GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992.Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.See the end of the file for license conditions.This file is about changes in emacs versions 19.* Emacs 19.34 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes.* Changes in Emacs 19.33.** Bibtex mode no longer turns on Auto Fill automatically. (No majormode should do that--it is the user's choice.)** The variable normal-auto-fill-function specifies the function touse for auto-fill-function, if and when Auto Fill is turned on.Major modes can set this locally to alter how Auto Fill works.* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.32** C-x f with no argument now signals an error.To set the fill column at the current column, use C-u C-x f.** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about caseconversion. If you type the abbreviation with mixed case, and itmatches the beginning of the expansion including case, then theexpansion is copied verbatim. Using SPC M-/ to copy an additionalword always copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word isall caps.** On a non-windowing terminal, which can display only one Emacs frameat a time, creating a new frame with C-x 5 2 also selects that frame.When using a display that can show multiple frames at once, C-x 5 2does make the frame visible, but does not select it. This is the sameas in previous Emacs versions.** You can use C-x 5 2 to create multiple frames on MSDOS, just as on anon-X terminal on Unix. Of course, only one frame is visible at anytime, since your terminal doesn't have the ability to display multipleframes.** On Windows, set win32-pass-alt-to-system to a non-nil valueif you would like tapping the Alt key to invoke the Windows menu.This feature is not enabled by default; since the Alt key is also theMeta key, it is too easy and painful to activate this feature byaccident.** The command apply-macro-to-region-lines repeats the last definedkeyboard macro once for each complete line within the current region.It does this line by line, by moving point to the beginning of thatline and then executing the macro.This command is not new, but was never documented before.** You can now use Mouse-1 to place the region around a string constant(something surrounded by doublequote characters or other delimitercharacters of like syntax) by double-clicking on one of the delimitingcharacters.** Font Lock mode*** Font Lock support modesFont Lock can be configured to use Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode (seebelow) in a flexible way. Rather than adding the appropriate function to thehook font-lock-mode-hook, you can use the new variable font-lock-support-modeto control which modes have Fast Lock mode or Lazy Lock mode turned on whenFont Lock mode is enabled.For example, to use Fast Lock mode when Font Lock mode is turned on, put: (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode)in your ~/.emacs.*** lazy-lockThe lazy-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by making fontification occuronly when necessary, such as when a previously unfontified part of the bufferbecomes visible in a window. When you create a buffer with Font Lock mode andLazy Lock mode turned on, the buffer is not fontified. When certain eventsoccur (such as scrolling), Lazy Lock makes sure that the visible parts of thebuffer are fontified. Lazy Lock also defers on-the-fly fontification untilEmacs has been idle for a given amount of time.To use this package, put in your ~/.emacs: (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode)To control the package behavior, see the documentation for `lazy-lock-mode'.** Changes in BibTeX mode.*** For all entries allow spaces and tabs between opening brace orparen and key.*** Non-escaped double-quoted characters (as in `Sch"of') are nowsupported.** Gnus changes.Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has undergone further rewriting. Many newcommands and variables have been added. There should be nosignificant incompatibilities between this Gnus version and thepreviously released version, except in the message composition area.Below is a list of the more user-visible changes. Coding changesbetween Gnus 5.1 and 5.2 are more extensive.*** A new message composition mode is used. All old customizationvariables for mail-mode, rnews-reply-mode and gnus-msg are nowobsolete.*** Gnus is now able to generate "sparse" threads -- threads wheremissing articles are represented by empty nodes. (setq gnus-build-sparse-threads 'some)*** Outgoing articles are stored on a special archive server. To disable this: (setq gnus-message-archive-group nil)*** Partial thread regeneration now happens when articles arereferred.*** Gnus can make use of GroupLens predictions: (setq gnus-use-grouplens t)*** A trn-line tree buffer can be displayed. (setq gnus-use-trees t)*** An nn-like pick-and-read minor mode is available for the summarybuffers. (add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode)*** In binary groups you can use a special binary minor mode: `M-x gnus-binary-mode'*** Groups can be grouped in a folding topic hierarchy. (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode)*** Gnus can re-send and bounce mail. Use the `S D r' and `S D b'.*** Groups can now have a score, and bubbling based on entry frequencyis possible. (add-hook 'gnus-summary-exit-hook 'gnus-summary-bubble-group)*** Groups can be process-marked, and commands can be performed ongroups of groups.*** Caching is possible in virtual groups.*** nndoc now understands all kinds of digests, mail boxes, rnews newsbatches, ClariNet briefs collections, and just about everything else.*** Gnus has a new backend (nnsoup) to create/read SOUP packets.*** The Gnus cache is much faster.*** Groups can be sorted according to many criteria. For instance: (setq gnus-group-sort-function 'gnus-group-sort-by-rank)*** New group parameters have been introduced to set list-address andexpiration times.*** All formatting specs allow specifying faces to be used.*** There are several more commands for setting/removing/acting onprocess marked articles on the `M P' submap.*** The summary buffer can be limited to show parts of the availablearticles based on a wide range of criteria. These commands have beenbound to keys on the `/' submap.*** Articles can be made persistent -- as an alternative to savingarticles with the `*' command.*** All functions for hiding article elements are now toggles.*** Article headers can be buttonized. (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head)*** All mail backends support fetching articles by Message-ID.*** Duplicate mail can now be treated properly. See the`nnmail-treat-duplicates' variable.*** All summary mode commands are available directly from the articlebuffer.*** Frames can be part of `gnus-buffer-configuration'.*** Mail can be re-scanned by a daemonic process.*** Gnus can make use of NoCeM files to filter spam. (setq gnus-use-nocem t)*** Groups can be made permanently visible. (setq gnus-permanently-visible-groups "^nnml:")*** Many new hooks have been introduced to make customizing easier.*** Gnus respects the Mail-Copies-To header.*** Threads can be gathered by looking at the References header. (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function 'gnus-gather-threads-by-references)*** Read articles can be stored in a special backlog buffer to avoidrefetching. (setq gnus-keep-backlog 50)*** A clean copy of the current article is always stored in a separatebuffer to allow easier treatment.*** Gnus can suggest where to save articles. See `gnus-split-methods'.*** Gnus doesn't have to do as much prompting when saving. (setq gnus-prompt-before-saving t)*** gnus-uu can view decoded files asynchronously while fetchingarticles. (setq gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions 'gnus-uu-grab-view)*** Filling in the article buffer now works properly on cited text.*** Hiding cited text adds buttons to toggle hiding, and how muchcited text to hide is now customizable. (setq gnus-cited-lines-visible 2)*** Boring headers can be hidden. (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-hide-boring-headers)*** Default scoring values can now be set from the menu bar.*** Further syntax checking of outgoing articles have been added.The Gnus manual has been expanded. It explains all these new featuresin greater detail.* Lisp Changes in Emacs 19.32** The function set-visited-file-name now accepts an optionalsecond argument NO-QUERY. If it is non-nil, then the user is notasked for confirmation in the case where the specified file alreadyexists.** The variable print-length applies to printing vectors and bitvectors,as well as lists.** The new function keymap-parent returns the parent keymapof a given keymap.** The new function set-keymap-parent specifies a new parent for agiven keymap. The arguments are KEYMAP and PARENT. PARENT must be akeymap or nil.** Sometimes menu keymaps use a command name, a symbol, which is reallyan automatically generated alias for some other command, the "real"name. In such a case, you should give that alias symbol a non-nilmenu-alias property. That property tells the menu system to look forequivalent keys for the real name instead of equivalent keys for thealias.* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.31** Freedom of the press restricted in the United States.Emacs has been censored in accord with the Communications Decency Act.This includes removing some features of the doctor program. That lawwas described by its supporters as a ban on pornography, but it bansfar more than that. The Emacs distribution has never contained anypornography, but parts of it were nonetheless prohibited.For information on US government censorship of the Internet, and whatyou can do to bring back freedom of the press, see the web site`http://www.vtw.org/'.** A note about C mode indentation customization.The old (Emacs 19.29) ways of specifying a C indentation styledo not normally work in the new implementation of C mode.It has its own methods of customizing indentation, which aremuch more powerful than the old C mode. See the Editing Programschapter of the manual for details.However, you can load the library cc-compat to make the oldcustomization variables take effect.** Marking with the mouse.When you mark a region with the mouse, the region now remainshighlighted until the next input event, regardless of whether you areusing M-x transient-mark-mode.** Improved Windows NT/95 support.*** Emacs now supports scroll bars on Windows NT and Windows 95.*** Emacs now supports subprocesses on Windows 95. (Subprocesses usedto work on NT only and not on 95.)*** There are difficulties with subprocesses, though, due to problemsin Windows, beyond the control of Emacs. They work fine as long asyou run Windows applications. The problems arise when you run a DOSapplication in a subprocesses. Since current shells run as DOSapplications, these problems are significant.If you run a DOS application in a subprocess, then the application islikely to busy-wait, which means that your machine will be 100% busy.However, if you don't mind the temporary heavy load, the subprocesswill work OK as long as you tell it to terminate before you start anyother DOS application as a subprocess.Emacs is unable to terminate or interrupt a DOS subprocess.You have to do this by providing input directly to the subprocess.If you run two DOS applications at the same time in two separatesubprocesses, even if one of them is asynchronous, you will probablyhave to reboot your machine--until then, it will remain 100% busy.Windows simply does not cope when one Windows process tries to run twoseparate DOS subprocesses. Typing CTL-ALT-DEL and then choosingShutdown seems to work although it may take a few minutes.** M-x resize-minibuffer-mode.This command, not previously mentioned in NEWS, toggles a mode inwhich the minibuffer window expands to show as many lines as theminibuffer contains.** `title' frame parameter and resource.The `title' X resource now specifies just the frame title, nothing else.It does not affect the name used for looking up other X resources.It works by setting the new `title' frame parameter, which likewiseaffects just the displayed title of the frame.The `name' parameter continues to do what it used to do:it specifies the frame name for looking up X resources,and also serves as the default for the displayed titlewhen the `title' parameter is unspecified or nil.** Emacs now uses the X toolkit by default, if you have a newenough version of X installed (X11R5 or newer).** When you compile Emacs with the Motif widget set, Motif handles theF10 key by activating the menu bar. To avoid confusion, the usualEmacs binding of F10 is replaced with a no-op when using Motif.If you want to be able to use F10 in Emacs, you can rebind the Motifmenubar to some other key which you don't use. To do so, addsomething like this to your X resources file. This example rebindsthe Motif menu bar activation key to S-F12: Emacs*defaultVirtualBindings: osfMenuBar : Shift<Key>F12** In overwrite mode, DEL now inserts spaces in most casesto replace the characters it "deletes".** The Rmail summary now shows the number of lines in each message.** Rmail has a new command M-x unforward-rmail-message, which extractsa forwarded message from the message that forwarded it. To use it,select a message which contains a forwarded message and then type the command.It inserts the forwarded message as a separate Rmail messageimmediately after the selected one.This command also undoes the textual modifications that are standardlymade, as part of forwarding, by Rmail and other mail reader programs.** Turning off saving of .saves-... files in your home directory.Each Emacs session writes a file named .saves-... in your homedirectory to record which files M-x recover-session should recover.If you exit Emacs normally with C-x C-c, it deletes that file. IfEmacs or the operating system crashes, the file remains for M-xrecover-session.You can turn off the writing of these files by settingauto-save-list-file-name to nil. If you do this, M-x recover-sessionwill not work.Some previous Emacs versions failed to delete these files even onnormal exit. This is fixed now. If you are thinking of turning offthis feature because of past experiences with versions that had thisbug, it would make sense to check whether you still want to do sonow that the bug is fixed.** Changes to Version Control (VC)There is a new variable, vc-follow-symlinks. It indicates what to dowhen you visit a link to a file that is under version control.Editing the file through the link bypasses the version control system,which is dangerous and probably not what you want.If this variable is t, VC follows the link and visits the real file,telling you about it in the echo area. If it is `ask' (the default),VC asks for confirmation whether it should follow the link. If nil,the link is visited and a warning displayed.** iso-acc.el now lets you specify a choice of language.Languages include "latin-1" (the default) and "latin-2" (whichis designed for entering ISO Latin-2 characters).There are also choices for specific human languages such as French andPortuguese. These are subsets of Latin-1, which differ in that theyenable only the accent characters needed for particular language.The other accent characters, not needed for the chosen language,remain normal.** Posting articles and sending mail now has M-TAB completion on variousheader fields (Newsgroups, To, CC, ...).Completion in the Newsgroups header depends on the list of groupsknown to your news reader. Completion in the Followup-To headeroffers those groups which are in the Newsgroups header, sinceFollowup-To usually just holds one of those.Completion in fields that hold mail addresses works based on the listof local users plus your aliases. Additionally, if your site providesa mail directory or a specific host to use for any unrecognized username, you can arrange to query that host for completion also. (See thedocumentation of variables `mail-directory-process' and`mail-directory-stream'.)** A greatly extended sgml-mode offers new features such as (to be configured)skeletons with completing read for tags and attributes, typing namedcharacters including optionally all 8bit characters, making tags invisiblewith optional alternate display text, skipping and deleting tag(pair)s.Note: since Emacs' syntax feature cannot limit the special meaning of ', " and- to inside <>, for some texts the result, especially of font locking, may bewrong (see `sgml-specials' if you get wrong results).The derived html-mode configures this with tags and attributes more orless HTML3ish. It also offers optional quick keys like C-c 1 forheadline or C-c u for unordered list (see `html-quick-keys'). Edit /Text Properties / Face or M-g combinations create tags as applicable.Outline minor mode is supported and level 1 font-locking tries tofontify tag contents (which only works when they fit on one line, dueto a limitation in font-lock).External viewing via browse-url can occur automatically upon saving.** M-x imenu-add-to-menubar now adds to the menu bar for the currentbuffer only. If you want to put an Imenu item in the menu bar for allbuffers that use a particular major mode, use the mode hook, as inthis example: (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook '(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Index")))** Changes in BibTeX mode.*** Field names may now contain digits, hyphens, and underscores.*** Font Lock mode is now supported.*** bibtex-make-optional-field is no longer interactive.*** If bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is non-nil, inserting newentries is now done with a faster algorithm. However, insertingwill fail in this case if the buffer contains invalid entries orisn't in sorted order, so you should finish each entry with C-c C-c(bibtex-close-entry) after you have inserted or modified it.The default value of bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is nil.*** Function `show-all' is no longer bound to a key, since C-u C-c C-qdoes the same job.*** Entries with quotes inside quote-delimited fields (as `author ="Stefan Sch{\"o}f"') are now supported.*** Case in field names doesn't matter anymore when searching for helptext.** Font Lock mode*** Global Font Lock modeFont Lock mode can be turned on globally, in buffers that support it, by thenew command global-font-lock-mode. You can use the new variablefont-lock-global-modes to control which modes have Font Lock mode automagicallyturned on. By default, this variable is set so that Font Lock mode is turnedon globally where the buffer mode supports it.For example, to automagically turn on Font Lock mode where supported, put: (global-font-lock-mode t)in your ~/.emacs.*** Local RefontificationIn Font Lock mode, editing a line automatically refontifies that line only.However, if your change alters the syntactic context for following lines,those lines remain incorrectly fontified. To refontify them, use the newcommand M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block).In certain major modes, M-g M-g refontifies the entire current function.(The variable font-lock-mark-block-function controls how to find thecurrent function.) In other major modes, M-g M-g refontifies 16 linesabove and below point.With a prefix argument N, M-g M-g refontifies N lines above and below point.** Follow modeFollow mode is a new minor mode combining windows showing the samebuffer into one tall "virtual window". The windows are typically twoside-by-side windows. Follow mode makes them scroll together as ifthey were a unit. To use it, go to a frame with just one window,split it into two side-by-side windows using C-x 3, and then type M-xfollow-mode.M-x follow-mode turns off Follow mode if it is already enabled.To display two side-by-side windows and activate Follow mode, use thecommand M-x follow-delete-other-windows-and-split.** hide-show changes.The hooks hs-hide-hooks and hs-show-hooks have been renamedto hs-hide-hook and hs-show-hook, to follow the convention fornormal hooks.** Simula mode now has a menu containing the most important commands.The new command simula-indent-exp is bound to C-M-q.** etags can now handle programs written in Erlang. Files arerecognised by the extensions .erl and .hrl. The tagged lines arethose that begin a function, record, or macro.** MSDOS Changes*** It is now possible to compile Emacs with the version 2 of DJGPP.Compilation with DJGPP version 1 also still works.*** The documentation of DOS-specific aspects of Emacs was rewrittenand expanded; see the ``MS-DOS'' node in the on-line docs.*** Emacs now uses ~ for backup file names, not .bak.*** You can simulate mouse-3 on two-button mice by simultaneouslypressing both mouse buttons.*** A number of packages and commands which previously failed or hadrestricted functionality on MS-DOS, now work. The most important onesare:**** Printing (both with `M-x lpr-buffer' and with `ps-print' package)now works.**** `Ediff' works (in a single-frame mode).**** `M-x display-time' can be used on MS-DOS (due to the newimplementation of Emacs timers, see below).**** `Dired' supports Unix-style shell wildcards.**** The `c-macro-expand' command now works as on other platforms.**** `M-x recover-session' works.**** `M-x list-colors-display' displays all the available colors.**** The `TPU-EDT' package works.* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.31.** The function using-unix-filesystems on Windows NT and Windows 95tells Emacs to read and write files assuming that they reside on aremote Unix filesystem. No CR/LF translation is done on any files inthis case. Invoking using-unix-filesystems with t activates thisbehavior, and invoking it with any other value deactivates it.** Change in system-type and system-configuration values.The value of system-type on a Linux-based GNU system is now `lignux',not `linux'. This means that some programs which use `system-type'need to be changed. The value of `system-configuration' will alsobe different.It is generally recommended to use `system-configuration' ratherthan `system-type'.See the file LINUX-GNU in this directory for more about this.** The functions shell-command and dired-call-processnow run file name handlers for default-directory, if it has them.** Undoing the deletion of text now restores the positions of markersthat pointed into or next to the deleted text.** Timers created with run-at-time now work internally to Emacs, andno longer use a separate process. Therefore, they now work morereliably and can be used for shorter time delays.The new function run-with-timer is a convenient way to set up a timerto run a specified amount of time after the present. A call lookslike this: (run-with-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...)SECS says how many seconds should elapse before the timer happens.It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the timerbecomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments ARGS.REPEAT gives the interval for repeating the timer (measured inseconds). It may be an integer or a floating point number. nil or 0means don't repeat at all--call FUNCTION just once.*** with-timeout provides an easy way to do something but giveup if too much time passes. (with-timeout (SECONDS TIMEOUT-FORMS...) BODY...)This executes BODY, but gives up after SECONDS seconds.If it gives up, it runs the TIMEOUT-FORMS and returns the valueof the last one of them. Normally it returns the value of the lastform in BODY.*** You can now arrange to call a function whenever Emacs is idle fora certain length of time. To do this, call run-with-idle-timer. Acall looks like this: (run-with-idle-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...)SECS says how many seconds of idleness should elapse before the timerruns. It may be an integer or a floating point number. When thetimer becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with argumentsARGS.Emacs becomes idle whenever it finishes executing a keyboard or mousecommand. It remains idle until it receives another keyboard or mousecommand.REPEAT, if non-nil, means this timer should be activated again eachtime Emacs becomes idle and remains idle for SECS seconds The timerdoes not repeat if Emacs *remains* idle; it runs at most once aftereach time Emacs becomes idle.If REPEAT is nil, the timer runs just once, the first time Emacs isidle for SECS seconds.*** post-command-idle-hook is now obsolete; you shouldn't use it atall, because it interferes with the idle timer mechanism. If yourprograms use post-command-idle-hook, convert them to use idle timersinstead.*** y-or-n-p-with-timeout lets you ask a question but give up ifthere is no answer within a certain time. (y-or-n-p-with-timeout PROMPT SECONDS DEFAULT-VALUE)asks the question PROMPT (just like y-or-n-p). If the user answerswithin SECONDS seconds, it returns the answer that the user gave.Otherwise it gives up after SECONDS seconds, and returns DEFAULT-VALUE.** Minor change to `encode-time': you can now pass more than sevenarguments. If you do that, the first six arguments have the usualmeaning, the last argument is interpreted as the time zone, and thearguments in between are ignored.This means that it works to use the list returned by `decode-time' asthe list of arguments for `encode-time'.** The default value of load-path now includes the directory/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp In addition to/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp. You can use this new directory forsite-specific Lisp packages that belong with a particular Emacsversion.It is not unusual for a Lisp package that works well in one Emacsversion to cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need updatingfor incompatible changes; sometimes they look at internal data thathas changed; sometimes the package has been installed in Emacs itselfand the installed version should be used. Whatever the reason for theproblem, this new feature makes it easier to solve.** When your program contains a fixed file name (like .completions or.abbrev.defs), the file name usually needs to be different on operatingsystems with limited file name syntax.Now you can avoid ad-hoc conditionals by using the functionconvert-standard-filename to convert the file name to a proper formfor each operating system. Here is an example of use, from the filecompletions.el:(defvar save-completions-file-name (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") "*The filename to save completions to.")This sets the variable save-completions-file-name to a value thatdepends on the operating system, because the definition ofconvert-standard-filename depends on the operating system. OnUnix-like systems, it returns the specified file name unchanged. OnMS-DOS, it adapts the name to fit the limitations of that system.** The interactive spec N now returns the numeric prefix argumentrather than the raw prefix argument. (It still reads a number using theminibuffer if there is no prefix argument at all.)** When a process is deleted, this no longer disconnects the processmarker from its buffer position.** The variable garbage-collection-messages now controls whetherEmacs displays a message at the beginning and end of garbage collection.The default is nil, meaning there are no messages.** The variable debug-ignored-errors specifies certain kinds of errorsthat should not enter the debugger. Its value is a list of errorcondition symbols and/or regular expressions. If the error has anyof the condition symbols listed, or if any of the regular expressionsmatches the error message, then that error does not enter the debugger,regardless of the value of debug-on-error.This variable is initialized to match certain common but uninterestingerrors that happen often during editing.** The new function error-message-string converts an error datuminto its error message. The error datum is what condition-caseputs into the variable, to describe the error that happened.** Anything that changes which buffer appears in a given windownow runs the window-scroll-functions for that window.** The new function get-buffer-window-list returns a list of windows displayinga buffer. The function is called with the buffer (a buffer object or a buffername) and two optional arguments specifying the minibuffer windows and framesto search. Therefore this function takes optional args like next-window etc.,and not get-buffer-window.** buffer-substring now runs the hook buffer-access-fontify-functions,calling each function with two arguments--the range of the bufferbeing accessed. buffer-substring-no-properties does not call them.If you use this feature, you should set the variablebuffer-access-fontified-property to a non-nil symbol, which is aproperty name. Then, if all the characters in the buffer range have anon-nil value for that property, the buffer-access-fontify-functionsare not called. When called, these functions should put a non-nilproperty on the text that they fontify, so that they won't get calledover and over for the same text.** Changes in lisp-mnt.el*** The lisp-mnt package can now recognize file headers that are writtenin the formats used by the `what' command and the RCS `ident' command:;; @(#) HEADER: text;; $HEADER: text $in addition to the normal;; HEADER: text*** The commands lm-verify and lm-synopsis are now interactive. lm-verifychecks that the library file has proper sections and headers, andlm-synopsis extracts first line "synopsis'"information.* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.30.** Be sure to recompile your byte-compiled Emacs Lisp filesif you last compiled them with Emacs 19.28 or earlier.You can use M-x byte-force-recompile to recompile all the .elc filesin a specified directory.** Emacs now provides multiple-frame support on Windows NTand Windows 95.** M-x column-number-mode toggles a minor mode which displaysthe current column number in the mode line.** Line Number mode is now enabled by default.** M-x what-line now displays the line number in the accessibleportion of the buffer as well as the line number in the full buffer,when narrowing is in effect.** If you type a M-x command that has an equivalent key binding,the equivalent is shown in the minibuffer before the command executes.This feature is enabled by default for the sake of beginning users.You can turn the feature off by setting suggest-key-bindings to nil.** The menu bar is now visible on text-only terminals. To choose acommand from the menu bar when you have no mouse, type M-`(Meta-Backquote) or F10. To turn off menu bar display,do (menu-bar-mode -1).** Whenever you invoke a minibuffer, it appears in the minibufferwindow that the current frame uses.Emacs can only use one minibuffer window at a time. If you activatethe minibuffer while a minibuffer window is active in some otherframe, the outer minibuffer window disappears while the inner one isactive.** Echo area messages always appear in the minibuffer window that thecurrent frame uses. If a minibuffer is active in some other frame,the echo area message does not hide it even temporarily.** The minibuffer now has a menu-bar menu. You can use it to exit orabort the minibuffer, or to ask for completion.** Dead-key and composite character processing is done in the standardX11R6 manner (through the default "input method" using the/usr/lib/X11/locale/*/Compose databases of key combinations). I.e. ifit works in xterm, it should also work in emacs now.** Mouse changes*** You can now use the mouse when running Emacs in an xterm.Use M-x xterm-mouse-mode to let emacs take control over the mouse.*** C-mouse-1 now once again provides a menu of buffers to select.S-mouse-1 is now the way to select a default font for the frame.*** There is a new mouse-scroll-min-lines variable to control theminimum number of lines scrolled by dragging the mouse outside awindow's edge.*** Dragging mouse-1 on a vertical line that separates windowsnow moves the line, thus changing the widths of the two windows.(This feature is available only if you don't have vertical scroll bars.If you do use them, a scroll bar separates two side-by-side windows.)*** Double-click mouse-1 on a character with "symbol" syntax (such asunderscore, in C mode) selects the entire symbol surrounding thatcharacter. (Double-click mouse-1 on a letter selects a whole word.)** When incremental search wraps around to the beginning (or end) ofthe buffer, if you keep on searching until you go past the originalstarting point of the search, the echo area changes from "Wrapped" to"Overwrapped". That tells you that you are revisiting matches thatyou have already seen.** Filling changes.*** If the variable colon-double-space is non-nil, the explicit fillcommands put two spaces after a colon.*** Auto-Fill mode now supports Adaptive Fill mode just as theexplicit fill commands do. The variable adaptive-fill-regexpspecifies a regular expression to match text at the beginning ofa line that should be the fill prefix.