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view doc/emacs/commands.texi @ 100343:4c206e002e5f
* emacsclient.c (main): Fix mindless breakage where emacsclient
does not work *at all* on Windows, even if it *can* connect.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Wed, 10 Dec 2008 22:18:21 +0000 |
parents | 21d96bf3c08e |
children | cb5d2387102c |
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@c This is part of the Emacs manual. @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002, @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. @iftex @chapter Characters, Keys and Commands This chapter explains the character sets used by Emacs for input commands, and the fundamental concepts of @dfn{keys} and @dfn{commands}, whereby Emacs interprets your keyboard and mouse input. @end iftex @ifnottex @raisesections @end ifnottex @node User Input, Keys, Screen, Top @section Kinds of User Input @cindex input with the keyboard @cindex keyboard input @cindex character set (keyboard) @cindex @acronym{ASCII} @cindex C- @cindex Control @cindex control characters GNU Emacs is primarily designed for use with the keyboard. While it is possible to use the mouse to issue editing commands through the menu bar and tool bar, that is not as efficient as using the keyboard. Therefore, this manual mainly documents how to edit with the keyboard. Keyboard input into Emacs is based on a heavily-extended version of @acronym{ASCII}. The simplest characters that you can input into Emacs correspond to graphic symbols such as @samp{a}, @samp{B}, @samp{3}, @samp{=}, the space character (conventionally denoted as @key{SPC}), and so on. Entering these using the keyboard is straightforward. Certain characters found on non-English keyboards also fall into this category (@pxref{International}). In addition to these simple characters, Emacs recognizes @dfn{control characters} such as @key{RET}, @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, @key{ESC}, @key{F1}, @key{Home}, @key{left}, etc. Most keyboards have special keys for entering these. @cindex modifier keys @cindex Control @cindex C- @cindex Meta @cindex M- Emacs also recognizes control characters that are entered using @dfn{modifier keys}. Two commonly-used modifier keys are @key{Control} (which is usually labelled as @key{Ctrl}), and @key{Meta} (which is usually labeled as @key{Alt})@footnote{We refer to @key{Alt} as @key{Meta} for historical reasons.}. For example, @kbd{Control-a} is entered by holding down the @key{Ctrl} key while pressing @kbd{a}; we will refer to this as @kbd{C-a} for short. Similarly @kbd{Meta-a}, or @kbd{M-a} for short, is entered by holding down the @key{Alt} key and pressing @kbd{a}. @cindex @key{ESC} replacing @key{Meta} key You can also type Meta characters using two-character sequences starting with @key{ESC}. Thus, you can enter @kbd{M-a} by typing @kbd{@key{ESC} a}. You can enter @kbd{C-M-a} by typing @kbd{@key{ESC} C-a}. Unlike @key{Meta}, @key{ESC} is entered as a separate character. You don't hold down @key{ESC} while typing the next character; instead, press @key{ESC} and release it, then enter the next character. This feature is useful on certain text-only terminals where the @key{Meta} key does not function reliably. Modifier keys can apply not only to alphanumerical characters, but also to special input characters, such as the arrow keys and mouse buttons. @cindex input event @xref{Input Events,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for the full Lisp-level details about keyboard and mouse input, which are collectively referred to as @dfn{input events}. If you are not doing Lisp programming, but simply want to redefine the meaning of some characters or non-character events, see @ref{Customization}. @cindex keys stolen by window manager @cindex window manager, keys stolen by On graphical displays, the window manager is likely to block the character @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} before Emacs can see it. It may also block @kbd{M-@key{SPC}}, @kbd{C-M-d} and @kbd{C-M-l}. If you have these problems, we recommend that you customize your window manager to turn off those commands, or put them on key combinations that Emacs does not use. @node Keys, Commands, User Input, Top @section Keys Some Emacs commands are invoked by just one input event; for example, @kbd{C-f} moves forward one character in the buffer. But Emacs also has commands that take two or more input events to invoke, such as @kbd{C-x C-f} and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. @cindex key @cindex key sequence @cindex complete key @cindex prefix key A @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short, is a sequence of one or more input events that is meaningful as a unit. If a key sequence invokes a command, we call it a @dfn{complete key}; for example, @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-x