Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelledCTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labelled EDIT). Rather thanwrite out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character,we'll use the following abbreviations: C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT key down while typing <chr>. If there is no META or EDIT key, type <ESC>, release it, then type the character <chr>. "<ESC>" stands for the key labelled "ALT" or "ESC".Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you totry using a command. For instance:<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>>> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. (go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together). From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish reading the screen.Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; thisprovides some continuity when moving through the file.The first thing that you need to know is how to move around fromplace to place in the file. You already know how to move forward ascreen, with C-v. To move backwards a screen, type M-v (depress theMETA key and type v, or type <ESC>v if you don't have a META or EDITkey).>> Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.* SUMMARY---------The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: C-v Move forward one screenful M-v Move backward one screenful C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything putting the text near the cursor at the center. (That's control-L, not control-1. There is no such character as control-1.)>> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it. Then type a C-l. Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL----------------------Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do youreposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?There are several ways you can do this. One way (not the best, butthe most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forwardand next. As you can imagine these commands (which are given toEmacs as C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n respectively) move the cursor fromwhere it currently is to a new place in the given direction. Here,in a more graphical form are the commands: Previous line, C-p : : Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f : : Next line, C-n>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter. P forprevious, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These arethe basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALLthe time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.>> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.>> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.Lines are separated by Newline characters. For most applicationsthere should normally be a Newline character at the end of the text,as well, but it is up to you to make sure of this. A file canvalidly exist without a Newline at the end.>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. Do a few more C-b's. Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond.When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyondthe edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions canbe carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and see what happens.If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f(Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's.Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f andM-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used foroperations related to English text whereas Control characters operateon the basic textual units that are independent of what you areediting (characters, lines, etc). There is a similar parallel betweenlines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to the beginning or end of aline, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning or end of a sentence.>> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep movingfarther. Do you think that this is right?Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),which moves to the end of the file. You probably don't need to trythem, since finding this spot again will be boring. On most terminalsthe "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it.On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also;without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". Toparaphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located inthe text.Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word andsentence moving commands: C-f Move forward a character C-b Move backward a character M-f Move forward a word M-b Move backward a word C-n Move to next line C-p Move to previous line C-a Move to beginning of line C-e Move to end of line M-a Move back to beginning of sentence M-e Move forward to end of sentence M-< Go to beginning of file M-> Go to end of file>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. Since the last two will take you away from this screen, you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's. These are the most often used commands.Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be givenarguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly. The way yougive a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digitsbefore you type the command. If you have a META or EDIT key, you canomit the C-u if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type thedigits. This is easier, but we recommend the C-u method because itworks on any terminal.For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.>> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close as you can to this line in one jump.The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,C-v and M-v. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up ordown by that many lines, rather than screenfuls. This proves to bemuch more useful.>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines? If you would like toscroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.If you are using X Windows, there is probably a rectangular areacalled a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window. Youcan scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted areawithin the scroll bar, then moving the mouse while holding that buttondown.>> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines fromthe top, and click the left button a couple of times. Then try theright button a couple of times.* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG--------------------If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation whichyou don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning ofa command that you don't want to finish.>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. Now type C-f. How many characters does it move? If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it with a C-g.If you type <ESC> <ESC>, you get a new window appearing onthe screen, telling you that M-ESC is a "disabled command"and asking whether you really want to execute it. The commandM-ESC is marked as disabled because you probably don't want touse it until you know more about Emacs, and we expect it wouldconfuse you if it were allowed to go ahead and run. If you reallywant to try the M-ESC command, you could type a Space in answerto the question and M-ESC would go ahead. Normally, if you donot want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question.>> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n.* WINDOWS---------Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques ofusing multiple windows. But you do need to know how to getrid of extra windows that may appear to display help oroutput from certain commands. It is simple: C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in becomethe full screen, by getting rid of any other windows.>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.>> Type Control-h k Control-f. See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears to display documentation on the Control-f command.>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.* INSERTING AND DELETING------------------------If you want to insert text, just type it. Characters which you cansee, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and insertedimmediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert aNewline character.You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Rubout>.<Rubout> is a key on the keyboard, which might be labelled "Delete"instead of "Rubout" on some terminals. More generally, <Rubout>deletes the character immediately before the current cursor position.>> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them by typing <Rubout> a few times. Don't worry about this file being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial. This is just a copy of it.>> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep typing. When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.>> Use <Rubout>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen line again. The continuation line goes away.>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Rubout>. This deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto the previous line. The resulting line may be too long to fit, in which case it has a continuation line.>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;this includes characters which insert themselves.>> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens.You've now learned the most basic way of typing something inEmacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or linesas well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: <Rubout> delete the character just before the cursor C-d delete the next character after the cursor M-<Rubout> kill the word immediately before the cursor M-d kill the next word after the cursor C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line M-k kill to the end of the current sentenceNotice that <Rubout> and C-d vs M-<Rubout> and M-d extend the parallelstarted by C-f and M-f (well, <Rubout> isn't really a controlcharacter, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-eand M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want toget it back? Well, whenever you kill something bigger than acharacter, Emacs saves it for you. To yank it back, use C-y. Youcan kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this isa good way to move text around. Note that the differencebetween "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" thingscan be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot. Generally, thecommands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones thatattack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, donot save.For instance, type C-n a couple times to position the cursorat some line on this screen.>> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a secondC-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. Ifyou give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND theircontents.The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you canretrieve it. To retrieve the last killed text and put it wherethe cursor currently is, type C-y.>> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someonetook away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a rowthe text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y willyank all of the lines.>> Do this now, type C-k several times.Now to retrieve that killed text:>> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y again. You now see how to copy some text.What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and thenyou kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. Butthe previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-ycommand. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typingM-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-yagain and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When youhave reached the text you are looking for, you can just go away andleave it there. If you M-y enough times, you come back to thestarting point (the most recent kill).>> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative arguments.* UNDO------Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)with the undo command, C-x u. Normally, C-x u undoes one command'sworth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,each time undoes one more command. There are two exceptions:commands that made no change (just moved the cursor) do not count,and self-inserting characters are often lumped together in groupsof up to 20. This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to type.>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.C-_ is another command for undoing; it is just the same as C-x ubut easier to type several times in a row. The problem with C-_ isthat on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That iswhy C-x u is provided as well. On some DEC terminals, you can typeC-_ by typing / while holding down CTRL. Illogical, but what canyou expect from DEC?Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeatingit as many times as the argument says.* FILES-------In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in afile. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goesaway. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. Whatfinding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" thefile. This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changedfile around when you don't want to. Even then, Emacs leaves theoriginal file under a changed name in case your changes turn outto be a mistake.If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line thatbegins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs: TUTORIAL".Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL". Whateverfile you find, that file's name will appear in that precisespot.The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the othercommands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole seriesof commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do withfiles, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist ofControl-x followed by some other character.Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you haveto say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argumentfrom the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of thefile). After you type the command C-x C-f Find a fileEmacs asks you to type the file name. It echoes on the bottomline of the screen. You are using the minibuffer now! this iswhat the minibuffer is for. When you type <Return> to end thefile name, the minibuffer is no longer needed, so it disappears.>> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the minibuffer. So you do not find any file.In a little while the file contents appear on the screen. You canedit the contents. When you wish to make the changes permanent,issue the command C-x C-s Save the fileThe contents of Emacs are written into the file. The first time youdo this, the original file is renamed to a new name so that itis not lost. The new name is made by appending "~" to the endof the original file's name.When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very muchwork if the system should crash.>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen. On VMS it will print "Wrote ...[...]TUTORIAL."To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed. Thenstart typing in the text. When you ask to "save" the file, Emacswill really create the file with the text that you have inserted.From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an alreadyexisting file.* BUFFERS---------If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remainsinside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again withC-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one fileis called a "buffer." Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type C-x C-b List buffers>> Try C-x C-b now.See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file namefor the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspondto files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" doesnot have any file. It is the buffer which contains the bufferlist that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs windowhas to be in some buffer.>> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file'sbuffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the firstfile's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back toit with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have C-x s Save some buffersC-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you haveand finds the ones that contain files you have changed.For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET---------------------------There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be puton all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this withthe X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.These are commands that are generally useful but used less than thecommands you have already learned about. You have already seen twoof them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stopediting and get rid of Emacs. The command to do this is C-x C-c.(Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills theEmacs.)C-z is the usual way to exit Emacs, because it is always better not tokill the Emacs if you are going to do any more editing. On systemswhich allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does not destroythe Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs with the `fg'command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works even if yourmost recent job was some other). On systems where suspending is notpossible, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to give you thechance to run other programs and return to Emacs afterward, but itdoes not truly "exit" from Emacs. In this case, the shell command`exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the subshell.You would use C-x C-c if you were about to log out. You wouldalso use it to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling programsand other random utilities, since they may not believe you havereally finished using the Emacs if it continues to exist.There are many C-x commands. The ones you know are: C-x C-f Find file. C-x C-s Save file. C-x C-b List buffers. C-x C-c Quit Emacs. C-x u Undo.Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even lessfrequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. Thesecommands are usually called "functions". An example is the functionreplace-string, which globally replaces one string with another. Whenyou type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen withM-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; inthis case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and Emacs willcomplete the name. End the command name with <Return>.Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the stringto replace it with--each one ended with a Return.>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred after the cursor.* MODE LINE-----------If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to youat the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echoarea contains the bottom line of the screen. The line immediately aboveit is called the MODE LINE. The mode line says something like----**--Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)----58%-------------This is a very useful "information" line.You already know what the filename means--it is the file you havefound. What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file isabove the top of the screen. If the top of the file is on the screen,it will say --TOP-- instead of --00%--. If the bottom of the file ison the screen, it will say --BOT--. If you are looking at a file sosmall it all fits on the screen, it says --ALL--.The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes.The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you whatmodes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is what youare in now. It is an example of a "major mode". There are severalmajor modes in Emacs for editing different languages and text, such asLisp mode, Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode isactive, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where"Fundamental" is now. Each major mode makes a few commands behavedifferently. For example, there are commands for creating comments ina program, and since each programming language has a different idea ofwhat a comment should look like, each major mode has to insertcomments differently. Each major mode is the name of an extendedcommand, which is how you get into the mode. For example,M-X fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, youshould probably use Text Mode.>> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs inany great way. But you can observe that apostrophes are now part ofwords when you do M-f or M-b. Major modes are usually like that:commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they worka little bit differently.To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the majormodes, just minor modifications of them. Each minor mode can beturned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in,and regardless of the other minor modes. So you can use no minormodes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes.One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing Englishtext, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the linein between words automatically whenever the line gets too long. Youcan turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. When themode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on,this function turns it off. This is called "toggling".>> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change itwith the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you wantas a numeric argument.>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using C-x f again.If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill modedoes not re-fill it for you.To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor insidethat paragraph.>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.* SEARCHING-----------Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguouscharacters or words) either forward through the file or backwardthrough it. To search for the string means that you are trying tolocate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where theoccurrences of the string exist. This type of search is somewhatdifferent from what you may be familiar with. It is a search that isperformed as you type in the thing to search for. The command toinitiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reversesearch. BUT WAIT! Don't do them now. When you type C-s you'llnotice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echoarea. This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incrementalsearch waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.<ESC> terminates a search.>> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each character to notice what happens to the cursor.>> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".>> Now type <Rubout> four times and see how the cursor moves.>> Type <ESC> to terminate the search.Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries togo to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To goto the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no suchoccurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failingsearch. C-g would also terminate the search.If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Rubout>,you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erasedand the search backs up to the last place of the search. Forinstance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that yourcursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'. If you now type <Rubout>,the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in thetext to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before youtyped the 'u'. This provides a useful means for backing up while youare searching.If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a controlcharacter (other than a C-s or C-r, which tell Emacs to search for thenext occurrence of the string), the search is terminated.The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the searchstring AFTER the current cursor position. But what if you want tosearch for something earlier in the text? To do this, type C-r forReverse search. Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r exceptthat the direction of the search is reversed.* MULTIPLE WINDOWS------------------One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than onewindow on the screen at the same time.>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. Keep reading these directions in the top window.>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. The cursor is still just where it was in the top window before.You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Eachwindow has its own cursor position, but only one window actuallyshows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to thewindow that the cursor is in.The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in onewindow and using the other window just for reference. You can keepthe cursor always in the window where you are editing, and editthere as you advance through the other window.>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get ridof the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just onewindow--the window I am already in.")You don't have to display the same buffer in both windows. Ifyou use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other windowdoesn't change. You can pick a file in each windowindependently.Here is another way to use two windows to display two differentthings:>> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files. End with <RETURN>. See the specified file appear in the bottom window. The cursor goes there, too.>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete the bottom window.* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS--------------------------Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editinglevel". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. Forexample, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).To get out of the recursive editing level, type M-x top-level<Return>.>> Try that now; it should display "Back to top level" at the bottom of the screen.In fact, you were ALREADY at top level (not inside a recursive editinglevel) if you have obeyed instructions. M-x top-level does not care;it gets out of any number of recursive editing levels, perhaps zero,to get back to top level.You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-gis used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commandsWITHIN the recursive editing level.* GETTING MORE HELP-------------------In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information toget you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs thatit would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may wantto learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable featuresthat you don't know about yet. Emacs has a great deal of internaldocumentation. All of these commands can be accessed throughthe character Control-h, which we call "the Help character"because of the function it serves.To use the HELP features, type the C-h character, and then acharacter saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.If you have typed C-h and decide you don't want any help, justtype C-G to cancel it.The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, a c, and acommand character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very briefdescription of the command.>> Type C-h c Control-p. The message should be something like C-p runs the command previous-lineThis tells you the "name of the function". That is important inwriting Lisp code to extend Emacs; it also is enough to remindyou of what the command does if you have seen it before but didnot remember.Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META orEDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.To get more information on the command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.>> Type C-h k Control-p.This displays the documentation of the function, as well as itsname, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading theoutput, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not haveto do this right away. You can do some editing while referringto the help text and then type C-x 1.Here are some other useful C-h options: C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the function.>> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>. This prints all the information Emacs has about the function which implements the C-P command. C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list all the commands whose names contain that keyword. These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x. For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one or two character sequence which has the same effect.>> Type C-h a file<Return>.This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with"file" in their names. You will also see commands like C-x C-fand C-x C-w, listed beside the command names find-file andwrite-file.>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.* CONCLUSION------------Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shelltemporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so ifyou found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!COPYING-------This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorialsstarting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, andcomes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. Permission is granted to distribute modified versions of this document, or of portions of it, under the above conditions, provided also that they carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly differentbut in the same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and thendo give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends.Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by using,writing, and sharing free software!