*** Adaptive Fill mode can take a fill prefix from the first line of aparagraph, *provided* that line is not a paragraph-starter line.Paragraph-starter lines are indented lines that start a newparagraph because they are indented. This indentation shouldn'tbe copied to additional lines.Whether indented lines are paragraph lines depends on the value of thevariable paragraph-start. Some major modes set this; you can set itby hand or in mode hooks as well. For editing text in which paragraphfirst lines are not indented, and which contains paragraphs in whichall lines are indented, you should use Indented Text mode or arrangefor paragraph-start not to match these lines.*** You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefixautomatically by setting `adaptive-fill-function'. This functionis called with point after the left margin of a line, and it shouldreturn the appropriate fill prefix based on that line.If it returns nil, that means it sees no fill prefix in that line.** Gnus changes.Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has been rewritten and expanded. Mostthings that worked with the old version should still work with the newversion. Code that relies heavily on Gnus internals is likely tofail, though.*** Incompatibilities with the old GNUS.**** All interactive commands have kept their names, but many internalfunctions have changed names.**** The summary mode gnus-uu commands have been moved from the `C-cC-v' keymap to the `X' keymap.**** There can now be several summary buffers active at once.Variables that are relevant to each summary buffer are buffer-local tothat buffer.**** Old hilit code doesn't work at all. Gnus performs its ownhighlighting based not only on what's visible in the buffer, but onother data structures.**** Old packages like `expire-kill' will no longer work.**** `C-c C-l' in the group buffer no longer switches to a differentbuffer, but instead lists killed groups in the group buffer.*** New features.**** The look of all buffers can be changed by setting format-likevariables.**** Local spool and several NNTP servers can be used at once.**** Groups can be combined into virtual groups.**** Different mail formats can be read much the same way as one wouldread newsgroups. All the mail backends implement mail expiry schemes.**** Gnus can use various strategies for gathering threads that havelost their roots (thereby gathering loose sub-threads into one thread)or it can go back and retrieve enough headers to build a completethread.**** Killed groups can be read.**** Gnus can do partial group updates - you do not have to retrievethe entire active file just to check for new articles in a few groups.**** Gnus implements a sliding scale of subscribedness to groups.**** You can score articles according to any number of criteria. Youcan get Gnus to score articles for you using adaptive scoring.**** Gnus maintains a dribble buffer that is auto-saved the normalEmacs manner, so it should be difficult to lose much data on what youhave read if your machine should go down.**** Gnus now has its own startup file (`.gnus.el') to avoidcluttering up the `.emacs' file.**** You can set the process mark on both groups and articles andperform operations on all the marked items.**** You can grep through a subset of groups and create a group fromthe results.**** You can list subsets of groups using matches on group names orgroup descriptions.**** You can browse foreign servers and subscribe to groups from thoseservers.**** Gnus can pre-fetch articles asynchronously on a second connectionto the servers.**** You can cache articles locally.**** Gnus can fetch FAQs to and descriptions of groups.**** Digests (and other files) can be used as the basis for groups.**** Articles can be highlighted and customized.** Changes to Version Control (VC)*** General changes (all backends).VC directory listings (C-x v d) are now kept up to date when you do avc-next-action (C-x v v) on the marked files. The `g' command updatesthe buffer properly. `=' in a VC dired buffer produces a versioncontrol diff, not an ordinary diff.*** CVS changes.Under CVS, you no longer need to type C-x C-q before you can edit afile. VC doesn't write-protect unmodified buffers anymore; you canfreely change them at any time. The mode line keeps track of thefile status.If you do want unmodified files to be write-protected, set yourCVSREAD environment variable. VC sees this and behaves accordingly;that will give you the behavior of Emacs 19.29, similar to that underRCS and SCCS. In this mode, if the variable vc-mistrust-permissionsis nil, VC learns the modification state from the file permissions.When setting CVSREAD for the first time, you should check out thewhole module anew, so that the file permissions are set correctly.VC also works with remote repositories now. When you visit a file, itdoesn't run "cvs status" anymore, so there shouldn't be any long delays.Directory listings under VC/CVS have been enhanced. Type C-x v d, andyou get a list of all files in or below the current directory that arenot up-to-date. The actual status (modified, merge, conflict, ...) isdisplayed for each file. If you give a prefix argument (C-u C-x v d),up-to-date files are also listed. You can mark any number of files,and execute the next logical version control command on them (C-x v v).*** Starting a new branch.If you try to lock a version that is not the latest on its branch,VC asks for confirmation in the minibuffer. If you say no, it offersto lock the latest version instead.*** RCS non-strict locking.VC can now handle RCS non-strict locking, too. In this mode, workingfiles are always writable and you needn't lock the file before makingchanges, similar to the default mode under CVS. To enable non-strictlocking for a file, use the "rcs -U" command.*** Sharing RCS master files.If you share RCS subdirs with other users (through symbolic links),and you always want to work on the latest version, setvc-consult-headers to nil and vc-mistrust-permissions to `t'.Then you see the state of the *latest* version on the mode line, notthat of your working file. When you do a check out, VC overwritesyour working file with the latest version from the master.*** RCS customization.There is a new variable vc-consult-headers. If it is t (the default),VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id$') anddetermines the state of the file from them, not from the master file.This is fast and more reliable when you use branches. (The variablewas already present in Emacs 19.29, but didn't get mentioned in theNEWS.)** Calendar changes.*** New calendars supported: Chinese, Coptic, EthiopicHere are the commands for converting to and from these calendars: gC: calendar-goto-chinese-date gk: calendar-goto-coptic-date ge: calendar-goto-ethiopic-date pC: calendar-print-chinese-date pk: calendar-print-coptic-date pe: calendar-print-ethiopic-date*** Printed calendarsCalendar mode now has commands to produce fancy printed calendars viaLaTeX. You can ask for a calendar for one or more days, weeks, monthsor years. The commands all start with `t'; see the manual for a listof them.*** New sexp diary entry typeReminders that apply in the days leading up to an event.** The CC-mode package now provides the default C and C++ modes.See the manual for documentation of its features.** The uniquify package chooses buffer names differently when youvisit multiple files with the same name (in different directories).** RMAIL now always uses the movemail program when it renames aninbox file, so that it can interlock properly with the mailerno matter where it is delivering mail.** tex-start-of-header and tex-end-of-header are now regular expressions,not strings.** To enable automatic uncompression of compressed files,type M-x auto-compression-mode. (This command used to be calledtoggle-auto-compression, but was not documented before.) In Lisp,you can do (auto-compression-mode 1)to turn the mode on.** The new pc-select package emulates the key bindings for cutting andpasting, and selection of regions, found in Windows, Motif, and theMacintosh.** Help buffers now use a special major mode, Help mode. This modenormally turns on View mode; it also provides a hook, help-mode-hook,which you can use for other customization.** Apropos now uses faces for enhanced legibility. It now describessymbol properties as well as their function definitions and variablevalues. You can use Mouse-2 or RET to get more information about afunction definition, variable, or property.** Font Lock mode*** Supports Scheme, TCL and Help modesFor example, to automatically turn on Font Lock mode in the *Help*buffer, put: (add-hook 'help-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)in your ~/.emacs.*** Enhanced fontificationThe structure of font-lock-keywords is extended to allow "anchored" keywords.Typically, a keyword item of font-lock-keywords comprises a regexp to searchfor and information to specify how the regexp should be highlighted. However,the highlighting information is extended so that it can be another keyworditem. This keyword item, its regexp and highlighting information, is processedbefore resuming with the keyword item of which it is part.For example, a typical keyword item might be: ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face))which fontifies each occurrence of the discrete word "anchor" in the value ofthe variable anchor-face. However, the highlighting information can be used tofontify text that is anchored to the word "anchor". For example: ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\=[ ,]*\\(item\\)" nil nil (1 item-face)))which fontifies each occurrence of "anchor" as above, but for each occurrenceof "anchor", each occurrence of "item", in any following comma separated list,is fontified in the value of the variable item-face. Thus the "item" text isanchored to the "anchor" text. See the variable documentation for furtherinformation.This feature is used to extend the level and quality of fontification in anumber of modes. For example, C/C++ modes now have level 3 decoration thatincludes the fontification of variable and function names in declaration lists.In this instance, the "anchor" described in the above example is a type orclass name, and an "item" is a variable or function name.*** Fontification levelsThe variables font-lock-maximum-decoration and font-lock-maximum-size areextended to specify levels and sizes for specific modes. The variablefont-lock-maximum-decoration specifies the preferred level of fontification formodes that provide multiple levels (typically from "subdued" to "gaudy"). Thevariable font-lock-maximum-size specifies the buffer size for which bufferfontification is suppressed when Font Lock mode is turned on (typically becauseit would take too long).These variables can now specify values for individual modes, by supplyinglists of mode names and values. For example, to use the above mentioned level3 decoration for buffers in C/C++ modes, and default decoration otherwise, put: (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration '((c-mode . 3) (c++-mode . 3)))in your ~/.emacs. Maximum buffer size values for individual modes arespecified in the same way with the variable font-lock-maximum-size.*** Font Lock configurationThe mechanism to provide default settings for Font Lock mode are the variablesfont-lock-defaults and font-lock-maximum-decoration. Typically, you shouldonly need to change the value of font-lock-maximum-decoration. However, tosupport Font Lock mode for buffers in modes that currently do not support FontLock mode, you should set a buffer local value of font-lock-defaults for thatmode, typically via its mode hook.These variables are used by Font Lock mode to set the values of the variablesfont-lock-keywords, font-lock-keywords-only, font-lock-syntax-table,font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function and font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search.You need not set these variables directly, and should not set them yourselfsince the underlining mechanism may change in future.** Archive mode is now the default mode for various sorts ofarchive files (files whose names end with .arc, .lzh, .zip, and .zoo).** You can automatically update the years in copyright notice bymeans of (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'copyright-update).Optionally it can update the GPL version as well.** Scripts of various languages (Shell, AWK, Perl, makefiles ...) canbe automatically provided with a magic number and be made executableby their respective modes under control of various user variables.The mode must call (executable-set-magic "perl") or(executable-set-magic "make" "-f"). The latter for example has noeffect on [Mm]akefile.** Shell script mode now supports over 15 different shells. The newcommand C-c ! executes the region, and optionally beginning of scriptas well, by passing them to the shell.Cases such as `sh' being a `bash' are now accounted for.Fontification now also does variables, the magic number and allbuiltin commands. Shell script mode no longer mingles `tab-width' andindentation style. The variable `sh-tab-width' has been renamed to`sh-indentation'. Empty lines are now indented like previousnon-empty line, rather than just previous line.The annoying $ variable prompting has been eliminated. Instead, shellscript mode uses `comint-dynamic-completion' for commands, variablesand filenames.** Two-column mode now automatically scrolls both buffers together,which makes it possible to eliminate the special scrolling commandsthat used to do so.The commands that operate in two-column mode are no longer bound tokeys outside that mode. f2 o will now position at the same point inassociated buffer.the new command f2 RET inserts a newline in both buffers, at point andat the corresponding position in the associated buffer.** Skeleton commands now work smoothly as abbrev definitions. Theelement < no longer exists, ' is a new element.** The autoinsert insert facility for prefilling empty files as soonas they are found has been extended to accommodate skeletons or callingfunctions. See the function auto-insert.** TPU-edt ChangesLoading tpu-edt no longer turns on tpu-edt mode. In fact, it is nolonger necessary to explicitly load tpu-edt. All you need to do toturn on tpu-edt is run the tpu-edt function. Here's how to runtpu-edt instead of loading the file: Running Emacs: Type emacs -f tpu-edt not emacs -l tpu-edt Within Emacs: Type M-x tpu-edt <ret> not M-x load-library <ret> tpu-edt <ret> In .emacs: Use (tpu-edt) not (load "tpu-edt")The default name of the tpu-edt X key definition file has changed from~/.tpu-gnu-keys to ~/.tpu-keys. If you don't rename the file yourself,tpu-edt will offer to rename it the first time you invoke it underx-windows.** MS-DOS Enhancements:*** Better mouse control by adding the following functions [in dosfns.c]msdos-mouse-enable, msdos-mouse-disable, msdos-mouse-init.*** If another foreground/background color than the default is setup inyour ~/_emacs, then the screen briefly flickers with the defaultcolors before changing to the colors you have specified. To avoidthis, the EMACSCOLORS environment variable exists. It shall bedefined as a string with the following elements: set EMACSCOLORS=fb;fbThe first set of "fb" defines the initial foreground and backgroundcolors using standard dos color numbers (0=black,.., 7=white).If specified, the second set of "fb" defines the colors which arerestored when you leave emacs.*** The new SUSPEND environment variable can now be set as the shell touse when suspending emacs. This can be used to override the stupidlimitation on the environment of sub-shells in MS-DOS (they are justlarge enough to hold the currently defined variables, not leavingroom for more); to overcome this limitation, add this to autoexec.bat: set SUSPEND=%COMSPEC% /E:2000** The escape character can now be displayed on X frames. Trythis: (aset standard-display-table 27 (vector 27))after first creating a display table (you can do that by loadingthe disp-table library).** The new command-line option --eval specifies an expression to evaluatefrom the command line.** etags has now the ability to tag Perl files. They are recognisedeither by the .pm and .pl suffixes or by a first line which startswith `#!' and specifies a Perl interpreter. The tagged lines arethose beginning with the `sub' keyword.New suffixes recognised are .hpp for C++; .f90 for Fortran; .bib,.ltx, .TeX for TeX (.bbl, .dtx removed); .ml for Lisp; .prolog forprolog (.pl is now Perl).** The files etc/termcap.dat and etc/termcap.ucb have been replacedwith a new, merged, and much more comprehensive termcap file. Thenew file should include all the special entries from the old one.This new file is under active development as part of the ncursesproject. If you have any questions about this file, or problems withan entry in it, email terminfo@ccil.org.* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.30.** New Data Types*** There is a new data type called a char-table which is an arrayindexed by a character. Currently this is mostly equivalent to avector of length 256, but in the future, when a wider character set isin use, it will be different. To create one, call (make-char-table SUBTYPE INITIAL-VALUE)SUBTYPE is a symbol that identifies the specific use of thischaracter table. It can be any of these values: syntax-table display-table keyboard-translate-table case-tableThe function `char-table-subtype' returns the subtype of a char-table.You cannot alter the subtype of an existing char-table.A char-table has an element for each character code. It also has some"extra slots". The number of extra slots depends on the subtype andtheir use depends on the subtype. (Each subtype symbol has a`char-table-extra-slots' property that says how many extra slots tomake.) Use (char-table-extra-slot TABLE N) to access extra slot N and(set-char-table-extra-slot TABLE N VALUE) to store VALUE in slot N.A char-table T can have a parent, which should be another char-tableP. If you look for the value in T for character C, and the table Tactually holds nil, P's element for character C is used instead.The functions `char-table-parent' and `set-char-table-parent'let you read or set the parent of a char-table.To scan all the values in a char-table, do not try to loop through allpossible character codes. That would work for now, but will not workin the future. Instead, call map-char-table. (map-char-tableFUNCTION TABLE) calls FUNCTION once for each character or characterset that has a distinct value in TABLE. FUNCTION gets two arguments,RANGE and VALUE. RANGE specifies a range of TABLE that has oneuniform value, and VALUE is the value in TABLE for that range.Currently, RANGE is always a vector containing a single characterand it refers to that character alone. In the future, other kindsof ranges will occur. You can set the value for a given rangewith (set-char-table-range TABLE RANGE VALUE) and examine the valuefor a range with (char-table-range TABLE RANGE).*** Syntax tables are now represented as char-tables.All syntax tables other than the standard syntax tablenormally have the standard syntax table as their parent.Their subtype is `syntax-table'.*** Display tables are now represented as char-tables.Their subtype is `display-table'.*** Case tables are now represented as char-tables.Their subtype is `case-table'.*** The value of keyboard-translate-table may now be a char-tableinstead of a string. Normally the char-tables used for this purposehave the subtype `keyboard-translate-table', but that is not required.*** A new data type called a bool-vector is a vector of valuesthat are either t or nil. To create one, do (make-bool-vector LENGTH INITIAL-VALUE)** You can now specify, for each marker, how it should relocate whentext is inserted at the place where the marker points. This is calledthe "insertion type" of the marker.To set the insertion type, do (set-marker-insertion-type MARKER TYPE).If TYPE is t, it means the marker advances when text is inserted. IfTYPE is nil, it means the marker does not advance. (In Emacs 19.29,markers did not advance.)The function marker-insertion-type reports the insertion type of agiven marker. The function copy-marker takes a second argument TYPEwhich specifies the insertion type of the new copied marker.** When you create an overlay, you can specify the insertion type ofthe beginning and of the end. To do this, you can use two newarguments to make-overlay: front-advance and rear-advance.** The new function overlays-in returns a list of the overlays thatoverlap a specified range of the buffer. The returned list includesempty overlays at the beginning of this range, as well as within therange.** The new hook window-scroll-functions is run when a window has beenscrolled. The functions in this list are called just beforeredisplay, after the new window-start has been computed. Each functionis called with two arguments--the window that has been scrolled, and itsnew window-start position.This hook is useful for on-the-fly fontification and other featuresthat affect how the redisplayed text will look when it is displayed.The window-end value of the window is not valid when these functionsare called. The computation of window-end is byproduct of actualredisplay of the window contents, which means it has not yet happenedwhen the hook is run. Computing window-end specially in advance forthe sake of these functions would cause a slowdown.The hook functions can determine where the text on the window will endby calling vertical-motion starting with the window-start position.** The new hook redisplay-end-trigger-functions is run wheneverredisplay in window uses text that extends past a specified endtrigger position. You set the end trigger position with the functionset-window-redisplay-end-trigger. The functions are called with twoarguments: the window, and the end trigger position. Storing nil forthe end trigger position turns off the feature, and the trigger valueis automatically reset to nil just after the hook is run.You can use the function window-redisplay-end-trigger to read awindow's current end trigger value.** The new function insert-file-contents-literally inserts thecontents of a file without any character set translation or decoding.** The new function safe-length computes the length of a list.It never gets an error--it treats any non-list like nil.If given a circular list, it returns an upper bound for the numberof elements before the circularity.** replace-match now takes a fifth argument, SUBEXP. If SUBEXP isnon-nil, that says to replace just subexpression number SUBEXP of theregexp that was matched, not the entire match. For example, aftermatching `foo \(ba*r\)' calling replace-match with 1 as SUBEXP meansto replace just the text that matched `\(ba*r\)'.** The new keymap special-event-map defines bindings for certainevents that should be handled at a very low level--as soon as theyare read. The read-event function processes these events itself,and never returns them.Events that are handled in this way do not echo, they are nevergrouped into key sequences, and they never appear in the value oflast-command-event or (this-command-keys). They do not discard anumeric argument, they cannot be unread with unread-command-events,they may not appear in a keyboard macro, and they are not recordedin a keyboard macro while you are defining one.These events do, however, appear in last-input-event immediately afterthey are read, and this is the way for the event's definition to findthe actual event.The events types iconify-frame, make-frame-visible and delete-frameare normally handled in this way.** encode-time now supports simple date arithmetic by means ofout-of-range values for its SEC, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, and MONTHarguments; for example, day 0 means the day preceding the given month.Also, the ZONE argument can now be a TZ-style string.** command-execute and call-interactively now accept an optional thirdargument KEYS. If specified and non-nil, this specifies the keysequence containing the events that were used to invoke the command.** The environment variable NAME, if set, now specifies the value of(user-full-name), when Emacs starts up.* User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.29** If you run out of memory.If you get the error message "Virtual memory exhausted", type C-x s.That way of saving files has the least additional memory needs. Emacs19.29 keeps a reserve of memory which it makes available when thiserror happens; that is to ensure that C-x s can complete its work.Once you have saved your data, you can exit and restart Emacs, or useM-x kill-some-buffers to free up space. If you kill bufferscontaining a substantial amount of text, you can go on editing.Do not use M-x buffer-menu to save or kill buffers when you are out ofmemory, because that needs a fair amount memory itself and you may nothave enough to get it started.** The format of compiled files has changed incompatibly.Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19.29 normally use a new formatthat will not work in older Emacs versions. You can compile filesin the old format if you wish; see "Changes in compilation," below.** Emacs 19.29 supports the DEC Alpha.** Emacs runs on Windows NT.This port does not yet support windowing features. It works like atext-only terminal, but it does support a mouse.In general, support for non-GNU-like operating systems is not a highpriority for the GNU project. We merged in the support for Windows NTbecause that system is expected to be very widely used.** Emacs supports Motif widgets.You can build Emacs with Motif widgets by specifying --with-x-toolkit=motifwhen you run configure.Motif defines collections of windows called "tab groups", and uses thetab key and the cursor keys to move between windows in a tab group.Emacs naturally does not support this--it has other uses for the tabkey and cursor keys. Emacs does not support Motif accelerators either,because it uses its normal keymap event binding features.We give higher priority to operation with a free widget set than tooperation with a proprietary one.** If Emacs or the computer crashes, you can recover all the files youwere editing from their auto save files by typing M-x recover-session.This first shows you a list of recorded interrupted sessions. Movepoint to the one you choose, and type C-c C-c.Then recover-session asks about each of the files that were beingedited during that session, asking whether to recover that file. Ifyou answer y, it calls recover-file, which works in its normalfashion. It shows the dates of the original file and its auto-savefile and asks once again whether to recover that file.When recover-session is done, the files you've chosen to recoverare present in Emacs buffers. You should then save them.Only this--saving them--updates the files themselves.** Menu bar menus now stay up if you click on the menu bar item andrelease the mouse button within a certain amount of time. This is inthe X Toolkit version.** The menu bar menus have been rearranged and split up to make for abetter organization. Two new menu bar menus, Tools and Search,contain items that were formerly in the Files and Edit menus, as wellas some that did not exist in the menu bar menus before.** Emacs can now display on more than one X display at the same time.Use the command make-frame-on-display to create a frame, specifyingwhich display to use.** M-x talk-connect sets up a multi-user talk connectionvia Emacs. Specify the X display of the person you want to talk to.You can talk to any number of people (within reason) by usingthis command repeatedly to specify different people.Emacs does not make a fuss about security; the people who you talk tocan use all Emacs features, including visiting and editing files. Ifthis frightens you, don't use M-x talk-connect.** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines.This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1,or 134,217,727.** When you start Emacs, you can now specify option names inlong GNU form (starting with `--') and you can abbreviate the names.You can now specify the options in any order.The previous requirements about the order of optionshave been eliminated.The -L or --directory option lets you specify an additionaldirectory to search for Lisp libraries (including librariesthat you specify with the -l or --load options).** Incremental search in Transient Mark mode, if the mark is alreadyactive, now leaves the mark active and does not change its position.You can make incremental search deactivate the mark once again withthis expression. (add-hook 'isearch-mode-hook 'deactivate-mark)** C-delete now deletes a word backwards. This is for compatibilitywith some editors in the PC world. (This key is not available onordinary ASCII terminals, because C-delete is not a distinct characteron those terminals.)** ESC ESC ESC is now a command to escape from various temporary modesand states.** M-x pc-bindings-mode sets up bindings compatible with many PC editors.In particular, Delete and its variants delete forward instead of backward.Use Backspace to delete backward.C-Backspace kills backward a word (as C-Delete normally would).M-Backspace does undo.Home and End move to beginning and end of lineC-Home and C-End move to beginning and end of buffer.** The key sequence for evaluating a Lisp expression using the minibufferis now ESC :. It used to be ESC ESC, but we moved it to make way forthe ESC ESC ESC feature, on the grounds that people who evaluate Lispexpressions are experienced users and can cope with a change.If you prefer the old ESC ESC binding, put in your `~/.emacs': (global-set-key "\e\e" 'eval-expression)** The f1 function key is now equivalent to the help key. This isdone with key-translation-map; delete the binding for f1 in that mapif you want to use f1 for something else.** Mouse-3, in the simplest case, still sets the region. But now, itplaces the mark where point was, and sets point where you click.(It used to set the mark where you click and leave point alone.)If you position point with Mouse-1, then scroll with the scroll barand use Mouse-3, Mouse-3 uses the position you specified with Mouse-1even if it has scrolled off the screen (and point is no longer there).This makes it easier to select a region with the mouse which is biggerthan a screenful.Any editing of the buffer, and any cursor motion or scrolling for anyreason other than the scroll bar, cancels the special state set up byMouse-1--so that a subsequent Mouse-3 click will use the actual valueof point.** C-mouse-3 now pops up a mode-specific menu of commands--normallythe same ones available in the mode's own menu bar menus.** C-mouse-2 now pops up a menu of faces, indentation, justification,and certain other text properties. This menu is also availablethrough the menu-bar Edit menu. It is meant for use with Enrichedmode.*** You can use this menu to change the face of the region.You can also set the face of the region with the new M-g command.*** The menu also includes commands for indenting the region,which locally changes the values of left-margin and fill-column thatare used.*** All fill functions now indent every line to the left-margin. Ifthere is also a fill-prefix, that goes after the margin indentation.*** Open-line and newline also make sure that the lines they createare indented to the left margin.*** It also allows you to set the "justification" of the region:whether it should be centered, flush right, and so forth. The fillfunctions (including auto-fill-mode) will maintain the justificationand indentation that you request.*** The new function `list-colors-display' shows you what colors areavailable. This is also accessible from the C-mouse-2 menu.** You can now save and load files including their faces and othertext-properties by using Enriched-mode. Files are saved in anextended version of the MIME text/enriched format. You can use themenus described above, or M-g and other keyboard commands, toalter the formatting information.** C-mouse-1 now pops up the menu for changing the frame's default font.** You can input Hyper, Super, Meta, and Alt characters, as well asnon-ASCII control characters, on an ASCII-only terminal.To do this, use C-x @ h -- hyper C-x @ s -- super C-x @ m -- meta C-x @ a -- alt C-x @ S -- shift C-x @ c -- controlThese are not ordinary key sequences; they operate throughfunction-key-map, which means they can be used even in themiddle of an ordinary key sequence.** Outline minor mode and Hideif mode now use C-c @ as their prefixcharacter.** Echo area messages are now logged in the "*Messages*" buffer. Thesize of this buffer is limited to message-log-max lines.** RET in various special modes for read-only buffers that containlists of items now selects the item point is on. These modes includeDired, Compilation buffers, Buffer-menu, Tar mode, and Occur mode.(In Info, RET follows the reference near point; in completion listbuffers, RET chooses the completion around point.)** set-background-color now updates the modeline face in a specialway. If that face was previously set up to be reverse video, thereverse of the default face, then set-background-color updates it sothat it remains the reverse of the default face.