C-f} and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} are all complete keys. If a key sequence isn't long enough to invoke a command, we call it a @dfn{prefix key}; from the preceding example, we see that @kbd{C-x} and @kbd{C-x 4} are prefix keys. Every key is either a complete key or a prefix key. A prefix key combines with the following input event to make a longer key sequence, which may itself be complete or a prefix. For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, so @kbd{C-x} and the next input event combine to make a two-event key sequence. This two-event key sequence could itself be a prefix key (such as @kbd{C-x 4}), or a complete key (such as @kbd{C-x C-f}). There is no limit to the length of a key sequence, but in practice people rarely use sequences longer than three or four input events. You can't add input events onto a complete key. For example, the two-event sequence @kbd{C-f C-k} is not a key, because the @kbd{C-f} is a complete key in itself, so @kbd{C-f C-k} cannot have an independent meaning as a command. @kbd{C-f C-k} is two key sequences, not one.@refill By default, the prefix keys in Emacs are @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-h}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-x @key{RET}}, @kbd{C-x @@}, @kbd{C-x a}, @kbd{C-x n}, @kbd{C-x r}, @kbd{C-x v}, @kbd{C-x 4}, @kbd{C-x 5}, @kbd{C-x 6}, @key{ESC}, @kbd{M-g}, and @kbd{M-o}. (@key{F1} and @key{F2} are aliases for @kbd{C-h} and @kbd{C-x 6}.) This list is not cast in stone; if you customize Emacs, you can make new prefix keys. You could even eliminate some of the standard ones, though this is not recommended for most users; for example, if you remove the prefix definition of @kbd{C-x 4}, then @kbd{C-x 4 @var{anything}} would become an invalid key sequence. @xref{Key Bindings}. Typing the help character (@kbd{C-h} or @key{F1}) after a prefix key displays a list of the commands starting with that prefix. The sole exception to this rule is @key{ESC}: @kbd{@key{ESC}C-h} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-h}, which does something else entirely. You can, however, use @key{F1} to displays a list of the commands starting with @key{ESC}. @node Commands, Entering Emacs, Keys, Top @section Keys and Commands @cindex binding @cindex command @cindex function definition This manual is full of passages that tell you what particular keys do. But Emacs does not assign meanings to keys directly. Instead, Emacs assigns meanings to named @dfn{commands}, and then gives keys their meanings by @dfn{binding} them to commands. Every command has a name chosen by a programmer. The name is usually made of a few English words separated by dashes; for example, @code{next-line} or @code{forward-word}. A command also has a @dfn{function definition} which is a Lisp program; this is how the command does its work. In Emacs Lisp, a command is a Lisp function with special properties that make it suitable for interactive use. For more information on commands and functions, see @ref{What Is a Function,, What Is a Function, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. The bindings between keys and commands are recorded in tables called @dfn{keymaps}. @xref{Keymaps}. When we say that ``@kbd{C-n} moves down vertically one line'' we are glossing over a subtle distinction that is irrelevant in ordinary use, but vital for Emacs customization. The command @code{next-line} does a vertical move downward. @kbd{C-n} has this effect @emph{because} it is bound to @code{next-line}. If you rebind @kbd{C-n} to the command @code{forward-word}, @kbd{C-n} will move forward one word instead. In this manual, we will often speak of keys like @kbd{C-n} as commands, even though strictly speaking the key is bound to a command. Usually we state the name of the command which really does the work in parentheses after mentioning the key that runs it. For example, we will say that ``The command @kbd{C-n} (@code{next-line}) moves point vertically down,'' meaning that the command @code{next-line} moves vertically down, and the key @kbd{C-n} is normally bound to it. Since we are discussing customization, we should tell you about @dfn{variables}. Often the description of a command will say, ``To change this, set the variable @code{mumble-foo}.'' A variable is a name used to store a value. Most of the variables documented in this manual are meant for customization: some command or other part of Emacs examines the variable and behaves differently according to the value that you set. You can ignore the information about variables until you are interested in customizing them. Then read the basic information on variables (@pxref{Variables}) and the information about specific variables will make sense. @ifnottex @lowersections @end ifnottex @ignore arch-tag: 9be43eef-d1f4-4d03-a916-c741ea713a45 @end ignore