @item time-less-p Take two times and say whether the first time is less (i. e., earlier) than the second time. @item time-since Take a time and return a time saying how long it was since that time. @item subtract-time Take two times and subtract the second from the first. I. e., return the time between the two times. @item days-between Take two days and return the number of days between those two days. @item date-leap-year-p Take a year number and say whether it's a leap year. @item time-to-day-in-year Take a time and return the day number within the year that the time is in. @end table @node qp @section qp This library deals with decoding and encoding Quoted-Printable text. Very briefly explained, qp encoding means translating all 8-bit characters (and lots of control characters) into things that look like @samp{=EF}; that is, an equal sign followed by the byte encoded as a hex string. The following functions are defined by the library: @table @code @item quoted-printable-decode-region @findex quoted-printable-decode-region QP-decode all the encoded text in the specified region. @item quoted-printable-decode-string @findex quoted-printable-decode-string Decode the QP-encoded text in a string and return the results. @item quoted-printable-encode-region @findex quoted-printable-encode-region QP-encode all the encodable characters in the specified region. The third optional parameter @var{fold} specifies whether to fold long lines. (Long here means 72.) @item quoted-printable-encode-string @findex quoted-printable-encode-string QP-encode all the encodable characters in a string and return the results. @end table @node base64 @section base64 @cindex base64 Base64 is an encoding that encodes three bytes into four characters, thereby increasing the size by about 33%. The alphabet used for encoding is very resistant to mangling during transit. The following functions are defined by this library: @table @code @item base64-encode-region @findex base64-encode-region base64 encode the selected region. Return the length of the encoded text. Optional third argument @var{no-line-break} means do not break long lines into shorter lines. @item base64-encode-string @findex base64-encode-string base64 encode a string and return the result. @item base64-decode-region @findex base64-decode-region base64 decode the selected region. Return the length of the decoded text. If the region can't be decoded, return @code{nil} and don't modify the buffer. @item base64-decode-string @findex base64-decode-string base64 decode a string and return the result. If the string can't be decoded, @code{nil} is returned. @end table @node binhex @section binhex @cindex binhex @cindex Apple @cindex Macintosh @code{binhex} is an encoding that originated in Macintosh environments. The following function is supplied to deal with these: @table @code @item binhex-decode-region @findex binhex-decode-region Decode the encoded text in the region. If given a third parameter, only decode the @code{binhex} header and return the filename. @end table @node uudecode @section uudecode @cindex uuencode @cindex uudecode @code{uuencode} is probably still the most popular encoding of binaries used on Usenet, although @code{base64} rules the mail world. The following function is supplied by this package: @table @code @item uudecode-decode-region @findex uudecode-decode-region Decode the text in the region. @end table @node yenc @section yenc @cindex yenc @code{yenc} is used for encoding binaries on Usenet. The following function is supplied by this package: @table @code @item yenc-decode-region @findex yenc-decode-region Decode the encoded text in the region. @end table @node rfc1843 @section rfc1843 @cindex rfc1843 @cindex HZ @cindex Chinese RFC1843 deals with mixing Chinese and @acronym{ASCII} characters in messages. In essence, RFC1843 switches between @acronym{ASCII} and Chinese by doing this: @example This sentence is in @acronym{ASCII}. The next sentence is in GB.~@{<:Ky2;S@{#,NpJ)l6HK!#~@}Bye. @end example Simple enough, and widely used in China. The following functions are available to handle this encoding: @table @code @item rfc1843-decode-region Decode HZ-encoded text in the region. @item rfc1843-decode-string Decode a HZ-encoded string and return the result. @end table @node mailcap @section mailcap The @file{~/.mailcap} file is parsed by most @acronym{MIME}-aware message handlers and describes how elements are supposed to be displayed. Here's an example file: @example image/*; gimp -8 %s audio/wav; wavplayer %s application/msword; catdoc %s ; copiousoutput ; nametemplate=%s.doc @end example This says that all image files should be displayed with @code{gimp}, that WAVE audio files should be played by @code{wavplayer}, and that MS-WORD files should be inlined by @code{catdoc}. The @code{mailcap} library parses this file, and provides functions for matching types. @table @code @item mailcap-mime-data @vindex mailcap-mime-data This variable is an alist of alists containing backup viewing rules. @end table Interface functions: @table @code @item mailcap-parse-mailcaps @findex mailcap-parse-mailcaps Parse the @file{~/.mailcap} file. @item mailcap-mime-info Takes a @acronym{MIME} type as its argument and returns the matching viewer. @end table @node Standards @chapter Standards The Emacs @acronym{MIME} library implements handling of various elements according to a (somewhat) large number of RFCs, drafts and standards documents. This chapter lists the relevant ones. They can all be fetched from @uref{http://quimby.gnus.org/notes/}. @table @dfn @item RFC822 @itemx STD11 Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages. @item RFC1036 Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages @item RFC2045 Format of Internet Message Bodies @item RFC2046 Media Types @item RFC2047 Message Header Extensions for Non-@acronym{ASCII} Text @item RFC2048 Registration Procedures @item RFC2049 Conformance Criteria and Examples @item RFC2231 @acronym{MIME} Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations @item RFC1843 HZ - A Data Format for Exchanging Files of Arbitrarily Mixed Chinese and @acronym{ASCII} characters @item draft-ietf-drums-msg-fmt-05.txt Draft for the successor of RFC822 @item RFC2112 The @acronym{MIME} Multipart/Related Content-type @item RFC1892 The Multipart/Report Content Type for the Reporting of Mail System Administrative Messages @item RFC2183 Communicating Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The Content-Disposition Header Field @item RFC2646 Documentation of the text/plain format parameter for flowed text. @end table @node Index @chapter Index @printindex cp @summarycontents @contents @bye @c Local Variables: @c mode: texinfo @c coding: iso-8859-1 @c End: @ignore arch-tag: c7ef2fd0-a91c-4e10-aa52-c1a2b11b1a8d @end ignore