** The functions raise-frame and lower-frame are now commands.When used interactively, they apply to the selected frame.** M-x buffer-menu now displays the buffer list in the selected window.Use M-x buffer-menu-other-window to display it in another window.** M-w followed by a kill command now *does not* append the text inthe kill ring. In consequence, M-w followed by C-w works as you wouldexpect: it leaves the top of the kill ring matching the region thatyou killed.** In Lisp mode, the C-M-x command now executes defvar forms in aspecial way: it unconditionally sets the variable to the specifieddefault value, if there is one. Normal execution of defvar does notalter the variable if it already has a non-void value.** In completion list buffers, the left and right arrow keys run thenew commands previous-completion and next-completion. They move onecompletion at a time.** While doing completion in the minibuffer, the `prior' or `pageup'key switches to the completion list window.** When you exit the minibuffer with empty contents, the empty stringis not put in the minibuffer history.** The default buffer for insert-buffer is now the "first" bufferother than the current one. If you have more than one window, thisis a buffer visible in another window. (Usually it is the bufferthat C-M-v would scroll.)** The etags program is now capable of recording tags based on regularexpressions provided on the command line.This new feature allows easy support for constructs not normallyhandled by etags, such as the macros frequently used in big C/C++projects to define project-specific structures. It also enables theuse of etags and TAGS files for languages not supported by etags.The Emacs manual section on Tags contains explanations and examplesfor Emacs's DEFVAR, VHDL, Cobol, Postscript and TCL.** Various mode-specific commands that used to be bound to C-c LETTERhave been moved.*** In gnus-uu mode, gnus-uu-interactive-scan-directory is now on C-c C-d,and gnus-uu-interactive-save-current-file is on C-c C-z.*** In Scribe mode, scribe-insert-environment is now on C-c C-v,scribe-chapter is on C-c C-c, scribe-subsection is on C-c C-s,scribe-section is on C-c C-t, scribe-bracket-region-be is on C-c C-e,scribe-italicize-word is on C-c C-i, scribe-bold-word is on C-c C-b,and scribe-underline-word is on C-c C-u.*** In Gomoku mode, gomoku-human-takes-back is now on C-c C-b,gomoku-human-plays is on C-c C-p, gomoku-human-resigns is on C-c C-r,and gomoku-emacs-plays is on C-c C-e.*** In the Outline mode defined in allout.el,outline-rebullet-current-heading is now on C-c *.** M-s in Info now searches through the nodes of the Info file,just like s. The alias M-s was added so that you can use the samecommand for searches in both Info and Rmail.** iso-acc.el now lets you enter inverted-! and inverted-?with the sequences ~! and ~?.** M-x compare-windows now pushes mark in both windows beforeit starts moving point.** There are two new commands in Dired, A (dired-do-search)and Q (dired-do-query-replace). These are similar to tags-search andtags-query-replace, but instead of searching the list of files thatappears in a tags table, they search all the files marked in Dired.** Changes to dabbrev.A new function, `dabbrev-completion' (bound to M-C-/), expands theunique part of an abbreviation.Dabbrev now looks for expansions in other buffers, looks for symbolsinstead of words and it works in the minibuffer.Dabbrev can be customized to work for shell scripts, with variablesthat sometimes have and sometimes haven't a leading "$". See thevariable 'dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp'.** In Rmail, the command rmail-input-menu has been eliminated. Thefeature of selecting an Rmail file from a menu is now implemented inanother way.** Bookmarks changes.*** It now works to set bookmarks in Info nodes.*** Bookmarks can have annotations; type "C-h m" after doing"M-x list-bookmarks", for more information on annotations.*** The bookmark-jump popup menu function is now `bookmark-menu-jump', forthose who bind it to a mouse click.*** The default bookmarks file name is now "~/.emacs.bmk". If youalready have a bookmarks file, it will be renamed automagically whenyou next load it.** New package, ps-print.The ps-print package generates PostScript printouts of buffers orregions, and includes face attributes such as color, underlining,boldface and italics in the printed output.** New package, msb.The msb package provides a buffer-menu in the menubar with separatemenus for different types of buffers.** `cpp.el' is a new library that can highlight or hide parts of a Cfile according to C preprocessor conditionals. To try it, run thecommand M-x cpp-highlight-buffer.** Changes in CC mode.*** c-set-offset and related functions and variables can now acceptvariable symbols. Also ++ and -- which mean 2* positive and negativec-basic-offset respectively.*** New variable, c-recognize-knr-p, which controls whether K&R Cconstructs will be recognized. Trying to recognize K&R constructs is atime hog so if you're programming strictly in ANSI C, set thisvariable to nil (it should already be nil in c++-mode).*** New variable, c-hanging-comment-ender-p for controllingc-fill-paragraph's behavior.*** New syntactic symbol: statement-case-open. This is assigned to linescontaining an open brace just after a case/default label.*** New variable, c-progress-interval, which controls minibuffer updatemessage displays during long re-indention. This is a new featurewhich prints percentage complete messages at specified intervals.** Makefile mode changes.*** The electric keys are not enabled by default.*** There is now a mode-specific menu bar menu.*** The mode supports font-lock, add-log, and imenu.*** The command M-TAB does completion of target names and variable names.** icomplete.el now works more like a minor mode. Use M-x icomplete-modeto turn it on and off.Icomplete now supports an `icomplete-minibuffer-setup-hook', which isrun on minibuffer setup whenever icompletion will be occurring. Thishook can be used to customize interoperation of icomplete with otherminibuffer-specific packages, eg rsz-mini. See the doc string formore info.** Ediff change.Use ediff-revision instead of vc-ediff. It also replaces rcs-ediff,for those who use that; if you want to use a version control packageother than vc.el, you must set the variableediff-version-control-package to specify which package.** VC now supports branches with RCS.You can use C-u C-x C-q to select any branch or version by number.It reads the version number or branch number with the minibuffer,then checks out the file unlocked.Type C-x C-q again to lock the selected branch or version.When you check in changes to that branch or version, there are twopossibilities:-- If you've selected a branch, or a version at the tip of a branch,then the new version adds to that branch. If you wish to create anew branch, use C-u C-x C-q to specify a version number when you checkin the new version.-- If you've selected an inner version which is not the latest in itsbranch, then the new version automatically creates a new branch.** VC now supports CVS as well as RCS and SCCS.Since there are no locks in CVS, some things behave slightlydifferent when the backend is CVS. When vc-next-action is invokedin a directory handled by CVS, it does the following: If the file is not already registered, this registers it for versioncontrol. This does a "cvs add", but no "cvs commit". If the file is added but not committed, it is committed. If the file has not been changed, neither in your working area orin the repository, a message is printed and nothing is done. If your working file is changed, but the repository file isunchanged, this pops up a buffer for entry of a log message; when youfinish the log message with C-c C-c, that checks in the resultingchanges along with the log message as change commentary. A writablefile remains in existence. If vc-next-action changes the repository file, it asks youwhether to merge in the changes into your working copy.vc-directory, when started in a CVS file hierarchy, reportsall files that are modified (and thus need to be committed).(When the backend is RCS or SCCS vc-directory reports alllocked files).VC has no support for running the initial "cvs checkout" to get aworking copy of a module. You can only use VC in a working copy ofa module.You can disable the CVS support as follows: (setq vc-master-templates (delq 'vc-find-cvs-master vc-master-templates))or by setting vc-handle-cvs to nil.This may be desirable if you run a non-standard version of CVS, orif CVS was compiled with FORCE_USE_EDITOR or (possibly)RELATIVE_REPOS.** Comint and shell mode changes:*** Completion works with file names containing quoted characters.File names containing special characters (such as " ", "!", etc.) that arequoted with a "\" character are recognised during completion. Specialcharacters are quoted when they are inserted during completion.*** You can use M-x comint-truncate-buffer to truncate the buffer.When this command is run, the buffer is truncated to a maximum numberof lines, specified by the variable comint-buffer-maximum-size. Justlike the command comint-strip-ctrl-m, this can be run automaticallyduring process output by doing this:(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 'comint-truncate-buffer)** Telnet mode buffer name changed.The buffer name for a Telnet buffer is now *telnet-HOST*, not *HOST-telnet*. This is for consistency with other Emacs packages.** M-x man (man) is now faster and more robust. On systems where theentire man page is indented, the indentation is removed.The user option names that used to end in -p now end in -flag. Thenew names are: Man-reuse-okay-flag, Man-downcase-section-letters-flag,Man-circular-pages-flag. The Man-notify user option has been renamed toMan-notify-method and accepts one more value, `pushy', that justswitches the current buffer to the manpage buffer, without switchingframes nor changing your windows configuration.A new user option Man-fontify-manpage-flag disables fontification(thus speeding up man) when set to nil. Default is to fontify if awindow system is used. Two new user options Man-overstrike-face(default 'bold) and Man-underline-face (default 'underline) can be setto the preferred faces to be used for the words that man overstrikesand underlines. Useful for those who like coloured man pages.Two new interactive functions are provided: Man-cleanup-manpage andMan-fontify-manpage. Both can be used on a buffer that contains theoutput of a `rsh host man manpage' command, or the output of an`nroff -man -Tman manpage' command to make them readable.Man-cleanup-manpage is faster, but does not fontify.** The new function modify-face makes it easy to specifyall the attributes of a face, all at once.** Faces now support background stippling.Use the command set-face-stipple to specify the stipple-pattern for aface. Use face-stipple to access the specified stipple pattern. Theexisting face functions now handle the stipple pattern whenappropriate.If you specify one of the standard gray colors as a face backgroundcolor, and your display doesn't handle gray, Emacs automatically usesstipple instead to get the same effect.** Changes in Font Lock mode.*** FontificationTwo new default faces are provided; `font-lock-variable-name-face' and`font-lock-reference-face'. The face `font-lock-doc-string-face' hasbeen removed since it is the same as the existing`font-lock-string-face'. Where appropriate, fontificationautomatically uses these new faces.Fontification via commands `font-lock-mode' and`font-lock-fontify-buffer' is now cleanly interruptible (i.e., withC-g). If you interrupt during the fontification process, the bufferremains in its previous modified state and all highlighting is removedfrom the buffer.For C/C++ modes, Font Lock mode is much faster but highlights muchmore. Other modes are faster/more extensive/more discriminatory, or acombination of these.To enable Font Lock mode, add the new function `turn-on-font-lock' inone of the following ways: (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)Or for any visited file with: (add-hook 'find-file-hooks 'turn-on-font-lock)*** Supports color and grayscale displaysFont Lock mode supports different ways of highlighting, depending onthe type of display and background shade. Attributes (face color,bold, italic and underline, and display type and background mode) canbe controlled either from Emacs Lisp or X resources.See the new variables `font-lock-display-type' and`font-lock-face-attributes'.*** Supports more modesThe following modes are directly supported:ada-mode, asm-mode, bibtex-mode, c++-c-mode, c++-mode, c-mode,change-log-mode, compilation-mode, dired-mode, emacs-lisp-mode,fortran-mode, latex-mode, lisp-mode, mail-mode, makefile-mode,outline-mode, pascal-mode, perl-mode, plain-tex-mode, rmail-mode,rmail-summary-mode, scheme-mode, shell-mode, slitex-mode, tex-mode,texinfo-mode.See the new variables `font-lock-defaults-alist' and`font-lock-defaults'.Some modes support different levels of fontification. You can chooseto use the minimum or maximum available decoration by changing thevalue of the new variable `font-lock-maximum-decoration'.Programmers are urged to make available to the community their ownkeywords for modes not yet supported. See font-lock.el forinformation about efficiency.*** fast-lockThe fast-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by saving font choicesin associated cache files. When you visit a file with Font Lock modeand Fast Lock mode turned on for the first time, the file's buffer isfontified as normal. When certain events occur (such as exitingEmacs), Fast Lock saves the highlighting in a cache file. When yousubsequently visit this file, its cache is used to restore thehighlighting.To use this package, put in your `~/.emacs': (add-hook 'font-lock-mode-hook 'turn-on-fast-lock)To control the use of caches, see the documentation for `fast-lock-mode'.** You can tell pop-to-buffer to display certain buffers in the selectedwindow rather than finding some other window to display them in.There are two variables you can use to specify these buffers.same-window-buffer-names holds a list of buffer names; if a buffer'sname appears in this list, pop-to-buffer puts it in the selected window.same-window-regexps holds a list of regexps--if any one of themmatches a buffer's name, then pop-to-buffer puts that buffer in theselected window.The default values of these variables are not nil: they list variousbuffers that normally appear, when you as for them, in the selectedwindow. These include shell buffers, mail buffers, telnet buffers,and others. By removing elements from these variables, you can askEmacs to display those buffers in separate windows.** The special-display-buffer-names and special-display-regexps listshave been generalized. An element may now be a list. The car of the listis the buffer name or regular expression for matching buffer names.The cdr of the list can be an alist specifying additional frameparameters for use in constructing the special display frame.Alternatively, the cdr can have this form: (FUNCTION ARGS...)where FUNCTION is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by callingFUNCTION; its first argument is the buffer, and its remainingarguments are ARGS.** If the environment variable REPLYTO is set, its value is the defaultfor mail-default-reply-to.** When you send a message in Emacs, if you specify an Rmail file withthe FCC: header field, Emacs converts the message to Rmail formatbefore writing it. Thus, the file never contains anything but Rmailformat messages.** The new variable mail-from-style controls whether the From: headershould include the sender's full name, and if so, which format to use.** The new variable mail-personal-alias-file specifies the name of theuser's personal aliases. This defaults to the file ~/.mailrc.mailabbrev.el used to have its own variable for this purpose(mail-abbrev-mailrc-file). That variable is no longer used.** In Buffer-Menu mode, the d and C-d commands (which mark buffers fordeletion) now accept a prefix argument which serves as a repeat count.** Changes in BibTeX mode.*** Reference keys can now be entered with TAB completion. Allreference keys defined in that buffer and all labels that appear incrossreference entries are object to completion.*** Braces are supported as field delimiters in addition to quotes.BibTeX entries may have brace-delimited and quote-delimited fieldsintermixed. The delimiters generated for new entries are specified bythe variables bibtex-field-left-delimiter andbibtex-field-right-delimiter on a buffer-local basis. Those variablesdefault to braces, since it is easier to put quote accented characters(as the german umlauts) into a brace-delimited entry.*** The function bibtex-clean-entry can now be invoked with a prefixargument. In this case, a label is automatically generated fromvarious fields in the record. If bibtex-clean-entry is invoked on arecord without label, a label is also generated automatically.Various variables (all beginning with `bibtex-autokey-') control thecreation of that key. The variable bibtex-autokey-edit-before-usedetermines, if the user is allowed to edit auto-generated referencekeys before they are used.*** A New function bibtex-complete-string completes strings withrespect to the strings defined in this buffer and a set of predefinedstrings (initialized to the string macros defined in the standardBibTeX style files) in the same way in which ispell-complete-wordworks with respect to words in a dictionary. Candidates forbibtex-complete-string are initialized from variablebibtex-predefined-strings and by parsing the files found inbibtex-string-files for @String definitions.*** Every reference/field pair has now attached a comment whichappears in the echo area when this field is edited. These commentsshould provide useful hints for BibTeX usage, especially for BibTeXbeginners. New variable bibtex-help-message determines if these helpmessages are to appear in the minibuffer when moving to a text entry.*** Inscriptions of menu bar changed from "Entry Types" to"Entry-Types" and "Bibtex Edit" to "BibTeX-Edit".*** The variable bibtex-include-OPTcrossref is now not longer a binaryswitch but a list of reference names which should contain a crossreffield. E.g., you can tell bibtex-mode you want a crossref field for@InProceedings and @InBook entries but for no other.*** The function validate-bibtex-buffer was completely rewritten tovalidate if a buffer is syntactically correct. find-bibtex-duplicatesis no longer a function itself but was moved intovalidate-bibtex-buffer.*** Cleaning a BibTeX entry tests, if necessary fields are there.E.g., if you tell bibtex-mode to include a crossref entry, some fieldsare optional which would be required without the crossref entry. Ifyou now leave the crossref entry empty and do a bibtex-clean-entrywith some now required fields left empty, version 2.0 of bibtex.elcomplains about the absence of these fields, whereas version 1.3didn't.*** Default value for variables bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries andbibtex-sort-ignore-string-entries is now t.*** All interactive functions are renamed to begin with `bibtex-'.*** Keybindings with \C-c\C-e entry changed for unification. Oftenused reference types are now on control-modified keys, mediocre usedtypes are on unmodified keys, seldom used types are on shift-modifiedkeys and almost never used types on meta-modified keys.* Configuration Changes in Emacs 19.29** Emacs now uses directory /usr/local/share for most of its installedfiles. This follows a GNU convention for directory usage.** The option --with-x11 is no longer supported.X11 is the only version of X that Emacs 19.29 supports;use --with-x if you need to request X support explicitly.(Normally this should not be necessary, since configure shouldautomatically enable X support if X is installed on your machine.)** If you use the site-init.el file to set the variablemail-host-address to a string in the dumped Emacs, that string becomesthe default host address for initializing user-mail-address.It is used instead of the value of (system-name).* Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.29** Basic Lisp*** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines.This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1,or 134,217,727.*** You can now use Common Lisp syntax for the backquote and commamacros. Thus, you can now write `(x ,y z) instead of (` (x (, y) z)).The old syntax is still accepted.*** The new function rassoc is like assoc, except that it compares thekey against the cdr of each alist element, where assoc would compareit against the car of each alist element.*** The new function unintern deletes a symbol from an obarray. Thefirst argument can be the symbol to delete, or a string giving itsname. The second argument specifies the obarray (nil means thecurrent default obarray).If the specified symbol is not in the obarray, or if there's no symbolin the obarray matching the specified string, unintern does nothingand returns nil. If it does delete a symbol, it returns t.*** You can specify an alternative read function for use by load andeval-region by binding the variable load-read-function to some otherfunction. This function should accept one argument just like read.If load-read-function is nil, load and eval-region use ordinary read.*** The new function `type-of' takes any object as argument, andreturns a symbol identifying the type of that object--one of `symbol',`integer', `float', `string', `cons', `vector', `marker', `overlay',`window', `buffer', `subr', `compiled-function',`window-configuration', `process'.*** When you use eval-after-load for a file that is already loaded, itexecutes the FORM right away. As before, if the file is not yetloaded, it arranges to execute FORM if and when the file is loadedlater. The result is: if you have called eval-after-load for a file,and if that file has been loaded, then regardless of the order ofthese two events, the specified form has been evaluated.*** The Lisp construct #@NUMBER now skips the next NUMBER characters,treating them as a comment.You would not want to use this in a file you edit by hand, but it isuseful for commenting out parts of machine-generated files.*** Two new functions, `plist-get' and `plist-put',allow you to modify and retrieve values from lists formatted as property-lists.They work like `get' and `put', but operate on any list.`plist-put' returns the modified property-list; you must store itback where you got it.*** The new function add-to-list is called with two elements,a variable that holds a list and a new element.It adds the element to the list unless it is already present.It compares elements using `equal'. Here is an example:(setq foo '(a b)) => (a b)(add-to-list 'foo 'c) => (c a b)(add-to-list 'foo 'b) => (c a b)foo => (c a b)** Changes in compilation.Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled filenow refer to the file for their doc strings.This has a few consequences:-- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory.-- Reference to doc strings is a little slower (the same speed as reference to the doc strings of primitive and preloaded functions).-- The compiled files will not work in old versions of Emacs.-- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer find these doc strings.-- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version), then further access to documentation strings will get nonsense results.The byte compiler now optionally supports lazy loading of compiledfunctions' definitions. If you enable this feature when you compile,loading the compiled file does not actually bring the functiondefinitions into core. Instead it creates references to the compiledfile, and brings each function's definition into core the first timeyou call that function, or when you force it with the new function`fetch-bytecode'.Using the lazy loading feature has a few consequences:-- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory.-- Calling any function in the file for the first time is slower.-- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer find the function definitions.-- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version), then further access to functions not already loaded will get nonsense results.To enable the lazy loading feature, set up a non-nil file localvariable binding for the variable `byte-compile-dynamic' in the Lispsource file. For example, put this on the first line: -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*-It's a good idea to use the lazy loading feature for a file thatcontains many functions, most of which are not actually used by agiven user in a given session.To turn off the basic feature of referring to the file for docstrings, set byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings to nil. You can do thisglobally, or for one source file by adding this to the first line: -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*-** Strings*** Do not pass integer arguments to `concat' (or `vconcat' or`append'). We are phasing out the old unrecommended support forintegers as arguments to these functions, in preparation for treatingnumbers as single characters in a future release. To concatenatenumbers in string form, use `number-to-string' first, or rewrite thecall to use `format' instead of `concat'.*** The new function match-string returns the string of text matched atthe given parenthesized expression by the last regexp search, or nilif there was no match. If the last match was by `string-match' on astring, the string must be given. Therefore, this function can beused in place of `buffer-substring' and `substring', when using`match-beginning' and `match-end' to find match positions. (match-string N) or (match-string N STRING)*** The function replace-match now accepts an optional fourth argument,STRING. Use this after performing string-match on STRING, to replacethe portion of STRING that was matched. When used in this way,replace-match returns a newly created string which is the same asSTRING except for the matched portion.*** The new function buffer-substring-no-propertiesis like buffer-substring except that the string it returnshas no text properties.*** The function `equal' now considers two strings to be differentif they don't have the same text properties.** Completion*** all-completions now takes an optional fourth argument.If that argument is non-nil, completions that start with a spaceare ignored unless the initial string also starts with a space.(This used to happen unconditionally.)** Local Variables*** Local hook variables.There is now a clean way to give a hook variable a buffer-local value.Call the function `make-local-hook' to do this.Once a hook variable is buffer-local, you can add hooks to it eitherglobally or locally. run-hooks runs the local hook functionsof the current buffer, then all the global hook functions.The functions add-hook and remove-hook take an additional optionalargument LOCAL which says whether to add (or remove) a local hookfunction or a global one.Local hooks use t as an element of the (local) value of the hookvariable as a flag meaning to use the global value also.*** The new function local-variable-p tells you whether a particularvariable is buffer-local in the current buffer or a specified buffer.** Editing Facilities*** The function copy-region-as-kill no longer sets this-command;as a result, a following kill command will not normally appendto the text saved by copy-region-as-kill.*** Regular expression searching and matching no longer performs fullPosix backtracking by default. They now stop with the first match foundinstead of looking for the longest match--just as they did in Emacs 18.The reason for this change is to get higher speed.There are new functions you can use if you really want to search ormatch with Posix behavior: posix-search-forward,posix-search-backward, posix-looking-at, and posix-string-match. Callthese just like re-search-forward, re-search-backward, looking-at, andstring-match.** Files*** The new variable `format-alist' defines file formats,which are ways of translating between the data in a file and things(text, text-properties, and possibly other information) in a buffer.`format-alist' has one element for each format. Each element is alist like this: (NAME DOC-STRING REGEXP FROM-FN TO-FN MODIFY MODE-FN)containing the name of the format, a documentation string, a regularexpression which is used to recognize files in that format, a decodingfunction, an encoding function, a flag that indicates whether theencoding function modifies the buffer, and a mode function.FROM-FN is called to decode files in that format; it gets two args, BEGIN and END, and can make any modifications it likes, returning the new end position. It must make sure that the beginning of the file no longer matches REGEXP, or else it will get called again.TO-FN is called to encode a region into that format; it is also passed BEGIN and END, and either returns a list of annotations as in `write-region-annotate-functions', or modifies the region and returns the new end position.MODIFY, if non-nil, means the TO-FN modifies the region. If nil, TO-FN may not make any changes and should return a list of annotations.`insert-file-contents' checks the beginning of the file that it isinserting to see if it matches one of the regexps. If so, then itcalls the decoding function, and then looks for another match. Whenvisiting a file, it also calls the mode function, and sets thevariable `buffer-file-format' to the list of formats that the fileused.`write-region' calls the encoding functions for each format in`buffer-file-format' before it writes the file. To save a file in adifferent format, either set `buffer-file-format' to a differentvalue, or call the new function `format-write-file'.Since some encoding functions may be slow, you can request thatauto-save use a format different from the buffer's default by settingthe variable `auto-save-file-format' to the desired format. This willdetermine the format of all auto-save files.*** The new function file-ownership-preserved-p tells you whetherdeleting a file and recreating it would keep the file's ownerunchanged.*** The new function file-regular-p returns t if a fileis a "regular" file (not a directory, symlink, named pipe,terminal, or other I/O device).*** The new function file-name-sans-extension discards the extensionof a file name. You call it with a file name, and returns a stringlacking the extension.*** The variable path-separator is a string which says whichcharacter separates directories in a search path. It is ":"for Unix and GNU systems, ";" for MSDOG and Windows NT.** Commands and Key Sequences*** Key sequences consisting of C-c followed by {, }, <, >, : or ; arenow reserved for major modes. Sequences consisting of C-c followed byany other punctuation character are now meant for minor modes. We don'tplan to convert all existing major modes to stop using those sequences,but we hope to keep them to a minimum.*** When the post-command-hook or the pre-command-hook gets an error, the erroris silently ignored. Emacs no longer sets the hook variable to nil when thishappens. Meanwhile, the hook functions can now alter the hook variable ina normal fashion; there is no need to do anything special.*** define-key, lookup-key, and various other functions for changing orlooking up key bindings now let you write an event type with a listlike (ctrl meta newline) or (meta ?d), as in XEmacs. (ctrl meta newline)is equivalent to the event type symbol C-M-newline, and (meta ?d)is equivalent to the character ?\M-d.*** The function event-convert-list converts a list such as(meta ?d) into the corresponding event type (a symbol or integer).*** In an interactive spec, `k' means to read a key sequence. In thiskey sequence, upper case characters and shifted function keys whichhave no bindings are converted to lower case if that makes themdefined.The new interactive code `K' reads a key sequence similarly, but doesnot convert the last event. `K' is useful for reading a key sequenceto be given a binding.*** The variable overriding-local-map now has no effect on the menu bardisplay unless overriding-local-map-menu-flag is non-nil. This is whyincremental search no longer temporarily changes the menu bars.Note that overriding-local-map does still affect the execution of keysequences entered using the menu bar. So if you useoverriding-local-map, and a menu bar key sequence comes in, you shouldmake sure to clear overriding-local-map before that key sequence getslooked up and executed. But this is what you'd normally do anyway:programs that use overriding-local-map normally exit and "put back"any event such as menu-bar that they do not handle specially.*** The new variable `overriding-terminal-local-map' is likeoverriding-local-map, but is specific to a single terminal.*** delete-frame events.When you use the X window manager's "delete window" command, this nowgenerates a delete-frame event. The standard definition of this eventis a command that deletes the frame that received the event, and killsEmacs when the last visible or iconified frame is deleted. You canrebind the event to some other command if you wish.*** Two new types of events, iconify-frame and make-frame-visible,indicate that the user iconified or deiconified a frame with thewindow manager. Since the window manager has already done the work,the default definition for both event types in Emacs is to do nothing.** Frames and X*** Certain Lisp variables are now local to an X terminal (in otherwords, all the screens of a single X server). The value in effect, atany given time, is the one that belongs to the terminal of theselected frame. The terminal-local variables aredefault-minibuffer-frame, system-key-alist, defining-kbd-macro, andlast-kbd-macro. There is no way for Lisp programs to create others.The terminal-local variables cannot be buffer-local.*** When you create an X frame, for the `top' and `left' frameparameters, you can now use values of the form (+ N) or (- N), where Nis an integer. (+ N) means N pixels to the right of the left edge ofthe screen and (- N) means N pixels to the left of the right edge. Inboth cases, N may be zero (exactly at the edge) or negative (puttingthe window partly off the screen).The function x-parse-geometry can return values of these formsfor certain inputs.*** The variable menu-bar-file-menu has been renamed tomenu-bar-files-menu to match the actual item that appears in the menu.(All the other such variable names do match.)*** The new function active-minibuffer-window returns the minibuffer windowcurrently active, or nil if none is now active.*** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame,previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-windowand delete-windows-on, if you specify 0 for the last argument,it means to consider all visible and iconified frames.*** When you set a frame's cursor type with modify-frame-parameters,you can now specify (bar . INTEGER) as the cursor type. This standsfor a bar cursor of width INTEGER.*** The new function facep returns t if its argument is a face name(or if it is a vector such as is used internally by the Lisp codeto represent a face).*** Each frame can now have a buffer-predicate function,which is the `buffer-predicate' frame parameter.When `other-buffer' looks for an alternative buffer, it considersonly the buffers that fit the selected frame's buffer predicate (if ithas one). This is useful for applications that make their own frames.*** When you create an X frame, you can now specify the frame parameter`display'. This says which display to put the frame on. The valueshould be a display name--a string of the form"HOST:DPYNUMBER.SCREENNUMBER".The functions x-server-... and x-display-... now take an optionalargument which specifies the display to ask about. You can use eithera display name string or a frame. A value of nil stands for theselected frame.To close the connection to an X display, use the functionx-close-connection. Specify which display with a display name. Youcannot close the connection if Emacs still has frames open on thatdisplay.x-display-list returns a list indicating which displays Emacs hasconnections to. Its elements are display names (strings).*** The icon-type frame parameter may now be a file name.Then the contents of that file specify the icon bitmap to usefor that frame.*** The title of an Emacs frame, displayed by most window managers, isset from frame-title-format or icon-title-format. These have the samestructure as mode-line-format.*** x-display-grayscale-p is a new function that returns non-nil ifyour X server can display shades of gray. Currently it returnsnon-nil for color displays (because they can display shades of gray);we may change it in the next version to return nil for color displays.*** The frame parameter scroll-bar-width specifies the width of thescrollbar in pixels.** Buffers*** Creating a buffer with get-buffer-create does not obeydefault-major-mode. That variable is now handled in a separatefunction, set-buffer-major-mode. get-buffer-create and generate-new-bufferalways leave the newly created buffer in Fundamental mode.Creating a new buffer by visiting a file or with switch-to-buffer,pop-to-buffer, and similar functions does call set-buffer-major-modeto select the default major mode specified with default-major-mode.*** You can now create an "indirect buffer". An indirect buffer sharesits text, including text properties, with another buffer (the "basebuffer"), but has its own major mode, local variables, overlays, andnarrowing. An indirect buffer has a name of its own, distinct fromthose of the base buffer and all other buffers. An indirect buffercannot itself be visiting a file (though its base buffer can be).The base buffer cannot itself be indirect.Use (make-indirect-buffer BASE-BUFFER NAME) to make an indirect buffernamed NAME whose base is BASE-BUFFER. If BASE-BUFFER is an indirectbuffer, its base buffer is used as the base for the new buffer.You can make an indirect buffer current, or switch to it in a window,just as you would a non-indirect buffer.The function buffer-base-buffer, given an indirect buffer, returns itsbase buffer. It returns nil when given an ordinary buffer (notindirect).The library `noutline' has versions of Outline mode and Outline minormode which let you display different parts of the outline in differentindirect buffers.** Subprocesses*** The functions call-process and call-process-region now allowyou to direct error message output from the subprocess into aseparate destination, instead of mixing it with ordinary output.To do this, specify for the third argument, BUFFER, a list of the form (BUFFER-OR-NAME ERROR-DESTINATION)BUFFER-OR-NAME specifies where to put ordinary output; it shouldbe a buffer or buffer name, or t, nil or 0. This is what wouldhave been the BUFFER argument, ordinarily.ERROR-DESTINATION specifies where to put the error output.nil means discard it, t means mix it with the ordinary output,and a string specifies a file name to write this output into.You can't specify a buffer to put the error output in; that is noteasy to implement directly. You can put the error output into abuffer by sending it to a temporary file and then inserting the fileinto a buffer.*** Comint mode changes:**** The variable comint-completion-addsuffix can also be a cons pairof the form (DIRSUFFIX . FILESUFFIX), where DIRSUFFIX and FILESUFFIX arestrings added on unambiguous or exact completion of directories and filenames, respectively.** Text properties*** You can now specify which values of the `invisible' propertymake text invisible in a given buffer. The variable`buffer-invisibility-spec', which is always local in all buffers,controls this.If its value is t, then any non-nil `invisible' property makesa character invisible.If its value is a list, then a character is invisible if its`invisible' property value appears as a member of the list, or if itappears as the car of a member of the list.When the `invisible' property value appears as the car of a member ofthe `buffer-invisibility-spec' list, then the cdr of that member hasan effect. If it is non-nil, then an ellipsis appears in place of thecharacter. (This happens only for the *last* invisible character in aseries of consecutive invisible characters, and only at the end of aline.)If a character's `invisible' property is a list, then Emacs checks eachelement of the list against `buffer-invisibility-spec'. If any elementmatches, the character is invisible.*** The command `list-text-properties-at' shows what text propertiesare in effect at point.*** Frame objects now exist in Emacs even on systems that don't supportX Windows. You can create multiple frames, and switch between themusing select-frame. The selected frame is actually displayed on yourterminal; other frames are not displayed at all. The selected framenumber appears in the mode line after `Emacs', except for frame 1.Switching frames on ASCII terminals is therefore more or lessequivalent to switching between different window configurations.*** The new variable window-size-change-functions holds a list offunctions to be called if window sizes change (or if windows arecreated or deleted). The functions are called once for each frame onwhich changes have occurred, with the frame as the sole argument.This takes place shortly before redisplay.*** The modification hook functions of overlays now work differently.They are called both before and after each change. This makes itpossible for the functions to determine exactly what the change was.This change affects three overlay properties: the modification-hooksproperty, a list of functions called for deletions overlapping theoverlay's range and for insertions inside it; theinsert-in-front-hooks, a list of functions called for insertions atthe beginning of the overlay; and the insert-behind-hooks, a list offunctions called for insertions at the end of the overlay.Each function is called both before and after each change that itapplies to. Before the change, it is called with four arguments: (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY nil START END)START and END are the same arguments that the before-change-functionsreceive.After the change, each function is called with five arguments: (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY t START END OLDSIZE)The last arguments, START and END and OLDSIZE,are the same arguments that the after-change-functions receive.This means the function must accept either four or five arguments.*** You can set defaults for text-properties with the new variable`default-text-properties'. Its value is a property list; the valuesspecified there are used whenever a character (or its category) doesnot specify a value.*** The `face' property of a character or an overlay can now be a listof face names. Formerly it had to be just one face name.*** Changes in handling the `intangible' text property.**** If inhibit-point-motion-hooks is non-nil, then `intangible' propertiesare ignored.**** Moving to just before a stretch of intangible textis no longer special in any way. Point stays at that place.**** When you move point backwards into the midst of intangible text,point moves back to the beginning of that text. (It used to moveforward to the end of that text, which was not very useful.)**** When moving across intangible text, Emacs stops wherever theproperty value changes. So if you have two stretches of intangibletext, with different non-nil intangible properties, it is possible toplace point between them.** Overlays*** Overlay changes.**** The new function previous-overlay-change returns the position ofthe previous overlay start or end, before a specified position. Thisis the backwards-moving counterpart of next-overlay-change.**** overlay-get now supports category properties on an overlaythe same way get-text-property supports them as text properties.Specifically, if an overlay does not have the property PROP that youask for, but it does have a `category' property which is a symbol,then that symbol's PROP property is used.**** If an overlay has a non-nil `evaporate' property, it will bedeleted if it ever becomes empty (i.e., when it spans no characters).**** If an overlay has a `before-string' and/or `after-string' property,these strings are displayed at the overlay's endpoints.** Filling*** The new variable fill-paragraph-function provides a way for majormodes to override the filling of paragraphs. If this is non-nil,fill-paragraph calls it as a function, passing along its soleargument. If the function returns non-nil, fill-paragraph assumes ithas done the job and simply passes on whatever value it returned.The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programminglanguage modes.*** Text filling and justification changes:**** The new variable use-hard-newlines can be used to make adistinction between "hard" and "soft" newlines; the fill functionswill then never remove a newline that was manually inserted. Hardnewlines are marked with a non-nil `hard' text-property.**** The fill-column and left-margin can now be modified by text-properties.Most lisp programs should use the new functions (current-fill-column) and(current-left-margin), which return the proper values to use for thecurrent line.**** There are new functions for dealing with margins:***** Set-left-margin and set-right-margin (set the value for a regionand re-fill). These functions take three arguments: two to specifya region, and the desired margin value.***** Increase-left-margin, decrease-left-margin, increase-right-margin, anddecrease-right-margin (change settings relative to current values, andre-fill).***** move-to-left-margin moves point there, optionally addingindentation or changing tabs to spaces in order to make that possible.beginning-of-line-text also moves past the fill-prefix and anyindentation added to center or right-justify a line, to the beginningof the text that the user actually typed.***** delete-to-left-margin removes any left-margin indentation, butdoes not change the property.**** The paragraph-movement functions look for the paragraph-start andparagraph-separate regexps at the current left margin, not at thebeginning of the line. This means that those regexps should NOT use ^to anchor the search. However, for backwards compatibility, a ^ atthe beginning of the regexp will be ignored, so most packages won't break.**** justify-current-line is now capable of doing left, center, orright justification as well as full justification.**** The fill functions can do any kind of justification based on the new`justification' text-property and `default-justification' variable,or arguments to the functions. They also have a new option whichdefeats the normal removal of extra whitespace.**** The new function `current-justification' returns the kind ofjustification used for the current line. The new function`set-justification' can be used to change it, including re-justifyingthe text of the region according to the new value.**** Filling and auto-fill are disabled if justification is `none'.**** The auto-fill-function is now called regardless of whetherthe fill-column has been exceeded; the function can determine on itsown whether filling (or justification) is necessary.** Processes*** process-tty-name is a new function that returns the name of theterminal that the process itself reads and writes on (not the name ofthe pty that Emacs uses to talk with that terminal).*** Errors in process filters and sentinels are now normally caughtautomatically, so that they don't abort other Lisp programs.Setting debug-on-error non-nil turns off this feature; then errors infilters and sentinels are not caught. As a result, they can invokethe debugger, under the control of debug-on-error.*** Emacs now preserves the match data around the execution of processfilters and sentinels. You can use search and match functions freelyin filters and sentinels without explicitly bothering to save thematch data.** Display*** The variable message-log-max controls how messages are logged in the"*Messages*" buffer. An integer value means to keep that many lines;t means to log with no limit; nil means disable message logging. Lispcode that calls `message' excessively (e.g. isearch.el) should probablybind this variable to nil.*** Display tables now have a new element, at index 261, specifying theglyph to use for the separator between two side-by-side windows. Bydefault, this is the vertical bar character `|'. Probably the onlyother useful character to store for this element is a space, to makeless visual separation between two side-by-side windows displayingrelated information.*** The new mode-line-format spec %c displays the current column number.*** The new variable blink-matching-delay specifies how long to keepthe cursor at the matching open-paren, after you insert a close-paren.This is useful mainly on systems which can wait for a fraction of asecond--you can then specify fractional values such as 0.5.*** Faster processing of buffers with long linesThe new variable cache-long-line-scans determines whether Emacsshould use caches to handle long lines more quickly. This variable isbuffer-local, in all buffers.Normally, the line-motion functions work by scanning the buffer fornewlines. Columnar operations (like `move-to-column' and`compute-motion') also work by scanning the buffer, summing characterwidths as they go. This works well for ordinary text, but if thebuffer's lines are very long (say, more than 500 characters), thesemotion functions will take longer to execute. Emacs may also takelonger to update the display.If cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, these motion functions cachethe results of their scans, and consult the cache to avoid rescanningregions of the buffer until the text is modified. The caches are mostbeneficial when they prevent the most searching---that is, when thebuffer contains long lines and large regions of characters with thesame, fixed screen width.When cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, processing short lines willbecome slightly slower (because of the overhead of consulting thecache), and the caches will use memory roughly proportional to thenumber of newlines and characters whose screen width varies.The caches require no explicit maintenance; their accuracy ismaintained internally by the Emacs primitives. Enabling or disablingthe cache should not affect the behavior of any of the motion functions;it should only affect their performance.** System Interface*** The function user-login-name now accepts an optionalargument uid. If the argument is non-nil, user-login-namereturns the login name for that user id.*** system-name, user-name, user-full-name and user-real-name are nowvariables as well as functions. The variables hold the same valuesthat the functions would return. The new variable multiple-framesis non-nil if at least two non-minibuffer frames are visible. Thesevariables may be useful in constructing the value of frame-title-formator icon-title-format.*** Changes in time-conversion functions.**** The new function format-time-string takes a format string and atime value. It converts the time to a string, according to the formatspecified. You can specify what kind of conversion to use with%-specifications.**** The new function decode-time converts a time value into a list ofspecific items of information: the year, month, day of week, day ofmonth, hour, minute and second. (A time value is a list of two orthree integers.)**** The new function encode-time converts specific items of timeinformation--the second, minute, hour, day, month, year, and timezone--into a time value.* Changes in Emacs 19.27There are no changes; however, here is one bug fix made in 19.26 that usersthink should be documented here.** SPC and DEL in Info now handle menus consistently.SPC and DEL scroll through an entire subtree an Info manual. Once youscroll through a node far enough to reach a menu, SPC begins movinginto the subnodes of the menu, starting with the first one. When youreach the end of a subnode, SPC moves into the next subnode, and soon.DEL more or less scrolls through the same text in reverse order.* User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.26** In the X toolkit version, if you click on a menu bar item andrelease the button quickly outside the menu, the menu remains visibleuntil you click or type something else. If you click on the menu, youselect from the menu. Any other mouse click makes the menu disappear.Keyboard input gets rid of the menu and then is processed normally."Quickly" means within double-click-time milliseconds.** The C-x 5 commands to select a buffer in "another frame" now use anexisting iconified frame, if any, deiconifying it. They also raisethe frame.** Region highlighting on a black-and-white-only display now usesunderlining. Inverse-video had the problem that you couldn't seethe cursor.** You can now change the height of a window by pressing mouse-1 onthe mode line and dragging it up and down.** If you set the environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1 oriso-8859-1, Emacs automatically sets up for display and syntactichandling of the ISO Latin-1 character set.This does not automatically load any of the packages for input ofthese characters, because it's not yet clear what is right to do.You must still explicitly load either iso-transl or iso-acc.** For a read-only buffer that is also modified, the mode line now displays%* instead of %%.** M-prior (scroll-other-window-down) is a new command that works likeM-next (and C-M-v) but scrolls in the opposite direction.M-home moves to the beginning of the buffer, in the other window.M-end moves to the end of the buffer, in the other window. These twocommands, along with M-next and M-prior, form a series of commands formoving around in the other window.** In change logs, the mail address is now delimited with <...> insteadof (...).This makes it a little more convenient to extract the mail address foruse in mailing a message.** In Shell mode and other comint modes, C-a has now returned toits ordinary meaning: move to the beginning of the line.Use C-c C-a to move to the end of the prompt.** If you set mail-signature to t to cause automatic insertion ofyour .signature file, you now get a -- before the signature.** Setting rmail-highlighted-headers to nil entirely turns offhighlighting in Rmail. However, if your motivation for doing this isthat the highlighted text doesn't look good on your display, it mightbe better to change the appearance of the `highlight' face. Onceyou've done that, you may find Rmail highlighting is useful.** In the calendar, mouse-2 is now used only for commands that apply to a date.If you click it when not on a date, it gives an immediate error.Mouse-3 in the calendar now gives a menu of commands that do not applyto a particular date.The D command displays diary entries from a specified diary file (notyour standard diary file).** In the gnus-uu package, the binding for gnus-uu-threaded-decode-and-viewis now C-c C-v C-d, not C-c C-v C-h. Thus, C-c C-v C-h is now availablefor asking for a list of the subcommands of C-c C-v.** You can now specify "who you are" for various Emacs packages bysetting just one variable, user-mail-address. This currently appliesto posting news with GNUS and to making change log entries. It mayapply to additional Emacs features in the future.* Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.26:** The function insert-char now takes an optional third argumentwhich, if non-nil, says the inserted characters should inherit stickytext properties from the surrounding text.** The `diary' library has been renamed to `diary-lib'. If you referto this library in your Lisp code, you must update the references.** Sending text to a subprocess can read input from subprocesses if ithas to wait because the destination subprocess's terminal input bufferis full.It was already possible in unusual occasions for this operation toread subprocess input, but it did not happen very often. It is nowmore likely to happen.** last-nonmenu-event is now bound to t around filter functions and sentinels.This is to ensure that y-or-n-p and yes-or-no-p use the keyboard by default.** In mode lines, %+ now displays as % for unmodified read-onlybuffers. It is now the same as %* except in the case of a modifiedread-only buffer; in that case, %+ displays as *.The old meaning of %+ is now available on %&.It displays * for a modified buffer and - for an unmodified buffer,regardless of read-only status.** You can now use `underline' in the color list of a face.It serves as a last resort, and says to underline the face(if previous color list elements can't be used).** The new function x-color-values returns the list of color valuesfor a given color name (a string). The list contains three integerswhich give the amounts of red, green and blue in the color: (R G B).** In run-at-time, 0 as the repeat interval means "don't repeat".** The variable trim-versions-without-asking has been renamed todelete-old-versions.** The new function other-window-for-scrolling returns the choice ofother window for C-M-v to scroll.** Note that the function fceiling was mistakenly documented as fceil before.* Changes in cc-mode.el in Emacs 19.26:** A new syntactic symbol has been added: substatement-open. It defines the open brace of a substatement block. These used to get: ((block-open ...) (substatement . ...)). Non-block substatement lines still get just ((substatement . ...)) Note that the custom indent function c-adaptive-block-open has been removed as obsolete.** You can now specify the `hanginess' of closing braces. See c-hanging-braces-alist.** Recognizes try and catch blocks in C++. They are given the substatement syntactic symbol.** should be generally more forgiving about non-GNU standard top-level construct definition styles (i.e. where the function/class/struct opening brace does not start in column zero). If you hang the braces that open a top-level construct on the right edge, and you find you still need to define defun-open-prompt (Emacs 19) please let me know. Note that there may still be performance issues related to non-column zero opening braces.** c-macro-expand is put on C-c C-e** New style: "Default". Resets indentation to those shipped with cc-mode.el.** internal defun c-indent-via-language-element has been renamed c-indent-line for compatibility with c-mode.el and awk-mode.** new buffer-local variable c-comment-start-regexp for (potential) flexibility in adding new modes based on cc-mode.el* Changes in Emacs 19.25The variable x-cross-pointer-shape (which didn't really exist) hasbeen renamed to x-sensitive-text-pointer-shape, and now does exist.* Changes in Emacs 19.24Here is a list of new Lisp packages introduced since 19.22.derived.el Define new major modes based on old ones.dired-x.el Extra Dired features.double.el New mode for conveniently inputting non-beyond chars.easymenu.el Create menus easily.ediff.el Snazzy diff interface.foldout.el A kind of outline mode designed for editing programs.gnus-uu.el UUdecode in GNUS buffers.ielm.el Interactively evaluate Lisp. This is a replacement for Lisp Interaction Mode.iso-cvt.el Conversion of beyond-ASCII characters between various different representations.jka-compr.el Automatic compression/decompression.mldrag.el Drag modeline to change heights of windows.mail-hist.el Provides history for headers of outgoing mail.rsz-mini.el Automatically resizing minibuffers.s-region.el Set region by holding shift.skeleton.el Templates for statement insertion.soundex.el Classifying words by how they sound.tempo.el Template insertion with hotspots.* User Editing Changes in 19.23.** Emacs 19.23 uses Ispell version 3.Previous Emacs 19 versions used Ispell version 4. That version hadimprovements in storing the dictionary compactly, but these are notvery important nowadays. Meanwhile, in parallel to the work on Ispell4, many useful features were added to Ispell 3. Until a few monthsago, the terms on Ispell 3 did not let us use it; but they have nowbeen changed, so now we are using it. We are dropping Ispell 4.** Emacs 19.23 can run on MS-DOG. See the file MSDOS in the samedirectory as this file.** Emacs 19.23 can work with an X toolkit. You must specify toolkitoperation when you configure Emacs: use the option--with-x-toolkit=yes. (This option uses code developed by Lucid;thanks to Frederic Pierresteguy for helping to adapt it.)** Emacs now has dialog boxes; yes/no and y/n questions automaticallyuse them in commands invoked with the mouse. For more information,see below under "Lisp programming changes".** Menus now display the keyboard equivalents (if any) of the menucommands in parentheses after the menu item.** Kill commands, used in a read-only buffer, now move point acrossthe text they would otherwise have killed. This way, you can userepeated kill commands to transfer text into the kill ring.** There is now a global mark ring in addition to the mark ring that is localto each buffer. The global mark ring stores positions in any buffer. Anytime the mark is set and the current buffer is different from the last timethe mark was set, the new mark is pushed on the global mark ring as well.The new command C-x C-SPC (pop-global-mark) pops the global mark ring andjumps to the last mark pushed, first switching to that buffer.** Query Replace is now available in the Edit menu.** ESC no longer simply exits a Query Replace. It now exits the QueryReplace and remains pending. Thus, ESC A and M-A are now equivalentin Query Replace.To simply exit a Query Replace, type RET or Period.** M-mouse-2 now puts point at the end of the yanked secondary selection.** Mouse-1 in the mode line now simply selects the window above thatmode line. Mouse-2 in the mode line selects that window and expandsit to fill the frame it is in.** You can now use mouse-2 in a Dired buffer or Tar mode buffer to finda file you click on, in a compilation buffer to go to a particularerror message, and in a *Occur* buffer to go to a particularoccurrence.(It was already possible to do likewise in Info and in completion listbuffers.)What's more, the sensitive areas of the buffer now highlight when youmove the mouse over them.** In a completion list buffer, the command RET now chooses the completionthat is around or next to point.** If you specify the foreground color for the `mode-line' face, andmode-line-inverse-video is non-nil, then the default background coloris the usual foreground color.** revert-buffer now preserves markers pointing within the unchangedtext (if any) at the beginning and end of the file.** Version control checkin and checkout preserve all markers if thefile does not contain any of the magic version header sequences thatare updated automatically by RCS and SCCS. If such version headersare present, checkin and checkout preserve a marker unless it comesbetween two such sequences. (So it's a good idea to put all theheader sequences close together.)** When a large deletion shuts off auto save temporarily in a buffer,you can now turn it on again by saving the buffer with C-x C-s (as waspossible in Emacs 18). You can also turn it on again with M-1 M-xauto-save (as has been possible in Emacs 19).** C-x r d now runs the command delete-rectangle.** The new command imenu shows you a menu of interesting places in thecurrent buffer and lets you select one; then it moves point there.The definition of interesting places depends on the major mode, buttypically this includes function definitions and such. Normally,imenu displays the menu in a buffer; but if you bind it to a mouseevent, it shows a mouse popup menu.** You can make certain chosen buffers, that normally appear in aseparate window, appear in special frames of their own. To do this,set special-display-buffer-names to a list of buffer names; any bufferwhose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame when itis to be displayed in another window.A good value to try is ("*compilation*" "*grep*" "*TeX Shell*").More generally, you can set special-display-regexps to a list of regularexpressions; then each buffer whose name matches any of those regularexpressions gets its own frame.The variable special-display-frame-alist specifies the frameparameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don'tneed to set it.** If you set sentence-end-double-space to nil, the fill commandsexpect just one space at the end of a sentence. (If you want thesentence commands to accept single spaces, you must modify the regexpsentence-end also.)** You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text likethis to your .emacs file:(setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message "YOUR-LOGIN-NAME")Simply setting inhibit-startup-echo-area-message to your login name isnot sufficient to inhibit the message; Emacs explicitly checks whether.emacs contains an expression as shown above. Your login name mustappear in the expression as a Lisp string constant.This way, you can easily inhibit the message for yourself if you wish,but thoughtless copying of your .emacs file will not inhibit themessage for someone else.** Outline minor mode now uses C-c C-o as a prefix instead of just C-c.** In Outline mode, hide-subtree is now C-c C-d. (It was C-c C-h; butthat is now a conventional way to ask for help about C-c commands.)** There are two additional commands in Outline mode.M-x hide-sublevels hides all headers except the topmost N levels.M-x hide-other hides everything about the body that point is in plus the headers leading up from there to the top of the tree.** In iso-transl and iso-insert, the sequences for entering A-ring andthe AE ligature are now just A and E (plus the initial C-x 8 or Alt).You used to have to enter AA or AE, after the C-x 8 prefix of course.Likewise for lower case a-ring and ae.** iso-transl now defines convenient Alt keys as well as the C-x 8 prefix.Instead of prefixing a sequence with C-x 8, you can add Alt to thefirst character of the sequence. For example, Alt-" a is now a wayto enter an a-umlaut.** CC mode is a greatly improved mode for C and C++.See the following page.** tcl mode is a new major mode. It provides features forediting, indenting and running tcl programs.** Compilation minor mode lets you parse error messages in any buffer,not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type M-xcompilation-minor-mode to enable the minor mode; then C-c C-c jumps tothe source location for the error at point, as in the `*compilation*'buffer. If you use compilation-minor-mode in an Rlogin buffer, itautomatically accesses remote source files by ftp.** Comint and shell mode changes:*** Comint modes (including Shell mode, GUD modes, etc.) now bindC-M-l to the command comint-show-output. This command scrolls thebuffer to show the last batch of output from the subprogram.*** Completion in Comint modes now truly operates on the string beforepoint, rather than the word that point is within.*** Comint mode file name completion ignores those files that end with astring in the new variable comint-completion-fignore. This variable'sdefault value is nil.*** Shell mode uses the variable shell-completion-fignore to setcomint-completion-fignore. The default value is nil, but somepeople prefer ("~" "#" "%").*** The function `comint-watch-for-password-prompt' can be used tosuppress echoing when a subprocess asks for a password. To use it,do this:(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 'comint-watch-for-password-prompt)*** You can use M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m to strip ^M characters fromprocess output.*** In Shell mode, TAB now completes environment variables, if possible,and expands directory references.*** You can use M-x comint-run to execute any program of your choice ina comint mode. Some programs such as shells, rlogin, and debuggershave their own specialized modes; this command is one way to usecomint to run programs for which no such specialized mode exits. (Youcan also run a shell with M-x shell and run the program of your choiceunder the shell--but that gives you the specializations of Shellmode.)** When you run GUD (M-x gdb, M-x dbx, and so on), you can use TABto do file name completion in the minibuffer.The "Complete" menu includes an item for directory expansion.** GUD working with future versions of GDB will permit TAB forGDB-style symbol completion. This will work with GDB 4.13.** Rmail no longer gets new mail automatically when you visit an Rmailfile specified by name--not even if it is your primary Rmail file. Toget new mail, type `g'. This feature is an advantage because you nowhave a choice of whether to get new mail. (This change actuallyoccurred in an earlier version, but wasn't listed here then, since itmade the code do what the documentation already said.)** Rmail now highlights certain fields automatically, when you use Xwindows. The variable rmail-highlighted-headers controls whichfields.** If you set rmail-summary-window-size to an integer, Rmail usesa window that many lines high for the summary buffer.** rmail-input-menu is a new command that visits an Rmail file lettingyou choose which file with a mouse menu. rmail-output-menu issimilar; it outputs the current message, using a mouse menu to choosewhich Rmail file. These commands use the variablesrmail-secondary-file-directory and rmail-secondary-file-regexp.** The mh-e package has been changed substantially.See the file ./MH-E-NEWS for details.** The calendar and diary have new features.The menu bar for the calendar contains most of the calendar commands,arranged into logical categories.Mouse-2 now performs specific-date-related commands when clicked on adate in the calendar window and common three-month-related commandswhen clicked elsewhere in the calendar window.You can set up colored/shaded highlighting of holidays, diary entrydates, and today's date, by setting calendar-holiday-marker,diary-entry-marker, and calendar-today-marker to a face instead of acharacter. Using a special face is now the default if you are using awindow system.** The appt package for displaying appointment reminders has newfeatures.*** The appt alarm window stays for the full duration ofappt-display-duration. It no longer disappears when you start typingtext.*** You can change the way the appointment window is created/deleted bysetting the variables appt-disp-window-function andappt-delete-window-function.For instance, these variables can be set to functions that displayappointments in pop-up frames, which are lowered or iconified afterappt-display-duration seconds.** desktop.el can now save a list of buffer-local variables,and saves more global ones.** Pascal mode has been completely rewritten. It now featurescompleting of function names, variables and type definitions aroundcurrent point (like M-TAB does with lisp-symbols). There's also anoutline mode (M-x pascal-outline) that hides the bodies of allfunctions you're not working with.** Edebug has a number of changes:*** Edebug syntax error reporting is improved.*** Top-level forms and defining forms other than defun and defmacro maynow be debugged with Edebug.*** Edebug specifications may now contain body, &define, name, arg orarglist, def-body, and def-form, to support definitions.*** edebug-all-defuns is renamed to edebug-all-defs.def-edebug-form-spec is replaced by def-edebug-form whose argumentsare unevaluated. The old names are still available for now.*** Frequency counts and coverage data may be displayed for functions beingdebugged.*** A global break condition is now checked at every stop point.*** The previous condition at a breakpoint may now be edited.*** A new "next" mode stops only after expression evaluation.*** A new command, top-level-nonstop, does not even stop for unwind-protect,as top-level would.* Changes in CC mode in Emacs 19.23.`cc-mode' provides ANSI C, K&R C, and ARM C++ language editing. Itrepresents the merge of c++-mode.el and c-mode.el. cc-mode provides anew, more flexible indentation engine so that indentationcustomization is more intuitive. There are two steps to calculatingindentation: first, CC mode analyzes the line for syntactic content,then based on this content it applies user defined offsets and addsthis offset to the indentation of some previous line.The syntactic analysis determines if the line describes a `statement',`substatement', `class-open', `member-init-intro', etc. These aredescribed in detail with C-h v c-offsets-alist. You can change theoffsets interactively with C-c C-o (c-set-offsets), orprogrammatically in your c-mode-common-hook, which is run both byc-mode and c++-mode. You can also set up "styles" in the same waythat you could with c-mode.el. The variable c-basic-offset controlsthe basic offset given to a level of indentation.If, for example, you wanted to change this style:int foo (int i){ switch (i) { case 1: printf ("its a foo\n"); break; default: printf ("don't know what it is\n"); break; }}into this:int foo (int i){ switch (i) { case 1: printf ("its a foo\n"); break; default: printf ("don't know what it is\n"); break; }}you could add the following to your .emacs file:(defun my-c-mode-common-hook () (c-set-offset 'case-label 2) (c-set-offset 'statement-case-intro 2))(add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook 'my-c-mode-common-hook)** New variables:c-offsets-alist contains an association list of syntactic symbols andtheir relative offsets. Do a "C-h v c-offsets-alist" to get a list ofall syntactic symbols currently defined, and their meanings. Youshould not change this variable directly; use the supplied interfacecommands c-set-offset and c-set-style.c-mode-common-hook is run by both c-mode and c++-mode during theircommon initializations. You should put any customizations that arethe same for both C and C++ into this hook.The variable c-strict-semantics-p is used mainly for debugging. Whennon-nil, CC mode signals an error if it returns a syntactic symbolthat can't be found in c-offsets-alist.If you want CC mode to echo the syntactic analysis for a particularline when you hit the TAB key, set c-echo-semantic-information-p tonon-nil.c-basic-offset controls the standard amount of offset for a level ofindentation. You can set a syntactic symbol's offset to + or - as ashort-hand for positive or negative c-basic-offset.c-comment-only-line-offset lets you control indentation given to lineswhich contain only a comment, in the case of C++ line style comments,or the introduction to a C block comment. Comment-only lines atcolumn zero can be anchored there independent of the indentation givento other comment-only lines.c-block-comments-indent-p controls the style of C block commentre-indentation. If you put leading stars in front of commentcontinuation lines, you should set this variable to nil.c-cleanup-list is a list describing certain C and C++ constructs to be"cleaned up" as they are typed, but only when the auto-newline featureis turned on. In C++, make sure this variable contains at least'scope-operator so that double colons will not be separated by anewline.Colons (`:') and braces (`{` and `}') are special in C and C++. Forcertain constructs, you may like them to hang on the right edge of thecode, or you may like them to start a new line of code. You can usethe two variables c-hanging-braces-alist and c-hanging-colons-alistto control whether newlines are placed before and/or after colons andbraces when certain C and C++ constructs are entered. For example,you can control whether the colon that introduces a C++ memberinitialization list hangs on the right edge, starts a new line, or hasno newlines either before or after it.c-special-indent-hook is run after a line is indented by CC mode. Youcan perform any custom indentations here.c-delete-function is the function that is called when a singlecharacter is deleted with the c-electric-delete command (DEL).c-electric-pound-behavior describes what happens when you enter the`#' that introduces a cpp macro.If c-tab-always-indent is neither t nor nil, then TAB inserts a tabwhen within strings, comments, and cpp directives, but it reindentsthe line unconditionally.c-inhibit-startup-warnings-p inhibits warnings about any oldversion of Emacs you might be running, which could be incompatiblewith cc-mode.** There are two new minor-mode features in CC mode: auto-newline andhungry-delete. Auto-newline inserts newlines automatically as youtype certain constructs. Hungry-delete consumes all precedingwhitespace (spaces, tabs, and newlines) when the delete key is hit.You can toggle auto-newline on and off on a per-buffer basis byhitting C-c C-a. You can toggle hungry-delete on and off by hittingC-c C-d. You can toggle them both on and off together with C-c C-t.** Slash (`/') and star (`*') are now both electric characters.** New commands:The new C-c C-o (c-set-offset) command can be used to interactively changethe offset for a particular syntactic symbol.The new command C-c : (c-scope-operator) inserts the C++ scope operator inc++-mode only.The new command C-c C-q (c-indent-defun) indents the entire enclosingtop-level function or class.The new command C-c C-s (c-show-semantic-information) echos the currentsyntactic analysis without re-indenting the current line.The new commands M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature and M-xc-backward-into-nomenclature (currently otherwise unbound to a keysequence), make movement easier when using the C++ variable namingconvention of VariableNamesWithoutUnderscoresButEachWordCapitalized.** Command from c-mode.el that have been renamed in cc-mode.el: electric-c-brace => c-electric-brace electric-c-semi => c-electric-semi&comma electric-c-sharp-sign => c-electric-pound mark-c-function => c-mark-function electric-c-terminator => c-electric-colon indent-c-exp => c-indent-exp set-c-style => c-set-style** Variables from c-mode.el that are obsolete with cc-mode.el: c-indent-level c-brace-imaginary-offset c-brace-offset c-argdecl-indent c-label-offset c-continued-statement-offset c-continued-brace-offset* Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.23.** To pop up a dialog box, call x-popup-dialog.It takes two arguments, POSITION and CONTENTS.POSITION specifies which frame to place the dialog box over;the dialog box always goes on the center of the frame.POSITION may be a mouse event, a window, a frame,or t meaning use the frame that the mouse is in.CONTENTS specifies the contents of the dialog box.It looks like a single pane of a popup menu:(TITLE ITEM1 ITEM2 ...), where each ITEM has the form (STRING . VALUE).The return value is VALUE from the chosen item.An ITEM may also be just a string--that makes a nonselectable item.An ITEM may also be nil--that means to put all preceding itemson the left of the dialog box and all following items on the right.(By default, approximately half appear on each side.)If your Emacs is not using an X toolkit, then it cannot display areal dialog box; so instead it displays a pop-up menu in the centerof the frame.** y-or-n-p, yes-or-no-p and map-y-or-n-p now use menus or dialog boxesto ask their question(s) if the command that is running was reached bya mouse event.If you want to control which way these functions work, bind thevariable last-nonmenu-event around the call. These functions use thekeyboard if that variable holds a keyboard event (actually, anynon-list); they use the mouse if that variable holds a mouse event(actually, any list).** The mouse-face property is now implemented, both in overlays and asa text property. It specifies a face to use when the mouse is in therange of text for which the property is specified.** When text has a non-nil `intangible' property, you cannot move pointwithin it or right before it. If you try, point actually moves to theend of the intangible text. Note that this means that backward-charis a no-op when there is an intangible character to the left of point.** minibuffer-exit-hook is a new normal hook that is run when youexit the minibuffer.** The variable x-cross-pointer-shape specifies the cursor shape to usewhen the mouse is over text that has a mouse-face property.** The new variable interpreter-mode-alist specifies major modes to usefor shell scripts that specify a command interpreter. Its elementslook like (INTERPRETER . MODE); for example, ("perl" . perl-mode) isone element present by default. This feature applies only when thefile name doesn't indicate which mode to use.** If you use a minibuffer-only frame, set the variableminibuffer-auto-raise to t, and entering the minibuffer will thenraise the minibuffer frame.** If pop-up-frames is t, display-buffer now looks for an existingwindow in any visible frame, showing the specified buffer, and usessuch a window in preference to making a new frame.** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame,previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-windowand delete-windows-on, if you specify `visible' for the last argument,it means to consider all visible frames.** Mouse events now give the X and Y coordinates in pixels, rather thanin characters. You can convert these values to characters by dividing bythe values of (frame-char-width) and (frame-char-height).** The new functions mouse-pixel-position and set-mouse-pixel-positionread and set the mouse position in units of pixels. The existingfunctions mouse-position and set-mouse-position continue to work withunits of characters.** The new function compute-motion is useful for computing the widthof certain text when it is displayed.** The function vertical-motion now takes an option second argument WINDOWwhich says which window to use for the display calculations.vertical-motion always operates on the current buffer.It is ok to specify a window displaying some other buffer.Then vertical-motion uses the width, hscroll and display-table ofthe specified window, but still scans the current buffer.** An error no longer sets last-command to t; the value of last-commanddoes reflect the previous command (the one that got an error).If you do not want a particular command to be recognized as theprevious command in the case where it got an error, you must code thatcommand to prevent this. Set this-command to t at the beginning ofthe command, and set this-command back to its proper value at the end,like this: (defun foo (args...) (interactive ...) (setq this-command t) ...do the work... (setq this-command 'foo))or like this: (defun foo (args...) (interactive ...) (let ((old-this-command this-command)) (setq this-command t) ...do the work... (setq this-command old-this-command)))The undo and yank commands do this.** If you specify an explicit title for a new frame when you create it,the title is used as the resource name when looking up X resources tocontrol the shape of that frame. If you don't specify the frame title,the value of x-resource-name is used, as before.** The frame parameter user-position, if non-nil, says that the userhas specified the frame position. Emacs reports this to the windowmanager, to tell it not to override the position that the userspecified.** Major modes can now set change-major-mode-hook to arrange for stateto be cleaned up when the user switches to a new major mode. The functionkill-all-local-variables runs this hook. For best results, make the hook abuffer-local variable so that it will disappear after doing its job and willnot interfere with the subsequent major mode.** The new variable overriding-local-map, if non-nil, specifies a keymapthat overrides the current local map, all minor mode keymaps, and alltext property keymaps. Incremental search uses this feature to overrideall other keymaps temporarily.** A key definition in a menu keymap can now have additional structure:in addition to (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] . COMMAND) which was allowedbefore, the form (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] (...) . COMMAND) isallowed. (HELPSTRING is optional, and is not currently used.)Here (...) represents a sublist containing information about keyboardkey sequences that run the same command COMMAND. Displaying the menuautomatically creates and updates the sublist when appropriate; youneed never set these up yourself.lookup-key, key-binding, and similar functions return just COMMAND,not the whole binding.To precompute this information for a given keymap, you can do (x-popup-menu nil KEYMAP).** When you specify coordinates for x-popup-menu as a list ((XOFFSETYOFFSET) WINDOW), the coordinates are now measured in pixels.** where-is-internal now takes just four arguments:DEFINITION KEYMAP FIRSTONLY NOINDIRECT.The single argument KEYMAP replaces two arguments KEYMAP and KEYMAP1.If KEYMAP is non-nil, where-is-internal searches only KEYMAP and theglobal keymap.If KEYMAP is nil, where-is-internal searches all the currently activekeymaps, but finds the active keymaps as if overriding-local-map werenil.If you pass a list of the form (keymap) as KEYMAP, where-is-internalsearches only the global map. (This is not a special case--it followsfrom the specifications above.)If you pass the value of overriding-local-map as KEYMAP, where-is-internalsearches in exactly the same was as command execution does.** Use the macro define-derived-mode to define a new major mode thatinherits the definition of another major mode. Here's how to define acommand named hypertext-mode that inherits from the command text-mode: (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode text-mode "Hypertext" "Major mode for hypertext.\n\n\\{hypertext-mode-map}" (setq case-fold-search nil)) (define-key hypertext-mode-map [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link)The new mode has its own keymap, which inherits from that of theoriginal mode. It also has its own syntax and abbrev tables, whichare initialized by copying those of the original mode. It also hasits own mode hook. All are given names made by appending a suffixto the name of the new mode.** A syntax table can now inherit the data for some characters fromstandard-syntax-table, while specifying other characters itself.Syntax code 13 means "inherit this character from the standard syntaxtable." In modify-syntax-entry, the character `@' represents this code.The function `make-syntax-table' now creates a syntax table whichinherits all letters and control characters (0 to 31 and 128 to 255)from the standard syntax table, while copying the other charactersfrom the standard syntax table. Most syntax tables in Emacs are setup this way.This sort of inheritance is useful for people who set up charactersets with additional alphabetic characters in the range 128 to 255.Just changing the standard syntax for these characters affects allmajor modes.** The new function transpose-regions swaps two regions of the buffer.It preserves the markers in those two regions, so that they stay withthe surrounding text as it is swapped.** revert-buffer now runs before-revert-hook at the beginning andafter-revert-hook at the end. These can be used by minor modesthat need to clean up state variables.** The new function get-char-property is like get-text-property, butchecks for overlays with properties as well as for text properties.It checks for overlays first, in order of descending priority, andtext properties last.get-char-property allows windows as the OBJECT argument, as wellas buffers and strings. If you specify a window, then only overlaysactive on that window are considered.** Overlays can have the `invisible' property.** The function insert-file-contents now takes an optional fifthargument called REPLACE. If this is t, it means to replace thecontents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion)with the contents of the file.This is better than simply deleting and inserting the whole thingbecause (1) it preserves some marker positions and (2) it puts lessdata in the undo list.** The variable inhibit-first-line-modes-regexps specifies classes offile names for which -*- on the first line should not be looked for.** The variables before-change-functions and after-change-functionshold lists of functions to call before and after a change in thebuffer's text. They work much like before-change-function andafter-change-function, except that they hold a list of functionsinstead of just one.These variables will eventually make before-change-function andafter-change-function obsolete.** The variable kill-buffer-query-functions holds a list of functionsto be called with no arguments when a buffer is about to be killed.(That buffer is the current buffer when the function is called.)If any of the functions returns nil, the buffer is not killed(and the remaining functions in the list are not called).** The variable kill-emacs-query-functions holds a list of functionsto be called with no arguments when you ask to exit Emacs.If any of the functions returns nil, the exit is canceled(and the remaining functions in the list are not called).** The argument for buffer-disable-undo is now optional,like the argument for buffer-enable-undo.** The new variable system-configuration holds the canonical three-partGNU configuration name for which Emacs was built.** The function system-name now tries harder to return a fully qualifieddomain name.** The variable emacs-major-version holds the major version numberof Emacs. (Currently 19.)** The variable emacs-minor-version holds the minor version numberof Emacs. (Currently 23.)** The default value of comint-input-autoexpand is now nil.However, Shell mode sets it from the value of shell-input-autoexpand,whose default value is `history'.** The new function set-process-window-size specifies the terminal windowsize for a subprocess. On some systems it sends the subprocess a signalto let it know that the size has changed.** %P is a new way to display a percentage in the mode line. Itdisplays the percentage of the buffer text that is above the *bottom*of the window (which includes the text visible, in the window as wellas the text above the top). It displays `Top' as well as thepercentage if the top of the buffer is visible on screen.** %+ in the mode line specs displays `*' if the buffer is modified,and otherwise `-'. It never displays `%', as `%*' would do; whether thebuffer is read-only has no effect on %+.** The new functions ffloor, fceiling, fround and ftruncate take afloating point argument and return a floating point result whose valueis a nearby integer. ffloor returns the nearest integer below; fceiling,the nearest integer above; ftruncate, the nearest integer in thedirection towards zero; fround, the nearest integer.** Setting `print-escape-newlines' to a non-nil value now also makesformfeeds print as ``\f''.** auto-mode-alist now has a new feature. If an element has the form(REGEXP FUNCTION t), and REGEXP matches the file name, then after callingFUNCTION, Emacs deletes the part of the file name that matched REGEXPand then searches auto-mode-alist again for a new match.This is useful for uncompression packages. An entry of this sort for.gz can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed file in theproper mode according to the name sans .gz.** The new function emacs-pid returns the process ID number of Emacs.** user-login-name now consistently checks the LOGNAME environmentvariable before USER. user-original-login-name is obsolete, since itprovides the same functionality. To ignore the environment variables,use user-real-login-name.** There is a more general way of handling the system-specific Xkeysyms. Set the variable system-key-alist to an alist containingelements of the form (CODE . SYMBOL), where CODE is the numeric keysymcode minus the "vendor specific" bit, and symbol is the name for thefunction key.** You can use the variable command-line-functions to set up functionsto process unrecognized command line arguments. The variable's valueshould be a list of functions of no arguments. The functions arecalled successively until one of them returns non-nil.Each function should access the free variables argi (the currentargument) and command-line-args-left (the remaining arguments). Thefunction should return non-nil only if it recognizes and processes theargument in argi. If it does so, it may consume following argumentsas well by removing them from command-line-args-left.** There's a new way for a magic file name handler to run a primitiveand inhibit handling of the file name. Here is how to do it:(let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers (cons 'ange-ftp-file-handler (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation) inhibit-file-name-handlers))) (inhibit-file-name-operation operation)) (apply this-operation args))The function find-file-name-handler now takes two arguments. Thesecond argument is OPERATION, the operation for which the handler isbeing sought.People have suggested that the second argument should be optional, forbackward compatibility. It would be nice if that were possible, butit is not. There is simply no way for find-file-name-handler to dothe right thing without receiving the proper value for its secondargument.** The variable completion-regexp-list affects the completionprimitives try-completion and all-completions. They consideronly the possible completions that match each regexp in the list.** Case conversion in the function replace-match has been changed.The old behavior was this: if any word in the old text wascapitalized, replace-match capitalized each word of the replacementtext.The new behavior is this: if the first word in the old text is capitalized,replace-match capitalizes the first word of the replacement text.** You can now specify a case table with CANON non-nil and EQV nil.Then the EQV part of the case table is deduced from CANON.** The new function minibuffer-prompt takes no arguments and returnsthe current minibuffer prompt string.The new function minibuffer-prompt-width takes no arguments andreturns the display width of the minibuffer prompt string.** The new function frame-first-window returns the window at theupper left corner of a given frame.** wholenump is a new alias for natnump.** The variable installation-directory, if non-@code{nil}, names adirectory within which to look for the `lib-src' and `etc'subdirectories. This is non-nil when Emacs can't find thosedirectories in their standard installed locations, but can find themnear where the Emacs executable was found.** invocation-name and invocation-directory are now variables as wellas functions. The variable values are the same values that thefunctions return: the Emacs program name sans directories, and thedirectory it was found in. (invocation-directory may be nil, if Emacscan't determine which directory it should be.)** Installation change regarding version number counting.The version number of an Emacs executable contains three numbers.The first two describe the Emacs release and the third incrementseach time you build Emacs.Now the file version.el contains only the first two version numbers.The third component is now determined on the basis of the names of theexisting executable files. This means that version.el is not alteredby building Emacs.* Changes in 19.22.** The mouse click M-mouse-2 now inserts the current secondaryselection (from Emacs or any other X client) where you click.It does not move point.This command is called mouse-yank-secondary.mouse-kill-secondary no longer has a key binding by default.Clicking M-mouse-3 (mouse-secondary-save-then-kill) twicemay be a convenient enough way of killing the secondary selection.Or perhaps there should be a keyboard binding for killing thesecondary selection. Any suggestions?** New packages:*** `icomplete' provides character-by-character informationabout what you could complete if you type TAB.*** `avoid' moves the mouse away from point so that it doesn't hideyour typing.*** `shadowfile' helps you update files that are supposed to be storedidentically in different places (perhaps on different machines).** C-h p now knows about four additional keywords: data, faces, mouse,and matching.** The key for starting an inferior Lisp process, in Lisp mode,is now C-c C-z instead of C-c C-l.** When the VC commands ask whether to save the buffer, if you say no,they signal an error. This is so that you won't operate on the wrongdata.** ISO Accents mode now supports `"s' as a way of typing German sharp s.** By default, comint buffers (including Shell mode and debuggers)no longer try to scroll to keep the cursor on the bottom line.This feature was added in 19.21 but did not work smoothly enough.** Emacs now handles the window manager "delete window" operation.** Display of buffers with text properties is much faster now.** The feature previously announced whereby `insert' does not inherittext properties from surrounding text was not fully implementedbefore; but now it is. use `insert-and-inherit' if you wish toinherit sticky properties from the surrounding text.** The functions next-property-change, previous-property-change,next-single-property-change, and previous-single-property-changenow take one additional optional argument LIMIT that is a position atwhich to stop scanning. If scan ends without finding the propertychange sought, these functions return the specified limit.The value returned by previous-single-property-change andprevious-property-change, when they do find a change, is now onegreater than what it used to be. It is the position between the twocharacters whose properties differ, which is one greater than theposition of the first character found (while scanning back) withdifferent properties.* User editing changes in version 19.21.** ISO Accents mode supports four additional characters:A-with-ring (entered as /A), AE ligature (entered as /E),and their lower-case equivalents.* User editing changes in version 19.20.(See following page for Lisp programming changes.)Note that some of these changes were made subsequent to the Emacs 19.20editions of the Emacs manual and Emacs Lisp manual; therefore, if youhave those editions, do read this page.** Dragging with mouse button 1 now puts the selected regionin the kill ring so you can paste it into other X applications.** Double and triple clicks with button 1 now behave as in xterm,selecting the word or line surrounding where you click. If you dragafter the last click, you can select a range of words or lines.** You can use button 3 to extend a mouse-selected region, as in xterm.This works for regions selected either by dragging Mouse-1 or bymultiple-clicking Mouse-1. Clicking Mouse-3 moves the end of theregion that is (initially) nearer to where you click.If the selection was first made by multiple-clicking Mouse-1, and thusconsists of entire words or lines, Mouse-3 preserves that state.As before, clicking Mouse-3 again in the same place kills the regionthus selected.** The secondary selection commands, M-Mouse-1 and M-Mouse-3, have beenlikewise modified.** You can now search for strings and regexps using the Edit menu bar menu.** You can now access bookmarks using the Bookmark submenu in the Filemenu in the menu bar.** ISO Accents mode, a buffer-local minor mode, provides a convenientway to type certain non-ASCII characters. It makes the characters `,', ", ^, ~ and / serve as modifiers for the following letter. ` and 'add accents, " adds an umlaut or dieresis, ^ adds a circumflex, ~adds a tilde, and / adds a slash to the following letter.If the following character is not a letter, or cannot be modified asrequested, then both characters stand for themselves. If youduplicate the modifier accent character, that enters the correspondingISO non-spacing accent character (thus, '' enters the ISO acute-accentcharacter). To enter a modifier character itself, type it followed bya space.This feature can be used whenever a key sequence is expected: forordinary insertion, for searching, and for certain command arguments.A few special combinations:~c => c with cedilla~d => d with stroke~< => left guillemot~> => right guillemot** iso-transl.el is a new library that replaces iso-insert.el.It defines C-x 8 as an insertion prefix for the ISO charactersbetween 128 and 255, much like iso-insert, except that iso-translworks even in searches and help commands--wherever a key sequenceis expected.To define case-conversion for these characters for ISO 8859/1,load the library iso-syntax. (This is not new.)** M-TAB in Text mode now runs the command ispell-complete-wordwhich performs completion using the spelling dictionary.The spelling correction submenu now includes this commandand another command which completes a word fragment (that is,it doesn't assume that the text to be completed starts at thebeginning of a word.** In incremental search, you can use M-y to yank the most recent killinto the search string.** The new function ispell-message checks the spelling of a messageyou are about to send or post. It ignores text cited from othermessages.To automatically check all your outgoing messages, include thefollowing line in your .emacs file: (setq news-inews-hook (setq mail-send-hook 'ispell-message))** There is now a separate minibuffer history list for the names ofextended commands. This history list is used by M-x when readingthe command name. The motivation for this is to prevent commandnames from appearing in the history used for other minibufferarguments.Note that the history list for entire commands that use the minibufferis a separate feature. That history list records a command with allits arguments, and you must use C-x ESC ESC to access it.** You can use the new command C-x v ~ VERSION RET to examine aspecified version of a file that is maintained with version control.** In Indented Text mode, only blank lines now separate paragraphs.Indented lines continue the paragraph that is in progress. This makesthe user option variable adaptive-fill-mode have its intended effect.** Local variable specifications in files for variables whose names endin `-hook' and `-function' are now controlled by the variable`enable-local-eval', just like the `eval' variable.** C-x r j (jump-to-register) when restoring a frame configuration nowmakes all unwanted frames (existing frames not mentioned in theconfiguration) invisible.If you want to delete these unwanted frames, use a prefix argument forC-x r j.** You can customize the calendar to display weeks beginning onMonday: set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1.** Rmail changes.If you save messages to a file in Unix format while viewing a messagewith its whole header, this now copies to the file the entire headerof each message copied.** Comint mode changes.C-c C-e shows as much output as possible in the window.C-c RET copies an old input (the one at point)and places the copy after the latest prompt.C-c C-p and C-c C-n move through the buffer, stopping at placeswhere the subshell prompted for input.C-c C-h lists the input history in a `*Help*' buffer.There are new menu bar items for completion/input/output/signal commands.Input behavior is configurable. Variables control whether some windowsshowing the buffer scroll to the bottom before insertion. These are`comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input' and `before-change-function'. By default,insertion causes the selected window to scroll to the bottom before insertionoccurs.Subprocess output now keeps point at the end of the buffer in eachwindow individually if point was already at the end of the buffer inthat window.If `comint-scroll-show-maximum-output' is non-nil (which is thedefault), then scrolling due to arrival of output tries to place thelast line of text at the bottom line of the window, so as to show asmuch useful text as possible. (This mimics the scrolling behavior ofmany terminals.)By setting `comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output', you can opt for havingpoint jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives--no matterwhere in the buffer point was before. If the value is `this', pointjumps in the selected window. If the value is `all', point jumps ineach window that shows the comint buffer. If the value is `other',point jumps in all nonselected windows that show the current buffer.The default value is nil, which means point does not jump to the end.Input history insertion is configurable. A variable controls whether only thefirst instance of successive identical inputs is stored in the input history.This is `comint-input-ignoredups'.Completion (bound to TAB) is now more general. Depending on context,completion now operates on the input history, on command names, or (asbefore) on filenames.Filename completion is configurable. Variables control whetherfile/directory suffix characters are added (`comint-completion-addsuffix'),whether shortest completion is acceptable when no further unambiguouscompletion is possible (`comint-completion-recexact'), and the timing ofcompletion candidate listing (`comint-completion-autolist').Comint mode now provides history expansion. Insert input using `!'and `^', in the same syntax that typical shells use; then type TAB.This searches the comint input history for a matching element,performs substitution if necessary, and places the result in thecomint buffer in place of the original input.History references in the input may be expanded before insertion intothe input ring, or on input to the interpreter (and thereforevisibly). The variable `comint-input-autoexpand' specifies which.You can make the SPC key perform history expansion by bindingSPC to the command `comint-magic-space'.The command `comint-dynamic-complete-variable' does variable namecompletion using the environment variables as set within Emacs. Thevariables controlling filename completion apply to variable namecompletion too. This command is normally available through the menubar.** Shell modeParagraph motion and marking commands (default bindings M-{, M-}, M-h) operateon output groups (i.e., shell prompt plus associated shell output).TAB now completes commands, as well as file names and expand history.Commands are searched for along the path that Emacs has on startup.C-c C-f now moves forward a command (`shell-forward-command') andC-c C-b now moves backward a command (`shell-backward-command').Command completion is configurable. The variables controllingfilename completion in comint mode apply, together with a variablecontrolling whether to restrict possible completions to only filesthat are executable (`shell-command-execonly').The input history is initialised from the file name given in thevariable `shell-input-ring-file-name'--normally `.history' in yourhome directory.Directory tracking is more robust. It can cope with command sequencesand forked commands, and can detect the failure of directory changingcommands in most circumstances. It's still not infallible, of course.You can now configure the behavior of `pushd'. Variables controlwhether `pushd' behaves like `cd' if no argument is given(`shell-pushd-tohome'), pop rather than rotate with a numeric argument(`shell-pushd-dextract'), and only add directories to the directorystack if they are not already on it (`shell-pushd-dunique'). Theconfiguration you choose should match the underlying shell, of course.* Emacs Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.20.** A new function `remove-hook' is now used to remove a hook that you mighthave added with `add-hook'.** There is now a Lisp pretty-printer in the library `pp'.** The partial Common Lisp support has been entirely reimplemented.** When you insert text using `insert', `insert-before-markers' or`insert-buffer-substring', text properties are no longer inheritedfrom the surrounding text.When you want to inherit text properties, use the new functions`insert-and-inherit' or `insert-before-markers-and-inherit'.The self-inserting character command does do inheritance.** Frame creation hooks.The function make-frame now runs the normal hooksbefore-make-frame-hook and after-make-frame-hook.** You can now use function-key-map to make a key an alias for otherkey sequences that can vary depending on circumstances. To do this,give the key a definition in function-key-map which is a functionrather than a specific expansion key sequence.If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of alteringthe event that follows. For example, here's how to define C-c h toturn the character that follows into a hyper character:(define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify)(defun hyperify (prompt) (let ((e (read-event))) (vector (if (numberp e) (logior (lsh 1 20) e) (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e)) e (add-event-modifier "H-" e))))))(defun add-event-modifier (string e) (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e)))) (setq symbol (intern (concat string (symbol-name symbol)))) (if (symbolp e) symbol (cons symbol (cdr e)))))The character translation function gets one argument, which is theprompt that was specified in read-key-sequence--or nil if the keysequence is being read by the editor command loop. In most casesyou can just ignore the prompt value.** Changes for reading and writing text properties.New low-level Lisp features make it possible to write Lisp programs tosave text properties in files, and read text properties from files.You can program any file format you like.The variable `write-region-annotation-functions' should contain a listof functions to be run by `write-region' to encode text properties insome fashion as annotations to the text that is written.Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start andend of the region to be written. These functions should not alter thecontents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicatingannotations to write in the file in addition to the text in thebuffer.Each function should return a list of elements of the form (POSITION. STRING), where POSITION is an integer specifying the relativeposition in the text to be written, and STRING is the annotation toadd there.Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted inincreasing order by POSITION. If there is more than one function,`write-region' merges the lists destructively into one sorted list.When `write-region' actually writes the text from the buffer to thefile, it intermixes the specified annotations at the correspondingpositions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer.The variable `after-insert-file-functions' should contain a list offunctions to be run each time a file's contents have been inserted intoa buffer. Each function receives one argument, the length of theinserted text; point indicates the start of that text. The functionshould make whatever changes it wants to make, then return the updatedlength of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. Thevalue returned by one function is used as the argument to the next.These functions should always return with point at the beginning ofthe inserted text.The intended use of `after-insert-file-functions' is for convertingsome sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But manyother uses may be possible.We now invite users to begin implementing Lisp programs to store andretrieve text properties in files, using these new primitive features,and thus to experiment with various data formats and find good ones.We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as propertynames or property values--because a program that general is probablydifficult to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible datatypes that are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode.** Comint completion.Currently comint-dynamic-complete-command (and associated variablecomint-after-partial-pathname-command) are set by default to complete afilename. Other comint-mode users should have their own functions to achievethis. For example, gud-mode could complete debugger commands. A completionfunction is provided solely for this reason (comint-dynamic-simple-complete).Other comint-mode users should bind comint-dynamic-complete (shell-mode doesalready).** Comint history reference expansionCurrently comint-input-autoexpand is 'history, which means only expandhistory on insertion to comint-input-ring. For non-shell modes, this isa strange default, since non-shells will not understand history references.Perhaps it would be better for the variable to be 'input, which means expandon RET.The value 'history might possibly be wrong even for shells, since theexpansion will be done both by comint and the underlying shell (except sh, ofcourse). It would be better for expansion to be done by one or the other,not both since they may (ahem) disagree. Since it is silly to put a literalhistory reference into comint-input-ring, perhaps it would be better for thevariable to be 'input too.The reason the variable is not 'input by default is that I was attempting toadhere to The Principle of Least Astonishment. I didn't want to shock usersby having their input change in front of their eyes.** Argument delimiters and Comint mode.Currently comint-delimiter-argument-list is '(), which means no strings areto be treated as delimiters and arguments. In shell-mode, this variable isset to shell-delimiter-argument-list, '("|" "&" "<" ">" "(" ")" ";"). Othercomint-mode users should set this variable too. For example, a lisp-typemode might want to set this to '("." "(" ")") or some such.** Comint output hook.There is now a hook, comint-output-filter-hook, that is run-hooks'ed by theoutput filter, comint-output-filter. This is useful for scrolling (seebelow), but also things like processing output for specific text, outputhighlighting, etc.So that such output processing may be done efficiently, there is a newvariable, comint-last-output-start, that records the position of the start ofthe lastest output inserted into the buffer (effectively the previous valueof process-mark). Output processing functions should process the textbetween comint-last-output-start (or perhaps the beginning of the line thatthe position lies on) and process-mark.** Comint scrolling.There is now automatic scrolling of process windows.Currently comint-scroll-show-maximum-output is t, which means when scrollingoutput put process-mark at the bottom of the window. There is a good casefor it to be t, since the user is likely to want to see as much output aspossible. But, then again, there is a comint-show-maximum-output command.** Comint history retrieval.The input following point is not deleted when moving around the input history(with M-p etc.). Emacs maintainers may not like this. However, I feel thisis a useful feature. The simple remedy is to put end-of-line in beforedelete-region in comint-previous-matching-input.The input history retrieval commands still wrap-around the input ring, unlikeEmacs command history.* Changes in version 19.19.** The new package bookmark.el records named bookmarks: positions thatyou can jump to. Bookmarks are saved automatically between Emacssessions.** Another simpler package saveplace.el records your position in eachfile when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and jumps to the sameposition when you visit the file again (even in another Emacssession). Use `toggle-save-place' to turn on place-saving in a given file;use (setq-default save-place t) to turn it on for all files.** In Outline mode, you can now customize how to compute the level of aheading line. Set `outline-level' to a function of no arguments whichreturns the level, assuming point is at the beginning of a headingline.** You can now specify the prefix key to use for Outline minor mode.(The default is C-c.) Set the variable outline-minor-mode-prefix tothe key sequence you want to use (as a string or vector).** In Bibtex mode, C-c e has been changed to C-c C-b. This is becauseC-c followed by a letter is reserved for users.** The `mod' function is no longer an alias for `%', but is a separate functionthat yields a result with the same sign as the divisor. `floor' now takes anoptional second argument, which divides the first argument before the floor istaken.** `%' no longer allows floating point arguments, since the results were ofteninconsistent with integer `%'.* Changes in version 19.18.** Typing C-z in an iconified Emacs frame now deiconifies it.** hilit19 is a new library for automatic highlighting of parts of thetext in the buffer, based on its meaning and context.** Killing no longer sends the killed text to the X clipboard.And large strings are not put in the cut buffer either.The variable x-cut-buffer-max specifies the maximum number of charactersto put in the cut buffer.** The new command C-x 5 o (other-frame) selects different frames,successively, in cyclic order. It does for frames what C-x odoes for windows.** The command M-ESC (eval-expression) has its own command history.** The commands M-! and M-| for running shell commands have their owncommand history.** If the directory containing the Emacs executable has a sibling named`lisp', that `lisp' directory is added to the end of `load-path'(provided you don't override the normal value with the EMACSLOADPATHenvironment variable). This feature may make it easier to movean installed Emacs from place to place.** M-x validate-tex-buffer now records the locations of mismatchesfound in the `*Occur*' buffer. You can go to that buffer and type C-cC-c to visit a particular mismatch.** There are new commands in Shell mode.C-c C-n and C-c C-p move point to the next or previous shell input line.C-c C-d is now another way to send an end-of-file to the subshell.** Changes to calendar/diary.Time zone data is now determined automatically, including thestart/stop days and times of daylight saving time. The code nowworks correctly almost anywhere in the world.The format of the holiday specifications has changed and IS NO LONGERCOMPATIBLE with the old (version 18) format. See the documentation ofthe variable calendar-holidays for details of the new, improvedformat.The hook `diary-display-hook' has been split into two:diary-display-hook which should be used ONLY for the display and`diary-hook' which should be used for appointment notification. Ifdiary-display-hook is nil (the default), simple-diary-display isused. This allows the diary hooks to be correctly set with add-hook.The forms used for dates in diary entries and general display are nolonger autoloaded, but set at load time; this means they will be setcorrectly based on values you assign to various variables.** The functions x-rebind-key and x-rebind-keys have been deleted,because you can accomplish the same job by binding keys to keyboardmacros.** Emacs now distinguishes double and triple drag events and double andtriple button-down events. These work analogously to double andtriple click events.Double drag events, if not defined, convert to ordinary click events.Double down events, if not defined, convert first to ordinary downevents, which are then discarded if not defined. Triple events thatare not defined convert to the corresponding double event; if that isalso not defined, it may convert further.** The new function event-click-count returns the number of clicks,from an event which is a list. It is 1 for an ordinary click, drag,or button-down event, 2 for a double event, and 3 or more for a tripleevent.** The new function previous-frame is like next-frame, but movesaround through the set of existing frames in the opposite order.** The post-command-hook now runs even after commands that get an errorand return to top level. As a consequence of the same change, thishook also runs before Emacs reads the first command. That might soundparadoxical, as if this hook were the same as the pre-command-hook.Actually, they are not similar; the latter runs before *execution* ofa command, but after it has been read.** You can turn off the text property hooks that run when point movesto certain places in the buffer, by binding inhibit-point-motion-hooksto a non-nil value.** Inserting a string with no text properties into the buffer normallyinherits the properties of the preceding character. You can nowcontrol this inheritance by setting the front-sticky andrear-nonsticky properties of a character.If you make a character's front-sticky property t, then insertionbefore the character inherits its properties. If you make therear-nonsticky property t, then insertion after the character does notinherit its properties. You can regard characters as normally beingrear-sticky and not front-sticky, and this is why insertion normallyinherits from the previous character.If neither side of an insertion is suitably sticky, then the insertedtext gets no properties. If both sides are sticky, then the insertedtext gets the properties of both sides, with the previous character'sproperties taking precedence when both sides have a property incommon.You can also specify stickiness for individual properties. To do so,use a list of property names as the value of the front-sticky propertyor the rear-nonsticky property. For example, if a character has arear-nonsticky property whose value is (face read-only), theninsertion after the character will not inherit its face property orread-only property (if any), but will inherit any other properties.The merging of properties when both sides of the insertion are stickytakes place one property at a time. If the preceding character isrear-sticky for the property, and the property is non-nil, itdominates. Otherwise, the following character's property value isused if it is front-sticky for that property.** If you give a character a non-nil `invisible' text property, thecharacter does not appear on the screen. This works much likeselective display.The details of this feature are likely to change in future Emacsversions.** In Info, when you go to a node, it runs the normal hookInfo-selection-hook.** You can use the new function `invocation-directory' to get the nameof the directory containing the Emacs executable that was run.** Entry to the minibuffer runs the normal hook minibuffer-setup-hook.** The new function minibuffer-window-active-p takes one argument, aminibuffer window, and returns t if the window is currently active.* Changes in version 19.17.** When Emacs displays a list of completions in a buffer,you can select a completion by clicking mouse button 2on that completion.** Use the command `list-faces-display' to display a list ofall the currently defined faces, showing what they look like.** Menu bar items from local maps now come after the usual items.** The Help menu bar item always comes last in the menu bar.** If you enable Font-Lock mode on a buffer containing a program(certain languages such as C and Lisp are supported), everything youtype is automatically given a face property appropriate to itssyntactic role. For example, there are faces for comments, stringconstants, names of functions being defined, and so on.** Dunnet, an adventure game, is now available.** Several major modes now have their own menu bar items,including Dired, Rmail, and Sendmail. We would like to addsuitable menu bar items to other major modes.** The key binding C-x a C-h has been eliminated.This is because it got in the way of the general feature of typingC-h after a prefix character. If you want to runinverse-add-global-abbrev, you can use C-x a - or C-x a i g instead.** If you set the variable `rmail-mail-new-frame' to a non-nil value,all the Rmail commands to send mail make a new frame to do it in.When you send the message, or use the menu bar command not to send it,that frame is deleted.** In Rmail, the o and C-o commands are now almost interchangeable.Both commands check the format of the file you specify, and appendthe message to it in Rmail format if it is an Rmail file, and ininbox file format otherwise. C-o and o are different only when youspecify a new file.** The function `copy-face' now takes an optional fourth argumentNEW-FRAME. If you specify this, it copies the definition of faceOLD-FACE on frame FRAME to face NEW-NAME on frame NEW-FRAME.** A local map can now cancel out one of the global map's menu items.Just define that subcommand of the menu item with `undefined'as the definition. For example, this cancels out the `Buffers' itemfor the current major mode: (local-set-key [menu-bar buffer] 'undefined)** To put global items at the end of the menu bar, use the new variable`menu-bar-final-items'. It should be a list of symbols--event typesbound in the menu bar. The menu bar items for these symbols aremoved to the end.** The list returned by `buffer-local-variables' now contains cons-cellelements of the form (SYMBOL . VALUE) only for buffer-local variablesthat have values. For unbound buffer-local variables, the variablename (symbol) appears directly as an element of the list.** The `modification-hooks' property of a character no longer affectsinsertion; it runs only for deletion and modification of the character.To detect insertion, use `insert-in-front-hooks' and`insert-behind-hooks' properties. The former runs when text isinserted immediately preceding the character that has the property;the latter runs when text is inserted immediately following thecharacter.** Buffer modification now runs hooks belonging to overlays as well ashooks belonging to characters. If an overlay has a`modification-hooks' property, it applies to any change to text in theoverlay, and any insertion within the overlay. If the overlay has a`insert-in-front-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at thebeginning boundary of the overlay. If the overlay has an`insert-behind-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the endboundary of the overlay.The values of these properties should be lists of functions. Eachfunction is called, receiving as arguments the overlay in question,followed by the bounds of the range being modified.** The new `-name NAME' option directs Emacs to search for its Xresources using the name `NAME', and sets the title of the initialframe. This argument was added for consistency with other X clients.** The new `-xrm DATABASE' option tells Emacs to treat the stringDATABASE as the text of an X resource database. Emacs searchesDATABASE for resource values, in addition to the usual places. Thisargument was added for consistency with other X clients.** Emacs now searches for X resources in the files specified by theXFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and XAPPLRESDIR environmentvariables, emulating the functionality provided by programs writtenusing Xt. Because of this change, Emacs will now notice system-wideapplication defaults files, as other X clients do.XFILESEARCHPATH and XUSERFILESEARCHPATH should be a list of file namesseparated by colons; XAPPLRESDIR should be a list of directory namesseparated by colons.Emacs searches for X resources + specified on the command line, with the `-xrm RESOURCESTRING' option, + then in the value of the XENVIRONMENT environment variable, - or if that is unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults-HOSTNAME if it exists (where HOSTNAME is the hostname of the machine Emacs is running on), + then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties provided by the server, - or if those properties are unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults if it exists, + then in the files listed in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, - or in files named LANG/Emacs in directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR (where LANG is the value of the LANG environment variable), if the LANG environment variable is set, - or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR - or in ~/LANG/Emacs (if the LANG environment variable is set), - or in ~/Emacs, + then in the files listed in XFILESEARCHPATH.The paths in the variables XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, andXAPPLRESDIR may contain %-escapes (like the control strings passed tothe Emacs lisp `format' function or C printf function), which Emacs expands.%N is replaced by the string "Emacs" wherever it occurs.%T is replaced by "app-defaults" wherever it occurs.%S is replaced by the empty string wherever it occurs.%L and %l are replaced by the value of the LANG environment variable; if LANG is not set, Emacs does not use that directory or file name at all.%C is replaced by the value of the resource named "customization" (class "Customization"), as retrieved from the server's resource properties or the user's ~/.Xdefaults file, or the empty string if that resource doesn't exist.So, for example, if XFILESEARCHPATH is set to the value "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N", and the LANG environment variable is set to "english", and the customization resource is the string "-color",then, in the last step of the process described above, Emacs checksfor resources in the first of the following files that is present andreadable: /usr/lib/X11/english/app-defaults/Emacs-color /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs-color /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/EmacsIf the LANG environment variable is not set, then Emacs never uses thefirst element of the path, "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C", because itcontains the %L escape.If XFILESEARCHPATH is unset, Emacs uses the default value"/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs:\/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs"This feature was added for consistency with other X applications.** The new function `text-property-any' scans the region of text fromSTART to END to see if any character's property PROP is `eq' toVALUE. If so, it returns the position of the first such character.Otherwise, it returns nil.The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer tobe examined.** The new function `text-property-not-all' scans the region of text fromSTART to END to see if any character's property PROP is not `eq' toVALUE. If so, it returns the position of the first such character.Otherwise, it returns nil.The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer tobe examined.** The function `delete-windows-on' now takes an optional secondargument FRAME, which specifies which frames it should affect. + If FRAME is nil or omitted, then `delete-windows-on' deletes windows showing BUFFER (its first argument) on all frames. + If FRAME is t, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on the selected frame; other frames are unaffected. + If FRAME is a frame, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on the given frame; other frames are unaffected.* Changes in version 19.16.** When dragging the mouse to select a region, Emacs now highlights theregion as you drag (if Transient Mark mode is enabled). If youcontinue the drag beyond the boundaries of the window, Emacs scrollsthe window at a steady rate until you either move the mouse back intothe window or release the button.** RET now exits `query-replace' and `query-replace-regexp'; this makes itmore consistent with the incremental search facility, which uses RETto end the search.** In C mode, C-c C-u now runs c-up-conditional.C-c C-n and C-c C-p now run new commands that move forwardand back over balanced sets of C conditionals (c-forward-conditionaland c-backward-conditional).** The Edit entry in the menu bar has a new alternative:"Choose Next Paste". It gives you a menu showing the variousstrings in the kill ring; click on one to select it as the textto be yanked ("pasted") the next time you yank.** If you enable Transient Mark mode and set `mark-even-if-inactive' tonon-nil, then the region is highlighted in a transient fashion just asnormally in Transient Mark mode, but the mark really remains activeall the time; commands that use the region can be used even if theregion highlighting turns off.** If you type C-h after a prefix key, it displays the bindingsthat start with that prefix.** The VC package now searches for version control commands in thedirectories named by the variable `vc-path'; its value should be alist of strings.** If you are visiting a file that has locks registered under RCS,VC now displays each lock's owner and version number in the mode lineafter the string `RCS'. If there are no locks, VC displays the headversion number.** When using X, if you load the `paren' library, Emacs automaticallyunderlines or highlights the matching paren whenever point isnext to the outside of a paren. When point is before an open-paren,this shows the matching close; when point is after a close-paren,this shows the matching open.** The new function `define-key-after' is like `define-key',but takes an extra argument AFTER. It places the newly definedbinding after the binding for the event AFTER.** `accessible-keymaps' now takes an optional second argument, PREFIX.If PREFIX is non-nil, it means the value should include only maps forkeys that start with PREFIX.`describe-bindings' also accepts an optional argument PREFIX whichmeans to describe only the keys that start with PREFIX.** The variable `prefix-help-command' hold a command to run to display helpwhenever the character `help-char' follows a prefix key and does not havea key binding in that context.** Emacs now detects double- and triple-mouse clicks. A single mouseclick produces a pair events of the form: (down-mouse-N POSITION) (mouse-N POSITION)Clicking the same mouse button again, soon thereafter and at the samelocation, produces another pair of events of the form: (down-mouse-N POSITION) (double-mouse-N POSITION 2)Another click will produce an event pair of the form: (down-mouse-N POSITION) (triple-mouse-N POSITION 3)All the POSITIONs in such a sequence would be identical, except fortheir timestamps.To count as double- and triple-clicks, mouse clicks must be at thesame location as the first click, and the number of millisecondsbetween the first release and the second must be less than the valueof the lisp variable `double-click-time'. Setting `double-click-time'to nil disables multi-click detection. Setting it to t removes thetime limit; Emacs then detects multi-clicks by position only.If `read-key-sequence' finds no binding for a double-click event, butthe corresponding single-click event would be bound,`read-key-sequence' demotes it to a single-click. Similarly, itdemotes unbound triple-clicks to double- or single-clicks. This meansyou don't have to distinguish between single- and multi-clicks if youdon't want to.Emacs reports all clicks after the third as `triple-mouse-N' clicks,but increments the click count after POSITION. For example, a fourthclick, soon after the third and at the same location, produces a pairof events of the form: (down-mouse-N POSITION) (triple-mouse-N POSITION 4)** The way Emacs reports positions of mouse events has changedslightly. If a mouse event includes a position list of the form: (WINDOW (PLACE-SYMBOL) (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP)this denotes exactly the same position as the list: (WINDOW PLACE-SYMBOL (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP)That is, the event occurred over a non-textual area of the frame,specified by PLACE-SYMBOL, a symbol like `mode-line' or`vertical-scroll-bar'.Enclosing PLACE-SYMBOL in a singleton list does not change theposition denoted, but the `read-key-sequence' function uses thepresence or absence of the singleton list to tell whether or not itshould prefix the event with its place symbol.Normally, `read-key-sequence' prefixes mouse events occurring overnon-textual areas with their PLACE-SYMBOLs, to select the sub-keymapappropriate for the event; for example, clicking on the mode lineproduces a sequence like [mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)]However, if lisp code elects to unread the resulting key sequence byplacing it in the `unread-command-events' variable, it is importantthat `read-key-sequence' not insert the prefix symbol again; thatwould produce a malformed key sequence like [mode-line mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)]For this reason, `read-key-sequence' encloses the event's PLACE-SYMBOLin a singleton list when it first inserts the prefix, but doesn'tinsert the prefix when processing events whose PLACE-SYMBOLs arealready thus enclosed.* Changes in version 19.15.** `make-frame-visible', which uniconified frames, is now a command,and thus may be bound to a key. This makes sense because framesrespond to user input while iconified.** You can now use Meta mouse clicks to set and use the "secondaryselection". You can drag M-Mouse-1 across the region you want toselect. Or you can press M-Mouse-1 at one end and M-Mouse-3 at theother (this also copies the text to the kill ring). Repeating M-Mouse-3again at the same place kills that text.M-Mouse-2 kills the secondary selection.Setting the secondary selection does not move point or the mark. Itis possible to make a secondary selection that does not all fit on thescreen, by using M-Mouse-1 at one end, scrolling, then using M-Mouse-3at the other end.Emacs has only one secondary selection at any time. Starting to seta new one cancels any previous one. The secondary selection displaysusing a face named `secondary-selection'.** There's a new way to request use of Supercite (sc.el). Do this: (add-hook 'mail-citation-hook 'sc-cite-original)Currently this works with Rmail. In the future, other Emacs basedmail-readers should be modified to understand this hook also.In the mean time, you should keep doing what you have done in the pastfor those other mail readers.** When a regular expression contains `\(...\)' inside a repetitionoperator such as `*' or `+', and you ask about the range that was matchedusing `match-beginning' and `match-end', the range you get correspondsto the *last* repetition *only*. In Emacs 18, you would get a rangecorresponding to all the repetitions.If you want to get a range corresponding to all the repetitions,put a `\(...\)' grouping *outside* the repetition operator. Thisis the syntax that corresponds logically to the desired result, andit works the same in Emacs 18 and Emacs 19.(This change actually took place earlier, but we didn't know about itand thus didn't document it.)* Changes in version 19.14.** To modify read-only text, bind the variable `inhibit-read-only'to a non-nil value. If the value is t, then all reasons that mightmake text read-only are inhibited (including `read-only' text properties).If the value is a list, then a `read-only' property is inhibitedif it is `memq' in the list.** If you call `get-buffer-window' passing t as its second argument, itwill only search for windows on visible frames. Previously, passing tas the secord argument caused `get-buffer-window' to search allframes, visible or not.** If you call `other-buffer' with a nil or omitted second argument, itwill ignore buffers displayed windows on any visible frame, not justthe selected frame.** You can specify a window or a frame for C-x # to use whenselects a server buffer. Set the variable server-windowto the window or frame that you want.** The command M-( now inserts spaces outside the open-parentheses insome cases--depending on the syntax classes of the surroundingcharacters. If the variable `parens-dont-require-spaces' is non-nil,it inhibits insertion of these spaces.** The GUD package now supports the debugger known as xdb on HP/UXsystems. Use M-x xdb. The variable `gud-xdb-directories' lets youspecify a list of directories to search for source code.** If you are using the mailabbrev package, you should note that itsfunction for defining an alias is now called `define-mail-abbrev'.This package no longer contains a definition for `define-mail-alias';that name is used only in mailaliases.** Inserted characters now inherit the properties of the text beforethem, by default, rather than those of the following text.** The function `insert-file-contents' now takes optional arguments BEGand END that specify which part of the file to insert. BEG defaults to0 (the beginning of the file), and END defaults to the end of the file.If you specify BEG or END, then the argument VISIT must be nil.* Changes in version 19.13.** Magic file names can now handle the `load' operation.** Bibtex mode now sets up special entries in the menu bar.** The incremental search commands C-w and C-y, which copy text fromthe buffer into the search string, now convert it to lower caseif you are in a case-insensitive search. This is to avoid makingthe search a case-sensitive one.** GNUS now knows your time zone automatically if Emacs does.** Hide-ifdef mode no longer defines keys of the formC-c LETTER, since those keys are reserved for users.Those commands have been moved to C-c M-LETTER.We may move them again for greater consistency with other modes.* Changes in version 19.12.** You can now make many of the sort commands ignore case by setting`sort-fold-case' to a non-nil value.* Changes in version 19.11.** Supercite is installed.** `write-file-hooks' functions that return non-nil are responsiblefor making a backup file if you want that to be done.To do so, execute the following code: (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))You might wish to save the file modes value returned by`backup-buffer' and use that to set the mode bits of the filethat you write. This is what `basic-save-buffer' does whenit writes a file in the usual way.(This is not actually new, but wasn't documented before.)* Changes in version 19.10.** The command `repeat-complex-command' is now on C-x ESC ESC.It used to be bound to C-x ESC.The reason for this change is to make function keys work after C-x.** The variable `highlight-nonselected-windows' now controls whetherthe region is highlighted in windows other than the selected window(in Transient Mark mode only, of course, and currently only whenusing X).* Changes in version 19.8.** It is now simpler to tell Emacs to display accented characters underX windows. M-x standard-display-european toggles the display ofbuffer text according to the ISO Latin-1 standard. With a prefixargument, this command enables European character display if and onlyif the argument is positive.** The `-i' command-line argument tells Emacs to use a picture of theGNU gnu as its icon, instead of letting the window manager choose anicon for it. This option used to insert a file into the currentbuffer; use `-insert' to do that now.** The `configure' script now supports `--prefix' and `--exec-prefix'options.The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation processshould put emacs and its data files. This defaults to `/usr/local'.- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).- The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `19.7').- The architecture-dependent files go in PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like mips-dec-ultrix4.2), unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separateportion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specificfiles, like executables and utility programs. If specified,- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and- The architecture-dependent files go in EXECDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION.EXECDIR/bin should be a directory that is normally in users' PATHs.** When running under X, the new lisp function `x-list-fonts'allows code to find out which fonts are available from the X server.The first argument PATTERN is a string, perhaps with wildcard characters; the * character matches any substring, and the ? character matches any single character. PATTERN is case-insensitive.If the optional arguments FACE and FRAME are specified, then`x-list-fonts' returns only fonts the same size as FACE on FRAME.* Changes in version 19.** When you kill buffers, Emacs now returns memory to the operating system,thus reducing the size of the Emacs process. All the space that you freeup by killing buffers can now be reused for other buffers no matter whattheir sizes, or reused by other processes if Emacs doesn't need it.** Emacs now does garbage collection and auto saving while it is waitingfor input, which often avoids the need to do these things while youare typing.The variable `auto-save-timeout' says how many seconds Emacs shouldwait, after you stop typing, before it does an auto save and a garbagecollection.** If auto saving detects that a buffer has shrunk greatly, it refrainsfrom auto saving that buffer and displays a warning. Now it also turnsoff Auto Save mode in that buffer, so that you won't get the samewarning again.If you reenable Auto Save mode in that buffer, Emacs will start savingit again with no further warnings.** A new minor mode called Line Number mode displays the current linenumber in the mode line, updating it as necessary when you movepoint.However, if the buffer is very large (larger than the value of`line-number-display-limit'), then the line number doesn't appear.This is because computing the line number can be painfully slow if thebuffer is very large.** You can quit while Emacs is waiting to read or write files.** The arrow keys now have default bindings to move in the appropriatedirections.** You can suppress next-line's habit of inserting a newline whencalled at the end of a buffer by setting next-line-add-newlines to nil(it defaults to t).** You can now get back recent minibuffer inputs conveniently. Whilein the minibuffer, type M-p to fetch the next earlier minibufferinput, and use M-n to fetch the next later input.There are also commands to search forward or backward through thehistory for history elements that match a regular expression. M-rsearches older elements in the history, while M-s searches newerelements. By special dispensation, these commands can always use theminibuffer to read their arguments even though you are already in theminibuffer when you issue them.The history feature is available for all uses of the minibuffer, butthere are separate history lists for different kinds of input. Forexample, there is a list for file names, used by all the commands thatread file names. There is a list for arguments of commands like`query-replace'. There are also very specific history lists, suchas the one that `compile' uses for compilation commands.** You can now display text in a mixture of fonts and colors, using the"face" feature, together with the overlay and text property features.See the Emacs Lisp manual for details. The Emacs Users Manual describeshow to change the colors and font of standard predefined faces.** You can refer to files on other machines using special file name syntax:/HOST:FILENAME/USER@HOST:FILENAMEWhen you do this, Emacs uses the FTP program to read and write files onthe specified host. It logs in through FTP using your user name or thename USER. It may ask you for a password from time to time; thisis used for logging in on HOST.** Some C-x key bindings have been moved onto new prefix keys.C-x r is a prefix for registers and rectangles.C-x n is a prefix for narrowing.C-x a is a prefix for abbrev commands.C-x r C-SPCC-x r SPC point-to-register (Was C-x /)C-x r j jump-to-register (Was C-x j)C-x r s copy-to-register (Was C-x x)C-x r i insert-register (Was C-x g)C-x r r copy-rectangle-to-register (Was C-x r)C-x r k kill-rectangleC-x r y yank-rectangleC-x r o open-rectangleC-x r f frame-configuration-to-register (This saves the state of all windows in all frames.)C-x r w window-configuration-to-register (This saves the state of all windows in the selected frame.)(Use C-x r j to restore a configuration saved with C-x r f or C-x r w.)C-x n n narrow-to-region (Was C-x n)C-x n p narrow-to-page (Was C-x p)C-x n w widen (Was C-x w)C-x a l add-mode-abbrev (Was C-x C-a)C-x a g add-global-abbrev (Was C-x +)C-x a i l inverse-add-mode-abbrev (Was C-x C-h)C-x a i g inverse-add-global-abbrev (Was C-x -)C-x a e expand-abbrev (Was C-x ')(The old key bindings C-x /, C-x j, C-x x and C-x ghave not yet been removed.)** You can put a file name in a register to be able to visit the filequickly. Do this: (set-register ?CHAR '(file . NAME))where NAME is the file name as a string. Then C-x r j CHAR finds thatfile.This is useful for files that you need to visit frequently,but that you don't want to keep in buffers all the time.** The keys M-g (fill-region) and C-x a (append-to-buffer)have been eliminated.** The new command `string-rectangle' inserts a specified string oneach line of the region-rectangle.** C-x 4 r is now `find-file-read-only-other-window'.** C-x 4 C-o is now `display-buffer', which displays a specified bufferin another window without selecting it.** Picture mode has been substantially improved. The picture editing commandsnow arrange for automatic horizontal scrolling to keep point visiblewhen editing a wide buffer with truncate-lines on. Picture-modeinitialization now does a better job of rebinding standard commands;it finds not just their normal keybindings, but any function keysattached to them.** If you enable Transient Mark mode, then the mark becomes "inactive"after every command that modifies the buffer. While the mark isactive, the region is highlighted (under X, at least). Most commandsthat use the mark give an error if the mark is inactive, but you canuse C-x C-x to make it active again. This feature is also sometimesknown as "Zmacs mode".** Outline mode is now available as a minor mode. This minor mode cancombine with any major mode; it substitutes the C-c commands ofOutline mode for those of the major mode. Use M-x outline-minor-modeto enable and disable the new mode.M-x outline-mode is unchanged; it still switches to Outline mode as amajor mode.** The default setting of `version-control' comes from the environmentvariable VERSION_CONTROL.** The user option for controlling whether files can set localvariables is now called `enable-local-variables'. A value of t meanslocal-variables lists are obeyed; nil means they are ignored; anythingelse means query the user.The user option for controlling use of the `eval' local variable isnow called is `enable-local-eval'; its values are interpreted likethose of `enable-local-variables'.** X Window System changes:C-x 5 C-f and C-x 5 b switch to a specified file or buffer in a newframe. Likewise, C-x 5 m starts outgoing mail in another frame, andC-x 5 . finds a tag in another frame.When you are using X, C-z now iconifies the selected frame.Emacs can now exchange text with other X applications. Killing orcopying text in Emacs now makes that text available for pasting intoother X applications. The Emacs yanking commands now insert thelatest selection set by other applications, and add the text to thekill ring. The Emacs commands for selecting and inserting text withthe mouse now use the kill ring in the same way the keyboard killingand yanking commands do.The option to specify the title for the initial frame is now `-name NAME'.There is currently no way to specify an icon title; perhaps we will addone in the future.** Undoing a deletion now puts point back where it was before thedeletion.** The variables that control how much undo information to save havebeen renamed to `undo-limit' and `undo-strong-limit'. They used to becalled `undo-threshold' and `undo-high-threshold'.** You can now use kill commands in read-only buffers. They don'tactually change the buffer, and Emacs will beep and warn you that thebuffer is read-only, but they do copy the text you tried to kill intothe kill ring, so you can yank it into other buffers.** C-o inserts the fill-prefix on the newly created line. The commandM-^ deletes the prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that itdeletes.** C-M-l now runs the command `reposition-window'. It scrolls thewindow heuristically in a way designed to get useful information ontothe screen.** C-M-r is now reverse incremental regexp search.** M-z now kills through the target character. In version 18, itkilled up to but not including the target character.** M-! now runs the specified shell command asynchronously if itends in `&' (just as the shell does).** C-h C-f and C-h C-k are new help commands that display the Infonode for a given Emacs function name or key sequence, respectively.** The C-h p command system lets you find Emacs Lisp packages bytopic keywords. Here is a partial list of package categories:abbrev abbreviation handling, typing shortcuts, macrosbib code related to the bib bibliography processorc C and C++ language supportcalendar calendar and time management supportcomm communications, networking, remote access to filesdocs support for Emacs documentationemulations emulations of other editorsextensions Emacs Lisp language extensionsgames games, jokes and amusementshardware support for interfacing with exotic hardwarehelp support for on-line help systemsi14n internationalization and alternate character-set supportinternal code for Emacs internals, build process, defaultslanguages specialized modes for editing programming languageslisp Lisp support, including Emacs Lisplocal code local to your sitemaint maintenance aids for the Emacs development groupmail modes for electronic-mail handlingnews support for netnews reading and postingprocesses process, subshell, compilation, and job control supportterminals support for terminal typestex code related to the TeX formattertools programming toolsunix front-ends/assistants for, or emulators of, UNIX featuresvms support code for vmswp word processingMore will be added soon.** The command to split a window into two side-by-side windows is nowC-x 3. It was C-x 5.** M-. (find-tag) no longer has any effect on what M-, will dosubsequently. You can no longer use M-, to find the next similar tag;you must use M-. with a prefix argument, instead.The motive for this change is so that you can more reliably useM-, to resume a suspended `tags-search' or `tags-query-replace'.** C-x s (`save-some-buffers') now gives you more options when it askswhether to save a particular buffer. In addition to `y' or `n', youcan answer `!' to save all the remaining buffers, `.' to save thisbuffer but not save any others, ESC to stop saving and exit thecommand, and C-h to get help. These options are analogous to thoseof `query-replace'.** M-x make-symbolic-link does not expand its first argument.This lets you make a link with a target that is a relative file name.** M-x add-change-log-entry and C-x 4 a now automatically insert thename of the file and often the name of the function that you changed.They also handle grouping of entries.There is now a special major mode for editing ChangeLog files. Itmakes filling work conveniently. Each bunch of grouped entries is oneparagraph, and each collection of entries from one person on one dayis considered a page.** The `comment-region' command adds comment delimiters to the lines thatstart in the region, thus commenting them out. With a negative argument,it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region--this cancelsthe effect of `comment-region' without an argument.With a positive argument, `comment-region' adds comment delimitersbut duplicates the last character of the comment start sequence as manytimes as the argument specifies. This is a way of calling attention tothe comment. In Lisp, you should use an argument at least two, becausethe indentation convention for single semicolon comments does not leavethem at the beginning of a line.** If `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil, C-x 2 tries to avoidshifting any text on the screen by putting point in whichever windowhappens to contain the screen line the cursor is already on.The default is that `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil on slowterminals.** M-x super-apropos is like M-x apropos except that it searches bothLisp symbol names and documentation strings for matches. It describesevery symbol that has a match in either the symbol's name or itsdocumentation.Both M-x apropos and M-x super-apropos take an optional secondargument DO-ALL which controls the more expensive part of the job.This includes looking up and printing the key bindings of allcommands. It also includes checking documentation strings insuper-apropos. DO-ALL is nil by default; use a prefix arg to make itnon-nil.** M-x revert-buffer no longer offers to revert from a recent auto-savefile unless you give it a prefix argument. Otherwise it alwaysreverts from the real file regardless of whether there has been anauto-save since thenm. (Reverting from the auto-save file is no longervery useful now that the undo capacity is larger.)** M-x recover-file no longer turns off Auto Save mode when it readsthe last Auto Save file.** M-x rename-buffer, if you give it a prefix argument,avoids errors by modifying the new name to make it unique.** M-x rename-uniquely renames the current buffer to a similar namewith a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique.One use of this command is for creating multiple shell buffers.If you rename your shell buffer, and then do M-x shell again, itmakes a new shell buffer. This method is also good for mail buffers,compilation buffers, and any Emacs feature which creates a specialbuffer with a particular name.** M-x compare-windows with a prefix argument ignores changes in whitespace.If `compare-ignore-case' is non-nil, then differences in case are alsoignored.** `backward-paragraph' is now bound to M-{ by default, and `forward-paragraph'to M-}. Originally, these commands were bound to M-[ and M-], but they wererunning into conflicts with the use of function keys. On many terminals,function keys send a sequence beginning ESC-[, so many users have defined thisas a prefix key.** C-x C-u (upcase-region) and C-x C-l (downcase-region) are now disabled bydefault; these commands seem to be often hit by accident, and can bequite destructive if their effects are not noticed immediately.** The function `erase-buffer' is now interactive, but disabled by default.** When visiting a new file, Emacs attempts to abbreviate the file'spath using the symlinks listed in `directory-abbrev-alist'.** When you visit the same file in under two names that translate intothe same name once symbolic links are handled, Emacs warns you thatyou have two buffers for the same file.** If you wish to avoid visiting the same file in two buffers underdifferent names, set the variable `find-file-existing-other-name'non-nil. Then `find-file' uses the existing buffer visiting the file,no matter which of the file's names you specify.** If you set `find-file-visit-truename' non-nil, then the file namerecorded for a buffer is the file's truename (in which all symboliclinks have been removed), rather than the name you specify. Setting`find-file-visit-truename' also implies the effect of`find-file-existing-other-name'.** C-x C-v now inserts the entire current file name in the minibuffer.This is convenient if you made a small mistake in typing it. Pointgoes after the last slash, before the last file name component, so ifyou want to replace it entirely, you can use C-k right away to deleteit.** Commands such as C-M-f in Lisp mode now ignore parentheses within comments.** C-x q now uses ESC to terminate all iterations of the keyboardmacro, rather than C-d as before.** Use the command `setenv' to set an individual environment variablefor Emacs subprocesses. Specify a variable name and a value, both asstrings. This command applies only to subprocesses yet to bestarted.** Use `rot13-other-window' to examine a buffer with rot13.This command does not change the text in the buffer. Instead, itcreates a window with a funny display table that applies the code whendisplaying the text.** The command `M-x version' now prints the current Emacs version; The`version' command is an alias for the `emacs-version' command.** More complex changes in existing packages.*** `fill-nonuniform-paragraphs' is a new command, much like`fill-individual-paragraphs' except that only separator lines separateparagraphs. Since this means that the lines of one paragraph may havedifferent amounts of indentation, the fill prefix used is the smallestamount of indentation of any of the lines of the paragraph.*** Filling is now partially controlled by a new minor mode, AdaptiveFill mode. When this mode is enabled (and it is enabled by default),if you use M-x fill-region-as-paragraph on an indented paragraph andyou don't have a fill prefix, it uses the indentation of the secondline of the paragraph as the fill prefix.Adaptive Fill mode doesn't have much effect on M-q in most majormodes, because an indented line will probably count as a paragraphstarter and thus each line of an indented paragraph will be considereda paragraph of its own.*** M-q in C mode now runs `c-fill-paragraph', which is designedfor filling C comments. (We assume you don't want to fillthe code in a C program.)*** M-$ now runs the Ispell program instead of the Unix spell program.M-$ starts an Ispell process the first time you use it. But the processstays alive, so that subsequent uses of M-$ run very fast.If you want to get rid of the process, use M-x kill-ispell.To check the entire current buffer, use M-x ispell-buffer.Use M-x ispell-region to check just the current region.Ispell commands often involve interactive replacement of words.You can interrupt the interactive replacement with C-g.You can restart it again afterward with C-u M-$.During interactive replacement, you can type the following characters:a Accept this word this time.DIGIT Replace the word (this time) with one of the displayed near-misses. The digit you use says which near-miss to use.i Insert this word in your private dictionary so that Ispell will consider it correct it from now on.r Replace the word this time with a string typed by you.When the Ispell process starts, it reads your private dictionary whichis the file `~/ispell.words'. If you "insert" words with the `i' command,these words are added to that file, but not right away--only at the endof the interactive replacement process.Use M-x reload-ispell to reload your private dictionary from`~/ispell.words' if you edit it outside of Ispell.** Changes in existing modes.*** gdb-mode has been replaced by gud-mode.The package gud.el (Grand Unified Debugger) replaces gdb.el in Emacs19. It provides a gdb.el-like interface to any of three debuggers;gdb itself, the sdb debugger supported on some Unix systems, or thedbx debugger on Berkeley systems. You start it up with one of the commands M-x gdb, M-x sdb, orM-x dbx. Each entry point finishes by executing a hook; gdb-mode-hook,sdb-mode-hook or dbx-mode-hook respectively.These bindings have changed:C-x C-a > gud-down (was M-d)C-x C-a < gud-up (was M-u)C-x C-a C-r gud-cont (was M-c)C-x C-a C-n gud-next (was M-n)C-x C-a C-s gud-step (was M-s)C-x C-a C-i gud-stepi (was M-i)C-x C-a C-l gud-recenter (was C-l)C-d comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof (was C-c C-d)These bindings have been removed:C-c C-r (was comint-show-output; now gud-cont)Since GUD mode uses comint, it uses comint's input history commands,superseding C-c C-y (copy-last-shell-input): M-p comint-next-input M-n comint-previous-input M-r comint-previous-similar-input M-s comint-next-similar-input M-C-r comint-previous-input-matchingThe C-x C-a bindings are also active in source files.*** The old TeX mode bindings of M-{ and M-} have been moved to C-c {and C-c }. (These commands are `up-list' and `tex-insert-braces';they are the TeX equivalents of M-( and M-).) This is because M-{and M-} are now globally defined commands.*** Changes in Mail mode.`%' is now a word-separator character in Mail mode.`mail-signature', if non-nil, tells M-x mail to insert your`.signature' file automatically. If you don't want your signature ina particular message, just delete it before you send the message.You can specify the text to insert at the beginning of each line whenyou use C-c C-y to yank the message you are replying to. Set`mail-yank-prefix' to the desired string. A value of `nil' (thedefault) means to use indentation, as in Emacs 18. If you use justC-u as the prefix argument to C-c C-y, then it does not insertanything at the beginning of the lines, regardless of the value of`mail-yank-prefix'.If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as youtype them in. To enable this feature, execute the following: (add-hook 'mail-setup-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup)This can go in your .emacs file.Word abbrevs don't expand unless you insert a word-separator characterafterward. Any mail aliases that you didn't expand at insertion timeare expanded subsequently when you send the message.*** Changes in Rmail.Rmail by default gets new mail only from the system inbox file,not from `~/mbox'.In Rmail, you can retry sending a message that failedby typing `M-m' on the failure message.By contrast, another new command M-x rmail-resend is used forforwarding a message and marking it as "resent from" youwith header fields "Resent-From:" and "Resent-To:".`e' is now the command to edit a message.To expunge, type `x'. We know this will surprise peoplesome of the time, but the surprise will not be disastrous--ifyou type `e' meaning to expunge, just turn off editing with C-c C-cand then type `x'.Another new Rmail command is `<', which moves to the first message.This is for symmetry with `>'.Use the `b' command to bury the Rmail buffer and its summary buffer,if any, removing both of them from display on the screen.The variable `rmail-output-file-alist' now controls the defaultfor the file to output a message to.In the Rmail summary buffer, all cursor motion commands selectthe message you move to. It's really neat when you useincremental search.You can now issue most Rmail commands from an Rmail summary buffer.The commands do the same thing in that buffer that they do in theRmail buffer. They apply to the message that is selected in the Rmailbuffer, which is always the one described by the current summaryline.Conversely, motion and deletion commands in the Rmail buffer alsoupdate the summary buffer. If you set the variable`rmail-redisplay-summary' to a non-nil value, then they bring thesummary buffer (if one exists) back onto the screen.C-M-t is a new command to make a summary by topic. It uses regexpmatching against just the subjects of the messages to decide whichmessages to show in the summary.You can easily convert an Rmail file to system mailbox format with thecommand `unrmail'. This command reads two arguments, the name ofthe Rmail file to convert, and the name of the new mailbox file.(This command does not change the Rmail file itself.)Rmail now handles Content Length fields in messages.*** `mail-extract-address-components' unpacks mail addresses.It takes an address as a string (the contents of the From field, forexample) and returns a list of the form (FULL-NAMECANONICAL-ADDRESS).*** Changes in C mode and C-related commands.**** M-x c-up-conditionalIn C mode, `c-up-conditional' moves back to the containingpreprocessor conditional, setting the mark where point waspreviously.A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative argument,this command moves forward to the end of the containing preprocessorconditional. When going backwards, `#elif' acts like `#else' followedby `#if'. When going forwards, `#elif' is ignored.**** In C mode, M-a and M-e are now defined as`c-beginning-of-statement' and `c-end-of-statement'.**** In C mode, M-x c-backslash-region is a new command to insert oralign `\' characters at the ends of the lines of the region, exceptfor the last such line. This is useful after writing or editing a Cmacro definition.If a line already ends in `\', this command adjusts the amount ofwhitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new `\'.*** New features in info.When Info looks for an Info file, it searches the directoriesin `Info-directory-list'. This makes it easy to install the Info filesthat come with various packages. You can specify the path withthe environment variable INFOPATH.There are new commands in Info mode.`]' now moves forward a node, going up and down levels as needed.`[' is similar but moves backward. These two commands try to traversethe entire Info tree, node by node. They are the equivalent of readinga printed manual sequentially.`<' moves to the top node of the current Info file.`>' moves to the last node of the file.SPC scrolls through the current node; at the end, it advances to thenext node in depth-first order (like `]').DEL scrolls backwards in the current node; at the end, it moves to theprevious node in depth-first order (like `[').After a menu select, the info `up' command now restores point in themenu. The combination of this and the previous two changes means thatrepeated SPC keystrokes do the right (depth-first traverse forward) thing.`i STRING RET' moves to the node associated with STRING in the indexor indices of this manual. If there is more than one match forSTRING, the `i' command finds the first match.`,' finds the next match for the string in the previous `i' commandIf you click the middle mouse button near a cross-reference,menu item or node pointer while in Info, you will go to the nodewhich is referenced.*** Changes in M-x compile.You can repeat any previous compilation command conveniently using theminibuffer history commands, while in the minibuffer entering thecompilation command.While a compilation is going on, the string `Compiling' appears inthe mode line. When this string disappears, that tells you thecompilation is finished.The buffer of compiler messages is in Compilation mode. This modeprovides the keys SPC and DEL to scroll by screenfuls, and M-n and M-pto move to the next or previous error message. You can also use C-cC-c on any error message to find the corresponding source code.Emacs 19 has a more general parser for compiler messages. For example, itcan understand messages from lint, and from certain C compilers whose errormessage format is unusual. Also, it only parses until it sees the errormessage you want; you never have to wait a long time to see the firsterror, no matter how big the buffer is.*** M-x diff and M-x diff-backup.This new command compares two files, displaying the differences in anEmacs buffer. The options for the `diff' program come from thevariable `diff-switches', whose value should be a string.The buffer of differences has Compilation mode as its major mode, so youcan use C-x ` to visit successive changed locations in the twosource files, or you can move to a particular hunk of changes and typeC-c C-c to move to the corresponding source. You can also use theother special commands of Compilation mode: SPC and DEL forscrolling, and M-n and M-p for cursor motion.M-x diff-backup compares a file with its most recent backup.If you specify the name of a backup file, `diff-backup' compares itwith the source file that it is a backup of.*** The View commands (such as M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file) nolonger use recursive edits; instead, they switch temporarily to adifferent major mode (View mode) specifically designed for movingaround through a buffer without editing it.*** Changes in incremental search.**** The character to terminate an incremental search is now RET.This is for compatibility with the way most other arguments are read.To search for a newline in an incremental search, type LFD (also knownas C-j).**** Incremental search now maintains a ring of previous searchstrings. Use M-p and M-n to move through the ring to pick a searchstring to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ringelement in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. Type C-s or C-r tofinish editing and search for the chosen string.**** If you type an upper case letter in incremental search, that turnsoff case-folding, so that you get a case-sensitive search.**** If you type a space during regexp incremental search, it matchesany sequence of whitespace characters. If you want to match just a space,type C-q SPC.**** Incremental search is now implemented as a major mode. When youtype C-s, it switches temporarily to a different keymap which defineseach key to do what it ought to do for incremental search. This hasnext to no effect on the user-visible behavior of searching, but makesit easier to customize that behavior.Emacs 19 eliminates the old variables `search-...-char' that used tobe the way to specify the characters to use for various specialpurposes in incremental search. Instead, you can define the meaningof a character in incremental search by modifying `isearch-mode-map'.*** New commands in Buffer Menu mode.The command C-o now displays the current line's buffer in anotherwindow but does not select it. This is like the existing command `o'which selects the current line's buffer in another window.The command % toggles the read-only flag of the current line's buffer.The way to switch to a set of several buffers, including those markedwith m, is now v. The q command simply quits, replacing the buffermenu buffer with the buffer that was displayed previously.** New major modes and packages.*** The news reader GNUS is now installed.*** There is a new interface for version control systems, called VC.It works with both RCS and SCCS; in fact, you don't really have toknow which one of them is being used, because it automatically dealswith either one.Most of the time, the only command you have to know about is C-x C-q.This command normally toggles the read-only flag of the currentbuffer. If the buffer is visiting a file that is maintained with aversion control system, the command still toggles read-only, but doesso by checking the file in or checking it out.When you check a file in, VC asks you for a log entry by popping up abuffer. Edit the entry there, then type C-c C-c when it is ready.That's when the actual checkin happens. If you change your mind aboutthe checkin, simply switch buffers and don't ever go back to the logbuffer.To start using version control for a file, use the command C-x v v.This works like C-x C-q (performing the next logical version-controloperation needed to change the file's writability) but it will alsoperform initial checkin on an unregistered file.By default, VC uses RCS if RCS is installed on your machine;otherwise, SCCS. If you want to make the choice explicitly, you can doit by setting `vc-default-back-end' to the symbol `RCS' or the symbol`SCCS'.You can tell when a file you visit is maintained with version controlbecause either `RCS' or `SCCS' appears in the mode line.*** A new Calendar mode has been added, the work of Edward M. Reingold.The mode can display the Gregorian calendar and a variety of othercalendars at any date, and interacts with a diary facility similar tothe UNIX `calendar' utility.*** There is a new major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode.To use it, use M-x hexl-find-file instead of C-x C-f to visit the file.This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and lets youedit the translation. When you save the file, it is convertedautomatically back to binary.You can also use M-x hexl-mode to translate an existing buffer into hex.Do this if you have already visited a binary file.Hexl mode has a few other commands:C-M-d insert a byte with a code typed in decimal.C-M-o insert a byte with a code typed in octal.C-M-x insert a byte with a code typed in hex.C-x [ move to the beginning of a 1k-byte "page".C-x ] move to the end of a 1k-byte "page".M-g go to an address specified in hex.M-j go to an address specified in decimal.C-c C-c leave hexl mode and go back to the previous major mode.*** Miscellaneous new major modes include Awk mode, Icon mode, Makefilemode, Perl mode and SGML mode.*** Edebug, a new source-level debugger for Emacs Lisp functions.To use Edebug, use the command M-x edebug-defun to "evaluate" afunction definition in an Emacs Lisp file. We put "evaluate" inquotation marks because it doesn't just evaluate the function, it alsoinserts additional information to support source-level debugging.You must also do (setq debugger 'edebug-debug)to cause errors and single-stepping to use Edebug instead of the usualEmacs Lisp debugger.For more information, see the Edebug manual, which should be includedin the Emacs distribution.*** C++ mode is like C mode, except that it understands C++ comment syntaxand certain other differences between C and C++. It also has a command`fill-c++-comment' which fills a paragraph made of comment lines.The command `comment-region' is useful in C++ mode for commenting outseveral consecutive lines, or removing the commenting out of such lines.*** A new package for merging two variants of the same text.It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed andmodify the same program in two different directions. Then somebodyhas to merge the two versions. The command `emerge-files' makes thiseasier.`emerge-files' reads two file names and compares them. Then itdisplays three buffers: one for each file, and one for thedifferences.If the original version of the file is available, you can make thingseven easier using `emerge-files-with-ancestor'. It reads three filenames--variant 1, variant 2, and the common ancestor--and uses diff3to compare them.You control the merging interactively. The main loop of Emergeconsists of showing you one set of differences, asking you what to doabout them, and doing it. You have a choice of two modes for givingdirections to Emerge: "fast" mode and "edit" mode.In Fast mode, Emerge commands are single characters, and ordinaryEmacs commands are disabled. This makes Emerge operations fast, butprevents you from doing more than selecting the A or the B version ofdifferences. In Edit mode, all emerge commands use the C-c prefix,and the usual Emacs commands are available. This allows editing themerge buffer, but slows down Emerge operations. Edit and fast modesare indicated by `F' and `E' in the minor modes in the mode line.The Emerge commands are: p go to the previous difference n go to the next difference a select the A version of this difference b select the B version of this difference j go to a particular difference (prefix argument specifies which difference) (0j suppresses display of the flags) q quit - finish the merge* f go into fast mode e go into edit mode l recenter (C-l) all three windows* - and 0 through 9 prefix numeric arguments d a select the A version as the default from here down in the merge buffer* d b select the B version as the default from here down in the merge buffer* c a copy the A version of the difference into the kill ring c b copy the B version of the difference into the kill ring i a insert the A version of the difference at the point i b insert the B version of the difference at the point m put the point and mark around the difference region ^ scroll-down (like M-v) the three windows* v scroll-up (like C-v) the three windows* < scroll-left (like C-x <) the three windows* > scroll-right (like C-x >) the three windows* | reset horizontal scroll on the three windows* x 1 shrink the merge window to one line (use C-u l to restore it to full size) x a find the difference containing a location in the A buffer* x b find the difference containing a location in the B buffer* x c combine the two versions of this difference* x C combine the two versions of this difference, using a register's value as the template* x d find the difference containing a location in the merge buffer* x f show the files/buffers Emerge is operating on in Help window (use C-u l to restore windows) x j join this difference with the following one (C-u x j joins this difference with the previous one) x l show line numbers of points in A, B, and merge buffers x m change major mode of merge buffer* x s split this difference into two differences (first position the point in all three buffers to the places to split the difference) x t trim identical lines off top and bottom of difference (such lines occur when the A and B versions are identical but differ from the ancestor version) x x set the template for the x c command*Normally, the merged output goes back in the first file specified.If you use a prefix argument, Emerge reads another file name to usefor the output file.Once Emerge has prepared the buffer of differences, it runs the hooksin `emerge-startup-hooks'.*** Asm mode is a new major mode for editing files of assembler code.It defines these commands:TAB tab-to-tab-stop.LFD Insert a newline and then indent using tab-to-tab-stop.: Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label preceding colon. Then tab-to-tab-stop.; Insert or align a comment.*** Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columnsof text. It works using two side-by-side windows, each showing itsown buffer.Here are three ways to enter two-column mode:C-x 6 2 makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer. In theright-hand window it puts a buffer whose name is based on the currentbuffer's name.C-x 6 b BUFFER RET makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer,and uses buffer BUFFER as the right-hand buffer.C-x 6 s splits the current buffer, which contains two-column text,into two side-by-side buffers. The old current buffer becomes theleft-hand buffer, but the text in the right column is moved into theright-hand buffer. The current column specifies the split point.Splitting starts with the current line and continues to the end of thebuffer.C-x 6 s takes a prefix argument which specifies how many charactersbefore point constitute the column separator. (The default argumentis 1, as usual, so by default the column separator is the characterbefore point.) Lines that don't have the column separator at theproper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, andthe right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond.You can scroll both buffers together using C-x 6 SPC (scroll up), C-x6 DEL (scroll down), and C-x 6 RET (scroll up one line). C-x 6 C-lrecenters both buffers together.If you want to make a line which will span both columns, put it inthe left-hand buffer, with an empty line in the corresponding place inthe right-hand buffer.When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with C-x 61. This copies the text from the right-hand buffer as a second columnin the other buffer. To go back to two-column editing, use C-x 6 s.Use C-x 6 d to disassociate the two buffers, leaving each as itstands. (If the other buffer, the one that was not current when youtype C-x 6 d, is empty, C-x 6 d kills it.)*** You can supply command arguments such as files to visit to an Emacsthat is already running. To do this, you must do this in your .emacsfile: (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook)Also you must use the shellscript emacs.csh or emacs.sh, found in theetc subdirectory.*** Shell mode has been completely replaced.The basic idea is the same, but there are new commands available inthis mode.TAB now completes the file name before point in the shell buffer.To get a list of all possible completions, type M-?.There is a new convenient history mechanism for repeating previouscommands. Use the command M-p to recall the last command; it copiesthe text of that command to the place where you are editing. If yourepeat M-p, it replaces the copied command with the previous command.M-n is similar but goes in the opposite direction towards the present.When you find the command you wanted, you can edit it, or justresubmit it by typing RET.You can also use M-r and M-s to search for (respectively) earlier orlater inputs starting with a given string. First type the string,then type M-r to yank a previous input from the history which startswith that string. You can repeat M-r to find successively earlierinputs starting with the same string. You can start moving in theopposite direction (toward more recent inputs) by typing M-s insteadof M-r. As long as you don't use any commands except M-r and M-s,they keep using the same string that you had entered initially.C-c C-o kills the last batch of output from a shell command. This isuseful if a shell command spews out lots of output that just gets inthe way.C-c C-r scrolls to display the beginning of the last batch of outputat the top of the window; it also moves the cursor there.C-a on a line that starts with a shell prompt moves to the end of theprompt, not to the very beginning of the line.C-d typed at the end of the shell buffer sends EOF to the subshell.At any other position in the buffer, it deletes a character as usual.If Emacs gets confused while trying to track changes in the shell'scurrent directory, type M-x dirs to re-synchronize.M-x send-invisible reads a line of text without echoing it, andsends it to the shell.If you accidentally suspend your process, use M-x comint-continue-subjobto continue it.*** There is now a convenient way to enable flow control on terminalswhere you can't win without it. Suppose you want to do this onVT-100 and H19 terminals; put the following in your `.emacs' file: (enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")When flow control is enabled, you must type C-\ to get the effect of aC-s, and type C-^ to get the effect of a C-q.The function `enable-flow-control' enables flow control unconditionally.** Changes in DiredDired has many new features which allow you to do these things:- Rename, copy, or make links to many files at once.- Make distinguishable types of marks for different operations.- Display contents of subdirectories in the same Dired buffer as theparent directory.*** Setting and Clearing MarksThere are now two kinds of marker that you can put on a file in Dired:`D' for deletion, and `*' for any other kind of operation.The `x' command deletes only files marked with `D', and mostother Dired commands operate only on the files marked with `*'.To mark files with `D' (also called "flagging" the files), youcan use `d' as usual. Here are some commands for marking with`*' (and also for unmarking):**** `m' marks the current file with `*', for an operation other thandeletion.**** `*' marks all executable files. With a prefix argument, itunmarks all those files.**** `@' marks all symbolic links. With a prefix argument, it unmarksall those files.**** `/' marks all directory files except `.' and `..'. With a prefixargument, it unmarks all those files.**** M-DEL removes a specific or all marks from every file. With anargument, queries for each marked file. Type your help character,usually C-h, at that time for help.**** `c' replaces all marks that use the character OLD with marks thatuse the character NEW. You can use almost any character as a markcharacter by means of this command, to distinguish various classes offiles. If OLD is ` ', then the command operates on all unmarkedfiles; if NEW is ` ', then the command unmarks the files it acts on.*** Operating on Multiple FilesThe Dired commands to operate directly on files (rename them, copythem, and so on) have been generalized to work on multiple files.There are also some additional commands in this series.All of these commands use the same convention to decide which files tomanipulate:- If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operateson the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file.- Otherwise, if there are marked files, the commands operate on all themarked files.- Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.These are the commands:**** `C' copies the specified files. You must specify a directory tocopy into, or (if copying a single file) a new name.If `dired-copy-preserve-time' is non-`nil', then copying setsthe modification time of the new file to be the same as that of the oldfile.**** `R' renames the specified files. You must specify a directory torename into, or (if renaming a single file) a new name.Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associatedwith renamed files so that they refer to the new names.**** `H' makes hard links to the specified files. You must specify adirectory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the nameto give the link.**** `S' makes symbolic links to the specified files. You must specifya directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) thename to give the link.**** `M' changes the mode of the specified files. This calls the`chmod' program, so you can describe the desired mode change with anyargument that `chmod' would handle.**** `G' changes the group of the specified files.**** `O' changes the owner of the specified files. (On normal systems,only the superuser can do this.)The variable `dired-chown-program' specifies the name of theprogram to use to do the work (different systems put `chown' indifferent places.**** `Z' compresses or uncompresses the specified files.**** `L' loads the specified Emacs Lisp files.**** `B' byte compiles the specified Emacs Lisp files.**** `P' prints the specified files. It uses the variables`lpr-command' and `lpr-switches' just as `lpr-file' does.*** Shell Commands in Dired`!' reads a shell command string in the minibuffer and runs the shellcommand on all the specified files. There are two ways of applying ashell command to multiple files:- If you use `*' in the command, then the shell command runs justonce, with the list of file names substituted for the `*'.Thus, `! tar cf foo.tar * RET' runs `tar' on the entire list of filenames, putting them into one tar file `foo.tar'. The file names areinserted in the order that they appear in the Dired buffer.- If the command string doesn't contain `*', then it runs once foreach file, with the file name attached at the end. For example, `!uudecode RET' runs `uudecode' on each file.To run the shell command once for each file but without being limitedto putting the file name inserted in the middle, use a shell loop.For example, this shell command would run `uuencode' on each of thespecified files, writing the output into a corresponding `.uu' file: for file in *; uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; doneThe working directory for the shell command is the top level directoryof the Dired buffer.*** Regular Expression File Name Substitution**** `% m REGEXP RET' marks all files whose names match the regularexpression REGEXP.Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use`^' and `$' to anchor matches. Exclude subdirs by hiding them.**** `% d REGEXP RET' flags for deletion all files whose names matchthe regular expression REGEXP.**** `% R', `% C', `% H', `% S'These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,in each case computing the new name by regular expression substitutionfrom the name of the old file. They effectively perform`query-replace-regexp' on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.The commands read two arguments: a regular expression, and asubstitution pattern. Each selected file name is matched against theregular expression, and then the part which matched is replaced withthe substitution pattern. You can use `\&' and `\DIGIT' in thesubstitution pattern to refer to all or part of the old file name.If the regular expression matches more than once in a file name,only the first match is replaced.Normally, the replacement process does not consider the directory names;it operates on the file name within the directory. If you specify aprefix argument of zero, then replacement affects entire file name.To apply the command to all files matching the same regexp that youuse in the command, mark those files with `% m REGEXP RET', then usethe same regular expression in `% R'. To make this easier, `% R' usesas a default the last regular expression specified in a `%' command.*** Dired Case Conversion**** `% u' renames each of the selected files to an upper case name.**** `% l' renames each of the selected files to a lower case name.*** File Comparison with Dired**** `=' compares the current file with another file (the file at themark), by running the `diff' program. The file at the mark is givento `diff' first.**** `M-=' compares the current file with its backup file. If thereare several numerical backups, it uses the most recent one. If thisfile is a backup, it is compared with its original.The backup file is the first file given to `diff'.*** Subdirectories in DiredYou can display more than one directory in one Dired buffer.The simplest way to do this is to specify the options `-lR' forrunning `ls'. That produces a recursive directory listing showingall subdirectories, all within the same Dired buffer.You can also insert the contents of a particular subdirectory with the`i' command. Use this command on the line that describes a file whichis a directory. Inserted subdirectory contents follow the top-leveldirectory of the Dired buffer, just as they do in `ls -lR' output.If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the`i' command just moves to it (type `l' to refresh it). It sets theEmacs mark before moving, so C-x C-x takes you back to the oldposition in the buffer.When you have subdirectories in the Dired buffer, you can use the pagemotion commands C-x [ and C-x ] to move by entire directories.The following commands move up and down in the tree of directoriesin one Dired buffer:**** C-M-u Go up to the parent directory's headerline.**** C-M-d Go down in the tree, to the first subdirectory'sheaderline.**** C-M-n Go to next subdirectory headerline, regardless of level.**** C-M-p Go to previous subdirectory headerline, regardless oflevel.*** Hiding Subdirectories"Hiding" a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for itsheaderline. Files inside a hidden subdirectory are never consideredby Dired. For example, the commands to operate on marked files ignorefiles in hidden directories even if they are marked.**** `$' hides or unhides the current subdirectory and move to nextsubdirectory. A prefix argument serves as a repeat count.**** `M-$' hides all subdirectories, leaving only their header lines.Or, if at least one subdirectory is currently hidden, it makeseverything visible again. You can use this command to get an overviewin very deep directory trees or to move quickly to subdirectories faraway.*** Editing the Dired Buffer**** `l' updates the specified files in a Dired buffer. This meansreading their current status from the file system and changing thebuffer to reflect it properly.If you use this command on a subdirectory header line, it updates thecontents of the subdirectory.**** `g' updates the entire contents of the Dired buffer. It preservesall marks except for those on files that have vanished. Hiddensubdirectories are updated but remain hidden.**** `k' kills all marked lines (not the files). With a prefixargument, it kills that many lines starting with the current line.This command does not delete files; it just deletes text from the Diredbuffer.If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, then its contentsare also deleted from the buffer. Typing `C-u k' on the header linefor a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory from theDired buffer.*** `find' and Dired.To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use`find-name-dired'. Its arguments are DIRECTORY andPATTERN. It selects all the files in DIRECTORY or itssubdirectories whose own names match PATTERN.The files thus selected are displayed in a Dired buffer in which theordinary Dired commands are available.If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, use`find-grep-dired'. This command takes two minibuffer arguments,DIRECTORY and REGEXP; it selects all the files inDIRECTORY or its subdirectories that contain a match forREGEXP. It works by running `find' and `grep'.The most general command in this series is `find-dired', which letsyou specify any condition that `find' can test. It takes twominibuffer arguments, DIRECTORY and FIND-ARGS; it runs `find' inDIRECTORY with using FIND-ARGS as the arguments to `find' specifyingwhich files to accept. To use this command, you need to know how touse `find'.** New amusements and novelties.*** `M-x mpuz' displays a multiplication puzzle, in which each letterstands for a digit, and you must determine which digit. The puzzlesare determined randomly, so they are always different.*** `M-x gomoku' plays the game Gomoku with you. It needs more work.*** `M-x spook' adds a line of randomly chosen keywords to an outgoingmail message. The keywords are chosen from a list of words thatsuggest you are discussing something subversive.The idea is that the NSA reads all messages that contain keywordssuggesting they might be interested, and that adding these lines couldhelp to overload them. I would guess that they have modified theirprogram by now to ignore these lines of keywords; perhaps the programcan be updated if some clever hacker can determine what criterion theyactually use now.** Installation changes*** The configure script has been provided to help with theinstallation process. It takes the place of editing the Makefiles andsrc/config.h, and can often guess the appropriate operating system touse for a particular machine type. See INSTALL for a more detaileddescription of the steps required for installation.*** If you create a Lisp file named `site-start.el', Emacs loads the filewhenever it starts up.*** A new Lisp variable, `data-directory', indicates the directorycontaining the DOC file, tutorial, copying agreement, and otherfamiliar `etc' files. The value of `data-directory' is a simple string.The default should be set at build time, and the person installingEmacs should place all the data files in this directory. The `help.el'functions that look for docstrings and information files check thisvariable. All Emacs Lisp packages should also be coded so that theyrefer to `data-directory' to find data files.*** The PURESIZE definition has been moved from config.h to its ownfile, puresize.h. Since almost every file of C source in thedistribution depends on config.h, but only alloc.c and data.c dependon puresize.h, this means that changing the value of PURESIZE causesonly those two files to be recompiled.*** The makefile at the top of the Emacs source tree now supports a`dist' target, which creates a compressed tar file suitable fordistribution, using the contents of the source tree. Object files,old file versions, executables, DOC files, and otherarchitecture-specific or easy-to-recreate files are not included inthe tar file.----------------------------------------------------------------------This file is part of GNU Emacs.GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modifyit under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published bythe Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)any later version.GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty ofMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See theGNU General Public License for more details.You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licensealong with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to theFree Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.Local variables:mode: outlineparagraph-separate: "[ ]*$"end:arch-tag: 944be39b-afe8-4217-9977-c745b68a7ca2